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8/11/2019 L1-Well Life Cycle- Done 19jan
1/31
Well Lifecycle &Drilling Process Overview
Arun Singh Chandel- Assistant Professor
B.Tech. (Chemical Engineering)
MS (Oil and Gas Engineering), United Kingdom
COES
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]8/11/2019 L1-Well Life Cycle- Done 19jan
2/31
So just where does Oil Come from?
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WEATHERING & EROSIONof igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks
TRANSPORT OF DEBRIS
by wind, running water, etc.., and
DEPOSITION in the sea
SUBSIDENCE
accompanied by compression and
cementation of loose sediments
FOLDING & UPLIFTING
accompanied by volcanic activity and
igneous intrusions
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ERA SYSTEM AGE (approx.) millions of years
QUATERNARY Recent
Pleistocene
0
0.01
CAENOZOIC or TERTIARY PlioceneMiocene
OligoceneEocene
Palaeocene
27
2638
54
MESOZOIC or SECONDARY CretaceousJurassic
Triassic
65136
195
PALAEOZOIC or PRIMARY PermianCarboniferous
DevonianSilurian
OrdovicianCambrian
225280
345395
440500
AZOIC or ARCHAEAN Pre-Cambrian
Origin of Earth from -
570
4500
Just how long has it been there?
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Oil in place
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How much Oil?
Rock Matrix Pore Space
(Porosity)
But
Pore space without
communication is
no good. We need
..
Permeability
Porosity
is expressed as a %
of pore space vs.
total rock volume
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Drilling Process OverviewStage 1:
Geological Survey
Geological data is gathered and
interpreted by geophysicists and
geologists looking at where,
when, and at what depth there
could be hydrocarbons in place
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Initially by using ...Seismic dataSubsurface formations are mapped
by measuring the time taken for
acoustic pulses generated in the
earth to return to the surface afterreflection or refraction from
interfaces between geological
formations with different physical
properties
http://geoweb.tamu.edu/courses/geol101/grossman/Seismic.strat.jpg8/11/2019 L1-Well Life Cycle- Done 19jan
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Drilling Process OverviewStage 2:
Cost Estimation (AFE)
From this initial information
costs are estimated toprepare an AFE (Application
for Expenditure) for
submission to management
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Drilling Process OverviewStage 3:
Well Planning
Drilling engineers start the
process of designing thewell in conjunction with the
geologists, reservoir
engineers and well
completion specialists
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Well Planning Consists of Things Like..
Rig Selection Permits & Legislative compliance Blow Out Prevention Casing Design
Mud Programme Solids Control Systems Drill Bit Options Directional Drilling Requirements Logging (evaluation) Programme
Completion Requirements HS&E (Health, Safety & Environmental) Aspects
... To name but a few...
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Drilling Process OverviewStage 4:
Well Construction
The next stage is theconstruction of the well
using drilling equipment
suitable for the pressure
and hazards expected
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Well Types
Wildcat: Little or no previous drilling exploration activity in the area
Exploratory: Geological target selection based on seismic data, and geological
modelling i.e. no previous drilling in the prospective horizon
Appraisal: Delineates the reservoirs boundaries, usuallydrilled after the
exploratory discoveries
Producers: Drilling into a known reservoir
Infill: Drilling in known productive portions of the reservoir that have
not been properly drained. This is usually done later in the life of
the reservoir
Re-entry: Existing well re-entered to deepen, side-track, complete, or re- complete
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Drill Bits are used to cut / crush the rock
Roller Cone
PDCThese are made-up to heavy large diameter series
of tubes, collectively called...
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... the Bottom Hole Assembly BHA
Drill CollarConnection
Hevi-Wate Drill Pipe
Stabilizer
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Drilling fluids: Mud - has to:
cool and lubricate the bit, drillstring, and to clean the bottom of
the hole
carry cuttings to surface
remove cuttings from the mud at surface minimise possiblesubsequent formation damage
control formation pressures and to maintain hole integrity
assist in well logging operations
minimise corrosion of the drillstring, casing and tubing, minimisecontamination problems
minimise torque, drag and pipe sticking propensities, improve
drilling rate
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Carry
Cuttings
to
Surface
Reduce
Rotational
Torque
Form
Filter
Cake
Stabilize
Formation
Lubricate
Drill Bit
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Liner
Casing ... protects the newly drilled hole
Intermediate
Casing
Surface
Casing
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Main functions of casing strings
Consolidate unstable formations that have just been drilled
through
Contain any pressures that may be encountered
Separate any different pressure regimes
Provide structural support for the BOPs and diverters
Protect sensitive formations from contamination
Provide a suitable environment for installation of production
or testing equipment such as packers, downhole valves,
tubing, liner hangers etc.
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Packer
Production
Tubing
ProductionFluids
Casing String
Christmas
Tree
When a well has been
drilled and cased it
must now be
Completed in order
to produce the
hydrocarbons residingin the reservoir
Completions
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Modern completions
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Drilling process overviewStage 5:
Well Maintenance
Once the well has been completed
and is flowing for commercial
purposes, it has to be maintainedwith occasional intervention work for
replacement of worn parts e.g.
leaking down-hole safety valves, and
to gather pressure and temperature
information for reservoir
management
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Produced Oil can be processed and stored ready for tankering in
Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) Vessels
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Or...By subsea pipelines etc...
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.... Monitoring ....
Detailed reservoir modelsand simulations are
constantly updated as newdevelopment-drilling databecomes availableenabling effective FieldManagement
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Drilling process overviewStage 6:
Abandonment
Abandonment - this is the stage when the reservoir is depleted
and seabed or land is returned to its natural environment
A well is abandoned when it reaches the end of its useful life or is
a dry hole.
The casing and other equipment is removed and salvaged.
Cement plugs are placed in the borehole to prevent migration offluids between the different formations.
The surface is reclaimed and returned to natural environment.
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How an Oil Company is Generally Structured
Oil Company
(or Well operator)
Drilling Engineering Formation Evaluation Accounts Operations Reservoir Engineering Production Engineering Geology
Drilling Superintendent
Wells in Progress
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How a Drilling Contractor is Generally Structured
Drilling Contractor
Accounts Rig Manager Rig Design & Maintenance
Tool Pusher Rig 1
Driller
Derrickman
Rig Crew
Tool Pusher Rig 2 (etc.
Driller
Derrickman
Rig Crew
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Drilling Service companies
Drilling Service Companies
Drilling Fluids Drilling CementsDirectional Drilling Casing Running
ormation Evaluation Mud LoggingDrilling Bits Tool Rental
Completion EquipmentMany others .....etc
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Further Reading
MIs Drilling Fluids Engineering Manual Chapter 1Introduction
http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-drilling.htm/printable
http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining.htm/printable
http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Default.cfm
http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-drilling.htm/printablehttp://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining.htm/printablehttp://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Default.cfmhttp://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Default.cfmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining.htm/printablehttp://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining.htm/printablehttp://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining.htm/printablehttp://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-drilling.htm/printablehttp://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-drilling.htm/printablehttp://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-drilling.htm/printable