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    BLOODBLOOD

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    What is bloodWhat is blood

    Blood is a specialized bodily fluid that consists of a liquidBlood is a specialized bodily fluid that consists of a liquidcalled plasma and a number of cellular and cell fragmentcalled plasma and a number of cellular and cell fragment

    components.components.

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    Functions ofBloodFunctions ofBlood

    Blood performs many important functions within the body including:Blood performs many important functions within the body including:

    Supply of oxygen to tissues (bound to hemoglobinSupply of oxygen to tissues (bound to hemoglobin

    which is carried in red cells)which is carried in red cells)

    Supply of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids andSupply of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids and

    fatty acids (dissolved in the blood or bound to plasmafatty acids (dissolved in the blood or bound to plasma

    proteins)proteins)

    Removal of waste such as carbon dioxide, urea andRemoval of waste such as carbon dioxide, urea and

    lactic acidlactic acid

    Immunological functions, including circulation ofImmunological functions, including circulation of

    white cells, and detection of foreign material bywhite cells, and detection of foreign material byantibodiesantibodies

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    Function ofBlood (cont.)Function ofBlood (cont.)

    Coagulation, which is one part of the body'sCoagulation, which is one part of the body's

    selfself--repair mechanismrepair mechanism

    Messenger functions, including the transportMessenger functions, including the transportof hormones and the signaling of tissueof hormones and the signaling of tissue

    damagedamage

    Regulation of body pH (the normal pH ofRegulation of body pH (the normal pH of

    blood is in the range of 7.35blood is in the range of 7.35 -- 7.45)7.45) Regulation of core body temperature.Regulation of core body temperature.

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    Function ofBlood (cont.)Function ofBlood (cont.)

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    PlasmaPlasma

    About 60% of whole blood is blood plasma, aAbout 60% of whole blood is blood plasma, afluid that is the blood's liquid medium, which byfluid that is the blood's liquid medium, which by

    itself is strawitself is straw--yellow in color.yellow in color.

    It has 90% water and 10% dissolved materialsIt has 90% water and 10% dissolved materials

    including proteins, glucose, ions, hormones,including proteins, glucose, ions, hormones,and gases.and gases.

    Plasma contains nutrients, wastes, salts,Plasma contains nutrients, wastes, salts,

    proteins, etc. Proteins in the blood aid inproteins, etc. Proteins in the blood aid in

    transport of large molecules such astransport of large molecules such as

    cholesterol.cholesterol.

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    Blood cellsBlood cells

    There are mainly 3 types of blood cellsThere are mainly 3 types of blood cells

    Red blood cells or erythrocytesRed blood cells or erythrocytes

    White blood cells or leukocytesWhite blood cells or leukocytes

    Platelet or thrombocytesPlatelet or thrombocytes

    All blood cells are produced from pluripotentAll blood cells are produced from pluripotent

    stem cells called himatopoetic stem cellsstem cells called himatopoetic stem cells

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    ELEMENTS OF BLOODELEMENTS OF BLOOD

    RedRed bloodblood cellscells

    WhiteWhite bloodblood cellscells

    PlateletsPlatelets

    PlasmaPlasma

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    Red blood cellRed blood cell

    Red blood cells carry oxygen to body tissues andRed blood cells carry oxygen to body tissues andremove carbon dioxide. They are red because theyremove carbon dioxide. They are red because theycontain a protein called hemoglobin that is red in colorcontain a protein called hemoglobin that is red in colorbecause of iron (which bound with hemoglobin).because of iron (which bound with hemoglobin).

    Red blood cells are round and thinner in the middle, likeRed blood cells are round and thinner in the middle, like

    a balloon that is partly filled with water.a balloon that is partly filled with water.

    The process by which red blood cells are produced is

    called erythropoiesis.

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    Red blood cell (cont)Red blood cell (cont)

    Erythrocytes are continuously being produced in the

    bone marrow of large bones, at a rate of about 2 million

    per second. (In the embryo, the liver is the main site ofred blood cell production). In an adult, the total count of

    RBC is 4.5 to 5.5 million per mm3 of blood.

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    White blood cellWhite blood cell

    White blood cells are cells of the immune system defending theWhite blood cells are cells of the immune system defending the

    body against both infectious disease and foreign materials.body against both infectious disease and foreign materials.

    WBCs are found throughout the body, including the blood andWBCs are found throughout the body, including the blood and

    lymphatic system.lymphatic system.

    White cells called phagocytes can eat up the germs that causeWhite cells called phagocytes can eat up the germs that cause

    diseases.diseases.

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    PlateletsPlatelets

    Platelets result from cell fragmentation and arePlatelets result from cell fragmentation and are

    involved with clotting by carrying chemicals essential toinvolved with clotting by carrying chemicals essential to

    blood clotting.blood clotting.

    There are 150,000 to 300,000 platelets in each milliliterThere are 150,000 to 300,000 platelets in each milliliter

    of blood.of blood.

    Without blood platelets, you would bleed to death.Without blood platelets, you would bleed to death.

    Platelets survive for 10 days before being removed byPlatelets survive for 10 days before being removed by

    the liver and spleen.the liver and spleen.

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    Platelets (contd.)Platelets (contd.)

    Ifa blood vessel is cut, platelets stick to the edgesIfa blood vessel is cut, platelets stick to the edgesof the cut and to one another, forming a plug thatof the cut and to one another, forming a plug thatstops bleeding.stops bleeding.

    They then release chemicals that react withThey then release chemicals that react withfibrinogenfibrinogen and other clotting proteins, leading toand other clotting proteins, leading to

    theformation o

    fa blood clot.the

    formation o

    fa blood clot.

    The blood vessel can then heal over the cut area.The blood vessel can then heal over the cut area.

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    Types OfBloodTypes OfBlood

    Human blood is grouped into four types:Human blood is grouped into four types:A, B, AB, and O.A, B, AB, and O.

    Each letter refers to a kind of antigen, or protein, on theEach letter refers to a kind of antigen, or protein, on the

    surface of red blood cells.surface of red blood cells. Each blood type is also grouped by its Rhesus factor, orEach blood type is also grouped by its Rhesus factor, orRh factor. Blood is either Rh positive (Rh+) or RhRh factor. Blood is either Rh positive (Rh+) or Rhnegative (Rhnegative (Rh--).).

    Rhesus refers to another type of antigen, or protein, onRhesus refers to another type of antigen, or protein, onthe surface of red blood cells.the surface of red blood cells.

    Type OType O-- blood is considered the universal donorblood is considered the universal donorbecause it can be donated to people of any blood type.because it can be donated to people of any blood type.

    Type AB+ blood is considered the universal recipientType AB+ blood is considered the universal recipientbecause people with this type can receive any blood type.because people with this type can receive any blood type.

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    Who Can receive What Type ofBloodWho Can receive What Type ofBlood

    Blood TypeBlood Type Who Can Receive This TypeWho Can Receive This Type

    O+O+ O+, A+, B+, AB+O+, A+, B+, AB+

    OO-- All blood typesAll blood types

    A+A+ A+, AB+A+, AB+

    AA-- A+, AA+, A--, AB+, AB, AB+, AB--

    B+B+ B+, AB+B+, AB+BB-- B+, BB+, B--, AB+, AB, AB+, AB--

    AB+AB+ AB+AB+

    AB

    AB--

    AB

    AB--,

    AB+,

    AB+

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    The Circulation SystemThe Circulation System

    TheThe circulatory systemcirculatory system is an organ system that passesis an organ system that passesnutrients, gases, hormones, blood cells, nitrogen wastenutrients, gases, hormones, blood cells, nitrogen wasteproducts, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fightproducts, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fightdiseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH todiseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH tomaintain homeostasis.maintain homeostasis.

    The blood moves around the body inside the circulatoryThe blood moves around the body inside the circulatorysystem.system. The main componennts of blood circulationThe main componennts of blood circulationsystem is the:system is the:

    The HeartThe HeartThe VesselsThe Vessels

    The BloodThe Blood

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    The heartThe heart

    The heart is a muscular

    structure that contracts in a

    rhythmic pattern to pump blood. The human heart is a two-

    sided, 4 chambered structure

    with muscular walls.

    The heart beats or contracts 70

    times per minute.

    The human heart will undergo

    over 3 billion contraction cycles

    during a normal lifetime

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    Function of the heartFunction of the heart

    The heart acts as a pump to propel blood to all tissuesThe heart acts as a pump to propel blood to all tissuesof the bodies. It has four chambers, two upperof the bodies. It has four chambers, two upperchambers (atriums) and two lower chamberschambers (atriums) and two lower chambers(ventricles).(ventricles).

    The function of the right side of the heart is to collectThe function of the right side of the heart is to collectdede--oxygenated blood, in the right atrium, from the bodyoxygenated blood, in the right atrium, from the bodyand pump it, via the right ventricle, into the so thatand pump it, via the right ventricle, into the so thatcarbon dioxide can be dropped off and oxygen pickedcarbon dioxide can be dropped off and oxygen pickedup (gas exchange).up (gas exchange).

    The left side collects oxygenated blood from the lungsThe left side collects oxygenated blood from the lungs

    into the left atrium. From the left atrium the bloodinto the left atrium. From the left atrium the bloodmoves to the left ventricle which pumps it out to themoves to the left ventricle which pumps it out to thebody.body.

    On both sides, the lower ventricles are thicker andOn both sides, the lower ventricles are thicker andstronger than the upper atria.stronger than the upper atria.

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    The Blood Circulation SystemThe Blood Circulation System

    The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body andThe heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body anddeoxygenated blood to the lungs.deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

    In the human heart there is one atrium and one ventricleIn the human heart there is one atrium and one ventricle

    for each circulation, and with both a systemic and afor each circulation, and with both a systemic and apulmonary circulation there are four chambers in total: leftpulmonary circulation there are four chambers in total: leftatrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle.atrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle.

    The right atrium holds blood that needs oxygen. It sendsThe right atrium holds blood that needs oxygen. It sendsblood to the right ventricle which sends it to the lungs forblood to the right ventricle which sends it to the lungs foroxygen.oxygen.

    After it comes back, it is sent to the left atrium. The bloodAfter it comes back, it is sent to the left atrium. The bloodis pumped from the left atrium and sent to the ventricleis pumped from the left atrium and sent to the ventriclewhere it is sent to the aorta which takes it to the rest ofwhere it is sent to the aorta which takes it to the rest ofthe body.the body.

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    Blood circulation inside theBlood circulation inside the

    heartheart

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    Type ofBlood VesselesType ofBlood Vesseles

    There are two major types of blood vessels:There are two major types of blood vessels:

    ArteriesA

    rteries

    carry oxygenated blood away from the heartcarry oxygenated blood away from the heartand deliver it to the entire body.and deliver it to the entire body.

    VeinsVeins--bring deoxygenated blood from the entire body tobring deoxygenated blood from the entire body to

    the heart.the heart.

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    ArteriesArteries

    Aorta is the main artery which carries oxygenated bloodAorta is the main artery which carries oxygenated bloodaway from the heart to be distributed throughout theaway from the heart to be distributed throughout the

    body. The main artery is subdivided to arterioles andbody. The main artery is subdivided to arterioles and

    capillaries to supply blood to different organs efficiently.capillaries to supply blood to different organs efficiently.

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    VeinsVeins

    The main vein is called vena cava which bring deoxygenatedThe main vein is called vena cava which bring deoxygenated

    blood to the heart. Deoxygenated blood from different parts ofblood to the heart. Deoxygenated blood from different parts of

    the body travel through fine blood vessels called venules, thenthe body travel through fine blood vessels called venules, thenveins (larger in comparison with venules)and then finallyveins (larger in comparison with venules)and then finally

    joining together to form vena cava.joining together to form vena cava.

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    Defference between Artery and VeinDefference between Artery and Vein

    VeinVein Thin and slightly muscularThin and slightly muscular

    wall.wall.

    Carry blood to the heartCarry blood to the heart

    Carry bluishCarry bluish--redred

    deoxygenated blood (exceptdeoxygenated blood (except

    pulmonary vein)pulmonary vein)

    Blood under low pressure.Blood under low pressure.

    No pulses.No pulses.

    Blood flows smoothlyBlood flows smoothly

    Not capable of constriction.Not capable of constriction.

    Contain valveContain valve

    ArteryArtery Thick and elastic muscularThick and elastic muscular

    wall.wall.

    Carry blood away from theCarry blood away from theheartheart

    Carry red oxygenated bloodCarry red oxygenated blood

    (except pulmonary artery).(except pulmonary artery).

    Blood under high pressure.Blood under high pressure.

    Blood moves in pulses.Blood moves in pulses. Blood flows rapidly.Blood flows rapidly.

    Capable of constriction.Capable of constriction.

    Contain no valveContain no valve

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    An Exception In Blood Vessels:An Exception In Blood Vessels:

    Although we have just learnt that arteries carryAlthough we have just learnt that arteries carryoxygenated blood and veins deal with deoxygenatedoxygenated blood and veins deal with deoxygenatedblood, there lies an exception among the bloodblood, there lies an exception among the bloodvessels. These exceptional blood vessels are knownvessels. These exceptional blood vessels are known

    asas pulmonary arterypulmonary artery andand pulmonary vein.pulmonary vein.

    Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from thePulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from theheart and supply it to the lungs to become oxygenated.heart and supply it to the lungs to become oxygenated.

    Pulmonary vein carry oxygenated blood from the lungsPulmonary vein carry oxygenated blood from the lungsand deliver it to the heart to be pumped into the rest ofand deliver it to the heart to be pumped into the rest ofthe bodythe body