L1_structural Organization of the Human Body

8/12/2019 L1_structural Organization of the Human Body

1/54

PP121 Introductory Physiologyby Dr Lee Siew KeahFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesUCSI University

1


2/54

To identify the hierarchy of the structuralorganization

To identify major organ systems of the body andtheir major componentsTo describe the basic functions of human bodyTo identify the anatomical terms & major bodycavities

2


3/54

Anatomy the study of the structure of the bodyand the relationships of the various parts of the body

Gross/macroscopic

Microscopic i.e cytology (cellular), histology (tissue)Developmental structural changes

Physiology the study of the functions of the partsof the body, includes specific organ systems ,molecular and cellular levels e.g renal physiology,neurophysiology, cardiovascular physiology

3


4/54

Name Definition Example

Chemical Interactions between atoms and

their combinations intomolecules

Atoms: H and O

Molecule: H 2O

Organelles Microscopic structures in thecell; composed of molecules thatare specialized to carry outfunctions of the cell

Mitochondria, ribosome,lysosome.

Cells Basic units of living organism Skin cells, nerve cells,and RBC.

Tissues A group of cells with similarstructure and function

Epithelial, connectiveand muscle tissue.

Organs Compose of two or more tissuestypes; organs perform one ormore common functions

Heart, brain andstomach.

Organ systems Groups of organs with a uniquecollective function

Skeletal system, nervoussystem and digestivesystem.

Organism A single complete individual 4

Table: Hierarchy of structural organization


5/54

5


6/54

6

Atom

Cell

Macromolecule

Molecule

Organ

Organ system

Organelle

Organism

Tissue


7/54

Necessary Life FunctionsResponsiveness & adaptability

Growth & ReproductionMovementRespirationCirculation

DigestionExcretion

7

Survival needsNutrients

WaterOxygen Appropriate temperature Appropriate atmospheric

pressure


8/54

1. Integumentary2. Muscular system

3. Skeletal system4. Nervous system5. Endocrine system6. Cardiovascular system

8

7. Respiratory system8. Lymphatic & immune system9. Digestive system10. Urinary system11. Reproductive system


9/54

Major organs/tissues:Skin, hair, nails

Primary functions:Protects body from injury &dehydrationDefense against foreigninvaders

Synthesis vitamin DRegulates body temperatureSensory detection

9


10/54

Major organs/tissues:BonesCartilage

Bones marrow Associated ligaments

Primary functions:Protects & support body organsProvides a framework formusclesBones - produce blood cellsBones - Store minerals

10


11/54

Major organs/tissues:Skeletal muscles, tendons

Primary functions:Body movement/locomotionFacial expressionMaintains postureProduces heat & maintain bodytemperature

11


12/54

Major organs/tissues:BrainSpinal cord

Peripheral nerves & gangliaSpecial sense organs

Primary functions:Direct immediate response to stimuliCoordinates activities of organsystemsProvides and interpretssensory information

12


13/54

Major organs/tissues:All glands secretinghormones : pancreas, testes,ovary, pituitary, thyroid,parathyroid, adrenal,intestinal, thymus, heart,pineal

Primary functions:Regulate processes likegrowth, reproduction,metabolismDirect long-term changes inthe activities of other organsystems

13


14/54

Major organs/tissues:Heart, blood vessels, blood

Primary functions:Transport of blood throughoutthe bodys tissues Distributes heats and assist

in body temperatureregulation

14


15/54

Major organs/tissues:WBC, lymph vessels &nodes, spleen, thymus,tonsils

Primary functions:Defense against foreigninvadersReturn of extracellular fluid tobloodFormation of lymphocytes

15


16/54

Major organs/tissues:Nose, pharynx, larynx,trachea, bronchi, lungs

Primary functions:Exchange of CO 2 and O 2Regulates acid-base balance

Voice production

16


17/54

Major organs/tissues:Mouth, pharynx, esophagus,stomach, intestines, salivaryglands, pancreas, liver,gallbladder

Primary functions:

Digests food Absorbs water and nutrients

17


18/54

Major organs/tissues:Kidneys, ureter, bladder,urethra

Primary functions:Regulate plasma compositionthrough controlled excretionof salts, water and organicwastesRegulates electrolyte, water,acid-base balance of the body

18


19/54

Major organs/tissues:Testes, penis, prostate gland,epididymis, ductus deferens,seminal vesicles, scrotum

Primary functions:Produces sperms and

produce male sex hormonesDeliver sperms to the femalereproductive tract

19


20/54

Major organs/tissues:Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus,vagina, mammary glands

Primary functions:Production of eggsProvision of a nutritiveenvironment for thedeveloping embryo and fetusNutrition to the infant

20


21/54

21


22/54

22

The study of the function of the humanbody is termed: __________.

a. gross anatomyb. systemic anatomyc. cytologyd. physiology

Marking Scheme


23/54

23

A group of similar cells that perform thesame function is classified as a(n)

_______.

a. tissueb. organc. organ systemd. organism


24/54

Identify the hierarchy of the structuralorganizationDescribe the basic functions of human bodyIdentify major organ systems of the body andtheir major componentsIdentify the anatomical terms & major bodycavities

24


25/54

Standard anatomical bodyposition

Facing the observerStanding erect with feet slightlyapart

Arms at the sides with palmsfacing forward

Always use directional terms asif body is in anatomical position

Right and left refer to bodybeing viewed, not those ofobserver

25


26/54

Two fundamental divisions Axial main axis of the body i.e head, neck and

trunk Appendicular limbs

Regional terms used to designate specific areas

26

Figure Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.


27/54

Cephalic

OrbitalFrontal

Nasal

MentalOral

Cervical

ThoracicSternalAxillaryMammary

AbdominalUmbilical

PelvicInguinal

(groin)

Pubic (genital)

Hallux

DigitalMetatarsal

Tarsal (ankle)Pedal (foot)

Fibular or peroneal

Crural (leg)

PatellarFemoral (thigh)Coxal (hip)

Lower limb

DigitalPalmar

PollexManus (hand)

Carpal (wrist)(forearm)Antebrachial

Brachial (arm)Acromial

Upper limb

Antecubital

Anterior/Ventral

ThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)

g g g p y

Figure Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.


28/54

Plantar

Calcaneal

Pedal (foot)

Fibular or peronealSural (calf)

Femoral (thigh)

Lower limb

Digital

Metacarpal

Manus (hand)

(forearm)AntebrachialOlecranal

Brachial (arm)Acromial

Upper limb

Popliteal

Perineal (betweenanus and externalgenitalia)

Gluteal

Sacral

Lumbar

Vertebral

Scapular

Cervical

Back (dorsal)

CephalicOticOccipital (backof head)

Back (Dorsum)

Posterior/Dorsal

g g g p y


29/54

29


30/54

30


31/54

31


32/54

Body plane Flat surface along which body or structure may becut for anatomical study

Sections Cuts or sections made along a body plane

A cut along a sagittal plane produces a sagittal

section

32


33/54

Three most commonSagittal planeFrontal (coronal) planeTransverse (horizontal) plane

33


34/54

Sagittal planeDivides body vertically into right and left partsProduces a sagittal section if cut along this planeMidsagittal (median) plane

Lies on midline

Parasagittal plane

Offset from the midline

34


35/54

Frontal (coronal) plane

Divides body vertically into anterior andposterior partsProduces a frontal or coronal section

Transverse (horizontal) planeDivides body horizontally (90 to verticalplane) into superior and inferior partsProduces a cross section

35


36/54

Frontal plane

Frontal section(through torso)

Transverse section(through torso,inferior view)

Median section(midsagittal)

Transverse plane

Median (midsagittal) plane

IntestinesRectum

Vertebral column

Spleen

Pancreas

Body wall

Aorta

Spinal cordSubcutaneous fat layer

Liver

Arm

StomachHeartLiverLeft and

right lungs


37/54

Two sets of internal body cavities closed toenvironment

Dorsal body cavityVentral body cavity

Protect internal organs and cushion them fromshocks that occur during activity

Allow organs within them to change size andshape without disrupting the activities of nearbyorgans

37


38/54

Protects nervous systemTwo subdivisions:

Cranial cavity Encases brainVertebral cavity

Encases spinal cord


39/54

Cranial cavity (contains brain)

Vertebral cavity (contains spinalcord)

Dorsalbody

cavity

Thoraciccavity (contains

heart andlungs)

Cranial

cavity

Vertebralcavity

Superiormediastinum

Pleuralcavity

Pericardialcavity withinthe mediastinum

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity (contains urinarybladder, reproductiveorgans, and rectum)

Lateral view

Abdomino-pelviccavity

Abdominal cavity (contains digestiveviscera)

Anterior view

Ventral bodycavity (thoracic andabdominopelviccavities)

Dorsal body cavity

Ventral body cavity


40/54

Houses internal organs ( viscera )Two subdivisions (separated by diaphragm)

Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity

40


41/54

Thoracic cavity subdivisionsSurrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest

Two pleural cavitiesEach houses a lung

MediastinumContains pericardial cavity; encloses heart

Surrounds thoracic organs e.g esophagus, trachea


42/54

Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions Abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver

Pelvic cavityContains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, andrectum


43/54

Cranial cavity (contains brain)

Vertebral cavity (contains spinalcord)

Dorsalbodycavity

Thoraciccavity (contains

heart andlungs)

Cranial

cavity

Vertebralcavity

Superiormediastinum

Pleuralcavity

Pericardialcavity withinthe mediastinum

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity (contains urinarybladder, reproductiveorgans, and rectum)

Lateral view

Abdomino-pelviccavity

Abdominal cavity (contains digestiveviscera)

Anterior view

Ventralbodycavity (thoracicandabdomino-

pelviccavities)Dorsal body cavityVentral body cavity


44/54

Serous membrane or serosa Thin, double-layered membranes

Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity wallsVisceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera)

Layers separated by slit-like cavity filled withserous fluid

Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane Allows the organs to slide without friction actoss thecavity walls, and as they carry out routine functions

44


45/54

Outer balloon wall(comparable to parietal serosa)

Air (comparable to serous cavity)

Inner balloon wall(comparable to visceral serosa)

A fist thrust into a flaccid balloon demonstratesthe relationship between the parietal and visceralserous membrane layers.

Heart

Parietalpericardium

Pericardialspace withserous fluid

Visceralpericardium

The serosae associated with the heart.


46/54

Named for specific cavity and organs with whichassociatedEach has parietal and visceral layersPericardium

HeartPleurae

LungsPeritoneum Abdominopelvic cavity

46


47/54

Visceralperitoneum

Parietalperitoneum

Parietalpericardium

Visceralpericardium

Visceralpleura

Parietalpleura

Serous membranes line body cavities that areclosed to the exterior.

Serous membranes


48/54

Divisions used primarily by medical personnel

48

Right upperquadrant(RUQ)

Right lowerquadrant(RLQ)

Left upperquadrant(LUQ)

Left lowerquadrant(LLQ)

Figure The four abdominopelvic quadrants.


49/54

49

Righthypochondriac

region

Epigastricregion

Rightlumbarregion

Umbilicalregion

Lefthypochondriac

region

Leftlumbarregion

Right iliac(inguinal)

region

Hypogastric(public)region

Left iliac(inguinal)

region

Liver

Gallbladder

Ascending colon of

large intestineSmall intestine

Cecum

Appendix

Diaphragm

Spleen

Stomach

Transverse colon

of large intestineDescending colonof large intestine

Initial part ofsigmoid colon

Urinary bladder

Nine regions delineated by four planes Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs

Figure The nine abdominopelvic regions.

Divisions used primarily by anatomists


50/54

Exposed to environmentOral and digestive cavitiesNasal cavityOrbital cavitiesMiddle ear cavities

Not exposed to environmentSynovial cavities

50


51/54

Humans differ externally and internally90% of all structures present in body matchdescription in textbookNerve or blood vessel may be out of placeSmalls muscle may be missing

Extreme variations inconsistent with life

51


52/54

UterusSmall intestine

RectumSpinal cordHeart

52

Pelvic AbdominalPelvicDorsalThoracic/mediastinum/Pericardial


53/54

Construct a table that lists the 11 systems of thebody, names two organs of each system, anddescribes overall or major function of eachsystem.

53


54/54

Documents

L1_structural Organization of the Human Body