L1-Climate & Warming System Principles

8/18/2019 L1-Climate & Warming System Principles

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Environmental Science 1DMP111

Climate and Traditional

Architectural Design

Climate Science is an understanding of

the climates influenceand your influence onclimate

ByQaiss N. Khudeir

012 2157419


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The Sun is the primary source of

energy for Earth’s climate system

Man and climate

Elements of climate

Man-Building-Climate


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Climate is regulated by complex interactions amongcomponents of the Earth system involving

•Sun,•ocean,•atmosphere,

•clouds,•ice,

•land, and life.

Climate varies by region as a result of local differences in these

interactions

The amount of solar energy

absorbed or radiated by Earth is

modulated by the atmosphere .

Elements of climate


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Complexity of Climate System

The climate system involves numerous, interrelatedcom onents.


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Climate varies over space and time through

both natural and man-made processes


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• Greenhouse gases— such as water vapor, carbon dioxide,

and methane and release heat.

• Small increases in carbon dioxide concentration have a

large effect on the climate system.

Human activities are

impacting the climate system


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Human activities are impacting the climate system


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Climate change will have

consequences for the Earth

system and human lives


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Humans can take actions to reduceclimate change and its impacts

Guiding Principle:

Mitigation?

Adaptation?


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• Shading of glass to reduce unwanted heat gain is critical.

• Unprotected glass is often the greatest source of unwantedheat gain in a home.

• Radiant heat from the sun passes through glass and isabsorbed by building elements and furnishings, which then re-radiate it.

• Re-radiated heat has a different wavelength and cannot pass

back out through the glass as easily.

• In most climates, 'trapping' radiant heat is desirable for winterheating but must be avoided in summer.


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RADIANT HEAT- GRE greenhouse effect

ENHOUSE EFFECT• The greenhouse effect results

from:1) shortwave solar energy iscollected through glazing

2) absorbed by the opaqueor solid elements in the

building (walls, Furniture's)

3) re-emitted as long waveradiation which is preventedby the glazing from leavingthe building

• As a result, part of the incomingradiation is trapped andincrease the temperature – thegreenhouse effect.


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Greenhouse Gases

• Water Vapor• Carbon Dioxide

• Methane

• Nitrous and Nitric Oxides• Ozone

• Transparent to visible light but absorb infrared


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Carbon Dioxide

• Has doubled to 380 ppm since start of Industrial Revolution

• Coupled to Temperature Rise?

• More Cloud Cover?

• Taken up by biomass?

• Taken up by oceans?


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Possible Effects of Global Warming

• More Heat Extremes

• Drought Dry weather

• Rise in Sea Level

• Temporary Severe Cold Spell? Flu

• Rapid Migration of Ecological Zones

• More Biomass but Lower Nutritional Value (Food resources)


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Ozone

• Stratosphere – Good upper layer of Atmosphere• Absorbs solar ultraviolet (UV)

• Troposphere – Bad lower layer of Atmosphere

• Toxic poisonous• Contributes to air pollution increase A.P


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Smog


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What are greenhouse gases?

Any gases that cause the ―greenhouse

effect!‖

Imagine… a car on a cool but sunny


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Observed

Changes andEffects


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G i g a t o n C O

2 o r e q u i v a l e n t / y r


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There are several types of options…

• Reduce emissions of greenhouse gases

• Attempt to develop alternatives energies

• Reduce the emission, prepare to developalternatives energies and stop to use the fossil

fuel energy

• Research continue to come up with new solution


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Causes of Climate Change

Astronomical

Surface

Composition


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Our changing climate:

Key Questions

• Climate modelers have predicted the Earth’s

surface will warm because of manmade

greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

• So how much of the warming is manmade?

• How serious are the problems this is creating?

• What, if anything, can and should we do?


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Our changing climate:

Increasing CO2 concentrations

• 2 most important greenhouse gases: H2O, CO2

• Man is modifying the CO2 concentrations via burning

fossil fuels

• CO2 concentrations are higher than any time in the last

400,000 years (NOAA site).

– Amounts are now beyond the range of naturalvariations experienced over the past 700,000 years

• Predictions are for CO2 concentrations to continue

increasing to 1.5 to 3 times present values by 2100

(NOAA site)

http://epa.gov/climatechange/science/recentac.htmlhttp://epa.gov/climatechange/science/futureac.htmlhttp://epa.gov/climatechange/science/futureac.htmlhttp://epa.gov/climatechange/science/recentac.html


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Changing CO2 concentrations• CO2 concentrations have varied naturally by a factor of

2 over the past few hundred thousand years• Fossil fuel burning since the industrial revolution has

created a sharp increase in CO2 concentrations

• CO2 concentrations are now higher than at any time in

past few hundred thousand years

• And concentrations are increasing faster with time

Last 4 Ice Age cycles:

400,000 years

See http://epa.gov/climatechange/science/recentac

Man made

You are here


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Negative Feedbacks

• The Earth is warming.

- Warming leads to more evaporation from oceans, which

increases water vapor in atmosphere.

-More water vapor increases absorption of IR, which

strengthens the greenhouse effect.

-This raises temperatures further, which leads to more

evaporation, more water vapor, warming…


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U.S.

186.1

EuropeanUnion

127.8Russia

68.4Ukraine

21.7Poland

14.4

China

57.6 Japan31.2

Australia

7.6

India

15.5

Kazakhstan

10.1

South Africa

8.5

Canada

14.9

Mexico

7.8Trinidad and

Tobago

United

Arab

Emirat

es

Kuwait

Total CO2 emissions

Between 1950-2001 in billions of

tons

TIME magazine, 2001

Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions per country


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How cars generate CO2

Source: Murray 2005

CH2 + 1.5O2 CO2 + H2O

6.3

lb/gal20 lb/gal

PCC slide no.

6.3 lb/gal/ gasoline20 lb/gal

R f


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References

• IPCC Summary Report for Policy Makers. November 2007

•

"About IPCC." IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange. 20 Apr. 2009 .

• "Climate Change | U.S. EPA." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 20 Apr. 2009.

• Rischard, J. F. High noon twenty global problems, twenty yearsto solve them. New York: Basic Books, 2002.

• "SVS Animations." NASA Goddard Scientific Visualization Studio.20 Apr. 2009.


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Thank you

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L1-Climate & Warming System Principles