l no. 20

7/23/2019 l no. 20

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Pest Management - Defnition – Cultural, Physical,Mechanical and Legal methods

Pest Management (or) Integrated Pest Management

Defnition IPM defnition by F! ("#$%)

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a system that, in the

context of associated environment and population dynamics of the

pest species, utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in as

compatible manner as possible and maintains pest populations at

levels below those causing economic inury!

IPM defnition by Luc&mann and Metcal' ("##)

IPM is de"ned as the intelligent selection and use of pest controltactics that will ensure favourable economical, ecological and

sociological consequences!

eed 'or Pest Management (or) *hy Pest Management

#! $evelopment of resistance in insects against insecticides e!g! %P

and synthetic pyrethroid resistance in Helicoverpa armigera!

&! %ut brea' of secondary pests e!g! hiteies emerged as maor

pest when spraying insecticide against H. armigera!

*! +esurgence of target pests e!g! P- of rice increased when some

%P chemicals are applied!

.! hen number of application increases, pro"t decreases!

/! 0nvironmental contamination and reduction in its quality!

1! 2illing of non3target animals and natural enemies!

4! -uman and animal health hazards!

!b+ecties o' est management

#! 5o reduce pest status below economic inury level! 6omplete

elimination of pest is not the obective!

&! 5o manage insects by not only 'illing them but by preventing

feeding, multiplication and dispersal!

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*! 5o use ecofriendly methods, which will maintain quality of

environment (air, water, wild life and plant life)

.! 5o ma'e maximum use of natural mortality factors, apply control

measures only when needed!

/! 5o use component in sustainable crop production!

.e/uirements 'or success'ul est management rogramme

#! 6orrect identi"cation of insect pests

&! 7ife history and behaviour of the pest

*! 8atural enemies and weather factors a9ecting pest population

.! Pest surveillance and pest forecasting (predicting pest outbrea')

/! :inding out 057 for each pest in a crop

1! 8eed and timing of control measure 3 $ecision

4! ;election of suitable methods of control

<! =nalysis of cost>bene"t and bene"t>ris' of each control measure

?! :armer@s awareness and participation

#A! Bovernment support

0!!L1 !. C!MP!201 !F I023.02D P210 M32M20

(rranged in increasing order o' comle4ity)

i5 Cultural method or use o' agronomic ractices#! 6rop rotation /! Pruning or thinning

&! 6rop refuse destruction 1! :ertilizer

management

*! 5illage of soil 4! ater management

.! Cariation in time of planting or harvesting <! Intercropping

?! 5rap crop

ii5 6ost lant resistance

iii5 Mechanical methods o' est control

#! -and destruction

&! 0xclusion by screens, barriers

*! 5rapping, suction devices, collecting machine

.! 6rushing and grinding

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i5 Physical methods

#! -eat

&! 6old

*! 0nergy 3 light trap, irradiation, light regulation

.! ;ound

5 7iological methods

#! Protection and encouragement of 80

&! Introduction, arti"cial increase and colonizing speci"c parasitoids

and predators

*! Pathogens on insects li'e virus, bacteria, fungi and protozoa

4. Dse of botanicals li'e neem, pongam etc!

i5 Chemical methods

#! =ttractants

&! +epellents

*! Insecticides 3 %6, %P, carbamates, pyrethroids, etc!

.! Insect growth inhibitors

/! 6hemosterilants

ii5 7ehaioural methods

#! Pheromones

&! =llelochemicals

iii5 3enetic8biotechnology method

3 +elease of genetically incompatible>sterile pests

3 5ransgenic plant

i45 .egulatory8legal method

3 Plant>animal quarantine

3 0radication and suppression programme

(I) C9L09.L C!0.!L

DefnitionE Manipulation of cultural practices to manage the pests!

:ollowed in farm level practices and community level practices!

I5 Farm leel ractices

15 Croing 0echni/ues Pest Chec&ed

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o5"5 Ploughing +ed hairy caterpillar

:5 Puddling +ice mealy bug

;5 5rimming and plastering +ice grass hopper

5 Pest free seed material Potato tuber moth

<5 -igh seed rate ;orghum shooty

$5 +ogue space planting +ice brown planthopper

%5 Plant density +ice brown planthopper

=5 0arthing up ;ugarcane whitey

#5 $etrashing ;ugarcane whitey

">5$estruction of weed hosts 6itrus fruit suc'ing moth

""5$estruction of alternatehost

6otton whitey

":5:looding +ice armyworm

";5 5rash mulching ;ugarcane early shootborer

"5Pruning > topping +ice stem borer

"<5 Intercropping ;orghum stem borer

"$5 5rap cropping $iamond bac' moth

"%5ater management rown planthopper"=5 Fudicious application of

fertilizers+ice leaf folder

"#5 5imely harvesting ;weet potato weevil

II5 Community leel ractices

#! ;ynchronized sowing E $ilution of pest infestation (eg) +ice, 6otton

&! 6rop rotation E rea's insect life cycle

*! 6rop sanitation

a) $estruction of insect infested parts (eg!) Mealy bug in brinal

b) +emoval of fallen plant parts (eg!) 6otton squares

c) 6rop residue destruction (eg!) 6otton stem weevil

dantages Disadantages

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#! 8o extra s'ill #! 8o complete control

&! 8o costly inputs &! Prophylactic nature

*! 8o special equipments *! 5iming decides success

.! Minimal cost

/! Bood component in IPM

1! 0cologically sound

(II) P6?1ICL C!0.!L

Modi"cation of physical factors in the environment to minimise

(or) prevent pest problems! Dse of physical forces li'e temperature,

moisture, etc! in managing the insect pests!

5 Maniulation o' temerature

#) ;un drying the seeds to 'ill the eggs of stored product pests!

&) -ot water treatment (/A 3 //o6 for #/ min) against rice white tip

nematode!

*) :lame throwers against locusts!

.) urning torch against hairy caterpillars!

/) 6old storage of fruits and vegetables to 'ill fruities (# 3 & o6 for

#& 3 &A days)!

75 Maniulation o' moisture#! =lternate drying and wetting rice "elds against P-!

&! $rying seeds (below #AG moisture level) a9ects insect

development!

*! :looding the "eld for the control of cutworms!

C5 Maniulation o' light

#! 5reating the grains for storage using I+ light to 'ill all stages of

insects!

&! Providing light in storage go downs reduces the fertility of Indian

meal moth, Plodia.

*! 7ight trapping!

D5 Maniulation o' air

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Increasing the 6%& concentration in controlled atmosphere of

stored grains to cause asphyxiation in stored product pests!

25 9se o' irradiation

Bamma irradiation from 6o1A is used to sterilize the insects in

laboratory which compete with the fertile males for mating when

released in natural condition (eg!) cattle screw worm y, Cochliomyia

hominivorax control in 6uracao Island by 0!:!2nipling!

F5 9se o' greasing material

5reating the stored grains particularly pulses with vegetable oils

to prevent the oviposition and the egg hatching! eg!, bruchid adults!

35 9se o' isible radiation

Hellow colour preferred by aphids, cotton whiteyE yellow stic'y

traps!

65 9se o' brasie dusts

#! +ed earth treatment to red gramE Inury to the insect wax layer!

&! =ctivated clayE Inury to the wax layer resulting in loss of moisture

leading to death! It is used against stored product pests!

*! $rie3$ieE 5his is a porous "nely divided silica gel used against

storage insects!

(III) M2C6ICL C!0.!L

Dse of mechanical devices or manual forces for destruction or

exclusion of pests!

5 Mechanical destruction@ 7ife stages are 'illed by manual (or)

mechanical force!

Manual Force

#! -and pic'ing the caterpillars

&! eating E ;watting housey and mosquito

*! ;ieving and winnowing E +ed our beetle (sieving) rice weevil

(winnowing)

.! ;ha'ing the plants E Passing rope across rice "eld to dislodge

caseworm and sha'ing neem tree to dislodge Fune beetles

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/! -oo'ing E Iron hoo' is used against adult rhinoceros beetle

1! 6rushing E ed bugs and lice

4! 6ombing E $elousing method for -ead louse

<! rushing E oolen fabrics for clothes moth, carpet beetle!

Mechanical 'orce

#! 0ntoletterE 6entrifugal force 3 brea's infested 'ernels 3 'ill insect

stages 3 whole grains una9ected 3 storage pests!

&! 5illage implementsE ;oil borne insects, red hairy caterpillar!

*! Mechnical trapsE +at traps of various shapes li'e box trap, bac'

brea' trap, wonder trap, 5anore bow trap!

75 Mechanical e4clusion

Mechanical barriers prevent access of pests to hosts!

#! rapping the fruitsE 6overing with polythene bag against

pomegranate fruit borer!

&! andingE anding with grease or polythene sheets 3 Mango mealy

bug!

*! 8ettingE Mosquitoes, vector control in green house!

.! 5renchingE 5rapping marching larvae of red hairy caterpillar!

/! ater barrierE =nt pans for ant control!

1! 5in barrierE 6oconut trees protected with tin band to prevent rat

damage!

4! 0lectric fencingE 7ow voltage electric fences against rats!

dantage o' mechanical control Disadantages

#! -ome labour utilization #! 7imited application

&! 7ow equipment cost &! +arely highly e9ective

*! 0cologically safe *! 7abour intensive

.! -igh technical s'ill not required in adopting!

liances in controlling the ests

"5 Light tras@ Most adult insects are attracted towards light in night!

5his principle is used to attract the insect and trapped in a mechanical

device!

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a) Incandescent light tra@ 5hey produce radiation by heating

a tungsten "lament! 5he spectrum of lamp include a small amount of

ultraviolet, considerable visible especially rich in yellow and red!

b) Mercury aour lam light traE (eg!) +obinson trap! 5his

is currently used towards a wide range of 8octuids and other nocturnal

ying insects!

c) 7lac& light tra@ lac' light is popular name for ultraviolet

radiant energy with the range of wavelengths from *&A3*<A nm! ;ome

commercial type li'e Pest3%3:lash, 2eet3%3:lash are available in

mar'et! :lying insects are usually attracted and when they come in

contact with electric grids, they become elctrocuted and 'illed!

:5 Pheromone tra@ ;ynthetic sex pheromones are placed in traps to

attract males!

;5 ?elloA stic&y tra@ 6otton whitey, aphids, thrips prefer yellow

colour! Hellow colour is painted on tin boxes and stic'y material li'e

castor oil > vaseline is smeared on the surface! 5hese insects are

attracted to yellow colour and trapped on the stic'y material!

5 7ait tra@ =ttractants placed in traps are used to attract the insect

and 'ill them! (eg!) :ishmeal trapE 5his trap is used against sorghum

shooty! Moistened "sh meal is 'ept in polythene bag or plastic

container inside the tin along with cotton soa'ed with insecticide

($$CP) to 'ill the attracted ies (:ig!#A##)!

<5 Pit'all tra@ -elps to trap insects moving about on the soil surface,

such as ground beetles, collembola, spiders!

$5 Probe tra@ Probe trap is used by 'eeping them under grain

surface to trap stored product insect!

(IB) L23L C!0.!L

Defnition@ Preventing the entry and establishment of foreign plant

and animal pest in a country or area and eradication or suppression of

the pests established in a limited area through compulsory legislation

or enactment

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Pests ccidentally Introduced Into India

#! Pin' bollworm 3 Pectinophora gossypiella

&! 6otton cushion scale 3 Icerya purchasi

*! ooly aphid of apple 3 Aphelinus mali

.! ;anFose scale 3 Quadraspidiotus perniciosus

/! Potato tuber moth 3 Phthorimaea operculella

1! 6yst (Bolden) nematode of potato 3 Globodera sp!

4! Biant african snail 3 Acatina fullica

<! ;ubabul psyllid 3 Heteropsylla cubana

?! unchytop disease of banana

#A! ;piralling whitey 3 Aleyrodicus dispersus

Foreign Pests From *hich India Is Free

#! Mediterranean fruity 3 Ceratitis capitata

&! Brapeavine phylloxera

*! 6otton boll weevil 3 Anthonomos grandis

.! 6odling moth of apple 3 Lasperysia pomonella

uarantine

Isolation to prevent spreading of infection!

Plant uarantine7egal restriction of movement of plant materials between countries

and between states within the country to prevent or limit introduction

and spread of pests and diseases in areas where they do not exist!

P210 L23I1L0I!1

#?#. 3 J$estructive Insects and Pests =ct@ of India ($IP=)

#?#? 3 JMadras =gricultural Pests and $iseases =ct@

#?1< 3 J5he Insecticides =ct@

DIFF2.20 CL1121 !F 9.0I2

"5 Foreign uarantine (7egislation to prevent the introduction of

new pests, diseases and weeds from foreign countries)

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a! Plant quarantine inspection and treatments at sea ports of Mumbai,

2ol'ata, 6ochin, 6hennai and Cisa'apattinam and airports of =mritsar,

Mumbai, 2ol'ata, 6hennai and 8ew $elhi!

b! Import by post parcel prohibited except by scientists!

c! Import of plant materials prohibited or restricted!

d! Import permits required for importation of plant material!

e! Phytosanitary certi"cate from the country of origin is required!

Phytosanitary certifcate is issued by ;tate 0ntomologist and

Pathologists to the e9ect that the plant or seed material is free from

any pest or disease!

.estriction imosed on the imortation o'

i! ;ugarcane setts 3 to prevent est Indies sugar weevil

ii! 6o9ee seeds 3 to prevent co9ee berry borer

iii!6otton seeds 3 to prevent cotton boll weevil

a! 0xport of pepper, cardamom and tamarind restricted

b! In #?.1, $irectorate of Plant Protection, Kuarantine and ;torage,

Bovernment of India established 3 for inspection of export and import

of agricultural commodities!

:5 Domestic /uarantine (within di9erent parts of country)

3 :lutted scale Icerya puchasi noticed in 8ilgiris and 2odai'anal in #?.*

in attle trees! Kuarantine stations at Mettupalayam and Budalur for

8ilgiris and ;henbaganur for 2odai'anal to prevent spread of utted

scale in 58!

3 Preventing movement of anana from Palani hills to prevent unchy

top spread

;5 Legislation to ta&e u eectie measures to reent sread

o' established ests 0xampleE 6otton stem weevil, Broundnut +-6,

6o9ee stem borer, 6oconut blac' headed caterpillar (-6), ;ugarcane

top borer!

i5 1tem Aeeil o' cotton (Combodia cotton, "#";)

Previous crop to be removed before =ug!#

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8ext crop to be sown not before ;ep! # to 'eep land free of cotton for

sometime

ii5 .6C o' groundnut ("#;>)

3 6ollection of pupae in summer ploughing

3 Putting light traps and bon"res

3 -and pic'ing of egg and larvae

3 ;pread leaves in "eld, trench, collect and destroy

iii5 1tem borer o' coee (#?.1)

5his act is still in force in ;alem, 6oimbatore, Madurai and 8ilgiris

3 =ll infested plants to be removed and destroyed by #/th $ecember

every year

3 ;wabbing with wettable powder (6arbaryl) on stem and branch

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4. Legislation to prevent the adulteration and misbranding of insecticides and to

determine the permissible residues in food stuff.

<5 Legislation to regulate the actiities o' men engaged in est

control

062 I12C0ICID21 C0, "#$=

3 Implemented in #?4# (Insecticides +ule, #?4#)

3 +egulatory provision 3 compulsory registration, licensing, inspection,

drawal and analysis of samples, detention, seizure and con"scation of

stoc's, suspension and cancellation of licences, etc!

3 0nforcement of the act is oint responsibility of central and state

governments!

3 ;tatutory bodies

3eneral re/uirement o' P1C

3 Inspected agrl! commodities should be free from pest>diseases

3 5a'es time for inspection 3 see' prior guidance from plant quarantine

authorities in India

1ecial re/uirements o' P1C

3 =dditional declarations required from importing country for freedom

of commodities from speci"c pests>diseases3 %btain complete details of requirements of importing country

0echnical limitations

3 +ules not relaxable! 8o compromise with principles of Plant

Kuarantine!

Procedure 'or getting P1C

3 =pplication to be submitted to Plant Kuarantine and :umigation

station

3 ill be scrutinised, samples drawn and examined for pest, diseases,

weeds

3 If free P;6 issued

3 If found infested 3 reected, P;6 not issued

3 ;ometimes treatment (fumigation) given and P;6 issued

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uthority to issue P1C

Dnion Bovt! of =grl! has authorised oLcers in 6entral and ;tate Bovt!

and D5 PP= to Bovt! of India 3 -eads of Dnit

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irorts 1eaorts Land 'rontiers

=mristar ombay =mristar +ail

ombay 5uticorin =ttari +ail

6alcutta havnagar =ttari +oad

-yderabad 6alcutta ongaon

6hennai 6ochin Bede

8ew $elhi 6hennai 2alimpong

Patna 8agapattinam Panitan'i

Caranasi +ameswaram

5iruchirapalli Cisa'hapatnam

5rivandrum

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l no. 20