48

bdkbZ % ik¡pbdkbZ % ik¡pbdkbZ % ik¡pbdkbZ % ik¡pbdkbZ % ik¡p

¼fucaèk½¼fucaèk½¼fucaèk½¼fucaèk½¼fucaèk½MkW- xkso)Zu ’kekZMkW- xkso)Zu ’kekZMkW- xkso)Zu ’kekZMkW- xkso)Zu ’kekZMkW- xkso)Zu ’kekZ

ys[kd&ifjpSys[kd&ifjpSys[kd&ifjpSys[kd&ifjpSys[kd&ifjpS

jktLFkkuh] fganh vj xqtjkrh Hkk"kk jk Bkok vkykspd] leh{kd ’kksèk ys[kd vj Hkk"kkfonA

izkphu vj eè;dkyhu lkfgR; jk eeZK vj fu".kkr fo}ku] xqtjkrh vj jktLFkkuh laLÑfr jS fcpkGS

vsd lsrq iq#"kA yksd&lkfgR; vj yksd&laLÑfr jk vkxhok.k vUos"kdA lkfgR; vdknseh] ubZ fnYyh]

xqtjkr fganh lkfgR; vdkneh vj jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; ,oa laLÑfr vdkneh] chdkusj jS fu.kkZ;d

eaMG esa ?k.k ekuhrk lnL; jS :i esa ?k.kk cjlka lwa lkaoBh lsok dj jS;k gSA vki vys[kwa ckj ?k.k egrkÅ

iqjLdkjka vj Hkkar&Hkkar jS xqest tksx lEekuka lwa uokT;k tk; pqD;k gSA laizfr % lsokfuoÙk izksQslj]

xkaèkhuxj] xqtjkrA

ikB&ifjpSikB&ifjpSikB&ifjpSikB&ifjpSikB&ifjpS

jktLFkkuh jk pkok&Bkok vj fo}ku lkfgR;dkj MkW- xkso)Zu ’kekZ jks vks fucaèk Lo- pUnzflag

fcjdkGh }kjk ladfyr vj laikfnr iksFkh ^jktLFkkuh fucaèk laxzg* lwa vBS fyjhT;ks gSA tnfi b.k

iksFkh uSa ns[krka vks fucaèk foLrkj esa ?k.kks gS rnkfi lkfgR; i<f.k;k fo|kfFkZ;ka lk: lkfgR; jh

vksG[kka.k t:jh gSA HkykabZ laLÑr lkfgR; i<ks vj HkykabZ fganh dS jktLFkkuh lkfgR; i<ks] lkfgR;

jS l:i jh fiNk.k rks ?k.kh t:jh gSA MkW- ’kekZ b.k fucaèk eka; lkfgR; jh lkaxksikax vksG[kka.k djkbZ

gSA lkFkS bZ lkfgR; jS rÙoka vj lkfgR; jk HksnksiHksnka jks [kqyklks djrk Fkdka MkW- xkso)Zuth b.k

fuca/k eka; ekuo lekt eka; lkfgR; jh ?k.k egrkÅ Hkwfedk jks lkarjks vj ljko.k tksx fojksG

dj~;ks gSA

fucaèkfucaèkfucaèkfucaèkfucaèk

lkfgR; vj m.k jk HksnlkfgR; vj m.k jk HksnlkfgR; vj m.k jk HksnlkfgR; vj m.k jk HksnlkfgR; vj m.k jk Hksnvsd loky mBS&&lkfgR; dkabZ gS \ m.kjks dkabZ vjFk gS \ lekt esa m.kjh dkabZ t:jr \ lkfgR;

if<;ka law isV HkjhtS uhaA Hkw[kks rks èkkfi;ka irhtSA dfork&dgk.kh] ukVd&[;ky] [;kr&okr dkabZ dke

jk \ v.kdekÅ jS eu HkkoSA dekÅ iwr uSa rks ej.k jh Qqjlr dks;uhaA dkabZ djS oks b.k lkfgR; jksA

tekuks cksnksA #txkj pyS uhaA lkfgR; [kksVh chekjh] b.k foèk yksx ladk djSA

ckr oktchA i.k vsd xaokj uaS vsd ghjks ykèkksA oks m.kesa dkabZ le>S\ eu eas ?k.kks gj[k gq;ks

^usfu;k rkabZ jer ykèkhA* ghjS jh dher rks tkSgjh tk.kSA vk ckr lkfgR; rkabZ lkaphA vkt jks tekuks

[kksVksA vkika ’kjhj rkabZ tru djkaA dSoka& ^iSyks lq[k fujksxh dk;kA* Vdk ?k.kk [kjpkaA fl;kGS caèkst

ckaèkkaA oSnth jh lj.k tkoka] nsork eukokaA i.k ’kjhj lwa crks eu vj fnekxA fnekx lk: dha djka uhaA

isV uaS the.k nÓka i.k isV uaS [kqjkd uha nÓkaA vkt jk tqx jks vks myVks ok;jksA vk ckr mfpr dksuhA

49

vkt jS fnu lkfgR; lclwa crksA b.kjh lclwa T;knk t:jrA HkkSfrdokn jks Hkwr vkt txr jS nksGks gqX;ksA

v.kq ce vj gkbMªkstu ceA feu[k en esa vkaèkksA Hkjr lwa vkiks HkwyX;ksA foKku jks ekyd c.krks lsod

c.kX;ksA ekSr jS ewMaS tkoSA foukl jk cht cksoSA vkt ejtkn VwVxhA ckoGks eku[kks nkSM+S+ gSA vkir le>S

uhaA vsd law vsd Hk;adj lkèku latksoSA ekjdkV epkoSA b.k foukl osGk esa lkfgR; lclwa t:jhA

feu[ki.kS jh j{kk rks lkfgR; gh djlhA tn txr esa feu[ki.kS jks dkG iM+S yksx vkiks xek; dwM+h ckrka

ykjS nkSMS+A >wBh ckrka fljekjS c.kSA lkaph ykt]S rks lkfgR; EgkauS lkapks ekjx crkoSA Bksdjka law cpkoSA

dke uaS c.kkoSA eku[kka jh ejtkn jk[kSA b.k okLrS vkt jS tqx eas lkfgR; lclwa t:jhA

dSoS dS vks feu[k tekjks ckj&ckj uha feySA * b.kjks dkj.k vkbsZt dS ekuoh lxGk izkf.k;ka law

fljSA gkFkh ljhlk cyoku uS uk*j ljhlk Hk;adj thoka uaS pkoS T;aw upkoSA vkHkS eas ia[ks: nkabZ mMSA lenjka

uaS ikj djSA dqnjr uSa cl esa djSA b.k lc jks dkj.k dkabZ \ ekuo vks lxGks djrc vkijh prqjkbZ law

dhuksA esgur lwa dhuksA rkdr lwa uhaA rkdr jks loky mBS dksuhA rkdr gh nqfu;k eas lxSa gksrh rks vkt

?kksM+S ekFkS feu[k ugh a feu[k ekFkS ?kksMk+s lokjh djrksA i.k feu[k jks X;kua m.kuaS lclaw fljeksM+ c.kk;ksA

tqxka law feu[k X;kua jh [kkts eas [kfi;k]s ihf<;ka rj ihf<;ka dkslhl djhA dke;kc gq;ksA b.k X;kua jks

viwjc HkaMkj] vuqHko jks vkxkj vj tekuS jh >adkj& b.kjks uke lkfgR;A eku[kS jS lq[k&nq[k jh

dk*.kh]gkj&thr] foxr vj mUufr jks bfrgkl& b.kjks uke lkfgR;A vPNkbZ jks ?kj] QwVji.kS jks eki uS

euki jks nji.k] b.kjks uke lkfgR;A Hkxokuka jks fprjke] tho.k jks vjFk uS èkje jks ewG& b.kjks uke

lkfgR;A txr jks lkj] rjDdh jks dkj.k uS èkjrh uaS ljx c.kko.k okGks& b.kjks uke lkfgR;A b.k èkjrh

ekFkS tks Hkh pks[kks] lqanj vj fgrdkjh& m.kjks uke lkfgR;A

lkfgR; jks {ks= ?k.kks folkyA b.kjks vksj.k ?k.kks ykacks] ?kM+ks pkSM+ksA eka jh eerk vj csuM+ jks

ykMA lrh jks rst vj ohj jks njiA fejxkuS.kh jh ykt vj dar jks eqGd.kksA Hkkot jh lqjaxh pwanM+h

vj u.kn jh jksGA csVh jh jer vj ohjka jh jk[khA tkeh jk liuk vj èk.k jks QjtA vS lSax lkfgR;

jS vksj.k jk :a[kA djlk jks ilsoks vj cksfM+;ka jh esgurA ckxka jk jaxjaxhyk Qwy vj [kstfM+;ka jk

[kks[kkA cktjh jk iwad vj dkpj cksj erhjkA lsBka jk eS*y vj jSckfj;ka jk >waikA u;h uosyh cj[kk vj

eqGdrh ljnA rikrh] gaQkrh] frlk ekjrh yw vj daikrh] èkwtkrh fla;k ekjrh MkaQjA Åapk&Åapk

Hkk[kj vj eksVk&eksVk èkksjkA vklkstka jks cGcGrks rkoM+ks vj iwue jh èkksGh cqxyS jh ika[k T;wa pkan.khA

vS laSx lkfgR; jS vksj.k jk :a[kA ewaN jh ejksM+ vj dGq jh vk.k lk: ix&ix ekFkk iNV.k okGh ohj

Hkkouk] vki.kh èkjrh jh ejtkn vj izse lk: ix&ix R;kx dj.k okGh fèkj.kkaA Hkyk vj pks[kk feu[kka

uSa ns[k vj vko.k okGks ykM& vS lxaS lkfgR; jS {ks= eas fx.khtSA lkfgR; jks nsl vd vuks[kks nsl A b.k

nsl jh osGk esa yksgh nkSMSS]+ HkkBka eas izk.k clS] ia[sk: vj ftukoj feu[kka jh cksyh cksyS] lqjaxk Qwy eqGdS

vj fdjR;ka jksoSA b.k lkfgR; jh vijaikj eS*ekA

ykxs lkfgR; uaS dSoS& vks lR;a] f’ko]a laqnja gSA b.kjks dkabZ vjFk\ b.kjh dksbZ foxr \ vk ?k.kh

50

t:jh ckr gSA dkabZ lkfgR; esa lxSa ckrka lkaph gqoS \ dkabZ m.kesa fy[;ksMh+ gqoS dS jkewMS+ jS [ksr eas fdÙkh

usik gqbZ\ lkfgR; dkabZ lnSbZ tSM+h ns[kS oSM+h bZt dSoS \ iNS m.kesa dYiuk D;wa \ vS lSax loky tpS rks

gSA lkfgR; lSnbZ lkaph ckr dSoSA b.kesa dksbZ ehu u es[kA i.k vks lkap u;S <ax jks gSA lkfgR;

uha crkoS dS jkewM+S uSa ?k.kh usik ns[kuS ?k.kks gj[k gq;ks \ lkfgR; feu[k LoHkko jh lPpkbZ crkoSA feu[kka

jks jax&<ax cnGS i.k lqHkko uha cnGSA tnS bZt rks foyk;r jk ukVddkj lsDlih;j jk ukVd tqxka

lwa lSax jfldka uSa lqgkoS] dkGhnkl jh dfork pks[kh ykxS vj ps[kc jh dk*f.k;ka eu esa eksn txkoSA

^f’ko* jks vjFk HkykabZ dj.k okGks gqoS gSA lkfgR; dnS >wBh ckr uha crkoSA m.klwa X;kau jh

c<ksrjh gqoSA lSax thoka jh Hkkoukoka lkfgR; jS lkfeyA b.k foèk lkfgR; txr jh HkykbZ djSA

lalkj esa tdks QwVjks gS] oks lkfgR; jS dke jksA lkfgR; esa lwxyks fVd uha ldSA b.k QwVji.kS

jh Hkkouk lkfgR; uaS ika[kMk+ nsoSA Åapah&Åaph dYiukA tho.k vj txr esa ftdks [kjkc] m.kuSa lkfgR;

vkijS djrc lwa QwVji.kS esa <kGSA èkjrh uSa ljx c.kkoSA ft.klwa lkfgR; ^lR;a f’koa lqanja* dSbZtSA

lkfgR; jh js[kklkfgR; jh js[kklkfgR; jh js[kklkfgR; jh js[kklkfgR; jh js[kk

b.k fnuka lkfgR; lcn jks iz;ksx ?k.kks O;kid vjFk esa gqoS gSA fd.kh vsd fol; jh lkjh

iksfFk;ka m.k fol; jks lkfgR; dSbZtSA fd.kh vkS[kn jk xq.k crko.k okGks izpkj lkfgR;A fd.kh èkaèkS

jh tk.kdkjh nsoS oks b.k /ka/kS jks lkfgR;A lkfgR; jks jkt ?k.kks ykacks] ?k.kks pkSM+ksA iksFkh&ikuM+k b.k

lkfgR; esa fx.khtSA ewaMS ;kn dfoÙk] nwgk vj vks[kk.kk i.k lkfgR; dSbZtSA yksx b.kuSa ^yksd lkfgR;*

dSoSA yksd &lkfgR; jks vjFk turk jks lkfgR;A i<Ók] v.ki<Ók] Vkcj] cw<k] eksVÓkj vj yqxk;ka] lSxka

jks lkfgR;A ukuk&ukuh jh dk*f.k;ka] jkfrtksxka jk xhr] nkuk feu[kka jh dgkorka] Nksfj;ka jh ywjka& lSax

yksd&lkfgR; jk vaxA b.k foèk lkfgR; esa fyf[k;ks vj vf.kfy[k;ks& nksbZ tkr jh jpukoka ekuhtSA

fyf[k;ksM+h iksfFk;ka rhu Hkkar jh&fyf[k;ksM+h iksfFk;ka rhu Hkkar jh&fyf[k;ksM+h iksfFk;ka rhu Hkkar jh&fyf[k;ksM+h iksfFk;ka rhu Hkkar jh&fyf[k;ksM+h iksfFk;ka rhu Hkkar jh&

1- [kcj ns.kks lkfgR;& dbZ iksfFk;ka EgkauS ubZ ckrka jh tk.kdkjh nsoSA m.kka esa ?k.kh uoh&uoh ckrka

jh foxr jSoS] blh iksfFk;ka uSa ckap*j EgkauS jl uha vkoS] Hkko uha iztkyS] eu vj ekFkks csvlj jSoSA lkfgR;

Kku c<koS i.k vk.kan uha nsoSA vks lkfgR; ^[kcj ns.kks* lkfgR; jS uke lwa vksG[khtSA

2- foospu lkfgR;& dbZ iksfFk;ka b.k rjS jh gksoS dS m.kka lwa u;ks X;ku rks feyS bZt i.k b.kjS vykok

oS EgkjS fnekx uS] cksèkfojrh uSa izHkkfor djSA njl.k] foKku vj bfrgkl jh iksfFk;ka b.k esa bZt fx.khtSA

b.k lkfgR; uSa ^foospu lkfgR;* jS uke lwa cksY;ks tkoSA

3- ljl lkfgR;& dbZ iksfFk;ka b.k rjS jh gksoS dS m.kka lwa uqaoks X;ku feyS dS uha feyS i.k oS vki.kh

Hkkouk uSa txkoSA vS iksfFk;ka ikBd uSa b.k lalkj lwa cMS ?k.kS O;kid lalkj jks jSoklh c.kkoSA m.kuSa

[kqn jS nq[k& lq[k jS tatkG] LokjFk jh ekG vj vksNki.k lwa nwj djuS Hkkjh[koks]n;kyq vj feu[ki.kS

jks yktsrks c.kkoSA b.k lkfgR; jS ?kj esa tM+ vj psru] lty vj mlj] ltho vj fujtho] feu[k

vj <ka<ks] ia[ks: vj leqanj jh ekNyh& fd.k eas Hkh Qjd uhaA ikBd jks fpÙk nwtka jk nq[k eas nq[kh] nwtka

51

jk lq[k esa lq[kh vuqHko.k dj.k ykxSA b.klaw ikBd uSa viwjc vk.kan feySA b.k vk.kan jh Hkkar vuks[khA

b.klwa vks ^yksdksÙkj vk.kan* dSbZtSA b.k ljl lkfgR; bZt uS i.k ?k.kh ckj lkfgR; uke lwa lacksèkSA

lkfgR; lcn ?k.kks iqjk.kksA tqxka lwa b.kjks cSokjA fo}kuka jks èkksj.k dSoS b.kjh mRifÙk laLÑr

jS ^lkfgR;* lcn lwa gqbZA lkfgR; jks vjFk gqoS lkFkS&lkFkS] je.kh;rk iSnk djrka] tn lcn vj vjFk

nksbZ lkFkS& lkFkS pkoS] b.kuaS lkfgR; uke lwa vksG[khtSA b.kuaS bZt ^dkO;* i.k dSoSA

lkfgR; jks eGw feu[k tekjksA feu[k jS tho.k law lkfgR; jks tUe gksoSA feu[k tdks nsf[k;ks]

fopkfj;ks] Hkqxfr;ks] lef>;ks m.k lc jks fprjke lkfgR; esa gqoSA tqxka lwa vkxS c<rS eku[kS jh foxr

lkfgR;A [kjkch jS ukl ik.k yM+rS feu[ki.kS jks bfrgkl lkfgR;A T;k lqèkh tho.k jh unh jks ikV] R;ka

lqèkh lkfgR; jks QSykoA b.k dkj.k vsd vkFkw.kS fo}ku jks dS.kks gS dS Hkk"kk jS tfj;S tho.k jh vfHkO;fDr

bZt lkfgR; gSA lkfgR; vj tho.k jks xgjks vj ykxrks lacaèk gS] b.k ckr esa dha Qjd

dks;uhA

feu[k vsd lkekftd izk.kh gSA oks lektka lwa nwj uha jg ldSA [kqn jS fodkl lk: vj lks*jks

lq[kh c.kko.k lk: lekt jh ?k.kh t:jr iM+S gSA feu[k cSokj vj fopkj nks;ka esa lkekftd jpuk

lk: izsjd ’kfDr jgh gSA

lkfgR; jh ukS [kwaV lÙkk jks dh dkj.kA ckr vk gS dS lkfgR; tho.k vj txr jks esG gSA

egkRek vj iwfx;ksM+k fl);ksxh ft.k vsd] lÙkk jks vuqHko ?k.kh lkèkuk] use vj ri lwa djS gS lkfgR;

m.k vsdrk jks vuqHko lks*jks lks*jks djk nsoSA b.k txrh esa ?k.kks tatkGA ?k.kh NksVh cMh Hkkar jh phtka

gS] i.k b.k Åijh lpkbZ b.k lc phtka esa gS ft.kuSa le>.kks jer dks;uhA ^dkO;* dS ^lkfgR;* b.k

vsdrk uSa laokjS] lkeh izxV djSA

feu[k&feu[k esa Hksn uhaA èkju] tkr] U;kr] nsl] jax vj fyax jk Hksnka esa cV~;ksM+k lSax cjkscj

vj vsd ljh[kk gqoSA yksgh lcka esa cSoSA Hkw[k lcka uSa ykxSA ykxS jh ihM+ vj tho.k jks gj[k lcka uSa

gqoSA ekanxh jh osnuk vj fdjksèk jks [kkj lcka uSa lrkoSA b.k dkj.k lwa tqxka iSyh c.;ksM+h dfork vkt

Hkh EgkauS HkkoSA ihFkG jk nwgk vkt Hkh ikBdka uSa tkse p<SA gfjjl jks ikB dj vkt Hkh eu uSa lkafr

feySA ejo.k jks vks[kk.kks lq.k vkt Hkh tho uSa nq[k gqoS rks ewey jS nq[k vkt Hkh uS.k ltG gks tkoSA

lkfgR; nsl ] tkr fd.kh rjS jks Hksn i.k ikGS uhaA xksfj;ks vj jktk fy;j jks vkijh vkijh vkSykn lk:

izse ns[k*j vkt Hkh lkr leqanj ikj jSo.k okGk Egka fganqLrkfu;ka jks eu Hkh Mksy tkoSA latejk; vj

Qkalh jh jk.kh jks ri&R;kx ckapuS foyk;r jk okfl;ka jk fpÙk papy gks tkoSA ’kdqaryk uSa tks;*j teZu

egkdfo xsVs eksg x;ks vj jkek;.k uSa ckap Ýkal jS fo}ku izksQslj ysoh jks eu ukp mB~;ksA b.k lc jks

vjFk vks dS lkfgR; lnk vkHkk ljhlks O;kid vj pkan.kh ljhlks eksgd gSA ok feu[k jh xkFkk gS] lnk

uke vej jk[k.k okGksA

52lkfgR; jk :ilkfgR; jk :ilkfgR; jk :ilkfgR; jk :ilkfgR; jk :i

ekuoh uSa nwtk thoka lwa fljekSM+ Bgjko.k okGh ckrka esa izeq[k ckr m.kjks dyk&izse gSA

HkjFkjh rks laxhr] dyk vj lkfgR; jS fcuk feu[k uSa fcuk lhax iwaN jks ftukoj ekU;ksA vks lkfgR;

dkabZ gS \ b.k loky jks tokc tqxka lwa lqtk.k vj X;kuh feu[k nsrk vk;k gSA i.k fulrkj feY;ks

uhaA rks bZ lkfgR; jk fofoèk :ika lwa vksG[k dk<ka m.kjS iSyh nsl vj ijnsl jk xqf.k;ka jk [;ky

tk.k.kk t:jh gSA laLÑr jk vsd vkpjt jktls[kj jks dS.kks gS& ^’kCnkFkZ;ks;ZFkkooRlg Hkkosu foèkk

lkfgR;foèkkA*

b.kjks vjFk vks dS lcn vj vjFk jS okYgS esG lwa cf.k;ksM+h foèkk uSa lkfgR; foèkk dSoS gSA b.k

ifjHkk"kk uSa ij[kka rks lxGh vjFk okGh ckrka lkfgR; esa fx.khtSA ^’kCndYinzqe* uke jh vsd chth

laLÑr jh iksFkh esa lkfgR; uSa Lyksdka okGh jpuk dgh gS& ^euq";Ñr ’yksde; xzaFkfo’ks"k% lkfgR;e~A*

vki.kk lqjlrh eka jk Ogkyk csVk] lkfgR; jk liwr] egkdfo VSxksj lkfgR; jh foxr ;wa crkoS

gS& ^lkFkS lcn lwa lkfgR; jks fey.k jks Hkko ns[khtS gSA oks dksjks feu[k jks dky lkFk]S Hkk"kk lwa Hkk"kk

jks] iksFkh lwa iksFkh jks gh fey.k uha gS i.k feu[k lkFkS feu[k jks] dky lkFkS vkt jks] nwj lkFkS usM+S jks]

xk< fey.k Hkh gS] tdks lkfgR; fcuk fd.kh foèk uha c.kSA b.k dFku jks vjFk lkfgR; lcn èkkrqxr

vjFk ekFk S pkyS vj lkfgR; jS QSyko uS a fn[kkoS vj b.kjS egkre uS a izxV djSA*

vaxjsth fo}ku gMlu jks dS*.kks gS dS] lkfgR; Hkk"kk jh enn lwa tho.k jh vfHkO;fDr gSA* b.k

vjFk esa ?k.kks Qjd dksuhaA VSxksj jh ifjHkk"kk lwa b.k ifjHkk"kk esa ?k.kks esG gSA vka lxGh ifjHkk"kkoka

uSa vkika ns[khA lkfgR; jS QSyko] vjFk] egkre vj izHkko ekFkS vkika iNS fopkj djkaykA voke~ rks

lkfgR; jk fdÙkk :i gS] b.kjks fopkj djkaA

lkfgR; lk: iqjk.kk vkpkjt ^dkO;* lcn dke esa ysork gkA b.k dkO; jk nks HksnA vsd rks

^JO;dkO;* vj chtks n`’;dkO;*A iSyh Nkik[kkuk gk dksuhaA lxGks lkfgR; ;kn jk[k.kks iM+rksA dScr

Hkh gS& ^yqxkbZ rks lkFkS] fo|k thHk ekFkS vj #fi;k rks vaVh eka; jk bZt dke jk gSA* yksx xq# duk

law lq.krk] Hk.krk vj ;kn jk[krkA osnka uaS ;kn jk[k.k jks vks ght rjhdks gks] b.klaw m.kka uaS lzqfr dSorkA

lkfgR; eas dfork dk*.kh] ckr] [;kr] lxGk dkO; ekuhtSA ^n’;dkO;* eas jkl ekaMhtSA m.kuaS vkika

vka[;ka law ns[kk]a b.klwa uke ^n`’;dkO;*A b.kuSa uhpS eqtc fprjk;ks tk; ldS&

dkO;

JO;dkO; n’;dkO;

dfork x| esy jer] ns[kkr] jkl] [;ky&ukVd] :id paiw

JO; dkO; jk rhu izdkjA ‘yksd vj Nan eas fy[;ks lkfgR; dfork dghtSA Hkk"kk vj cksypky

53eas c.;ksMh+ jpuk tk.khtS x|A dfork vj x| jks fd;ksMk+s esy paiw uke lwa vksG[khtSA dfork vj x|

jk vkt jh nkabZ iSyh ?k.kk l[r Hksn uha gkA vkt rks dfork esa izcaèkdkO;] [kaMdkO;] egkdkO; vj

eqDrddkO; Hksn djhtSA eqDrddkO; uSa Qsj iB.kdkO; vj xhrdkO; esa ckaVSA b.k lcka jk Hksnka vj miHksnka

ekFkS iNS Qjs dnSbZ fopkj djL;kaA x| rks vkt jS tqx jks tho gSA Nkik[kkuk jh enn lwa jkst vkil

eas ckys pky jh ckrka jS :i eas x| ?k.kks QSY;ksA vkt x| esa fuca/k] dFkk] dk*.kh] miU;kl] thouh] lcn

fprjke vj vkykspuk ftlk ?k.kk gh :i ekuhtS gSA fta;ka&

dfork

izca/kdkO; eqDrddkO;

egkdkO;] [kaMdkO;] vsdkFkZdkO; iB.kdkO;] xhrdkO;

b.kh rjS x| jk vS foHkkx fx.khtSS&b.kh rjS x| jk vS foHkkx fx.khtSS&b.kh rjS x| jk vS foHkkx fx.khtSS&b.kh rjS x| jk vS foHkkx fx.khtSS&b.kh rjS x| jk vS foHkkx fx.khtSS&

fuca/k] dk*.kh] miU;kl] vkykspuk] thouh] lcn fprjke] dkxn&n¶rj i.k vki.kh jktLFkkuh

esa b.k foèk fd;ksM+h ikar #pS dksuhaA jktLFkkuh jks lkfgR; ?k.kks iqjk.kks] ?k.kks vuks[kksA fcèk&fcèk jk

lkfgR; :i b.kesa feySA b.klwa Åij crk;ksM+ks vks foHkktu Bhd uha cSBSA vkika uSa jktLFkkuh lkfgR;

jk :i tk.kck lk: vsd uqaoks ekjx ys.kks iM+lhA Egkjh le> esa vks ekjx Bhd jSlhA

dkO;& 1- n`’;dkO; jk Hksn % n`’; dkO; Hkns tdk ykjS fn;ksM+k gS] Bhd gSA 2- JO;dkO; jk Hksn %

izcaèkdkO;] eqDrddkO;A 3- izca/kdkO; jk Hksn b.k xr gS& egkdkO;] [kaMdkO;] vsdkFkZdkO;] iB.kdkO;]

xhrdkO;] fMaxG xhr] gjtl xhr] dFkk% nkLrku] opfudk] izlax] nokoSr] [;kr] bfrgkl] ckr] vks[kk.kkA

egkdkO; jh fx.krh esa vusd jklks xzaFk vj pfjr vkolhA ijokM+k Nan] jkl uS osy vkfn

[kaMdkO; esa jSlhA eqDrddkO;] iB.kdkO; esa nksgk] lksjBk] lqHkkf"kr vj chtk izdkj fx.khtlhA

xhrdkO; esa fMaxG xhr] gjtl xhr vj cksy fy;k tk; ldSA dFkk esa nkLrku] izlax] [;kr] ckr]

opfudk] nokoSr] bfrgkl] vks[kk.kk ftlk vusd izdkj vkoSA jktLFkkuh jk b.k izdkjka esa x| vj

dfork uSa ?k.kks eku uha fn;ksM+ks gSA nkLrku x| esa gks ldS gS vj dfork esa HkhA jktLFkkuh x| esa

Hkh dfork jh nkabZ rqd jks è;ku jk[khtSA vks bZt uh] o;.klxkbZ jks ikG.k i.k gqoSA b.klwa okjrk]

vks[kk.kk] esy] paiw tk.k iM+SA vkt jks leS ns[krka jktLFkkuh esa vkykspuk] fuca/k vj chtk lkfgR;

:i iuiSykA b.k lc :ika uSa iqjk.kh ijaijk lkFkS tksM+.kks iM+lh] tn bZt jktLFkkuh jks lkfgR;&’kkL=

jP;ks tklhA

54vH;kl jk lokyvH;kl jk lokyvH;kl jk lokyvH;kl jk lokyvH;kl jk loky

?k.k fodGikÅ iM+w +Ùkj okGk loky?k.k fodGikÅ iM+w +Ùkj okGk loky?k.k fodGikÅ iM+w +Ùkj okGk loky?k.k fodGikÅ iM+w +Ùkj okGk loky?k.k fodGikÅ iM+w +Ùkj okGk loky

1- lkfgR; ukao gS&

¼v½ pks[kS] lqanj vj fgrdkjh jksA ¼c½ pks[kS vj xq.kdkjh jksA

¼l½ lqanj vj lnkpkjh jksA¼n½ fgrdkjh vj lnkpkjh jksA ¼ ½

2- ^f’ko* jks vjFk gksoS&

¼v½ QwVjksA ¼c½ pks[kksA

¼l½ HkykbZ dj.k okGksA ¼n½ Hkns jk[k.k okGksA ¼ ½

3- dfork jk Hksn gksoS&

¼v½ xhr&xtyA ¼c½ izca/k vj eqDrdA

¼l½ jer&jklA ¼n½ paiw vj jEerA ¼ ½

4- yksd lkfgR; eka; gksoS&

¼v½ lR;a] f’koa] laqnje~A ¼c½ lqanje~A

¼l½ f’koaA ¼n½ lR;aA ¼ ½

lko NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokylko NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokylko NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokylko NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokylko NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk loky

1- ckj&ckj dkabZ uha feyS \

2- lsDlfi;j dkabZ&dkabZ fyf[k;k \

3- gfjjl jS ikB lwa eu uSa dkabZ feyS \

4- laxhr] lkfgR; vj dyk ck;jS feu[k uSa HkjFkjh dkabZ dSoS \

5- ^lkfgR; Hkk"kk jh enn lwa tho.k jh vfHkO;fDr gSA* vks okD; fd.kjks gS\

NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyNksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyNksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyNksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyNksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk loky

1- ekuoh uSa nwtka lwa fljekSM+ BSjko.k okGh [kkl&[kkl ckrka mtkxj djksA

2- lkfgR; vj ekuoh tho.k jks vkilh lacaèk mtkxj djksA

3- Mk-W xkso)Zu ’kekZ jS lcnka eas feu[k jh dq.klh fojfr lkfgR; jpuk lk: feu[k jh izsjd ’kfDr jS;h gS \

4- lkfgR; jh la{ksi esa ifjHkk"kk fy[kksA

ys[k :i iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyys[k :i iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyys[k :i iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyys[k :i iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyys[k :i iM+w+Ùkj okGk loky

1- lkfgR; jk [kkl&[kkl Hksnka jks [kqyklks djksA

2- ljl lkfgR; vj [kcj ns.kS okGS lkfgR; jks Hksn mtkxj djksA

3- laLÑr jk vkpk;Z jkt’ks[kj jS lcnka eka; crkvks dS lkfgR; fd.kuSa dS;ks tkoS \

4- eksVS :i lwa lkfgR; jks oxhZdj.k djksA

5- lkfgR; lR;a] f’koa vj lqanje~ D;wa dSbZtS \ fojksG djksA

55lkSHkkX;flag ’ks[kkorlkSHkkX;flag ’ks[kkorlkSHkkX;flag ’ks[kkorlkSHkkX;flag ’ks[kkorlkSHkkX;flag ’ks[kkor

ys[kd&ifjpSys[kd&ifjpSys[kd&ifjpSys[kd&ifjpSys[kd&ifjpSjktLFkkuh lkfgR;&txr esa lkSHkkX;flag ’ks[kkor jks ukao lkoG vksG[khtS] tk.khtSA Jh

’ks[kkor izkphu&lkfgR; jk ’kks/kosrk jS :i esa vkijh vyk;nh fiNk.k jk[kSA vkijks tye 22tqykbZ] 1924 uSa lhdj ftyS jS Hkxriqjk xkao esa gks;ksA vki lu~ 1957 esa mn;iqj jh jktLFkkufo|kihB jS lkfgR;&laLFkku esa ’kks/k lgk;d jks vkSgnks laHkkG~;ksA rkiNS 1963 lwa 1980 rkabZjktLFkkuh ’kks/k&laLFkku] pkSikl.kh ¼tks/kiqj½ esa iSyka ’kks/k lgk;d vj iNS lgk;d funs’kd jksin laHkkG~;ksA b.k nkSjku vki dsbZ izkphu ikaMqfyfi;ka jks laiknu dj~;ksA vki jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk]lkfgR; vsoa laLÑfr vdkneh jk nks ckj v/;{k jS; pqD;k gSA b.kjS vykok jkT; ljdkj dkauhlwa xfBr ^jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk mUu;u lfefr* jS v/;{k in jks nkf;Ro Hkh vki laHkkG~;ksA jktLFkkuhlkfgR; txr esa fey.k okGk ?k.kdjk iqjLdkjka vj vyadj.kka lwa vyaÑr Jh ’ks[kkor uSavdkneh jks loksZPp ^i`Fohjkt jkBkSM+ iqjLdkj* Hkh fey pqD;ks gSA o`)koLFkk jS ckotwn vkivkt Hkh ys[ku vj laiknu jS dke esa ykX;ksM+k gSA

Jh ’ks[kkor }kjk laikfnr izeq[k Ñfr;ka gS& tkMk esg³w xzaFkkoyh] Mwaxjlh jruw xzaFkkoyh ¼nksHkkx½] jktLFkkuh ohj xhr laxzg ¼P;kj Hkkx½] jktLFkkuh ckrka ¼Hkkx 3] 4] 5 vj 7½] foUgS jklkS] cyonfoykl] dgokV foykl] ’ks[kkokVh ds ohj xhr] vSfrgkfld #Dds ijokusA vkijks dkO;&laxzg^j.kjksG* ykjyS cjl bZ NI;ks gSAikB&ifjpSikB&ifjpSikB&ifjpSikB&ifjpSikB&ifjpS

^cpu* vsd izsjd vj f’k{kkizn fuca/k gSA ejn jh tcku] ?kksM+S jh yxke T;wa fFkj vj etcwrjSoSA twuh ckrka eka; b.k ckr jk E;kauk feySA txnso cpu lwaq ca/;ks dadkGh HkkV.k uSa vkijks ekFkksnsoSA i.k vkt jks feu[k fFkj ekufldrk jks dksuhaA ys[kd cnGrS tekuS eka; Hkh feu[k uSa cpufuHkko.k jh lh[k nh gSA b.k fuca/k eka; jktLFkku jS bfrgkl vj iqjk.kh ijaijk jk ikj[kh twuS lkfgR;jk tk.khdkj lkSHkkX;flag ’ks[kkor vkijh ckr iq[krkÅ <ax lwa mtkxj djh gSA

fucaèkfucaèkfucaèkfucaèkfucaèk

cpucpucpucpucpuEgkjks ukao cpu gSA ^dkSy* uSa ^cksy* Hkh EguSa dSoS gSA Egkjk ifjokj esa Egkjks lxGka lwa b/kdks

vk?keku gSA tBS dBSbZ vkiljh esa cSj] fojksèk] [kViV] >xM+ks&>kaVks vj cksyk&pkyh gks; tkoS rksEgSa chp esa iM+*j chp&cpko dj jkM+ uSa cq>k*j ikNks esGtksy vj cksypky djk; nsowaA b.k [kkrjlkjks HkkbZiks EguSa fljS fx.kS vj EguSa lSt esa bZt uha yso.kks pkoSA Egkjh nknh jks ukao oj.kekG gS vjEgkjS vkSj ckou HkkbZ gSA Egka lxGka jks ?kj ckouh cktSA b.kha dkj.k dfo;ka vkijh ?k.kh jpukoka jkukao ^ckouh* jk[;k gSA fta;ka lqtl ckouh] mins’k ckouh] uhfr ckouh vj ohj ckouh vkn ukao vkilxGk lqf.k;k bZt gksoksykA i.k Egka ckou Hkk;ka esa cCck] pPpk vj uUuk rhu Hkk;ka esa ckyi.kS lwabZ ?k.kks gsr&b[kGkl vj esG&feyki gksA EgSa fut esa d.kSbZ yfM+;k&>xfM+;k dksuhaA ?k.kdjkdlkFk&lkFk bZ jS;kA Vkcji.kS esa fcuk le> Egkjk nwtk Hkk;ka esa ?k.kh ckj [kM+cM+kgV vj NqVcM+ gks;tkorhA i.k EgSa rks lnk uhj&[khj jh Hkkar rhu nsg vsd izk.k bZt jS;kA nwtk Hkk;ka esa jkM+ks&/kkM+ksgks; tkorks rks oS dSork EgkauSa ^cpu* ns nsoks rks EgSa Fkkajks fclokl djka] uharj rks Fkkajks dkabZ Hkjkslks\ lksEgSa ?k.kh&?k.kh ckj vesG vizhrks Hkkax*j fclokl uSa ikNks tek; nsork vj ch[kjrk ?kj uSa BkSM+

56jh BkSM+ tek;ks jk[krkA b.k dkj.k Egkajh ^nsopks* ljh[kh fx.krh jgrh vj vc[kh osGk esa Egkjh cjkscjekax c.kh jSorhA jktk&jtokM+ka jh lhao&uhao jk >ksM+ uSa fta;ka chp esa HkkVks edjcks] [kaHkks jksi*jfeVkoS fca;ka bZt EgkjS iwX;ka vkil esa ruktks feV tkorksA Egkjks Hkjkslks gksorks rks vsd nsl] nwtk nsllwa vkiljh esa lhao ij dkaVk jk rkj yxk;*j oSj jk dkaVk uha fc[ksjrk vj HkkbZiks c.;ks jSorksA :l]vesfjdk EguSa ekurk rks BkSM+&BkSM+ ?kkrdkjh] fo.kkldkjh felkbyka yxko.k jh dBS t:jr iM+S gh \ vjEgkjS lkxS NG&Nan jpS vj èkks[kkèkM+h djS t.kkal rks pkoS rhu fryksdh ukFk fo".kqth bZtD;wa uha gksoks] ckofu;ks c.kS bZtA vidhjr gksoS bZtA nsojkt jh cgdko.kh esa vk;uS folaHkj jktk cGdj*j diV jP;ks rks dkabZ ykMw ys fy;ksA ikSNM+h dk vkijks MksG vj #rcks bZt rks HkaMk;ksA jktkcfy vkijk xq# ’kqdjkpk;Zth jS uVrka&uVrka xcGdks dk<*j EguSa fo".kqth uSa ns fn;ks] lks vki lq.khbZt gSA bUnj in rks vkxks jS;ks] ÅaMks uhpS ikrkG esa tkork dBSbZ cfy jk ikao fVfd;kA ftdks EguSanso.kS lwa iSyh] feu[kka uSa lkS ckj lksp.kks pkbtS vj ts xSylQk c.k uaS uha lkspS t.kkla rks jktknljFk okGh xfr c.kSA nljFk fotS en esa xSGht*j dSds;h uSa EguSa lwai fn;ks] iNS dkabZ gks \ dkGtSjh dksj jke uSa ou esa tko.kks ifM+;ks vj nljFk uSa izk.k xeko.kks ifM+;ksA cSBks&Bkyks ?kj uSa ?kjdqafM;ksc.kk; fn;ksA }kij esa tqf/kf”Bj lroknh cktrksA vkt Hkh cktS gS] i.k JhÑ".k jS pkGS ykx*jegkHkkjr esa ^ujkS ok dqatjkS ok* cksy*j vkilh lkap jh iksy dk<nhA egkHkkjr esa dqarh vj JhÑ".kjktk dj.k uSa ?k.kks bZt iksek;ks] ykyp yksHk ns;*j nq;ksZ/ku lwa QkaV.kks pk;ks] i.k dj.k ykSg jh ykBT;wa EgkjS ij vfMx jS;ksA dS;ks] ^nq;ksZèku uSa cpu fn;ksM+ks gS] cpu uSa fda;ka yksihtS \*

cpu vj cki rks vsd bZt gksoS gSA vki lq.kh gksoksyk dS ij[kuGh esa feu[k&lkafM;ka jkscht vLirkGka esa HksGks dj~;ksM+ks jk[kS gSA dkabZ Bk fd.k&fd.kjks HksGks dj~;ksM+ks gksoS gSA m.kjh lqabZyxk;*j <ka<k jh Hkkar bZt feu[k tyek nsoS gSA vSM+k yksx EguSa yksi tkoS rks v.kwrh ckr dkabZ gS \ i.kjktk dj.k ij yk[k ykaN.k gqoks] cks vsd cki jks gks] lks EguSa uha gkj~;ks vj /kks[kSckt bUnj uSatk.krks&fiNk.krks Hkh vkijk dqaMG ns; fn;k i.k EguSa jk[k fy;ksA vks bZt dkj.k gS dS vkt izHkkrjk ikSj esa djksM+ka feu[k mBrka bZ lroknh tqf/kf"Bj] xkaMho/kkjh vjtq.k] Hkheuknh Hkhao jks ukao dksuhaysoS i.k jktk dj.k uSa fprkjS vj dSoS] ^jktk dj.k jS cxr dBS [kksVh ck.k cksyS gS \* EguSa nwtS uSanso.kks vj iNS EgkjS ij vVy jSo.kks lkSjks dke dksuhaA EguSa nso.kks ejtk.kh&?kjtk.kh jks [ksy gSA FkSvkarjS D;wa tkoks \ vBS bZ b.k dGtqx esa bZ ns[kY;ks EguSa fn;ks ftdka jks dkabZ gky gks;ks \ ikcwthjkBkSM+ nsoG ckbZ pkj.kh uSa vsd ?kksM+h jS iwaNM+S EguSa ns; fn;ksA iNS EgkjS [kkrj lkr Qsjk v/kwjk esyvkijh ij.ksrk jks gkFk NksM*j HkkX;ksA C;ko jk dkad.k&MksjM+k vj lsojks cka/;ks Fkdks bZt vkijk cguksbZftanjko [khph lwa yksg&jVkdks ys;*j dke vk;ksA i.k Hkyh fx.kks dS EgkjS [kkrj efj;ks tn vkt Hkhikcwth yksd esa nso l:i ekuhtS] iwthtS gSA ckdh EgkjS fcuk ejck uSa lxGh ft;ktw.k ejS gSA i.kdkG jk ijGk esa m.kka ckiM+k thoka uSa dq.k ukjsG p<koS gS \ dq.k m.kka jk nsoG FkjiS gS \ dq.k /kwi &è;kudjS gS \ EguSa jk[kS m.kka jks EgSa Hkh vk?keku jk[kwa gwaA

EgkjS rkabZ j.krHkaoj jks /k.kh jko gEehj fctkrh egeklkg uSa jk[k fy;ks vj fnYyh jkikrlkg vykonhu jh QkSt lwa ckFksM+ks dj*j vkijks jkt&ifjokj ijxg vj izk.k xek; fn;kA i.kEgkjks bZt dkj.k gS dS jko

gEehj jks [;krka&ckrka esa vkt rkabZ ukao pkyS gSAfeu[k esa eksV~;kj ckt.k okGk rks vkt flVG&fQVGX;k i.k yqxk;ka esa vtS rkabZ ipk.koSa

lSdM+k vSM+h gS ftdh EgkjS ij vVy gSA Qsjk esa yksx yqxkbZ nksuwa vxu jh ykS /kdS lkjk ifjokj jS

57lkaeS EguSa ¼cpu½ nsoS dS vk[kh Åej lkFk jSokaykA i.k feu[k EguSa NksM*j dsbZ pwM+Sy.kka] dqnkG]dqjkaMka jS pkGS ykx*j vkijh oSjokuh NksM nsoS] ekj nsoS] QksM+k ?kkyS i.k yqxk;ka dk.kks] [kksM+ks] ukejn]uktksxks] HkksGks&rksGks] ikaxks] xkscj jks xksfcanks] dSM+ks Hkh gksoks]dksbZ&lh bZt ba;kydh fudGS ftdhjksfg.kh jh rjS Hkkx*j fprjFk xa/ki tSM+k jk ?kj esa tk cM+SA i.k okajh dkabZ vkNh fx.kr FkksM+h bZt gksoSgSA lks] ejn jh tcku ¼cpu½ vj ?kksM+S jh yxke rks etcwr bZt vkNhA xkMh jk ifg;ka jh xGkabZftdS jk ewaMk esa EgSa fQ:a m.kjh dnSbZ] dBSbZ jkt&rst] lHkk&lekt esa dksbZ X;ku&fx.kr uha djSAEguSa ¼cpu½ gkj.kks vj tekjks gkj.kks vsd fx.khtSA EgSa eq[k dksl lwa fudG~;ka iNS tfn gkFkh jks nkarikNks ewaMS esa cM+S rks EgSa c³waA tn bZt dS;ks gS&

gkFkh ganks narM+kS] eqagM+k gankS cksyAdk<~;ka ikNkS uha cMS] vks btZ vkajkS eksyAA

cksy Egkjks bZt ykM jks ukao gSA ¼cksy½ EgkjS lwa bZt vkneh jks Bkok feu[k fiNk.k djS gSAb.k okLrS EguSa eq[k}kj lwa dk<rk leS ?k.kh lkopsrh cjr.kh pkbtSA pkyrS bZ ycGdks ysoS oS bZtrks yckGh cktSA xksGh jks ?kko Hkjht tkoS i.k cpu ¼Egkjks½ ?kko uha HkjhtSA EgSa ukVlkG jh Hkkarykx*j lkjh Åej feu[k jS nw[k.kk T;wa nw[krks lkyrks jSowaA b.k okLrS EguSa rksy*j cksy.kks pkbtSAftdk cksy.kks uha tk.kS oka ckiM+ka uSa èksyS Hkko Hkh dq.k cw>S gS \ thHk&jl ¼cksy jks jl½ lc jlka esafljS ekuhT;ks gS&

c.k jl d.k jl rkar jl] lc jl nhBS rksyAlc jl Åij thHk jl] tks tk.khtS cksyAA

EguSa cksy*j EguSa ns;*j ftdk iwjk uha ÅrjS okajks eksy dkSMh jS Hkko èkSyk cjkscjA vS fNnkfe;kfeu[k u feu[k esa fx.khtS vj u <ka<ka esa iq.khtSA vSM+k dkSMh eksyk Hk.khtS&

cksyS ftrjk cksy] uj ts fujokgS ughaAR;ka iqjlka jk rksy ] dkSMh eqagxk djf.k;kAA

EguSa feu[k gksoS ftdk rks lksp le>*j eq[k lwa dk<S vj nwtk uSa lwafi;ka iNS iyVS ughaAvSM+k Egkjk /k.kh ¼cpu&/k.kh½ cktSA oS lHkk&lEesyu

esa fd.kh BkSM+ uha yktSA uha j.k esa HkktSA oS /khj&ohj xaHkhj dghtS&cMk u yksiS cpu dg] yksiS uhp v/khjAmn; jgS ejtkn esa] ogS myV un uhjAA

EguSa vsd ckr ;kn vk;xhA vsd ckj vsd Bkdj vkijh eksVh V.kdh gsyh jh pku.kh ijxknh&eksM+ka yxk;ka cSBks gksA brjk esa vsd dkxyks dkao&dkao djrks vk;*j xks[kM+k ij cSB*j BkdjkajS ekFkS chaB djnhA Bkdj] pkdj uSa dS;ks] ^Y;k js :ik Øik.k b.k dkaMh jks iki dkVkaA* dkxykstkf.k;ks rjokj lwa rks uha e:aA Bkdj mBlh ftrjS esa mM*j ijks tklwaA i.k Bkdj Øik.k jh BkSM+dek.k mBk;*j rhj ekj~;ksA f?kjks [kk;*j dkxyks ck.k jh pksV lwa fxjg pØh [kkorks uhpS vk;*jcksY;ks&

cpu iyêka lkS eqok] dkxk eqok u tka.kAekjk ugha Øik.k lwa] ekjk mBk dek.kAA

lks] EguSa ¼cpu½ rks ia[ks: Hkh le>S gS vj Egka ij Hkjkslks jk[kSA EgkjS ¼cpu½ cG lwa bZt ea=pkySA lalkjk jks /kkdks f/kdSA dkjt fl) gqoSA okp Hkh Egkjks gh tokuh jks ukao gSA EgSa fudGadfx.khtwaA lriqj[kka uSa yksx EguSa flej*j bZt tqgkjM+k djS] okj.kk ysoSA EguSa gkjS] pwdS ftdka jk HkkSfcxM+SA vj EguSa ikGS ftdka jh lalkj esa okgokgh gksoSA i.k EguSa ns.kks vkxh&ikNh lkjh ckr lksp&le>*jA tqx tks/kkj txnso iaokj dadkGh HkkV.kh uSa EguaS fn;ks rks fuHkko.k uSa ekFkks nso.kks ifM+;ksA b.k

58okLrS Egkjh dher le>.khA vkt foX;ku&X;ku cG jk jkrha/kk esa pwa/khT;ksM+k] jktusrk Egkjks eksy ?k.kks?kVk;ksA EgSa lnk lwa bZt U;k; jks lhjh jS;ksA feu[ki.kk jS [kkrj <ky c.;ksA EgkjS dgS pkfy;k ftdklq[k jh uhan lks;kA tl [kkfV;ksA tho.k jks ykgks fy;ksA lks] yk[k tkoks i.k lk[k uha tkoksA

b.k okLrS lcn lkapk fiaM dkpkA pyks ea=ksa bZljks okpkA cpu yksiS rks èkksch jh dqaM eas iMS+Alk]s vks feu[kka ! cpu ns;*j yksfi;ks rks FkkauaS yw.kka pekjh jh vk.k gSA vteky tksxh jh nqgkbZ gSA

vH;kl jk lokyvH;kl jk lokyvH;kl jk lokyvH;kl jk lokyvH;kl jk loky?k.k fodGikÅ iM+w +Ùkj okGk loky?k.k fodGikÅ iM+w +Ùkj okGk loky?k.k fodGikÅ iM+w +Ùkj okGk loky?k.k fodGikÅ iM+w +Ùkj okGk loky?k.k fodGikÅ iM+w +Ùkj okGk loky1- cpu jk nks i;kZ;okph gS&

¼v½ cksy vj ckr ¼c½ ckr vj [;kr¼l½ dkSy vj ckr ¼n½ dkSy vj cksy ¼ ½

2- j.kr Hkaoj jks /k.kh gks&¼v½ izrki ¼c½ lkaxk¼l½ gEehj ¼n½ vykonhu ¼ ½

3- yksg jh ykB T;wa cpu ekFkS vfMx dq.k jS;ks&¼v½ nq;ksZèku ¼c½ vjtq.k¼l½ dj.k ¼n½ JhÑ".k ¼ ½

4- xkaMho/kkjh fd.k jks ukao gS \¼v½ tqf/kf"Bj ¼c½ vjtq.k¼l½ Hkhe ¼n½ nzks.kkpk;Z ¼ ½

5- cpu jks eksy ?kVkof.k;k gS&¼v½ jktusrk ¼c½ lekt’kkL=h¼l½ fopkjd ¼n½ eku[kks ¼ ½

lko NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokylko NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokylko NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokylko NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokylko NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk loky1- }kij eka; lroknh dq.k cktrks \2- lc jlka esa fljS jl fdlks ekuhtS \3- vkt jks eku[kks fd.klwa pwa/khT;ksM+ks gS \4- ikcwth b.k yksd esa nso:i D;wa iwthtS \5- ^cpu* uSa ykM lwa fd.k ukao lwa iqdkjhtS \NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyNksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyNksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyNksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyNksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk loky1- ^cpu* ns;*j yksi.k okGks feu[k dkabZ dghtS \2- tqx&tks/kkj txnso iaokj dadkGh uSa ekFkks D;wa fn;ks \3- cksyrh cxr dkabZ lkopsrh jk[k.kh pkbtS \4- vys[kwa dkO; jpukoka jk ukao ^ckouh* D;wa jk[khT;k gS \ys[k :i iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyys[k :i iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyys[k :i iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyys[k :i iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyys[k :i iM+w+Ùkj okGk loky1- ^ejn jh tcku vj ?kksM+S jh yxke rks etcwr bZt vkNhA* ^cpu* ys[k jS vk/kkj ekFkS [kqyklks djksA2- ^gkFkh gankS nkarM+kS] eqagMk gankS cksyA dk<~;ka ikNkS uha cM+S] vks bZt vkajks eksyA* b.k nwgS jks HkkokFkZ vkijS lcnka eka; mtkxj djksA3- ^cpu* fuca/k vkt jS tqx eas ?k.kks izklafxd gSA * b.k dFku jks [kqyklks djksA

59MkW- ÑMkW- ÑMkW- ÑMkW- ÑMkW- Ñ""""".kyky fc’uksbZ.kyky fc’uksbZ.kyky fc’uksbZ.kyky fc’uksbZ.kyky fc’uksbZ

ys[kd&ifjpSys[kd&ifjpSys[kd&ifjpSys[kd&ifjpSys[kd&ifjpStye & vcwc’kgj] fljlk ¼gfj;k.kk½A f’k{kk & vse- vs- ¼bfrgkl½] ih&vspMh-] ih- th-]

fMIyksek bu tuZfyTe] vsy- vsy- ch-A Nfi;ksM+h iksF;ka & ukfFk;S jk lksjBk] rhrj ia[kh cknGh]jktLFkkuh jkek;.k] foyksth dh ok.kh] fo’uksbZ larksa ds gjtl] dfo xí ds dfoÙk] iap’krh Lekfjdk]x q# tk a H k k st h ,oe ~ fo’uk sb Z i a F k dk bfrgkl] egkRe k l q jtuth d s gjtlA

izkphu gLrfyf[kr xazFk] f’kykys[k] iêk&ijok.kk i<.k eas egkjFk gklyA ^rhrj ia[khcknGh* iksFkh ekFkS jktLFkkuh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; ,oa laLÑfr vdkneh] chdkusj jks ^iSyh iksFkh iqjLdkj*AjktLFkku izkP;fo|k izfr"Bku esa ofj"B ’kksèk vfèkdkjh vj izHkkjhAikB&ifjpSikB&ifjpSikB&ifjpSikB&ifjpSikB&ifjpS

taHks’oj egkjkt dS;ks gS&vkdkl] ok;q] rst] ty] èkj.khArkesa ldy flLVh jh dj.khAA

eryc dS vka ikap rÙoka jS tksx lwa bZ lxGh lf"V c.kh bSA vBS rst jks vjFk vxuh gSAvk ckr fclokchl bZ lgh gSA ^fiaMS lks bZ fcjeaMSA* vka ikapwa rÙoka jS esG lwa fcjekaM c.;ks gSA vkarÙoka eka; ?kkV&ckèk gqorka bZ lf"V jks larqyu fcxM+ tkoS] vBhuS dk;k rks dkph ekVh jks dqaHk gS]lks b.k ?kkV&ckèk lwa lf"V esa nks"k okijSA oks nks"k gh NsoV fo.kkl jks dkj.k c.kSA lf"V jS b.knks"k lwa nwf"kr gqo.kks bZ iznw"k.k gSA lf"V jks lgh larqyu bZ i;kZoj.k jks ’kq) :i gSA c.kjk; uSac.kkbZ jk[k.kh bZ i;kZoj.k jh ’kq)rk gSA MkW- Ñ".kyky fc’uksbZ vkijS fucaèk ^i;kZoj.k jk ikxksfFk;k*esa i;kZoj.k jh la{ksi vksG[kka.k djkorka Fkdka i;kZoj.k jh #[kkGh lk: taHks’oj egkjkt jh lh[kmtkxj djh gS vj lkFkS gh b.k ?k.k egrkÅ ;K eka; fc’uksbZ lekt jS vuqie ;ksxnku jhtk.kdkjh djokbZ gSA vkt oU;&tho vj c.kjk; nksuwa fc[kS eka; gSA vSM+h fc[keh osGk eka;fo|kfFkZ;ka lk: ljy vj lgt Hkk"kk eka; b.k Hkkar jh vrjh&vksirh vksG[kk.k jh iwjh njdkj gS&

fucaèkucaèkucaèkucaèkucaèk

i;kZoj.k jk ikxksfFk;ki;kZoj.k jk ikxksfFk;ki;kZoj.k jk ikxksfFk;ki;kZoj.k jk ikxksfFk;ki;kZoj.k jk ikxksfFk;ki;kZoj.k lcn vki.kS P;k:aesj jS okrkoj.k jks tho.k lwa larqyu c.kk;ks jk[k.k jS dkauh ladsr

djSA izÑfr jk ikap rÙo gS& iou] ik.kh] vkHkks] vkx vj ekVhA vka ikap rÙoka lwa feu[k jh dk;kc.kSA vka rÙoka jh ?kVr&c<r lwa i;kZoj.k eka; fcxkM+ vkoS vj vks fcxkM+ feu[kka] ia[ks:vka vjtho&ftukojka jS tho.k eka; fcxkM+ ykoSA vka rÙoka jS cjkcjh jS tksx lwa lqèk izkÑfrd i;kZoj.k jksfuekZ.k gqoSA lqèk i;kZoj.k c.kk;ks jk[k.k lk: vki.kk lar&egkRek] fjlh&eqfu;ka vj cw<k&cMsjkavkikauSa ?k.kh&?k.kh ckrka crkbZ] ft.kka jks vki.kS tho.k eka; ?k.kks egÙo gSA

eksVS :i lwa i;kZoj.k rhu rjka jks ekU;ks x;ks gS& van:.kh] ckgjh vj lkekftdA vki.kS vBSlrtqx eka; ^dGi&fcjN* vj ^dkeèksuq* jks mYys[k feySA vS nksuwa bZ feu[k jh lSa dkeukoka iwj.kdjf.k;k ekU;k tkorkA ft.k rjka vkt jS leS feu[k uSa jksVh] diM+S vj edku jh t:jr gS vj vkajhiwjrh vsdS lkxS fcjN dj ldS rks oks fcjN dyi fcjN gh rks gSA fn[k.kknS Hkkjr eka; vkt bZ yksxukjsG jS fcjN uSa dGi&fcjN ekuSA oks vsdS lkFkS okauS a nwèk] ik.kh] xkHkks&yÙkks] >waik&>waiM+h]

60vkgkj&fogkj nsoSA e#FkG eka; yksx [kstM+h jS :a[k uSa dGi&fcjN ekuSA [kstM+h jh fNa;ka lk:yksxka vkijk ekFkk bZ dVk uka[;kA b.kh rjka ^dkeèksuq* nwèk nso.k vkGh ilqoka jh tkfr jks ladsr djSAfeu[k jS tho.k eka; :a[kka vj nqèkk: ilqoka jks egrkÅ ;ksx jS;ksA

i;kZoj.k jks vjFk Hkksr cMks gSA vki b.kuSa gj leS eglwl dj ldksA iou&ik.kh]tho&ftukoj] isM+&ikSèkk vkn lS tho vj fujtho fey*j i;kZoj.k c.kkoSA i;kZoj.k eka; èkjrh jhlS HkkSfrd] jklk;fud vj tSfod voLFkkoka ’kkfey gSA b.kuS a tho&foX;ku] HkkSfrd&foX;ku]jlk;u& foX;ku] Hkw&foX;ku] lekt&’kkL=] ekuo&’kkL= vj bfrgkl lwa le>Óks tk; ldSA vkikachtk lcnka eka; dS; ldka gka dS ft.k okrkoj.k eka; vkika jSoka gka] ft.k ekVh eka; [ksyka gk] ft.k

iou eka; lkal ysoka gka vj tBS jks ik.kh ihoka gka] izÑfr jS vka dkeka jks ukao bZ rks i;kZoj.k gSAi;kZoj.k eka; oS lS ckrka vkoS tdh lthoka lwa U;kjh gS vj tdh fd.kh u fd.kh :i eka;:a[kka jS tho.k ekFkS vlj Ugka[kSA okrkoj.k jS thorS Hkkx eka; feu[k vj c.kjk; gS vj v.kthorSeka; iou] ik.kh] izdk’k] rki vj ekVh ’kkfey gSA vka dkjdka eka; vlarqyu gkso.k lwa i;kZoj.k jSlaj{k.k jks [krjks iSnks gks;X;ks gSA

feu[kka uSa vkgkj&ik.kh ekVh eka; ÅX;k gfj;k :a[kka lwa feySA vS ikSèkk lwjt jh fdj.kka uSajklk;fud fØ;k lwa izdk’k eka; cnGSA feu[k tdks lkal ysoS oks b.kh :a[kka jh NksM~;ksM+h vkWDlhtugSA b.k rjka isM+&ikSèkk] tho&tarq i;kZoj.k jk tSfod rÙo gS vj vS ikfjfLFkfrdh ;a=Louk djSA b.krjka lxGk tho&tarq fijFkoh jS izkÑfrd lzksrka ij fuHkZj gSA i;kZoj.k jS fd.kh rÙo esa fd.kh Hkkarjks [krjks gS rks oks [krjks gS feu[k uSa vkijS tho.k jksA

Hkkstu jS fcuk feu[k dsbZ fnu th ldS] ik.kh jS fcuk Hkh m.kjh lkalka dha leS pky ldS]i.k iou jS fcuk feu[k vsd feuV Hkh uha th ldSA feu[k iou eka; lkal ysoS] tG ihoS vj vk[kjekVh eka; fey tkoSA ekVh lwa lxGka uS a Hkkstu feySA ekVh jh moZjrk b.k eka; fey.k vkGkdksVh&dksVh v.kns[;k thoka lwa gS] tdk ekVh jS c.kko.k vj m.kjh moZjrk cèkko.k esa gkFk cVkoSA tsvS tho uha gksork rks èkjrh catj gksorh vj Qlyka Hkh uha gksorhA

Hkkjr jh laLÑfr ouka jh laLÑfr gSA b.klwa vki.kS bfr;kl] njl.k vj ijaijk jks tye gks;ksAcMk lar&egkRek] fjlh&eqfu] rilh vj tfr&tksxslj ouka eka; bZ jS;kA oS vkijks X;ku vBka bZ fy;ksvj Hkkjr jS tu&x.k uaS izHkkfor dj~;ksA vki.kka twuk xazFk&osn ] mifu"kn]~ jkek;.k] egkHkkjr vkn vkaouka eka; jphT;k ft.kka eka; X;ku] njl.k vj foX;ku gSA

fo".kq&iqjk.k eka; vsd dFkk gS] ft.klwa irks pkyS dS jktk osu jS vR;kpkjka lwa rax vk;*jfjfl;ka m.kuSa ekj uka[;ksA m.kjS ’kjhj lwa fijFkq jks tye gks;ksA fijFkq uSa jkt feyrka bZ dkG iM+~;ksAfijFkoh vUu nso.kks can dj fn;ksA fijFkq fijFkoh uSa ekj.k pkY;ksA fijFkoh vUu nso.kks l: dj fn;ksvj vkijS nwèk lwa ouLifr;ka uSa lhaphA b.k dkj.k bZ fijFkoh jks vsd ukao ’kkdaHkjh gSA fijFkoh jh iwtklwa Hkkjr nsoh jh iwtk l: gqbZA flaèkq ?kkVh jh lH;rk jS leS jh vsd eqnzk feyh gS] ft.kesa yqxkbZ jSxjHk lwa vsd ÅxrS :a[k jks fprjke gSA b.klwa irks pkyS dS fijFkoh o.kjk; jh nsoh gSA

HkkLdj xwá lw= ek;a lhrk jks mYys[k djl.k jh nsoh jSS :i ek;a gks;ss gS vj jke jks mYys[kvsd fdlku jS :i ek;a gG tkrs rka gks;ks gSA b.klwa vks irks pkyS dS vkika jk nsoh&nsork o.kjk; uaS fdÙkksI;kj djrk gkA

fcjt jk yksx iSyk banj jh iwtk djrk gkA fØl.k cBS xksoèkZu jh iwtk l: djhA oS xks&èkuuSa egÙo fn;ksA [ksrka lwa vkxS ou gS vj ouka lwa vkxS Hkk[kjA Egkjh xfr Hkk[kjka rkabZ gSA

Hkxoku jke txpkoks gS] tdks oS iapoVh ou eka; dkV~;ksA Hkxoku fØl.k ou eka; xk;kapjkbZA ikaMoka vkijks vKkrokl ouka eka; dkV~;ksA xkSre cq) vj egkohj Lokeh uSa X;ku ouka jS :a[kka

61gsBS bZ feY;ksA :a[kka jS fcuk vS lxGh ckrka iwjh uha gks; ldSA vks bZ dkj.k gS dS fd.kh ckr uSa tsèkje lwa tksM+ fn;ks tkoS rks ok ?k.kh vljnkj c.kSA b.kh dkj.k iqjk.kka yksxka :a[kka uSa èkje jks vsdvax c.kk;ks vj okajh iwtk l: djhA :a[kka uSa laj{k.k fn;ksA b.kh dkj.k vBS jk yksx ihaiG] cM+][kstM+h] rqGlh vkn jh iwtk djS vj okauSa dkV.kks iki le>SA :a[k vkjksX; jh vks[kn gS] èkjrh jks èk.khgS] xq.kka jks xqM+ gS vj feu[k jks eku gSA jktLFkku eka; cM+ jS :a[k eka; oklqnso] ihaiG eka; fo".kqvj vkdM+S eka; egknso jks oklks ekU;ks gSA vBS jh yqxk;ka ihaiG iwtrh xkoS&

ihaiG iwt.k EgSa xbZ dqG vki.kS jh yktAihaiG iwT;ka gj feY;ks] vsd iaFk nks dktAA

Hkkjr eka; unh&ukGk vj Hkk[kjka ekFkS c.;ksM+k] rhjFk] eafnj vè;kRe vj laLÑfr jk dsanz vjHkkSxksfyd psruk jk okgd gSA tG jkr&fnu cSoSA oks dk;k eka; izk.k ?kkyS] ekVh lwa fey*j ouLifr;kauSa mxkoSA oka lwa vUu feySA cBSbZ ilqoka lwa nwèk feyS] nwèk lwa [kwu c.kS] [kwu lwa tho.k pkySA feu[kuSa cG feySA iSyka jh VSe xkaoka eka; ilqoka jS pj.k [kkrj dha teha [kkyh NksMrk] ft.k ekFkS [ksrh uha[kM+h tkrh] vSM+h teha uSa xkspj Hkwfe dSork vj tdh teha nsoh&nsorkoka jS ukao NksMrk ohauSa vksj.kdSorkA vksj.k eka; fd.kh Hkkar jS :a[k uSa dkV.k jh eukbZ gksorhA jktLFkku eka; ikcwth jh vksj.k]dj.khth jh vksj.k] tkaHkSth jh vksj.k pkoh gSA b.k rjka taxGka uSa vcksV jk[k.k jks vks vsd menkrjhdks gksA b.klwa ilq&iaf[k;ka uSa vkljks feyrks vj feu[kka uSa QG&Qwy feyrkA

egkjktk v’kksd ilqoka jS laj{k.k lk: vkijS iSyS vknsl eka; fy[;ks gS dS tkuojka uSa ekj.kkscan dj~;ks tkoSA b.k eka; ?k.kh cqjkbZ gSA oS :a[kka jS laj{k.k lk: vkijS nwtS vknsl eka; fy[;ks gSdS fijFkoh jS lxGS jktkoka uSa lM+d jS fdukjS :a[k yxko.kk pkghtS] dqvka [kksn.kk pkghtS vjrjdkjh ckso.kh pkghtSA vsd fo}ku bnjhl bX;kjoha lnh jS ckjS esa fy[;ks gS dS Hkkjr eka; ekal[kkrj dksbZ Hkh tkuoj uha ekj~;ks tkorks gks vj vSM+ks dksbZ cw<ks cSy uha gks tdS uSa pkjks uha feyrksgksA

xqtjkr eka; rks isM+ uSa cpko.k lk: m.k ekFkS QkV~;ksM+k xkHkk Ugka[k nsaorkA vSM+S isM+ uSa oSfpFkfM+;k ekek dSorkA jktLFkku eka; Hkh [kstM+h uSa pwuM+h vks<ko.k jks ÅtGks èkkjks gSA Hkk[kj uSalaj{k.k nso.k [kkrj vBS HkkBka ij flanwj jks Vhdks dk< nsoSA i;kZoj.k jS larqyu [kkrj isM+ uha dkV.kjS lkFkS&lkFkS uwaoka isM+ yxko.k esa Hkh yksx #fp jk[krkA e#[ksrj jh fj;klrka jk twuk iksFkh&ikuM+kaeka; vk tk.kdkjh gkfly gqoS dS fdlkuka uSa èkksjka vkGh èkjrh eka; [ksrh dj.k lk: izksRlkgu fn;kstkorksA jkt jh vk eulk jSorh dS djlk ftdk vSM+h èkjrh uSa [kM+lh rks èkksjka jks QSyko ?kVlhAtksèkiqj vj chdkusj jS jkt eka; rks gjh [kstM+h uSa dkV.k ij jkt dkauh lwa tqjekuS jks izkoèkku gksA

i;kZoj.k jS bfrgkl eka; 15oha lnh jks dha [kkl egÙo gSA m.k VSe lu~ 1451 eka; xq#tkaHkksth jks tye e#Hkkse jS ukxkSj ijxuS jS ihiklj xkao eka; yksgVth iaokj jktiwr jS ?kj gks;ksAokajh ekrk jks ukao gkalknsoh gksA okauSa i;kZoj.k uSa lqèk jk[k.k jh lh[k vkijS eka&cki lwa bZ feyhA oSckyi.kS esa ekVh jk èkksjka ij jerk] xk;ka pjkork vj isM+ yxkorkA b.k rjka oS i;kZoj.k laj{k.k jhvsd eqfge NsM+nhA lu~ 1485 eka; oS fo’uksbZ iaFk jh Fkkiuk djh] ft.kjk xq.krhl èkkfeZd fu;e gSAvka fu;eka eka; i;kZoj.k jS laj{k.k jk fu;e b.k Hkkar gS %& fnuwxS fluku dj*j gkse dj.kks] gj~;k :a[kuha dkV.kk vj uha dkV.k nso.kk] thoka ij n;k jk[k.kh vj ekal uha [kko.kks] Fkk vej jk[k.kh vj cSykauSa cfèk;k uha djoko.kks] ik.kh vj nwèk uSa Nk.k*j yso.kks vj b±èk.k uSa >kM+*j dke esa yso.kks] ok.kh lkpcksy.kh vknA oS dS;ks& ^tho n;k ikG.kh] :a[k yhyks uha ?kkoSA*

xq# tkaHkksth vkijks iSyks ijpks jko nwnSth esM+fr;S uSa ihiklj jS dqvS duS [kstM+h jS gsBSfn;ksA oS vkijks iSyks lcn gkse djrka vsd cke.k uSa dS;ksA oS vkijk ?k.kdjk lcn lejkFkG jS èkksjS

62ekFkS gfj dadsM+h jS isM+ gsBS fn;kA oS dS;ks& ^gfj dadsM+h eaMi eSM+h] rgka gekjk cklkA* oS isM+ dkV.kvkGka uSa dS;ks& ^lkse vekol vkfnrokjh] dka; dkVh o.kjk;kSA* xq# tkaHkksth fo’uksbZ iaFk jh FkkiukHkh vsd gfj dadsM+h jS isM+ gsBS cSB*j djh ghA tn xq# tkaHkksth ukSjaxh jks Hkkr Hkj.k uSa jksVw ¼ukxkSj½ièkkj~;k rks oS vsd [kstfM+;ka jks ckx yxk;ks gks] tdks vkt rkabZ gSA lqjthckbZ jS cqykoS ij xq#tkaHkksth tnS eqjknkckn ièkkj~;k rnS oS vsd [kstM+h jks isM+ yksnhiqj eka; yxk;ks ftdks vkt Hkh m.kkajhlk[k HkjSA tksèkiqj jS jktk ekynso uSa xq# tkaHkksth yksgkoV jS taxG eka; vsd [kstM+h gsBS minslfn;ks gksA tnS tkaHkksth tSlyesj x;k rnS oS jkoG tSrlh lwa nks; cpu fy;k& 1- vkijS jkt esa yhyk:a[k uha dkV~;k tkoS] vj 2- vcksyk thoka uSa uh ekj~;k tkoSA b.k rjka oS tSlyesj jkt eka; isM+kavj vcksyk ftukojka uSa laj{k.k jks iêks fnjk;ksA xq# tkaHkksth vkijks ljhj fexlj cnh uoeh] fo- la-1593 eka; ykylj jh lkFkjh jS vsd gfj dadsM+h jS isM+ uhpS NksM~;ksA vka lxGh ckrka lwa okajks fcjNkajh [kkrj gsr jks irks ykxSA

ts feu[k fgalk uha djlh rks oks ekal uha [kkoSyksA ekal uha [kko.k lwa lkdkgkj uSa c<koksfeySA feu[k eka; lkfRod xq.kka jh c<ksrjh gqoSA tnS fgalk uha gqoSyh rn oU; izkf.k;ka uSa laj{k.kfeySyksA oU; izkf.k;ka jS laj{k.k lwa izÑfr jS eka; larqyu c.kSyksA izÑfr jS eka; larqyu lwa bZ i;kZoj.kjh lqf) gSA vks ;ksxnku vi.kS vki eka; mYys[ktksx gSA xq# tkaHkksth eqlyeku uSa tho fgalk uhadj.k jks minsl nsaork dS;ks&

pfj fQfj vkoS lgft nqgkoS] frgdh [khj gykyhAfrgdS xGS djn D;wa lkjkS] Fks i< xq.k jfg;k [kkyhAA

xq# tkaHkksth jS i;kZoj.k vkanksyu uSa fo’uksbZ iaFk jk yksxka vkxS cèkk;ksA oakjS psyS ohYgksth:a[k yxko.k vj ik.kh Nk.k*j iho.k lk: tksj fn;ksa oka dS;ks] ^fcjN dkV.k vkGS feu[k uSa rks ujdeka; Hkh tkX;ka uha feySyhA :a[kka jh #[kkGh lk: lS lwa iSyka fo- la- 1661 eka; nks lxh cSuka djekavj xksjka vkijk ekFkk dVk;kA b.k ckr jks irks ohYgksth jh lk[kh ^djeka vj xksjka* lwa pkySA okajhvsd nwth lk[kh ^fryokl.kh* lwa irks pkyS dS fryokl.kh xkao jh f[ko.kh usrw vj eksVw Hkh vkijkfijk.k fcjNka jh fjN~;k lk: fn;kA b.kh rjka fo- la- 1700 eka; iksykokl ¼esM+rk½ xkao jk cwpksthvspjk vkijks cfynku :a[kka jh [kkrj fn;ksA fo’uksb;ka jks ukjks gS& ^^flj lwaika :a[kka lVS rks Hkh lLrkstk.kA**

fcjNka jh fjN~;k lk: lS lwa cMks cfGnku lu~ 1730 eka; tksèkiqj jkt jS [kstM+yh dyka xkaoeka; gks;ksA m.k VSe tksèkiqj jks jktk vHk;fla?k gksA vBS jS fdyS jS fujek.k okLrS pwuks idko.k lk:ydfM+;ka jh t:jr ghA vBS jS nhok.k fxjèkj HkaMkjh duS jS xkao [kstM+yh lwa [kstM+h jk isM+ dkV.kjks vknsl nhUgksA [kstfM+;ka jh fjN~;k lk: 363 fo’uksbZ vkijks cfGnku fn;ks] ft.k eka; feu[k]yqxk;ka vj ckGd Hkh gkA nsl tkfr vj èkje [kkrj rks ?k.kk lkdk gks;k gS i.k [kstfM+;ka [kkrj vSM+ks[kM+k.kks vk[kh nqfu;ka eka; uha gks;ksA vka 363 eka; lS lwa iSyka cfGnku bejrk nsoh fn;ksA fo’uksbZ iaFkjk yksx b.kh rjka bZ oU; thoka jh fjN~;k lk: Hkh vkijks cfGnku nsaork vk;k gSA i;kZoj.k vkanksyuuSa vkxS cèkko.k lk: vkt chtk yksx Hkh vkxS vk jS;k gSA oS Hkh vkijks ekFkks fcjNka vj oU; izkf.k;kalk: nso.k uSa R;kj gSA vkt jS ^fpidks vkanksyu* jh tM+ka eka; xq# tkaHkksth jS minslka jks gh gkFkgSA

Hkkjr jk ouLifr oSX;kfud Jh txnh’kpanz clq vks fl) dj~;ks dS isM+&ikSèkk eka; Hkh thogqoSA oS fl;kGks mukGks tk.kSA i.k vk ckr fo’uksbZ iaFk jh Fkkiuk dj.k vkGk xq# tkaHkksth 15ohalrkCnh eka; crk;nh ghA b.k ckr lwa vks irks pkyS gS dS xq# tkaHkksth iSyk i;kZoj.k feu[k gkA HkkjrjS lafoèkku jS ewG vfèkdkjka vj drZO;ka eka; i;kZoj.k jS laj{k.k vj laoèkZu jks] ou vj oU; izkf.k;ka

63jh fjN~;k jks izpkj djSyksA izkÑfrd i;kZoj.k eka; dsbZ ou&>hy&unh vj oU; tho gSA jkt okajhfjN~;k djS] okajks laoèkZu djS vj izk.kh ek= ij n;k jk[kSA

vkt i;kZoj.k uSa ys;*j lxGh nqfu;k fpafrr gSA b.k ekFkS pjpkoka pky jS;h gSA iou] ik.kh]vj ekVh iznwf"kr gks; pqdh gS] i;kZoj.k jS tk.kdkjka jks dSo.kks gS dS ts b.k rjka feu[k pkyrks jS;ksrks feu[k jks b.k èkjrh ekFkS lkal yso.kks nksjks gks; tkoSyksA ok;qeaMG eka; dkj[kkuka jS èkqaoS jhtgjhyh xSlka QSyrh tkoS] tG iznwf"kr gksorks tkoS] jklk;fud [kknka ?kky.k lwa èkjrh catj gksorhtkoSA izÑfr lwa feu[k jh vk v.kwarh NsM+[kkuh vkNh dksuhaA vkt oSX;kfud fpafrr gS dS ok;qeaMGjh vkstksu ijr eka; BhaMks gks;X;ks gSA Qs:a vkikauSa lwjt jh tgjhyh fdj.kka lwa dq.k cpkoSyks \ b.kuSacpko.k okGks nso gS& i;kZoj.kA i;kZoj.k jk ikxksfFk;k p<*j bZ feu[k izÑfr jS MkxGS p< ldSA tsfeu[k izÑfr jks lgh miHkksx dj.kks pkoS gS rks ohauSa lqèk i;kZoj.k jks fujek.k dj.kks pkghtSA b.k leSlqèk i;kZoj.k jh ?k.kh t:jr gSA

vH;kl jk lokyvH;kl jk lokyvH;kl jk lokyvH;kl jk lokyvH;kl jk loky

?k.k fodGikÅ iM+w +Ùkj okGk loky?k.k fodGikÅ iM+w +Ùkj okGk loky?k.k fodGikÅ iM+w +Ùkj okGk loky?k.k fodGikÅ iM+w +Ùkj okGk loky?k.k fodGikÅ iM+w +Ùkj okGk loky1- fcjt jk yksx fØl.k lwa iSyka iwtk djrk gk&

¼v½ fo".kq jhA ¼c½ bUnj jhA¼l½ ’kadj jhA ¼n½ nsoh jhA ¼ ½

2- tkuojka uSa ekj.kks can dj.k jks vknsl tkjh dfj;ks&¼v½ panzxqIr foØekfnR;A ¼c½ jktk HkkstA¼l½ g"kZoèkZuA ¼n½ lezkV v’kksd ¼ ½

3- gjh [kstM+h dkV.k ij tqjekuS jks izkoèkku gks&¼v½ tksèkiqj vj chdkusj jkt esaA¼c½ tSlyesj vj fljksgh jkt esaA¼l½ t;iqj vj vyoj jkt esaA¼n½ fd’kux<+ vj tksèkiqj jkt easA ¼ ½

4- xq# tkaHkksth fo’uksbZ iaFk jh Fkkiuk djh gh&¼v½ [kstM+h jS :a[k gsBSA ¼c½ cksjM+h jS :a[k gsBSA¼l½ dadsM+h jS :a[k gsBSA ¼n½ ihaiG jS :a[k gsBSA ¼ ½

5- tksèkiqj jktk jS fd.k nhoku [kstM+yh lwa [kstM+h dkV.k jks gqde fn;ks&¼v½ vHk;fla?kA ¼c½ fxjèkj HkaMkjhA¼l½ bUnzpan fla?koh ¼n½ lokbZflag pkaikorA ¼ ½

lko NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokylko NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokylko NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokylko NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokylko NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk loky1- xq# tkaHkksth jS ek&cki jk ukao fy[kksA2- ihiklj eka; fdlk egkRek tyfe;k \3- tkaHkksth jh cxr esM+rk jks ’kkld dq.k gks \4- ^vksj.k* jks rRle :i fy[kksA5- ^xkspj* fd.k Hkwfe jks ukao gS \

64NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyNksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyNksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyNksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyNksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk loky1- tSlyesj jS jkoG tSrlh uSa tkaHkksth fdlk nks; opu ikG.k jks vknsl fn;ks \2- i;kZoj.k jS larqyu lk: fdlS ikap rÙoka jks laj{k.k t:jh gS \3- i;kZoj.k ckcr tkaHkksth jk dksbZ nks; egrkÅ fu;eka jk ukao fy[kksA4- [kstM+h jh #[kkGh lk: tksèkiqj jkt jS fd.k xkao eka; lS lwa iSyh dq.k vkgwrh nhoh \

ys[k :i iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyys[k :i iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyys[k :i iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyys[k :i iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyys[k :i iM+w+Ùkj okGk loky1- i;kZoj.k uSa lqèk jk[k.k lk: dkabZ&dkabZ miko gS \2- oU; tho vj o.kjk; jS fo.kkl lwa dkabZ uqdlk.k gqoS \3- [kstfM+;ka jh #[kkGh lk: gq;ksM+k [kkl&[kkl [kM+k.kka jk ukao fy[krka Fkdka fd.kh nks; [kM+k.kk jksoj.kko djksA4- ^i;kZoj.k jk ikxksfFk;k* fucaèk lwa dkabZ lh[k feyS \ mtkxj djksA

65MkW- egsUæ HkkukorMkW- egsUæ HkkukorMkW- egsUæ HkkukorMkW- egsUæ HkkukorMkW- egsUæ Hkkukor

ys[kd&ifjpSys[kd&ifjpSys[kd&ifjpSys[kd&ifjpSys[kd&ifjpSMk-W egsUnz Hkkukor jks tye mn;iqj ftyS jS dkuksM xkao eas gks;ksA tn vki Vkcj gk] vkijk firk

Jh izrkieyth lqjxoklh gks;X;kA vkijh ekrk Jherh MsywckbZ ?k.kh fgEer jk[k*j vkijks ykyu&ikGudj vkiuaS i<k;k&fy[kk;kA vkijh l:vkr jh f’k{kk tokgj fo|kihB] dkuksM vj tuS x#q dqy] NksVhlknM+h eas gks;hA iNS vki chdkujs jS lsfB;k tSu Nk=kokl eas jS;*j ch- vs- djh vj ckn eas ukSdjh djrkFkdka egkjk.kk Hkwiky dkyst mn;iqj law vse- vs- fgUnh vj mn;iqj fo’ofo|ky; lwa ^jktLFkkuh yksdukV~;ijaijk eas esokM+ jks xojh&ukV;~ vj m.kjks lkfgR;* fo"kj ij ih&vsp Mh jh mikf/k gkly djhA vckj vkiHkkjrh; yksd dyk eaMy] mn;iqj eas mi funs’kd gSA

ys[kd yksd&lkfgR; vj yksddykoka jk ekuhtrk fo}ku vj xos"kd gSA l: esa vkiuaS fy[k.kjh izsj.kk vkijk cMk HkkbZ Mk-W ujUsnz Hkkukor lwa feyhA vckj rkabZ nsl jh dsbZ i=&if=dkoka eas vkijk 300law Åij vkys[k Ni pqD;k gSA {ks=h; vuqla/kku vj laiknu eas Hkh vkijh [kkl #fp jS;h gSA vki ekfldif=dk ^jaxk;u* vj Nekgh ’kksèk&if=dk ^yksddyk* jk laiknd gSA

MkW- Hkkukor jh dsbZ iksF;ka Ni pqdh gS] ft.kka esa izeq[k gS& yksdukV~; ijaijk vkSj izo`fÙk;ka]yksdjax] yksdukV~; xojh] nsoukjk;.k jks Hkkjr] yksdnsork rstkth] esokM+ ds jkl/kkjh] rk[kk vackojks Hkkjr] jktLFkku ds rqjkZdyaxh] jkenGk dh iM+] dkGk&xksjk jks Hkkjr] jktLFkku ds jkoG]jktLFkku dh HkokbZ yksddyk % ewY; vkSj lanHkZ] esganh jax jkph] jktLFkku dh jEersa] cztjkt dkO;ek/kqjh] jktLFkku Loj ygjh vkfnAikB&ifjpSikB&ifjpSikB&ifjpSikB&ifjpSikB&ifjpS

ladfyr fuca/k jktLFkku jh yksddykoka jh vkNh vksG[kka.k djkoSA yksddykoka jh nhB lwajktLFkku dsbZ ek;uS esa nwtk izkarka lwa gjkoG gSA vBS jh nso ewjfr;ka] iM+ka vj dkoM+ka rks fonslka esaHkh tcjks ukao dek;ksA vBS jh lka>hdyk vkijks U;kjks bZ dykRed l:i jk[kSA okj&fraokj ekFkS rks<kaMk<ksjk rd vBS dyke;h tho.k thoSA vBS jks xjhc lwa xjhc vkneh Hkh vkijS ?kj&vkax.kS uSadksj~;k&fl.kxkj~;ka fcuka uha jSoSA b.k dyk jS Ns= esa vehj&xjhc jks dksbZ Hksn uha gSA vk dyk dBSbZHksn js[kk uha [khapSA vk varl lwa varl tksM+S] fgoM+k [kksySA b.k dykoka jS ikNS lqHkkx] vkLFkk vjfjf)&flf) jk tcjnLr Hkko tE;ksM+k gSA b.k [kkrj gjsd vki&vkijS erS lwa vkauSa iwtS ljkoS vjlEeku nsoSA

fucaèkfucaèkfucaèkfucaèkfucaèk

jktLFkku jh yksddykokajktLFkku jh yksddykokajktLFkku jh yksddykokajktLFkku jh yksddykokajktLFkku jh yksddykokalwjka vj larka jS nsl l:i jktLFkku ?k.kks ukeh vj tksxks dghtSA i.k yksxka uSa vk Bk dksuha

dS yksddykoka jh nhB lwa Hkh vks mÙkks bZt :M+ks&jaxhyks] yweks&>weks vj fj)&fl) jks jaxjst gSAyksddykoka mÙkh gh iqjk.kh gS ftÙkh iqjk.kh feu[k jh lH;rkA ?k.kkbZ iqjk.kk tekuk lwa feu[k vkijSfgjnS jS mekoka uSa jax&jksxu lwa dksj*j rjS&rjS jk Hkkar&Hkarko.k vj :i&:iko.k nsorks jS;ks gSAVkcjka jk Vijk vj ?kjkSank lwa ys;*j cMk&cw<ka jk ?kjk&dksBk rd esa yksddykoka jk ykyk&eksrh ns[;ktk; ldSA ;ka yksddykoka jks oxhZdj.k b.k Hkkar lwa dj~;ks tk; ldS&1- okLrqdyk] 2- fp=dyk] 3- ewfrZdyk] 4- ekaM.kk] 5- Fkkik] 6- iM+dyk] 7- xwm.kk] 8- esanh]9- dk"Bdyk] 10- fofo/k dykokaA

66okLrqdykokLrqdykokLrqdykokLrqdykokLrqdyk

jktLFkkuh yksdtho.k esa yksdnsork jh ekueukSrh vj vkLFkk ?k.kh tcjh gSA b.k okLrS vkajk nso efUnj Hkh dsbZ rjS jh dkjhxjh lwa c.kk;k tkoSA csarjk Nktk] vxj jh ydM+h jk pkSxVk vjpanu jk fdaokM+ vj okajh c.kxV vj dkjhxjh vlh djh tkoS dS ft.kjks dksbZ eksy uha vkaD;ks tk;ldSA nsoG&feanj bZ D;wa] vki.kS jSok vkGk caxyk Hkh ?k.kkbZ dykRed <ax lwa c.kk;k tkoSAykack&ykack ckalM+k uSa phj*j csar jk fpd.kk vj irGk Hkkx lwa vkauSa cka/;k tkoS vj iku*j vkr jkekuk lwa m.kjks Nij Nok;ks tkoSA eksVk yksx ctj daokM+ka jh esM~;k c.kok;*j ydM+h jk dsbZ rjS jkckjhd dke jk xks[kM+k c.kokoSA esokM+h [;kyka esa Hkh jk.khth lk: ckal&cY;ka jks caxyks R;kj dj~;kstkoS ft.k eka; lwa Vsjka nsork Fkdk jk.khth uhpS mrjSA rqjkZdyaxh [;kyka esa vêkyhuqeks vkyhlku eapc.kk;ks tkoSA eap ekFkS chl&chl QqV rkabZ Åaph vêkfydk cka/kS T;kauSa jax&fcjaxh Qfj;ka] dksjfdukj~;ka vj diM+k&yÙkka lwa fl.kxkjh tkoSA vka vêkfydka uSa >jks[kk vFkok EgSy Hkh dSoSAfp=dykfp=dykfp=dykfp=dykfp=dyk

fp=dyk esa [kkl rkSj lwa Hkhark ijyk fp=ka jks ?k.kks egÙo gSA lclwa ?k.kk fprjkeC;ko&’kkfn;ka ij ekaM~;k tkoSA vka fp=ka esa rksj.k}kj gkFkh] ?kksM+k] ÅaB] NM+hnkj] paoj <ksGrh vjvkjrh djrh yqxk;ka] ?kj esa Hkharka ij fyNehth] x.ks’kth] irax mMkorks Fkdks Nksjks] HkkStkbZ jS Mkokix jks dkaVks dkMrks Fkdks nsoj] ?kêh Qsjrks Fkdks O;kbZ vj ewlG pykorh O;k.k] eqxnj ?kqekorksiSyoku] ik.kh esa Ugkorh xksfi;ka vj m.kka jk xkHkk pqjkof.k;k ckaljh ctkork fdluth tL;ka jks tk.kSdesjks meM+ iM+SA b.k fp= ikaMm iwrh Hkharka ij ukjsG jh dkpY;ka ;k xk;ka jk ljkokG~;k esa Hkkar&Hkkarjk jax R;kj dj [ktwj jh MkGh jh dwaph lwa dksj~;k tkoSA jaxka esa jpdk uSa ihl*j yhyks] gGnh esa uhacwUgk[k*j jkrks] MkMe jk Nksarjka uSa mdkG*j ihGks] ghjkdlh vj dktG lwa dkGks] FkiM+Ók esa MkMe jksNksarjk HksGk vj ewaxh;ks jax R;kj dj~;ks tkoSA vS jax bL;k iDdk vj xgjk gksoS dS dsbZ cjlka rduha rks Hkharka lwa ÅrjS vj uk exlk iM+SA vcS rks dsbZ jax vj dsbZ czq’k lc c.kkof.k;k fey tkoS] b.khokLrS fprkjS ¼fp=dkj½ uSa fd.kh ckr jh ekFkkQksM+h uha dj.kh iM+SAewfrZdykewfrZdykewfrZdykewfrZdykewfrZdyk

yksddykdkj ewfrZ;ka c.kkoka esa cMks prj gksoSA ydM+h] iRFkj] ekVh vj /kkrqoka jh dsbZ rjSjh nsoh&nsork vj nwtk thoka jh ewfrZ;ka vj [ksy&f[kyks.kk ?k.kkbZ eu yqHkko.kk ykxSA vka esa ekVh jhewfrZ;ka jh dyk ?k.kh ljko.k tksx gSA dkGkxksjk lwa yxk;*j rk[kkth] èkjejkt] ykykaQwyka]vketekrk] jsckjhnso] ukjafl?kh] [kkdy] lkaMekrk] [ksrjikG] ihiGkt] dwdM+kekrk vj dkGdk ekrkjh fgaxk.kk xkao&xkaoka jS nsojk&nsojk esa Fkjih tkoSA dsbZ yksx nsoh&nsorkoka jk ukao c.kk*j vkijS xGkesa cka/kSAek aM.kkek aM.kkek aM.kkek aM.kkek aM.kk

vkax.kS ij ftdk fprjke ekaM~;k tkoS oS ekaM.kk dghtSA ekaM.kk ekaMok iSyh vkax.kk uSaxkscj&ihGh lwa yksih pwihuS lkilwi c.kk;yS iNS vkèkk lw[;k vj vkèkk vkyk vkax.kk ij yqxk;ka :bZjk Qks;k uSa ikaMw jS ik.kh esa cksy uS vki.kh nsoG iwt.kh vkaxGh lwa ewaMS cksyrk ekaM.kk ekaMSA dksbZokj&fraokj gqoks] ekaM.kk rks vol djuS eaMhtSykA fcxj ekaM.kk vkax.kks HkwaMks ykxS vj [kkok uSa nkSM+SAvka ekaM.kka esa nhokGh ekFkS lksGk nhok] pksd] cht.kh] iku] Mkdk] ixY;k] Qwy] ghM] rkdM+h]lkaBk] ikoMh lkaR;k] jFk] tGsch] eqjdh uS xk;ka jk [kqj] gksGh jk pax] [kkaMk] ?ksoj] <ksydh uSa daoGjks Qwy ] rhT;ka x.kxksj~;ka ij pkSiM]+ xkSj jks cslj uS xq.kka] ekaMk&lknh ij lhrGk ekrk] xGhpks vj

67QwyM~+;ka vj C;ko iNS iSyhiksj ] ykMh tn vki.kk ih;j lwa lkljS vkoS rks oha fnu Hkh lqHk ldwu jk pkSd]QG] lkR;k vj vakjS vktw&cktw ukuk&ukuk nhok] dqyM~+;ka] >kM+] okVdk] pM+h&pjdyk uS tGsC;ka ekaMhtkoSA dSor eas dSoS dS daoG law T;aw ik.kh jh] Qwy law T;wa èkj.kh jh vj cjkR;ka law T;aw C;ko jh lksHkk OgST;aw bZ ekaM.kka law ?kj&vkax.k jh lksHkk vj lqokx fx.;ks tkoSAFkkikFkkikFkkikFkkikFkkik

gkFk jh vkaxG~;ka jks Fkkiks nsbZuS mijS tks fp= dksj~;k tkoS okauSa Fkkik dSoSA vS Fkkik dadw]dktj] gjn] fganwj] xs: vj vsi.k lwa c.kk;k tkoSA yqxk;ka m.kka Fkkik uSa dksjuS vki.kk ojr iwjk djSAdjok pkSFk] pwjek pkSFk] jk[kh] ukxikape] lhrGk lkre] gksbZ vkBe] nh;kM+h ue] x.kxkSj vj nlkekrk ij rjS&rjS jk Fkkik dksjuS ojr dFkkoka dghtSA

ljnk jS iwjS i[kokM+S Nksj~;ka vki.kk ckj.kka ekFkS jks nhokj vFkok gMeph jh xksjh Åij xkscjlwa fur gesl uqaoh&uqaoh laT;k dksjs vj cUus dusj] dksyks] gtkjh uS Nksj~;ka xqy jS Qwyka lwa fl.kxkjSAvsde lwa vsdrkgjk lwa l: gq;uS bZ lT;k nle rkabZ ikao&iNsVk] pkan&lwjt] okanjokG] pkSiM+]cht.kh] frckjh] tusÅ] fulj.kh] o;kVdk] [ktwj] eksj] NkcM+h vj ia[kh jS Hkkar jh laT;k ekaMSA X;kjluS laT;k jks eksVks dksV xkG~;ks tkoS thesa laT;k jh cjkr vj uhpS tkMh tksèkk] ikrGh isek] xqtjk.kh]<ksyh] Hkaxh vj mans ekFkS yVdrks Fkdks [kkij~;ks pksj ekaMÓks tkoSAiM+dGkiM+dGkiM+dGkiM+dGkiM+dGk

diM+k Åij fprjke ekaMok jh vBkjh Hkh txtkfgj gSA yksd tho.k esa ts lwjohj vki.kkusdh jS dke lwa nsoG jS :i esa FkjihtX;k o.kk jh tho.k yhyk dkiM+k ekFkS ekaMh tkoSA vka nsoka esaikcwth] nso ukjk;.kth] jkensoth uS jke&fyNe.k eq[; gSA diMk+ jk bZt fprjke iM+fprj dghtSAlkgiqjk&HkhyokM+k jk tkslh yksx bZ iM+ka c.kkoS vj vka iMka jk Hkksik xkaek&xkaek xhr xkrk vj ukpjh laxr lwa jkr&jkr Hkj txSjks djuS vka esa dksj~;k eqtc vsd&vsd fp= jks myFkko.kh djSA yksxkauSa foLokl gS dS iM+ capk;ka iNS dksbZ Hkh fijk.kh ekan ekSr jks f’kdkj uha gqoSA vS iM+ka ipkl&ipklgkFk rkabZ ykach OgSA diM+k ij iNok;ka dksjok jks Hkh vBS tksjnkj dke gSA vS iNok;ka oS”.ko feanjkaesa Hkxoku jh ewjr fiNkM+h yxkbZ tkoSA iNaok;ka o.kkoka esa ukFk}kjk jk dkjhxjka jh dksbZ gksM uha djhldSAxwn.kka a&eSa S anhxwn.kka a&eSa S anhxwn.kka a&eSa S anhxwn.kka a&eSa S anhxwn.kka a&eSa S anh

ljhj Åijyk ekaM.kk esa xwn.kka vj eSanh ekaM.kk [kkle[kkl gSA vkneh jS ej~;ka iNS oha jSlkxS dksbZ èku&laink uha tkoSA vL;ks foLokl gS dS xwn.kk vj eSanh ght oha jS lkxS tkoSA vks ghtdkj.k gS dS gj vkfnoklh yqxkbZ vki.kk ljhj ij rjS&rjS jk xwn.kka xwnko.kks vki.kks iSyks èku&èkjele>SA xwn.kka vj eSanh nksbZ lqokx jk fp= gSA pkoS dksbZ okj&fraokj vj eaxG vksNc Ogks] yqxk;kaeSanh jk gkFk vol jpkoSA eSanh jk xhr Hkh dsbZ] vj Hkkarka Hkh dsbZ] Hkkar&Hkkar jh eSanh vj Hkkar&Hkkarjk xhrA pkoS xjhc ?kjk.kk jh Ogks pkoS vehj ?kjk.kk jh] eSanh lc jS bZ fgoM+k jh gkalt dghtSA eSanhgkFkka jh dGkbZ lwa ys;*j ixka jh ihaM~;ka rd nso.k jks fjokt gSA b.kjh Hkkarka esa eksjdykl] NSyHkaojjh Hkkar] pkSdM+h pVkbZ] lksikjh] vksNkM] xq.kk] Qh.;k&Qwy] pwanM+h] dsjh jks >kM+] Hkejks] ?ksoj] pax]dqaHkdGl] #i;k Hkkar] cktksV] rkjk] irklk] cht.kh uS eSanh jks >kM+ lcka lwa T;knk ljk;ks vj ekaM~;kstkoSAdk’B&dykdk’B&dykdk’B&dykdk’B&dykdk’B&dyk

ydM+h jh c.kh phtka ijyh dkjhxjh Hkh ns[krka bZ c.kSA Hkkar&Hkkar jh iqrG~;ka lwa ysbZuSx.kxkSj] bZlj] rksj.k] cktksV] dkoM+] fgaxGkV] <ksfy;k] yaxqj~;k] nsoh&nsork] pkSiM+ka] [kkaMk] nsonkL;ka]

68oso.k] eq[kkSVk] tarjcktk] dBiqrG~;ka uS xhxyk jks xkMks] ?kksM+k dksj~;k fprj~;k vL;k ykxS tk.kS vkauSac.kkok okGks rks dksbZ Hkxoku jh njxk jks bZt vkneh OgS ldSAfofoèk dykokafofoèk dykokafofoèk dykokafofoèk dykokafofoèk dykoka

gksGh ekFkS Nksj~;ka gksGh ekrk jS [kkrj xkscj jk oMw+Y;k vj pwM+h] j[kM+h] usoj~;ka] V.kdkre.;k] gFkiku] fla?kkM+k] dkiMk] lksikjh] dkaxlh] thHk uS ukjsG jS :i esa xS.kyk c.kk*j vkajh ekGkdj gksGh uSa iSjkoS vj xhr xksBka djSA ldjkar uSa Hkh rjS&rjS jk ldjkarM+k c.kk;k tkoSA yqxk;kaxkscj ys*j vki.kh pwM+~;k&chaV~;ka jk fulk.k ikM+SA nksbZ gkFkka jh eqfB;ka HksGh dj xk;] cGn vj Nkjhjk [kqj ekaM] vaxksBk lwa lkR;k] iku uS ckjhd&ckjhd Fkkik c.kkoS vj vka lcuS iwT;ka iNSbZ ?kjfyNE;kavi.kks ojr [kksySA jaX;kFkdk pkaoGka jk Hkh feanjka esa rjS&rjS jk pkSd iwj~;k tkoSa dsbZ tkR;ka esa ekuojS ej~;ka iNS la[kk<kG esa pkaoGk jks oSdqaB] jkens jk ixY;k] dkGk&xksjk HkS:a] :ikans] rksGkans] lqxuk]MkGh] gM+eku] vacko] rjlwG uS oklx c.kk;k tkoSA

nu Hkj dke dj~;ka iNS jkr uS lqok uS [kkV jks vkljks ys.kks isMS+A i.k vk okr dnh lksph dS [kkVjh cq.kkoV Hkh vsd Åaph dGk gSA eSanh vj ekaM.kka jh rjS law [kkV Hkh ysfj;k] pkSiM]+ Mkck] iqrGh pkSdM+h]tlh Hkkarka eas cq.kh tkoaS vsd Hkkar csotks rks vrjh ckjhd OgS dS v.kh ij tokj jk nk.kk c[ksj nks rksbZvsd nk.kks uhpS uha iM + ldSA dsbZ cMkcw<ka jh tcku lwa vk ckr Hkh lq.kok uaS feyS dS vsd lkai jh vkdjrhjh cq.kkbZ Hkh OgSA vlh cq.kkbZ jh [kkV Åij dnSbZ lkai uha p<SA feBk;ka eas Hkh yksddykoka jk dsbZ :ins[;k tk; ldSA

yksddykoka jks vks ilkj rjS&rjS jh èkkrqoka vj gkFkh nkar jh c.kh phtka] jaxkbZ] NikbZ] flykbZ]lyek&flrkjk] xksVk&fdukjh vkfn lSdMk+a :ika eas ns[k.k uS feySA vka dykoka jS fiNkM+h vki.kh laLÑfrjks yacks bfrgkl tqM~+;ks gSA ifjokj] lekt vj nsl jk lxGk èkje] dje] js.k&ls.k] [kk.k&ik.k]jkx&jax vj tho.k jk dsbZ vkn’kZ vka dykoka eas ?k.kh prjkbZ vj ckjhdh lwa dksjhtX;k gSA vS dykokansl jh HkkoukRed vsdrk vj lq[k lefjèk jh lkaph lk[k nsoS gSA

vH;kl jk lokyvH;kl jk lokyvH;kl jk lokyvH;kl jk lokyvH;kl jk loky

?k.k fodGikÅ iM+w +Ùkj okGk loky?k.k fodGikÅ iM+w +Ùkj okGk loky?k.k fodGikÅ iM+w +Ùkj okGk loky?k.k fodGikÅ iM+w +Ùkj okGk loky?k.k fodGikÅ iM+w +Ùkj okGk loky1- jktLFkku uSa jaxjst dSo.k lwa b.k iznsl jh dkabZ fo’ks"krk izxV gksoS \

¼v½ lwjka vj larka jks nslA¼c½ ine.kh fL=;ka jks nslA¼l½ jaxjstka jh cLrh jks nslA¼n½ Hkkar&Hkkar jh yksddykoka jks nslA ¼ ½

2- tdk lwjohj vki.kk usdh jS dke lwa nsoG jS :i esa FkjihtX;k] okajh tho.k&yhyk diM+kekFkS ekaMh tkoS* b.k dyk uSa dkabZ dSoS \¼v½ iM+A ¼c½ FkkikA¼l½ ekaM.kkA ¼n½ xwn.kkaA ¼ ½

3- ^nksbZ lqokx jk fp= gSA* vS nks fp= fdlk gS \¼v½ eSanh vj FkkikA ¼c½ ekaM.kk vj iM+A¼l½ ekaM.kk vj iM+A ¼n½ xwn.kka vj eSanhA ¼ ½

694- yksddykoka esa ^Fkkik* ekaM.kS lwa vk’k; gS&

¼v½ xkscj Fkki.kS lwaA¼c½ gkFk jh vkaxG~;ka jks Fkkiks ekaM.kksA¼l½ ekaM.kk ekaM.k okGh uSa Fkkih nso.khA¼n½ Fkkih law vkax.kks teko.kksA ¼ ½

5- vkfnoklh yqxk;ka vkijks iSyks èkje le>S&¼v½ gjSd fraokj ij ojr jk[k.kksA¼c½ ’kjhj ij xwn.kka xqnko.kksA¼l½ gkFkka esa eSanh jpko.kksA¼n½ xaS.kk&xkaBk èkkj.k dj.kksA ¼ ½

lko NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokylko NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokylko NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokylko NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokylko NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk loky1- yksddykoka jS ikNS fd.k rjS jks Hkko tqM+~;ksM+ks gS \2- gGnh esa uhacw feyk;uS fdlks jax c.kkbZtS \3- gksGh ekFkS Nksj~;ka fd.kjh ekGk c.kk;uS gksGh ekrk uSa iSjkoS \4- MkW- egsUnz Hkkukor jh fy[;ksM+h fd.kh nks iksF;ka jk ukao crkoksANksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyNksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyNksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyNksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyNksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk loky1- ^iM+* dq.k ckapS vj fda;ka ckaphtS \2- ekaM.kk ekaM.k lwa iSyka yqxk;ka uSa dkabZ&dkabZ dj.kks iM+S \3- rht&fraokj ekFkS fd.k Hkkar jk ekaM.kk ekaM.k jks fjokt gS \4- uhpS fy[;ksM+k lcnka jk rRle :i fy[kks&lkR;k] lqokx] ljkn] laT;k] ?kjfyNeh

5- b.k ikB esa NI;ksM+h fd.kh ikap yksddykoka jk ukao fy[kksAys[k :i iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyys[k :i iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyys[k :i iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyys[k :i iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyys[k :i iM+w+Ùkj okGk loky1- ^nsl jh HkkoukRed vsdrk vj yksddyk* fo"k; ekFkS lkS lcnka esa vsd ys[k fy[kksA2- xwn.kka vj eSanh ekaM.k jh yksddyk uSa foLrkj lwa le>koksA3- jktLFkku esa fHkfÙk&fp= mdsj.k jh ywaBh ijaijk jS;h gSA b.k dyk jh [kkfl;rka foLrkj mtkxj djksA4- ^yksddyk jh nhB lwa jktLFkku ?k.kks :M+ks&jaxhyks gSA* [kqyklks djksA

70lqesjflag ’ks[kkorlqesjflag ’ks[kkorlqesjflag ’ks[kkorlqesjflag ’ks[kkorlqesjflag ’ks[kkor

ys[kd&ifjpSys[kd&ifjpSys[kd&ifjpSys[kd&ifjpSys[kd&ifjpSJh lqesjflag ’ks[kkor jks tye lhdj ftyS jS ljoM+h xkao esa gks;ksA vki fganh esa vse- vsvj

ch- vsM- jh ijh{kkok a ikl djhA vki jktLFkku j S f’k{kk foHkkx es a vè;kid gSAjktLFkkuh vj fganh jk lkfgR;dkj Jh ’ks[kkor lkfgR; jh lxGh foèkkoka ij dye pykbZ

gSA vkijS ys[ku ij njl.k vj euksfoX;ku jh xgjh Nki gSA vkijh dkO;&iksFkh ^es?kekG* ?k.kh pjpkesa jS;hA ^jkoGS jh jkrka* vj ^nsoG dadkGh* vkijh nwth pjfpr Ñfr;ka gSA vkijS ys[ku esa fopkjkajh eatkoV vj ek;M+ Hkk"kk jh eBksB ljko.k tksx gSAikB&ifjpSikB&ifjpSikB&ifjpSikB&ifjpSikB&ifjpS

ladfyr fucaèk ^jktLFkkuh fucaèk laxzg* lwa fy;ksM+ks gSA b.kesa ys[kd jktLFkku jh izkÑfrdfo’ks"krkoka jS lkxS eku&ejtknk vj vk.k&ck.k ij feV.k vkGk lwjka] larka] vj dfo;ka jS njl.kjh O;k[;k djrka Fkdka xw< fpard c.kX;ks gSA rqdkar x| [kaM] mi;qDr fo’ks"k.k] HkkokRed ’kSyh vjizokgiw.kZ Hkk"kk jS dkj.k b.k fuca/k jh vkèkqfud jktLFkkuh lkfgR; esa Bkoh BkSM+ gSA

fucaèkfucaèkfucaèkfucaèkfucaèk

jktLFkku vj m.kjks tho.k&njl.kjktLFkku vj m.kjks tho.k&njl.kjktLFkku vj m.kjks tho.k&njl.kjktLFkku vj m.kjks tho.k&njl.kjktLFkku vj m.kjks tho.k&njl.kjktLFkku HkqtcfG;ka jh èkjrh] lroarh inef.k;ka jh fijFkh vj ok.kh jk ojn liwrka jh taxG&eaxG

e#/kjk] ft.kjS #rcS jk fl[kj vacj law vM+S vj lk[k jh tM+ka irkG eas cMS+A feu[k&ekuoh vSMk+ dS Hkqtkokaij Hkokuh fgyksjk ysoS] ft.kjh dhjr dFkkoka [;krka eas Hk.khtS vj ckrka eas lq.khtSA vk.k ij thoS vj ck.kij ejSA ok.kh jks vkst vj ljhj jks rst blks dS lhl fcgw.kk èkM+ tw>S vj èkM+ fcgw.kk eqaM eqGdSA jtiwrhvj etcwrh jS HkjkslS vk;S fnu ej.k fraokj euS vj tl dhjr jk xk;d tkpdka uaS ekFkka jS vk[kka jh fraokjh?kkyhtSA cxr iM+~;ka tkSgj jh fprkoka uS nhofV;k c.kk*j nsg jk fnoyk èkjhtS] T;kajS èki&èki fnirS pkan.kSeas thoV jk vej vk[kj fy[khtSA dFk.kh vj dj.kh eas varj uha] tho.k&ej.k nksuwoka jks fuLdke Hkkouklaw oj.k djSA

jktLFkku jks yksdtho.k fgoM+S jh èkhj eaFkj Hkkouk jh jlèkkj lwa flapht*j frjir gqoS vjm.kjS csx jh ck< esa ÅQ.kS&NGdSA i.k vksNk fopkjka jh [kkt&[kqnGh uS [kksjrks&[kqtGkrks dwdjjh tw.k uha thoSA vi.kS HkksGSHkkGS lqHkko jS vaèk fo’oklka jh vsdkar xqQkoka esa ukgj jh fuf’par fuanjkeas t:j m?kS] i.k >wB&ik[kaM jh dkGh [kksMka esa fgMd+S Y;kGh jh fta;ka Hkj.kHkV gq;ka Hkaqbtrks dksuhafQjSA pkiywlh jS fo"k jh yhy m.kjS jkrS jxr esa dnS O;ki uha ldSA

jktLFkku jh èkjrh xksjk èkksjka jh] exjS vj eksjka jhA fnu esa ÅdGS] jkr uSa BjSA ck*jk ck*jkdkslka FkGh jh dkGh [kksM+k vj gj~;k&Hkj~;k esokM+h Hkk[kj b.kuSa taxG&eaxG c.kkoSA dnS vkFkw.khdwaVka lwa dkGh&ihGh vkaèkh vkoS rks dnS mrjk/k dkauh lwa ?kwej ?kkyrh dGk;.k meVSA lko.k esa vBSjh ijdr vks<h&iS*jh uoy cuM+h&lh vksiS rks Qkx.k esa vkVh&ikVh ys*j lwrh nqgkx.k&lh ykxSAljn iqU;w jh jkrka uSa vBS jh mukGh jkrka ekr djSA cjlkGS jh #r Nkrka ij p<&p<*j eksjokj.kk&lk ysoS rks lh;kGS vkdkl esa iaxr ckaèk*j mMh dqjtM+~;ka jh lqjka esa ^lksjB* vj ^fugkyns*

71jk xhrka lwa xwatS rks jsoM+ka jk V.k&e.k cktrk Vksdjk lwulV nks*ikjh jS lj.kkVS uSa eq[kj c.kkoSA>ka>ka&lh >.kdS T;wa Hkw[kk&frlk;k Vkcj B.kdSA tk.kS jhrk ?kM+k >cGdS rks la>Ók jS leS feanjnsojk >kyj vj uxkjka lwa xj.kkoS tn tk.kS vlk< jk cknG xktSa cwanh jk uogRFkk ukgj] lqy[k.kkukxkSjh [kkai jk cSY;k vj ch[kka cSo.kk chdkusjh ÅaV e#Hkkse jS lwjki.k] lhy vj eneLrh jk izrhdAik.kh&irlGk i.k ihof.k;ka jS thoV jk lhl fl[kj vkdklka Mh?kk] xkao&xkao esa nsoG] dkadM+&dkadM+esa ixY;k] lfr;ka vj tw>kjka jh tl xkFkkoka dSoSA d.k&d.k jxr >dksG~;ks vj ix&ix ryokjkafHkf.k;ks ft.kka jks dksbZ tokc uhaA tqxka twuh] [kGka lwuh] catM+] iM+rh Åij mtkM+] vk jktLFkku jh/kjrh] ft.kjks ir&ik.kh*j lkrw lenjka jks tG lkslf.k;k vxLr fjlh jS Hkh xGS esa vVd tkoSA b.kokLrS vk j.kcadk HkqtcfG;ka jh èkjrh vj tkSgj dj.k okGh inef.k;ka jh fijFkh cktSA

jktLFkkuh uj&ukgj ejnkuxh jks egkjFkh] iqjlkjFk jks fgek;rh] ohjrk esa cstksM+A lwjoksablks dS ej.kuS ej tkoS i.k ihB uha fn[kkoSA lqxjki.k jh ejtkn jk[kS vj uqxjks uha c.kSA vki.kkavkxS viwBks i.k vfj;ka lkaeks vk?kksA jtoV jh jhr thoV jS HkjkslS thoS ejSA vi.kh lhao #[kkGS vjijk;h VkGSA ft.kjks fuiT;ks vUu&tG HkksxS m.k èkjrh ekrk jh gnka ijk;S ixka myka?k.k uha nsoSAft.k tke.k jk cksck pwa?kS m.kjS nwèk uSa uha ytkoSA ckadM+yh ewaNka ij ik.k iVdS rks tk.kS dkG jk dsl[khap j;ks gksoS dS m.kakjS vsd&vsd ckG jh dher dwar j;ks gksoSA nk<h ij gkFk QsjS rks tk.kS tokuhvj jokuh jks ik.kh ij[k j;ks gksoS dS cq<kiks vk;ka iSyh jks vkslj <wa< j;ks gksoSA dslfj;k ckxks]dlwey ik?k vj gfFk;kjka lwa ySl vj vlokjh uSa ?kqM+yks&vks jktLFkkuh chj jks ijaijkxr:i&l:iA ekFkka jS eksy gkj&thr jks fuj.kS gksoSA Hkjkslks djS rks Hkqtkoka jks] i.k fo’okl esa vj daBdVkuks Hkh ikNks uha fljdSA fgEer jS ik.k èkjrh ykVS vj eSur etwjh jS cwrS tekjks dkVS] i.k vksljlk: jkrS jxr lwa gksGh [ksyrka Hkh uha f>>dSA larkslh lHkko] i.k vM+ tkoS rks vkxyS uSa NBh jksnwèk ;kn fnjk*j ekuSA egkHkkjr jk ohjka jh vkrekoka jk ts dBS njl.k gqoS rks jktLFkku esaA ckGw jsrljh[kks BaMks ?k.kks rks xje gksrka Hkh tst uha ykxSA uj gh dkabZ] lkapdyks ukgj]A jtiwrh vj etcwrhuSa oSjh Hkh ljkork&ljkork uha v?kkoSA tha jks [kkoS] m.kjh iwjh ctkoSA

jktLFkkuh je.kh mukGS jS rkoM+S esa riS vj ywoka ykxS rks m.kjh daoGh dk;k NqbZ&eqbZ jhT;wa dqeGkoS] i.k fprk jh vxuh jS èkIiM+ckst esa xaxk&fluku jks vk.kan ywVS rks :a&:a gqGlS vjfu[kjSA ?kwa?kfV;S jks iYyks m?kkM+S rks lksGk lwjt ÅxS vj vaèkkjks lSapu.k gqoS] i.k fodjkG c.k*j dksidjS rks j.kpaMh&lh ykxSA jh>S rks panjdkar ef.k&lh nh[kS vj [kh>S rks lkeha >kad*j uha ns[kSA rwBSrks ljoj okjS vj :BS rks C;kt lesr cnGks ysA ir jS ik.kh lr jh dkrh UgkoSA ft.kjS lwaoS fyykM+lqgkx jh fcanh tk.kS Hkksj jS vkdkl esa lwdj rkjks èki&èki nhiSA xksMk rk.kh >wyrh cS.kh tk.kS ckldukx m.kjh lhy&laink jh #[kkGh dj j;ks gqoSA dVhyk uS.k] tk.kS lisrh jS fel lr uSa mtkGS]yykbZ jS C;kt usg jh ykyh jpkoS vj dkfGek jS cgkuS èkhjrk vj xaHkhjrk jh xgjkbZ trkoSA ckQ.kkHkaokjka jks ijl djS rks tk.kS mM.k uSa vkrqj Hkaojka jh ika[kM~;ka gqoSA xksj&fuNksj panzcnu lwa lkyhurkQwVS] tk.kS ljn iwU;w jh pkan.kh fu[kj jh gqoSA lksGk fl.kxkj dj*j eèkjh pky pkyS rks eLrh jkgLrh ekjx NksM*j fuj[kSA ft.kjS vkapG jS nwèk jh èkkj lwa pêku QkVS vj iho.k okGk ujfla?kka jhngkM+ lwa vfj;ka jk dkGtk cSBSA vka inef.k;ka jk tkSgj bfrgkl esa vuwBk vj csfelkyA ukjh dSuk*jhA vcGk ugha lcGkA vsd ekVh jh vusd] tk.kS eerk jh ewjr jh ljcO;kih Nk;k] i.k ek;kugha] tk;kA ine.kh Hkh] pu.k HkhA dke.k Hkh vj tke.k HkhA ft.kjS nwèk jh rklhj latho.kh lxrhftlh vj lhy jh ejtkn fyNe.k js[kk tSM+h] ck jktLFkkuh je.khA

72jktLFkkuh fjpkdj vj dfo] jfo jh fdj.kka tBS iSB uha gksoS] mBS iwxS vj Hkkouk jS vFkkx

jrukdj esa fpqcdh yxk*j Hkkoka jk yk[kh.kk eksrh lksèkS] b± okLrS ckajh cksyh uSa yk[kh.kk cksy dSoSAT;kajh ojn ok.kh eqjnka uSa txkoS vj thorka uSa vejrk jks ekjx crkoS] cS ryokjka lwa csfj;ka jks fuuk.kdj*j lwjki.k jh lk[k fuitkoS vj ohjrk jh HkkoHkh.kh jl/kkj lwa lhap*j tho.k jk vejQG iSnk djSAdye] [k³~x vj fo’okl jk èk.kh esa lqjlr] Hkqtkoka esa Hkokuh vj vkrek esa vlhe jks v.kgn vk.kanfuokl djSA thoV jS xk;d vj lejHkkse jS uk;d dfo jh dfork ikxy jks ijGki dksuha] vkrejks mrdlZ gqoSA ok.kh thHk ij cSB*j lkalka jh ljxe ij txtho.k uSa ljlkoSA ohj] fl.kxkj vjd#.k jlka jh frjos.kh lks ckajks lkfgR; ftdS esa voxkg.k djf.k;k b.k yksd esa fuLdke Hkkouk jSdjetksx jh izsj.kk ysoS vj ijyksd Hkh lqèkkjSA jktLFkku jk vS lejFk xk;d ÅapS lwa Åapka lqjka esatxtho.k jh lPpkbZ uSa ijxV djS ftdh Lkzksrk jS eje uSa lhèkh ijlSA cakjS okd~&ck.kka jks fulk.kksvpwd i.k vlj latho.kh jksA irks ugha vSM+k fdrkd bZljnkl] fijFkhjkt vj lwjtey lkj[kku[krj vkijh fdjR;ka jS lkFkS <G~;k vj fclj~;kA ltZ.kk dj.kks ckajks èkje vj lkj laHkkG jk[k.kksikNyka vj ihf<;ka jks QjtA vkSj nslka eas b.;k&fx.;k dfo gq;k rks vBS iwjh tekr vj tkr&pkj.kkavj ckjBka jh] T;akjS ohj jl jS lkfgR; jh VDdj jks lkfgR; fd.kh nwth Hkk"kk esa fljT;ks uha x;ksAdfo;ka jh b.k tekr jks dke cfGnku vj fo’okl jk laLdkj tx t.k esa txk.kks] ftdS uSa vS iwjhrjS fuHkk;ksA

rks] ryokj jh èkkj ij th.kks] cfGnkuh Hkkouk jks vklo ih.kks vj jkrS jxr jh j.kxaxk esafluku dj*j rkrS yksgh lwa iqj[kka jks rji.k dj.kks jktLFkku jks ije èkje vj pje j;ksA ft.kjhfutjka esa ^djyS lks dke vj HktyS lks jke*A dke&vkjke jh b.k lhèkh&lknh vj csykx ifjHkk"kkesa jktLFkku jS tho.k&njl.k jh laiwj.k Hkkouk >GdSA L;kr dke vj jke jh bÙkh O;kid O;k[;klalkj jk chtk njl.k&xzaFkka esa uha feySA xhrk vj mifulnka jS djeokn] bZLojokn nksuoka uSa nks inesa latks ns.kks jktLFkkuh nkjlf.kd fjpkdkj jh lkejFk ijxV djSA xhrk vj mifulnka jS njl.kuSa ljy vj ljl c.kk*j vBS jks yksdekul vi.kk;ksA dke cks ftdks dj.kS tksx vj jke cks ftdSuSa varjkRek ekuSA dke dj.kS lwa yksd vj jke uSa Hkt.kS lwa ijyksd lqèkjSA dke dj.k jS lkFkS jkeuSa Hkh HktS rks lksuks*j lqxaèkA ^djyS dke jks* vjFk vks Hkh dke cqjks dksuha] vycr djrka Hkyk gh cqjkcktSA dke vj vdke jks Hksn vi.kks vi.kh èkkj.kk vj foLoklka eqtc gqoSA b.kha Hkkar HkyS&cqjS jksfuj.kS djrk jS foosd ij NksM*j jktLFkkuh njl.k dje uSa egrk nsoSA HktyS lks jke jks eryc dSvkLFkk jks gh ukao bZLojA Qsj dkabZ vkS vj dkabZ cks] eu ekuS lksA i.k irS jh ckr vk dS b.k fjpk jksiSyMks in ukfLrd HkkSfrdrk vj nwljks vfl jks leU; vkSj Hkh pks[kks jSoSA lkjk er&erkar.kjka lwa ijSb.k fjpk jh O;kidrk vj lw>&cw> jS ik.k vk fuLi{k ekurk jktLFkkuh fjpkdkjka uSa xw< fpar.k vjnwj&nslka jk èk.kh nklZf.kdk,a jh iSyM+h iaxr esa Y;k [kM+~;k djSA

vH;kl jk lokyvH;kl jk lokyvH;kl jk lokyvH;kl jk lokyvH;kl jk loky?k.k fodGikÅ iM+w +Ùkj okGk loky?k.k fodGikÅ iM+w +Ùkj okGk loky?k.k fodGikÅ iM+w +Ùkj okGk loky?k.k fodGikÅ iM+w +Ùkj okGk loky?k.k fodGikÅ iM+w +Ùkj okGk loky1- ft.k jks [kkoS] m.kjh iwjh ctkoSA* b.k dFku lwa ohj jS pfjr jh dkabZ [kwch izxV gksoS \

¼v½ lwj&ohjrkA ¼c½ drZO;ijk;.krkA¼c½ LokehHkfDr ¼n½ bZekunkjhA

2- jfo jh fdj.kka jh iSB uha gksoS] mBS dq.k iwxS \¼v½ dfoA ¼c½ ohjA¼l½ nslHkxrA ¼n½ LokfHkekuhA

733- ys[kd jh nhB lwa jktLFkku jS tho.k&njl.k jh laiw.kZ Hkkouk fd.k mfDr esa >ydS \

¼v½ ft.kjks [kkoS] m.kjh iwjh ctkoSA¼c½ fgEer jS ik.k èkjrh ykVS vj eSur etwjh jS cwrS tekjks dkVSA¼l½ ft.k tke.k jks cksck pwa?kS m.kjS nwèk uSa uha ytkoSA¼n½ djyS lks dke vj HktyS lks jkeA

4- egkHkkjr jk ohjka jh vkRekoka jk njl.k gqoS&¼v½ jktLFkku esaA ¼c½ xqtjkr esaA¼l½ fnYyh esaA ¼n½ fgekpG iznsl esaA

lko NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokylko NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokylko NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokylko NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokylko NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk loky1- jktLFkku jh èkjrh jh dkabZ fo’ks"krk gS \2- bZljnkl] fijFkhjkt vj lwjtey dq.k gk \3- ^jtiwrh vj etcwrh* jks vjFk crkoksA4- ^fgEer jS ik.k èkjrh ykVSA* dq.k \5- ^xksjk /kksjka jh] exjk eksjka jh*] fd.kjS okLrS dFkhT;ks gS \NksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyNksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyNksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyNksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyNksVS iM+w+Ùkj okGk loky1- jktLFkku jks ije èkje vj pje dkabZ jS;ks gS \2- ^jktLFkkuh ohj* jh nks [kkfl;rka jks [kqyklks djksA3- cwanh] ukxkSj vj chdkusj fd.k&fd.k ilqoka lk: izfl) gS \4- uhpS fy[;ksM+k lcnka jk foykse lcn fy[kks&

jh>.kks] nqgkx.k] rkoM+ks] rwB.kks] vcGk] eqjnksA5- uhpS fy[;ksM+k rn~Hko lcnka jk rRle :i fy[kks&

vk[kj] frjir] fijFkh] lqjlr] lhaoAys[k :i iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyys[k :i iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyys[k :i iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyys[k :i iM+w+Ùkj okGk lokyys[k :i iM+w+Ùkj okGk loky1- jktLFkku jS yksdtho.k jh [kwfc;ka jks [kqyklks lkS lcnka esa djksA2- ^jtoV jh jhr thoV jS HkjkslS thoS&ejSA* vk jtoV jh jhr dkabZ gS \ foLrkj lwa le>koksA3- jktLFkku jh ohj&olaqèkjk jh fo’ks"krkoka vkijS lcnka esa mtkxj djksA4- ikB jS vkèkkj ij ^jktLFkku jS tho.k&njl.k* ij vsd ys[k fy[kksA5- uhpS fy[;ksM+h nksuwa mfDr;ka jh O;k[;k djks&

¼v½ djyS lks dke] HktyS lks jkeA¼c½ ft.k jks [kkoS] m.kjh iwjh ctkoSA

74

vc[kk lcnka jk vjFkvc[kk lcnka jk vjFkvc[kk lcnka jk vjFkvc[kk lcnka jk vjFkvc[kk lcnka jk vjFk

bdkbZ % vsdbdkbZ % vsdbdkbZ % vsdbdkbZ % vsdbdkbZ % vsdjkenso raoj jh okrjkenso raoj jh okrjkenso raoj jh okrjkenso raoj jh okrjkenso raoj jh okr

ikrlk ¾ ckn’kkgA dksV ¾ nqjxA foÙk ¾ èku&lainkA pf<uS ¾ p<kbZ djuSA nhBks ¾ ns[;ksAij.kk;h ¾ C;ko dj~;ksA iksgdj.k ¾ iksdj.kA jkdl ¾ jk{klA fdrjsd fnuka ¾ dsbZ fnukaA Åuks¾ xje] rkrksA ÅQf.k;ks ¾ mQ.;ksA fojrra ¾ oÙkkarA nfM+;ka ¾ nMh+ ] xsan A olk;h ¾ clk;hA

bdkbZ % nksbdkbZ % nksbdkbZ % nksbdkbZ % nksbdkbZ % nksx k;x k;x k;xk;xk;

lkjS ¾ dS;k esa] dS;ks eku.k okGksA pk[k jS Vw.k ¾ vBS b.kjks vfHkizk; cqjh futj lwa gSA gBh¾ vBS b.kjks eryc etcwr Mhy dS gkMdS law gSA bZj[kk ¾ bZ";kZA lS.ki ¾ lh/kkiu] lS.kkiu] ljyAgdhxr ¾ gdhdr] okLrfodrkA vHkM+&Nksr ¾ NwvkNwr A

jtkbZjtkbZjtkbZjtkbZjtkbZlhj[k ¾ jtkbZA VkijkS ¾ dPpks edku] ?kkl&Qwl jks ?kj] >waiM+hA fo[kk ¾ foink] d"VA

cxkjkS ¾ rh.kks] [kkMksA [kkepkbZ ¾ gFkkSVh] gLrdGk] gkFkka law cf.k;ksMh+ A ?kkfl;kS ¾ xíks] eksVks fcLrjAypdk.kkS ¾ >sai.kkSA lqHkV ¾ Li"V] lkQ] pkSMS+ ijxVA fèkjxkj ¾ f/kDdkjA eSa.kh ¾ dVqopu] rkuks] O;aX;AdaoGh ¾ eqyk;e] dkseyA

caVokjkscaVokjk scaVokjkscaVokjk scaVokjk sdk:Unk ¾ deZpkjh] xqekLrkA ck[kG ¾ ?kj jks ckjyks pkSd] Nr jS vkxS c.;ksM+ksA c[kkjh

¾ Hk[kkjhA cjtrka&cjtrka ¾ euk djrka&djrkaA :[kkGkS ¾ fjN~;k djf.k;ks] ikS*jSnkjA tsoM+h ¾jLlhA ckaFkk&>ksM+ ¾ }U} ;q)] xqRFkexqRFkk] f>dkGA

lksuS jks lwjtlksuS jks lwjtlksuS jks lwjtlksuS jks lwjtlksuS jks lwjtgqcM+kl ¾ mel] vewf>;ksM+kS okrkoj.kA va.kwrks ¾ vfr] mí.MA xawft;S eas ¾ tsc esa] ikdsV esaA

xGxfp;k ¾ vf/kd ?kh ;qDr HkkstuA dksj ¾ doksA nj bZ ¾ fcydqy uha] vaxS bZ uhaA cqjdk; ¾Hkqjd.kksA v.kh ¾ dksjA gkFkwagkFk ¾ m.kha cxr] rqjarA exlks ¾ ean] rstfogw.kksA fgaoGkl ¾ fg;S jks gsrA

bdkbZ % rhubdkbZ % rhubdkbZ % rhubdkbZ % rhubdkbZ % rhuik.kh vkMh ikGik.kh vkMh ikGik.kh vkMh ikGik.kh vkMh ikGik.kh vkMh ikG

djdl ¾ dM+oh] dkuQkMw + yijthHkh ¾ ?k.kh cksy.k okGh] ft.kjh tcku drj.kh T;aw pkySAmikGk ¾ iSnyA Qse ¾ gkslA tsoM+h ¾ MksjhA tkcd ¾ fcydqyA jksGk ¾ gkdkA yM+nk ¾ vsoM+ jk ilqAcsjkth& ukjktA nkGnh ¾ nfjnzhA iwBk ¾ ikNkA nkdy ¾ MkV&QVdkj] yydkjA gGkcksG ¾ljkcksjA

bdkbZ % pkjbdkbZ % pkjbdkbZ % pkjbdkbZ % pkjbdkbZ % pkjle> jk >kM+le> jk >kM+le> jk >kM+le> jk >kM+le> jk >kM+

Qyk.k ¾ veqd] Qyk.kksA lsoV ¾ var eas] NsdM]+ vkf[kjdkjA ewlkdM+ ¾ cq>kdM+ vBS ^ykycq>kdM+* lwa eryc gS] yky cq>kdM+ vsd dSrk.kks gSA iMwÙkj ¾ izR;qÙkjA csyhiks ¾ fe=rkA dksrd¾ vkMEcj lwa eryc gSA HkksGi ¾ HkksGi.kksA

75xq# f’k[kj lwaxq# f’k[kj lwaxq# f’k[kj lwaxq# f’k[kj lwaxq# f’k[kj lwa

eu[k ¾ feu[k] vknehA vruk ¾ brjk] bÙkkA flj/kk ¾ J)kA Bke ¾ tkX;ka] BkSM+A v’;k¾ vSM+k] ba;kaA d’;k&d’;k ¾ dSM+k&dSM+kA vk’kadku ¾ vk’kadkA dnh ¾ dHkh] dnSbZA rM+dS&rM+dS¾ ijHkkrS] lqcS&lqcSA

bdkbZ % ikapbdkbZ % ikapbdkbZ % ikapbdkbZ % ikapbdkbZ % ikaplkfgR; vj m.kjk HksnlkfgR; vj m.kjk HksnlkfgR; vj m.kjk HksnlkfgR; vj m.kjk HksnlkfgR; vj m.kjk Hksn

osGk ¾ le;A usik ¾ mit] iSnkokjA fljekSc ¾ fljekSM+A lnSbZ ¾ lnSo] geslA vksj.k¾ vj.;A bcjdS ¾ b.k ckjA èk.k ¾ tksM+k;r] ?kjvkGhA ika[kM+k ¾ ika[;ka ¼dYiuk jh mMk.k Hkj.kSjh f[kerk lwa½A cksfM+;ka ¾ chu.;ka] cgqvkaA nkuk feu[k ¾ euxjk feu[k] iwtrk vknehA [kks[kk¾ ’kehQG lkaxjh jks iD;ksM+ks :iA okYgks ¾ fiz;A iwad&cktjh jk flêkA MkaQj ¾ BaMh gok]BkjhA osyk ¾ uLlka] ukfM+;kaA fdjR;ka ¾ rkjkeaMG esa rkjka jks >qedksA

cpucpucpucpucpu[kM+cM+kV ¾ gypyA xSylQk ¾ MQksG] ikxy ¼cqf)ghu½A

i;kZoj.k jk ikxksfFk;ki;kZoj.k jk ikxksfFk;ki;kZoj.k jk ikxksfFk;ki;kZoj.k jk ikxksfFk;ki;kZoj.k jk ikxksfFk;k?kkoS ¾ izgkj dj.kksA [kMk.kks ¾ cfGnku jks mNcA fcjN ¾ :a[k] isM+A vksj.k ¾ vj.; ¼ok

xkspj Hkwfe ft.k eka; isM+&ikSèkk gS vj okauSa dkV~;k uha tkoS½A vkHkks ¾ vkdklA c.kjk; ¾ ouLifrAjktLFkku jh yksddykokajktLFkku jh yksddykokajktLFkku jh yksddykokajktLFkku jh yksddykokajktLFkku jh yksddykoka

:Mk+s ¾ :ikGks] lqugjksA pkSxVk ¾ pkS[kV] eq[kksVkA l.kxkjh ¾ ÜkaxkfjrA fprjke ¾ fp=A eqxnj¾ ?kksVks] iS*yokuh lk:A xks[kM+k ¾ xok{kA daokM+ ¾ fdaokM+] njoktksA xkck ¾ diMk+ ] oL=Afprkjks ¾ fp=dkjA FkjI;ksM+h ¾ LFkkfirA yksih&pwihuS ¾ yhikiksrhA daoG jks Qwy ¾ dey jks iq"iAdSor ¾ dgkorA frckjh ¾ ?kj jS fiNokM+S jks [kqyks vj goknkj dejksA vksNo ¾ mRloA

jktLFkku vj m.kjks tho.k&njl.kjktLFkku vj m.kjks tho.k&njl.kjktLFkku vj m.kjks tho.k&njl.kjktLFkku vj m.kjks tho.k&njl.kjktLFkku vj m.kjks tho.k&njl.kHkqtcfG;k ¾ cyoku] Hkqtcy okGkA fijFkh ¾ èkjrhA thoV ¾ ftankfnyhA dwdj ¾ dqÙkksA vk[kj

¾ v{kjA Y;kGh ¾ HksM+A Hkqabtrks ¾ HkVdrksA jxr ¾ [kwu] yksghA exjk ¾ igkM+] Hkk[kjA nqgkx.k¾ foèkokA dGk;.k ¾ dkGh ?kVkokaA mrjkèk ¾ mÙkj fnlkA v?kkoS ¾ FkkdS dksuha] cksj uha gksoSA cs.kh ¾ pksVhAlisrh ¾ lQsnhA vfj;ka jk ¾ ’k=qoka jkA lxrh ¾ ’kfDrA pqcdh ¾ MqcdhA lwjki.k ¾ ’kwjohjrkAlejHkkse ¾ tq)HkwfeA v.kgn ¾ gn lwa T;knkA iSyM+h iaxr ¾ iSyh iafDr] gjkoG esaA