Lecture # 1

Introduction to Organic Chemistry

viewed as an engineer

The ability to compute separates the engineer from the technician.

Engineering mathematics generates an insight into...physical phenomena

This course requiresQUALITATIVE components

QUANTITATIVE components

EXPERIMENTAL components

QualitativeSketch

Layout

Schematics

Diagrams

Flow Charts

QuantitativeComputation of properties with physical units

Experimental Use of physical models and tests to compensate for qualitative and quantitative uncertainty

Very limited…

Hydrocarbons

http://www.webelements.com/

provides properties of all elements

in the periodic table and links

Name Symbol # Protons Atomic

Number

Atomic

Weight

Hydrogen H 1 1 1.01

Carbon C 6 6 12.01

Nitrogen N 7 7 14.01

Oxygen O 8 8 16.00

Sodium Na 11 11 22.99

Magnesium Mg 12 12 24.31

Phosphorous P 15 15 30.97

Sulfur S 16 16 32.06

Chlorine Cl 17 17 35.45

Potassium K 19 19 39.10

Calcium Ca 20 20 40.08

All matter consists of tiny particles called

atoms

Atoms are made up of three fundamental

particlesprotons,

neutrons

electrons

Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus

Electrons are in orbits around the nucleus

There are equal numbers of protons (+) and

electrons (-)

Protons and neutrons are far heavier than

electrons

The unit of atomic mass is the mass of a

proton or neutron

Carbon has an atomic mass of 12, the

total of protons plus neutrons

Atomic number of an element is the

number of protons in the nucleus

The atomic number identifies the

element and distinguishes it from all

other elements

Thus carbon is the element with atomic

number 6

The molecular weight is the sum of the

atomic weights of the constituents of the

molecule

Example: water (H2O), the molecular

weight is 16 + 1.01 +1.01= 18.02 atomic

mass units

The weight in grams equivalent to the atomic or molecular weight in atomic mass unitsA mole of water has a weight of 18.02 gramsA mole of any substance contains AVOGADRO’S number of particles (6.02 x 1023)

+

-

PROTON

NEUTRON

ELECTRON

ORBIT

OR

SHELL

NUCLEUS

Diamonds & Graphite

The shells or orbits which contain the electrons

have characteristic occupancy capacity

The first three contain 2, 8, and 8 (or 18)

respectively

Atoms tend to combine chemically forming

either ionic or covalent bonds so that the outer

orbits are complete

NaCl

Sodium Has An Excess Electron, Chlorine Lacks One

ClNa

Orbits become complete by donation (acceptance)of an electron

POSITIVE

IONNEGATIVE

ION

Orbits become complete by sharing electrons

CH

H

H

H

CH

H

H

HOR

Homologous Series A group of molecules which have similar chemical properties and a gradation in physical properties. All members conform to a general formula.Alkanes General formula - CnH2n+2

(Saturated hydrocarbons) Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms for the number of carbons (ie, all the C - C bonds are single bonds)

Read MCain pages 1-12 (today), 12-22