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TV and Violence .\ stud~ guide \\ ritten I,,: .I. Ronald 'Iila,sk.,. \ational Broadcasting COll1pall~

'Ioderator: .lames Q. "·ilsoll. Professor of (;o,('rnll1('nt. Han arcl l'lliH'rsit.,

CII('sb: L. RO\\l'1I Huesmalln. rni,ersit~ of Illinois .I. Ronald "il'l\sk~. \BC \e\\s and Social

Rl'sl'arch D,l\ id Phillips. l'niH'rsit~ of California at

Sail Dit.'go

\0111' discllssion \\illlw assi"h~d h~ a dosl'look at the :l\ail­ahle l" iclell((' lillkillg tdl" isioll and, iukllt hl'll,l\ i ..... h~ 'onll' famili'lI·it., "ith the kinds of !'l'sl'arch that haH' hl'CII IIIHil'rtakl'n 011 tl'll" ision alld ,iolt'IIl'l'. and h~ an IIncler­'tanding of thl' compll'\itits that makt., resl'arch 011 this "lIhjl'l't l"IH,'ciall~ difficult.

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Introduction .......,,;

Th.:r.: 1', Ihl dllubllh.tllll.t" /llcd,.1 h.t\ C eh.lI1~cd \\ h.11 pL,ppk !.-nll\\ and hl1\\ thcI Ih1l1!.- and bch.IIL'. 1:\aClh Ihl\\ h.I' bccn lh.: ,UblCel \11' a g.rc~1I dc,,1 III 'pceul.tti\ ~ llllluflH, l/lla",m~llil c \\ rHln!!, .lI1d CI cn '11111': 'L'lcnlll Ic~ fC'l.'.lr~~h :--Iu~h \lllh" .I11.:nlllll1 ha, IlICU,cd lIn Ihc IllnUcnL~c \11 Ihl.' Ill"" rncdl,1 ,In \ I\lknl hch,1\ IIII'

In the pa">l, lllhcr mcdla, ,Udl a, CllllliC bllll!.-" radlll, ,lIhl nc\\ 'rarcr" \\efC lhllU~hll" bc Pll"lblc c·,llhl.', 111\ "lkllL'L' Fllf Ihc p<1'l ,« 1:- car" hlll\ CI l'r, IclCI ['hIll h.b n:Cl'J\ L'J IhL' /lllhl .lllel1111111

.. \llmcdl<1 dc." \\ llh \ /lIICIll 'UhICL'l' cllhef 111 C'll\ efln!! Ihl' nc\\, Ilf In riLl1l1nai ,1111'1':' and r[\I~r.t/1l'. :\C'L'prLIi'nf 1\1 pUblte llpinilln ,un C)".I 1lI.l.l(1nt) III pCllp!e .Iffl'l' tll.lllht.'re I' lllll Illlh:h \ lllkn.:e 1111 lelC\ hllll1. In Il)S':: Ihl' (i.d/up llfganl/<1I10n Illund lhal nCdl'I; 1\\ ll-Ihlflh 111 lhc .Iduh Pllptl· lallon IhllU))ll Ih.1I Ihcre \\ a, .t fcl.lllllll,hlP "hcI\\ ':CIl I Ill' kllL'e (1n wk\ I,/llil .lI1d Ihe n"n!! cnnlL' r.llc III 11lL' l nllt.'d SlaIC'." hnall;, pcoplc lhlll!.- Ih:Jl lelC\ 1,llln ha, .t '1J\ln~ InllucllL'C llil L'hlldfcn, In Ilnc ,unCI b\ l'an!.-c!.1\ IL'h, S!.-cll), and Whilc. -(1 perL'cnl III Ilic I~Cllpk ljuc'lIll/lcd al!rccd lhal "lelC\ l'llln ha, lll11rC InllucllL'c lIn ll111o.,[ chlldrcn t1~an lhL' rarCI1I.' ha\c.'·ln <:fred,lelC\ I'[llll" IIII1UL'nCl' ha' bCClllllC 'a ",ctaIl~ ilcL'cplcd "r.ICI."

Hlmc\.:r, lhc 'clcnllftL' c\ldcncc dllc, Illll 'UpPllrt ,uch defl11fIC CIll1L'iu'llln,

Research on Television and Violence

... \ Ulil'ldcrablc ,1Il1l1Ullllll rc,colrch h", hccn elllKcrncd 1\ IIh Ihc impacllli Iclel I,/lln 1111 \ Illlen.:c. SIIIllC III lill" hJ' ht.·L'/l cnnduclcd Of ,plllhllrcd h; lhc I'cdaa! (;,,\crnlJlL'/l1 and ,!lIllC III II h", bccn donc 11) .lCadCllH; rC't.'arL'ht.'l'\

I, GOI'ernment reports Thcrc h,I\': bCt.'n III lllll,qur I,t.'dt.'ral pr(l.lct.'h, Thc fir'l. " r~ pon lOlht.' Surft.'OIl (icncr~dln II):'::, ":Olllll1h'I(lIlCd 1lt.'11 rc,carch Tht."CClllld, 'polhllrcd h; Ihe ;\alillnal Ilhlllllle 01 ,\lelllal Ht.'alth 1."\ 1.\1 H l, rCllCllCd ,Iud ic, dOllc In thc 1lJ-) t.'ar pCrlod 111110\\ IIl~ Ihc publlcallnn III lhc Sllrfl'llIl (Jt:ncraj', Rcpnrt Tht: Il)~':: RCPllrt"' Lllnelu· '>1011 \1 a, C\lrClllcl) lClllal1l c and 10ulld"a prClll11111<II') and lcmalil C illdlcallllil 01 ... L.lu,,,1 rclallon ... hlp." Thc IlJl{2 ."\l;\IH rt.'port lIa, I11mc cmphallc in II, Ul/lClll\lUII lhal lckll,iull ealhC, \ lolenl'c. Hmlt.'lcl" Ihi\ report \\;1,

cnlici/ed ,el ~rcll III an t.'1 alu~tllon cUIllIllI"illllCd bl Iht.' Sallll/lal :\t.'<ldCIll-I 01 .'ielt.'lIl'c", Thc t.'1 alU,lIl1l1l \\ a, widcr' tak.cn illlhc hchc ... i 01 Ihc l' S /).:partmcill nIJu,ul'c" \\ hich \lalllcd In !.-1l0\\ II hClht.'flt'!.!I,Iall\C rC!!lllallOn (II lclcI I'>ion \\ a~ II arranlcd The."\ al/lln:t1 :\L'adc/ll~ III SCIt.'nL·c,· el alu· allon conL'iudcd Ihallhc C\ Idt.'nec \1," in,uli'iL'lcllllll II arralll rcgul'II"f) or lq~"lall\ c <JCllon. The c\ alualor, lIl'!!cd call1lllll III dra\l.Jn~ poltC) rCL'llllllllt.'lldallon' I f'lllll lhc <J~ alLlblt.'

Thh pro~ral1J hrllu~hl (0 ) llll b) thc ,'\alwllal In,UlllIC III Jl"11cC Jamc ... I-: SICII an, /)lrC({nf Tht.' ,erte, pflldu,ed h\ \\'/:'1 .. \('0\1 lhf'llll~h a ~ranl III Ihe PllIrL'C 1'llLIndallllll

rL',c.lrL'h hc',·.tu,,' II 'UIlL'f' Inllll .J nUllIbl'r ,II ',Il'nllll, ,hllnCllllllll!!' alld !l de.lh .dl111l\1 t.'llllrch II IIh 11111.1 Illnn, III .1~!!rt.'''II;1l .l!llllllf L'hddrl'n, 1101 \\ Ilh ,'rillllllilllwh.1\ 1(11'

~ SUrI't'\' slIulit'.1 Sunt.'1 'llldlt." t.·\allllnC c·orrt.'Lllloll' f-r11l1J 'U~I C\ 'lUcllc, \\ hl~h mt.'.I,urc bOlh hlll\ al!!!rC"/I L' pCllple .trl' .li1d hlll\ Illll"h Ihl'; II .lId1 I Illklll prll~r~~l1'" II e !.-1l11\1 lhal pt.'llpk II Iw ,Irc .IIlII\lI"lall) ag~rc\\11 c IL'nd,lllorc IIl.ln lllo,1 PCllpk.lll II .Hch Iclc'l l'lllll prll~ralll' II IIIl \ /(llcnl c(lllll'lll Ill' 11.11'.1 III "Ihlll \\ holllll Ill.t!.-t.',li Ih.ll ,'llITCI,IIJllIl II I' /1111 dt.'ar II hClhcl' II aldllll~ Illorc \ /(1 Ie III program, • ,11/\, \ I'Cllpk III hc .1~~re"I\~' Ilf II ht.'lhcr ,1~~rc"ll c pCllpic dH11l\C III \1.Ilc'h 1ll11rt.' I l'lkl11 pl\l~raJ1l'

rhl' cllllUl1dnlllll'.In Inhercnl II L',I" 111.'\\ ,II ,Uf'I CI ft."car(h, II h,ch c.ln IIltIlcale II hClher '11[rd.llllln' l'\I ... I, but nUl II III .·\l1d Ih.1l Illll'rl'lt.'l!\C pl"l,bkm II III bCL'll/l't.' 'Ic.ldrl) Illl;rl' IC\lIlg Bt.'L"lll,C tdt.'II'''I I/1 I, .I 11101\, 1l1,>dIUI11, pCllpk ,'.Ill 'CkL'l II hallhc) \\ .IIlII,l II al.:h 1 ['(1111 a \\ ,dc \ ancI) III pf'll 1!r.llll' ('.Ihie' .Inc! ,.IIe1hle dclll l.'n "\ ,1t.'l1h h./I': Ill.lde III ;)nl~ralll ,L'r\JL't', ,1I.J!I.lbic III lilt.' '.II~r.lfe 1ll1u'eIHlld . .tnd Ihl' l1umbt.'r \\ III Inert.'a,c In Ihc Illlurc

3 E..rpaimt'lIla/studie,1 Tht.' b",,"'lil11l1al iUl10l ,ur\ t.'1' Ihal Ihc'. I'l'l cal 11 hell III II Ihlll!!' arc L'llrrt.'lalt.'d bUI ;ll1l \\ hClhcrllllc L',llhe' Ihc lIlllcr :;In bt:./I uidcd b\ UIll.it.'rlol"· in~ a dlllcrclll kId 01 rc,cardl "nll\\11 a, "t.'\i)erJlIlcIlI"" E\PCrJlllCllh.Irt.' Ihc f'Illl\l rcltahk !.-intI III rc,careh I"rdclcr· Illlnlll~ \\ ht.'lhcrllllL' Illll1g L·all,t.', alwlllcr In all c\pCrinlL'l1l. ,uhlc"l\ art.' random" ,h'l1!ned 10 dtllcrcllI Ircallllenl, In an ~\pCrllllt.'nlllnlek\ I\illn\ 1lllenct.' and I i'llclll hchal lor, 'lllllt.' pcoplt.' II Iluid bc randllml) a"""l~nt.'d III \\ ,1l,'11 Iloklll pf'llgra/ll' and Illilt.'r'" IIllliid bc ,hl111 n progra/ll\ 111111 /l(1 \/oicncc In Ihclll 1't.'llple', at;~rc'~,Jlc bclla"or \\llldd bt.' Illca,ured lht.'n or laler. ellher bl llh.,cn alilln or Ihnlll"h LjUc,llllllnalrc, Illhe 1110 t;nlu6 ... Irul: arc " ..... igllt.'d ra~­c!O/lll\" dillcrcnec, bClllt.'t.'n Iht.'ir a!!"rc,.,ion leld, CllUld hc IC~lCd, lhln~ '('III'IIL'allorlllula',II~'Cl' it,llc dillcrcnCe, \\t.'rc lar~t.'f'lhan IIllulei bt.'npcl'lcd h: chance, II Ihc) \\L'rc, alllllkrcncc L'lluld bc 1ll,Idc !hallht.' prc,ellcc Ill' ab,cllct.' ul e\j1l1 .. urt.' III 1ll,IlL'nal c.!u,cd lht.' dllTcrcncc.

1:\pCnlllt.'lllal 'llIdIL" lal'llulnulllbcr alll olhL'r !.-Illd 111,ludl dlllle Ull 1111, 'lIblt.'L'l. :-- hl\1 .ll't' Llllldu~'It.'d III laboralortc~ \1 hl'fl' the rL"l"lldwI hol,.1 hl~h dt.'1!rt.'l·I,1 L'Il/lll'llllll cr Ihc C\PClllllt.'1l1 :\ kll C\PCrllllc'llh 11<11 c al\ll hCCIl dUllc 111 rcal-Ilk 'CIIlIl~' ,ucll _" h(l)'" IlllIllC' llr rt:inrlll 'cho(lb.

1,.tbur.!I,'r) t.·\pCnIllCIlI' 11.11 t.' bct.'11 1I,cd III ,Iud) \\ helhcr chIldrcn \\ IlIlfllIlalL' \\ 1l.lIlhc) ,Cc' :--1u,lollhc C\ pc 1'1 1l1t.'1l1, dL'al II IIh llltid Illrnl, 01 a!!l!rc\\l\ c bcilallor dlrt.'L'lcd al III)" allhllll1!h III a fLoII l'\I;Crlfllelll, Illllrt.' "~frl'''lllll I"" ,lb,eJ'\ cd ,lJlHlIl~ L'htldrcll III rc..:t.' " or pia) \fIU:II iOIl'>. Serinu, lIllt.'rpt.'"ollal a~~f'l.'''''''lllll II<" 11111 'llILltt.'d hCL'iIU,C Ihc Cllll· ,Irallll, III rl',car(h clillC, do Ilnl allll\\ p);IL'ill~ 1lL'I'plL' 111 real It.'llpard)

Olht.'r "llld, III lahol.llllr) npCf'llllL'IlI' haIL' bc,'11 u .... l·d 10 'LUd) II helher 'Ct.'IIl~ ael" lilt." dcpl':lL'd ill .1 dl alll<lll,' ,WI') c'<l1l lead pL'Ople II I a.:1 IllllrC a~~rl'''" d) 1'01' C \ '1I1lple, Iht."c 'ILldlL', IIl\t."II~alt.' \\ Itl'II1L'1 peoplc arc flHlrc It"el) III IIlIlI.IIC <I!!1!rC\\lIl' alllll/l, \\ hL'IlII1t.'\L' a<.'llllll' afL' ,hllll IlIIl bc 11I'lIlic'd III IhL' dram;tl.lc prc\t.'lllallllll II1;11l \\ 11L'1l lilc) \\L'ft~ ... hu\\ n 10 I1\' lIlldt.',crll'd b) Ihc \Xllm Oil!' h) PlllilL',I, I, Ih~1l \\ <llcl1Jll!.! <l1!!.!rc'\\lllll I hal I, dL',ell cd \11 IhL' L'iwlaL'lcr 011 \\hum il ,,'illll'lclL'd 1I11ltC Itllll 1I11I1,1\\'cr Ihc \tCIIL'r', 1I1II1hlll(lI1' d~,tlll\1 ;1t.'IIIl!! .I~grc'''''11 cl) /11\\ ard real pL'llplL' 111 ,111111,11 L/lCUI11,laIlCl', '1 hal 11) pOlltt:'I' ha, hL'L'1l ,'Ull Itrmcd b) Ih,' C\pcrllnL'nlal ... IUdIL"

ThL' Illalll prllblel11 \\ llh Ih'_' C\PCJ'lIllClll~t1 'Iudlt." I, Ih.lt thL' H'r) icalUIt.' Ih.1l ~I,e, Iht.'m Iht.'11 JII1IIl'I III dl'lCt.'! l'lkt.'l'. Ihc d~!!rcc III elllllrlllll\ t.'r (lIndHIOIl', .Ihll IlI.th', llll,' II IIIl dt.'r II Ilclht.'r !Ilt.') .trc Illll arLIllL,,,tlln ajlpl) 1,1 rl'.tI-111L' dIll dllHln, Ju'lbccalhcchtldrt.'Il\\IIIIIllH'llC·\lh.lllhel "l't."'11 ftl!11llrOlllclt.'1 I\llllllll.ll;tblll';tlllf'\ dIlL" 1l11IIllCall ih.tllhc'\ II III dll Ihl' III Ihl'lr IH11l1t."'\lllf c'l Cll II clllldrl'J1, 111 III~H pia: al IWIllL', ,eCIl1 tllIIlL',lrpnr.lll' th1l1~' Ihc) 'CL' 1l/1Ide~ \ /,/(111. II dllt." IlIH JllC'lI1 lilal Iht.'1 II III realll tn 1,1 hun 11l1lt.'J'''' lI'I/l~ llll'lhnd, 'l't.'11 Oil Idl" I'lllfl . .

Thcre MC ,t.'1 t.'r,d rea"IIl' II hI Illlt.' L'alllllll bl' ... url' \\ heLllt.'1 Ihc IJlldlll!!' llf Ihc,c !.-11lt!, ;11 'lUlht.', ~.:)l bc' .Iflphl.'d III t.'It.'ndal ~1IL1.tIl(llh hr,I, \ IlllcllL'c' 111 rc',d hlL' I' rMe', I' ~cll~rall) dl\L·Il!lra~ed. and I, ptl/ll,het!. II Illdl hclp' t.'\pl.1111 II hI Jl ra rc II llCL'U 1', III nrdt.'1 III t.' 11 CI I lIr.t !!l" "rL'.tI ~"I lO' .11!!!1 l" ,il~' bcll;/I il,r IlIl lhL' p.ln III ,Ublt.'L·I" ~'\pl'nI11CI1It.'r' 'Ill'l't! III IL'l Iht.' \ublCCl' !.-11I111 Ihal Iht.') \\ III 11111 bc [lul1l,hL'd Furthcr. 1111' ClhlL"tI rt.'a ,,111 , , c\pCrl/IlL'lllt.'r, coInlHII n,!.- l'J1· ClIlIr.I!!IIl!! rt.'al, 'L'J'l(llh a1!l!J'C\\/(11l J'hl'r~'lllre, l'\llL'r!!11L'llh U'C \l~b'liIUlt." lUI IIlIL'rp~'I:'llllal.I~~rl'''''''llll1 ..... uch .1' pUlld1 illg. a dllilor pt"hlll~ a ",illl,'"'' bUIIll11 I-IIl.tll). Ihc "JJ1d III I I\ual I IlllellL'L'U,cd Illlhl' l'\perllllCllh I' ,ekclcd bt.'L·oIl"C il I, t1111u~hl III bc Ihl' I) pc Ih,ll ha, 1I1L' ~rei1IC'1 dl.II1CL' III cnclluragillg ag~rc""llll Clcilr alld ~raphlc .1..:1" UpOIl II hll'h Ihc ,ubIC,'!" allclllllllll .... lnrccd IllllICU'. arc 1lllCIlI"llalcd frlll11 n'lhL'r ':H'IlI' ~l/ld afL' ,h(l\\ 11 lllil III (111l1L'\1 .'\":1, III I illkllcc ,,'cn Illllnrlllalll'icl /'/1111 I ICII Ill!!, bl L'lllllra,l. arc Ie..,.., ~r"phic Ihan Ihll\t.' ,C~1l ill C\pcrimcIlI, ~I/id an~ ,1111\\ 11 ill eOIlIC\!: 1l11lrClllcr, Ihc \ IC\\~r', ,tllClllll1ll 111IL'1l I, IHll lulll 111.:u,cd lllllll~ '..:rC~1l Tllll, lhc illlt.'ll,ill (II lllL' t.'\pL'rI· Illcl;lal cont.!III\lIl' m,t; bcar IlIlIc rc,cmbla;ll'c III aL'lual \ IC\\ IIl~ Clllldllinll"

Slllllt.' C\pt.'f'lJl1CIlI,t1 'ludIC' hal c "':Cll dUllc III r.:;dl'liL' ,CI­lIng' \\ ilh 111L'llIl'''1~1l1 rc,ulh ()Ilt' ,t.'rlt.'\III,uch ~\pt.'r· illl~lll\ C\;tllllllcd a rcal t.'pl\(llk 01 a Iclt.'l I\111l1 drall1allC program bUI ,1111\\ t.'Li III II d I Ikrt.' III cndlng" IIlIIIlL' \ cr,1I1Il, a ch,trill L·llllt.'L'lillll hll\ \\ a, bro"t.'11 1111(1 alld Iht.' 111111lt.'1 o.,[lllt.' 11 , 'rhi, II<" Iht.' allli"lclal aL'1 III bl' il1l1lalcd, 111 Illc 01 hcr I t.'r\l\IIl. Ih i ... did 1101 happcll. bUI t.'1 t.'r: lh i 11~ d\c \\ a, Ihc ,alllt', Allhough clllkcllOIl bo\t." ~lralcgIL'all: placcd b; Ihc c\pCriJl1CIlIl'r, ill Ilawral 'Urnllll1dln~\. ,ue'h ~I\ IUl1ch C,HIIlIcr, \\t.'rt.' hro"cll il1w al1d Ihl' IIll"lC\ '11lkl1, Ihll\t.' \\ Illl .... l1\ 'Iht.' cpl\odc \\ Ilh Ihc c\pCri/llL'l1lal ~l1dlJ1~ did 1101 brt.'a" II1111 Ih.: hll\c, ;till 1I10rl' lllkll Ihall Iho'·': \\ IHI did /llll. 111 alllll hcr r.:al i ,I it' c-, pt.'ri IllCIlI, ill htl: " III '1IIC" t1111,C \\ ho \\ erc ,IWII 11 onl: Il(lll\ lolt.'nllelL'l i'lllll prtl~rallh lor;t IlUlllbL'r III \\t'c", lurnL'd UlII III hc /llllrt.' a!.!!!rt:,\I\t.' Ihall Iho,c II ho \1 alL'lIt.'d I loklll pro~rall)\ 1'01' Ih~' .... lIll~' pt.'rllld ThL' II"clic,1 c\planalion i, Ihallilc bl')' IIhll \\ .lldlL'd llld: IWIl\ iolcnl pr0t;ralll .... klllkpril cd III \lllllL' lll' Ihe'lr Ltl IlrtlC, and a"I~d 111hlilL'II a, a rc,tlil. ThaI i, a le/'I !!lllld t.'\alllplL' Ilf\\ h) t.'\pcrill1t.'lil\ 111 r,'al·llfe ,tlLlalioll' I;l~~) Ill\[ IlIrn llUI a\ Ileal I) ,1\ Ihc) do ill Ihc lahoralllr).

Hetter Methods for Stlld~' of Tclc\'ision and A~~rcssion

II " difficult ill dC\lgll "1111\ Illl'in!:, L'\pl'rilllClilal ,ludic, III' Ina ...... ll1t.'dl;1 efI'CCI, ilillalural,cllill!!'. ,0 rC'L'al'eltl'r, ha\t.' lLIrncd Illlllhcr <lpproaehc\, T\\llll(II1C h.: .... 1 'Or!\ or ,1lIdiL" arc dl\,'U\\L'dlll Ihc Cnlll,' hie prll~r;lIn.

I I.ollgillldilla/ Pill/l'/ SUrI'('J',1 1_llllgllut.ltllal panel ,un e:, \.-all J1lL'a'tl/'C IlllcraClIOIl' bCI \\ ccn IL'lc\ 1,1011 I IC\\ inl! and ,L1!!!fl'\\IIt.' beha\lll[' dlllllll~ lht.' .... dlllt.' pcuplc 11\t.'1' a'pt.'l'Il,d 0'1 'IIJl1C hlf' e\ampk, pCllple Illl~hl bc qUC,UllIlCd alld ll"ll't.! L'IIIlL'Crnllll! thclr \ 1t.'11 I Ill! habl!' alld Iht.'lr bchal Ill[' IlnLl' t'\ cn (1111111;111, lor.~ \ C~II< .. \nall 'I, OllhcII' an,1I cr\ III L'! lillie' \.·.tll 11ll"l.'aIC t!'beha, lor di'"I~C' art.' rclatcd 10 I ICII Illg

Thl' \ InuL' 01 'lIL'h .tn .Ipproach I' Ih,1l I! ,dll1\\\ Iht.' 'lud) (II hlllh I ICII Illl! ,l/ld bchal 1111'." IhcI II(CUr 1l,l!uralh Olhcr IXIPI', Ih.IlIllI~llllllllllt.'l1cC t.'IlIWf I IC\\ Inl! Ill' bch,/I-1I1I", Of' IhL' rel.Hlolhllll) bCI\\CClllhelll,ma: bc \l1~dICd allhc .... amc Will' hI l.'llllt.'ellll!! t.'\II"1 Illlllrtn,llllln III Ihc ,alllC 'Url~) .... h'f L'\~lll1pk. rc,~arL'hc'r' L'all C\allllllC II hClhcr Iclc\ 1,lllll I tllkllCC IL" di II t.'rCIlI cl Ie..: I , llll pOllr chtlt.!n.'ll. Ihc I f'l~nd, 1lllho'l' II Iw L'llflll1111 al!!!rt.'\\llll1, 111ll\C II hll hal c t.'mlll""l,d rr,lhkl11'. ,Ir Ihll'l' II I;;"c parCIlI\ dllll'l fCl ahlllg.

111m c'l l'r, nil rl',carch dC'I~I1I' perkL'1 Thc 1ll_lIor pfllbkm \\ IIh Ihl' !.-Ind III ,Iudl I, Ihal II dIlL', nlll rCLJlllrt.' randllm ,1\\I"nIllCnllllll1dll Idli,li> tllC.trciltill L'oillrolkd lr~aII1lCI1l'; ,IIlC ~"lllll1l hc a~ ,tlrc III all ~\pCnll1l.'illlh;l1 all) onc cau .. al laelof Pf'lldllCt.'d \\ halcl l.'r challgc l\ llb,ef'l cd, III 11I'dcr III l'ule mlllllhcr lhlll'" lilallllll!hl halc illlluclll'cd lhc nUICOIl1C, Ihc ;ll1a" ,I ha, II~ ,t.'t.' II LI~all1!e, III a£l!rc"'lon \ ~Ir\ \\ Ilcn Ihc mht.'·r laCIllr, art.' :lhn c\a~l1illed -- •

Thrt.'c malllr longllutlJllal panel ,llIdIC, III Iclell\/llll alld .1!!!!rC,,,OIl art.' dhL·U .. ,t.'d IlllhL' Crlmt.' File prl)~ram. ,·\11 111' t1;~,t.' 'llItltt." hal C bct.'11 clIhcr III' chtldrcn til' Ill' childrcll and ICCIl'. Onc Clll cr .. a '::O-)t.'al'lilllc ,pall, I'roJlllhc carly I 1}(J{)' , III Iht.' t.'ar" I'l~(r" II hilt.' thc Illhcr /\\11 rlllll1\\cd childrcn 11\ ef';1 ,\.) L~ar pC rt 1111. 11'0111 I ()~O III Il): -' alld i'nlill 1'l"'X III I'lXI. :\lthou£h Ihc Ihrec .. Iudlt." dirfcrcd ill ,OIl1t.' dctail~, Ihc) ,harcd 1l1<1n; ll'alurc, alld rcaeht.'d "mllar rc,ult,.

,\lIlhrt.'c rllund a II ca" 1t.'llt.knCI fl1r a!!l!re,~olIC chlldrcn III ~I aldl ll111rC lllllenl lelt.'1 I<,lIln' pnl~r:l~ll', a "l'llITcI~lIllln" \\ hlch iI ... di,L·u ...... t.'d ab(ll t.' . ClHIId (lL'cUr bCe'illl\e a~fr~ .. • ,1\C chtldrcll prefcr I IOlt.'1l1 prll~ralll'

Thc rc,llll, Ir(lllllhe Ihrct.' \ludit.', art.' alllbl!!UIlU" III ,(lint.' L';"C\. ~lall'lical 1t.',I .... ,hl1\\t.'d ,1ll;11I '''''ll~'laIILlIl' b~I\\cen I IL'\\ ill" alld lalCJ' a!!l!rC,"\1I1. blll ill Il1U,1 L'a,c, Ihn did IlUI III ~lC 1\\ 113-1 t.',~r"ludit.',. \\ hen raclllr, lllhcr Ihall tcle· I I\/nll \\t.'rc ta"t.'I~ illll) a,'couIlI,I;lll'oliL'alh .IIle rclalillll ... hlp' hL'IIICCn IClell\1ll1l t.'\pll'Urc alld ;1~1:!rt."·'loll cilhcr di-11l11l1 ... hed or dl"lppcared.

2. "Time-series" ,wuli/,s .. \nulhCJ' "illd lll' ,Iud), \\ hiL'll c,,"villt.', ICIt.'\ i .... i,IIl·, effeCI,.1\ IhcI l)CCUr ill ordillan lifc. is "allcd a "lill1c·.,cric, allall ... "," Th~ ... c ,ludic, l:t"t.' .id,:tn­la~c or Ihc "'llt.'i:ti ,1:tli"'li,< "t.'PI by larious agcllcic .... ,uch :I .. Ihl)SC 011 ,lIicidt.' .... hlllllieidl.' .... and :lulllmllhile aCt.'idL'nt~, Thc ,Iutll t.'xaminc .... II helhcr paf'liculart.'\CIlIS olllclc\ i,ioll arc rel:ll~d III i'luclu:ui(lll, \\ ilhilllhc;.e ;.eric;. Illsucial"'lali,­lic .. ,

/)alid Phillip, 11~1\ <,llIdicd \\ h;tl h;tppcn, 10 .. uicldt.' r:IlC, ai'lcr Ihe Ilell, lIledia rCJ111f'l Iht.' .... ulcidt.', (II' J'alillHI, people Ii" c 1\ !art" n 1\ 1 Oil nIl' ~ lie hil .. a I \11 a IlL' 111 pIl'd In \lud) hllll .... uicidc rait.', flUClItalC arlcr riCIIllllal,ulcldc, nc·:ur IIIICIc· I i'IOIl"l;IP llJ1cra .... ()(hn \Iudlt." h'lI e alllled al dt.'lcL·lin~ J'/UL'lllalillll' III hllllllL'ldt.' 1':110 artcr Ihe dcalh pCllalt~ h", bt.'cn atlllllni .... lCJ'ed,

Phillip, reponed lil,ll !tolni,'ide, Illcre,hl' .lllcr pJ\lk"il1l1.t1 bO\lng IIlall'hc, allli decre",c alkr t.'\t'clllllllh, ;11ll1 Ihal

--- -~-~--------~

,Ul':lde, In':I\~d,e al leI' repllned 'U1~'lde, ,11 1.l11hlU' pe"['k anti dlter (i':lllln.tI 'UIL'ltle, 11.I\~' "(~'lIrr~'d 111 d.1\ 1l11k'lt'le\ I 'Illll 'llap llpera, In ,e\ eral 'lutile'. the ~'ll.ln~l" III lil,' ,1)(1.11 ,lall,II(' are repllrled a, llc'c'UITIlll! ,iller.1 'pecllh' ,11\\["[ Ienl!lh \11 lIlne - 11)1' Ilhl.llk'e. e\.I(II~ ,~ d,I~'

The \ lrtue ,11 lhe,e ,\lrl\ nl ,lutlle" h lh.1l1hl'\ 111\ "" l' ,el'JllI1' .. act, \11 \ I\)knce anti 1101 Ihe 1'1.1) i"ul al!~rt'~'llln Ill' 11lher k.lnd, \)1 mlld.I!!!!re"I\)n th,ll.lfe Ihu,lI1\ 'lud'l'd 110\\ e\ l'I. the\ al'\l h,1\ e- ~erl\llJ' dr.l\\ b.ll'k., hi'l. bll\ln!! m.lll'hl". ew'(Ull\lIl" and 'U1(lde" 1:1 \\)ap \'per.I' ,Ire r.lfl' e~ enl' .• 1l1d ,1l1~ Illhlak.e (.In "tnln~l~ alle(lIlI1L" 'fL',ull' f, lr L'\.llllpk'. IlnL' rL"L'arclwr I\lund 1\\11 anlr' 111 Phillip,' 'lud~ III 22 L'\L'(Ulllll1,-and the'L' an'r, re\er'L'd the le,ull Se~"lIl.J. IllhL'rtlll11g' (an happen at .Ibllullhe 'dlllL' lillie .1' lht: t:\L'Ill' bell1!! 'Il!dled .ll1d lhe\ L'.111 allL'(1 lhL' rl',ult \\ IlIlllut belll!.! Jele~led ·\lthllU!!h lh~ rL"L'.lrL·hef(an (ak.e .1' 111.111\ (hill!!' .. a, pl"'lble 11111' a(llUII1, Ill' nol p\"'lhle llll.lk.e L'\ ef) 111111:: 11Il\1 ,1(c'11Unl lh.ll llJa~ hal e IllJlllen(L'd (h~' 'l.lll,lIe'

The (llPI(' III Phillip,' "lUd!L', arL' e\lremt'l) Imppn,1I11 :\, a rL"UI1 •• 1 number III rL'"eaJ"cher, hal e ,1l1ell1plL'd 1\1 Jeler' Illll1e II lhe) can !L'pn)du(e hi' re,ull' .• ll1d lht') h.l\ e fL',ldlt'd different ":1111..:111\1011" It I, (h~rel\1re prudenl l!l \\.111 llnlll other allempl' al repmducing. Phillip,' llI1dlllg.' .Irl' ":I'l11plelL'd bL'illl'e ,hXL'pllnglhl' femalnln~ 'lulllt', ii' (IlnLiu­"1\ e

SI1 dL'finlll\e ,In'\\el". h,).\L' c'IHl1t' Il'llllllllhl'r .1lll'l11pb III dO(UIl1l'nl the L'\I'lL'n..:L' III .1(1' In ft',tI lilt' lh.1l ,t'l'1ll III I III i talL' aLl, depIL'leUI1l11L'k\ hilln Onl' ,Iud) 1115:\ !n(lJl'Ill' oi:Jlkgeu n1(1\ 1L'.ilhplrL'd \ lolen(l'. Indudlll,l! a Ilumberlll illL'ldL'l1l' In\ 01\ In!! I r111l,1l Ion "llhe Rlh,I,1I1 flllIll'lle 't't'nl" In "ThL' J)L'L'r HUlll~r:' (ondudL'd th.lln(l dL'af l'\ Idl'nt'~' ,,1 L'<lu,al link., could be lound

E\ en Lllllugh I110~l pL'llplL' bdlL'\ L' lh.1l1L'k\ 1,lllnlniluL'IlCl', \ IllIL'nl bL'ha\ iur. lhL' 'L'iL'1l1i Ill' l'\ Idl'lllL' I, Illll c'l1ndlhl\ l' :-\, J,I., hL'L'dmall ha, pUl II.

.lhL' <1\ ailable Ii lL'ralllre dne~ nOl ~upp(ln Ihe h) pOlhe,i, Ihal \ lel\ ing \ illienee un IL'le\ i\IUl1 eClU,e, all inerL'a,e In ,ub,L'quel1l a,l!,l!rL'\\llln in lhe real \1 orld, It n::m,lllh a plau,iblL' h) pOlhL"I',. bUl onL' for I\hieh lhL're i\. a,) L'I. 11ll1L' \uppon· ing e\ideneL',

Thl' earelull\ \\ llrdL'd eonelu\lon doe\ 111H \a\ lhallde\ 1\11111 ha;, lltJ L'lTeel'on \ iolL'1l1 beha\ inr: II ,a, \ lhal;\ e dll nlll \ L'I reall) kno\1 \Ihelha II d(}e~,' -

WL' arL' dL'<llin!! \Iilh \\hal i\ al 1110\1 a ~l11all Iniluencl' 01 lele\'i;,ion on b~ha\ ion hal i, (urn:11lh more \Iron!!" Inilu­L'need 0) a h()~l \If mher facIOI''' , II 'i, nOI \lIrpr~\I-n~ lhal <llle m 1'1'-. III i,lliale lelt::1 l\ion'''L'lfe(l\ 111nalural \ellll1!!,du not prmide eondu,ile rL',Ull", '

WL' cannol be ,ure lhal our (OIl1l11on hdlL'l in lL'le\ "ion', impa(l on liokn(e i~ L'llITL'el. Ho\\e\L'r. ,Ince an L'lkcl e<lnnol enllrel: be ruled OUI. bOlh tho\e \1 ho pmduL'L' tL'le­\,i.,lon program\. and Iho,L' \\ ho \1 aleh Iht'lll. lllU,l bL' alert to lhe po"ibilil) oJa eau\,t1linh. bet\leen \ lo]enlle!t::\ 1,IUIl and \ llliel1l beha\ lor

-~~~,"-' .• '~-' 't

References

("'1I1'1"CL (j :\ . ,Inti I '\ Rublll'll'ln,l'd, 111~2 't it, \ltlJI<lll<i'\"tltil8clldll,'/ \\.l,llIll,l!ll lll.ll C l S (jll\,'

111l'111 Jlnl1lfl1~ ()I J lL'l'

\,11111l1,J1 In'IIlUll' III \kl1l.d I k.dlh I'IS2 /t It 1/1/1'11,,'

ll,it,lIl<II f,Il), ,II, II/ S, /(1/I111t I)/I'~/'\I ,/I1d Im/'lil tI:/,,· "'1 fh,. "l~hll" \\ .1,11I1l!!llll1. I) C l S (ill\l'l11l11L'llt Prlnllng. Oil lL'L'

('llllLI R . I) .'\ I-:t'ndllc'I,h.l . .Ind S \' 1'11l1lJld' 11):-,; "The ImplIL'1l '\"l1J1lPllllll' III Il'lel "Illn Re'L'dr:.:h '\n :\ nal~ "I\\IJ the Il)S2 S I \ 111 Repllrt 1111 Ide\ I '1\1l1 .lilt! lie­h,I\I\I[" l'uNII (i/'/II/t'll (j1l,/rJ, I'll ·I~ Ihl-2tJI

I'reedlll.lll. J I 1lJ:-;~ "i-Jk(1 ,II 'it'lL', I\lllll \'loil'llL'e 1111 .. \!!!!r~·"I\~·lll'" " 1',\, "tl/l/~1t al UII/hlll/ l)h(2122-·3--1{1

\111.11 ,k.~, JR. R C' I-:t,."il'I. I I SLIPI'. alld \\' .s Ruben, 11):\2 /"tI/I/I'1/ till" \~t:/nlll'"\ I"/Ild ,~l/I'" S~'\\ y,lfk .\c'<ldl'llIll' Pre'''

D;sc II S.\';OIl Q lIest;oll,\'

I 1111 \ olllhll1k \ Illil'llllt'lL'\ 1,11111 ,Ihl\\" ,',Ithl' a!!!!rl'\\llll1 III ) lHillg. dllldrl'1l ) • ,

~ II lhl' l'\ IdellL't' III .I II11h.a!.!e' hl'(\\L'l'n Illa" Il1l'dla and \ IPil'lll beha\ 1111' I' Illl'llIlc'ItI;I\ l'. \\ h) ,h,HlId \\ L' II orr) ablllli lhe prohlem)

.1 SI'lllL' pl'llpll' ar,l!llL' Ih.lllhe C0l11el11 \II IL'IL'I 1,11111 prO,l!ral1h ,hOllld l\Pl be lhe (\llh:ern \II !!Olerllll1clll. 1111 mallL'r \\ h:ll I'e,e.lrc'h ,hl1\l,ahllUllh 11lIPdCl 1111 \ 1L'\\L'r, 1)11)11l1 ;!grL'e,l

~ \\hall' the l'e'>pI111'lbJlIl) III IXI fL' 11 I , III L'11l1l1'l11l I 11,l! \\ ha( a (hild \\ aldll" \1l1 ldcll'IOIl.'

5, \\'ullid \OU lalllr Ihl' e'lahll,11IIleI11 (11 !!\11L'l'llll1L'111 eel1'lll'· ,hljllli \ 1;)il'11L'L' Oil Idl'\ l'IOn l •

Thl' 'lUd~ gUide and IhL' I ideoLlpL', T,'lllUl "ill/l'tlCi'. "onL' 0122 illlhl' CR,Ij\lI: 1;11,1: ,enL', hll'lnlufm:llillll 011 hl\\\ III ohldin prn,l!ranh on olhL'r L'rlll1lnal IU,II":L' I I\,UL', III IhL' ,erie'>. l'0l1laL'1 ('RI~lI: HU:. SallOllal j' In,llllile III JU\IICL' ~CJRS. Bo\ WOO. Rod, rilL'. ~1J) 2()X5U Ill' (all X()O X5 1,\--120 (10 I 25 I 55[)O Ilo!l1 :'./elfOpollldll \\a.,hln,l!I(,'I1. J) C , alld ~1ar: lalld) .

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