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LEADERSHIP THEORIES & PRACTICE
HBD 6776
Dr. Kimanya Ards
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
The intentional and/or unintentional use of communication without the use of spoken words
COMMUNICATION
Intentional-Unintentional Communication Intentional messages are communication with a
purpose. Unintentional messages may be transmitted by
action as well as by words.
COMMUNICATION
Nonverbal Communication Visual cues
Facial expression Eye contact Body positioning Hand gestures Style of dress Physical appearance Body movements
CHANNELS OF NVC
Body gestures Facial expressions Eye movement Smell Personal space
Appearance Time Tone Touch Artifacts
BODY GESTURES
Kinesics The study of body movement
Body orientation The way in which we face our body, head,
or feet away or towards someone Posture
The position in which you are sitting
INTERPRETATIONS OF BODY GESTURES
Candidness Open hands
Defensiveness Arms crossed, pulling away
Uncertainty Biting fingernails, twiddling hands
Cooperation Sitting on edge of chair
EYE MOVEMENT
Oculesics The study of eye movement
Eye-contact Mutual gaze Pupil size
INTERPRETATION OF EYE MOVEMENT
Genuine Maintaining eye contact
Nervous Gaze avoidance Gaze omission
PERSONAL SPACE
Proxemics The study of the way we use space to
communicate
Two dimensions Distance Territoriality
INTERPRETATION OF PERSONAL SPACE
Cooperative sitting side-by-side
Competitors face one another
Nervous shaking sweaty hands
TIME
Chronemics – How humans perceive, structure, and use time
as communication
FUNCTIONS OF NVC
Repeating Complementing Substituting Accenting Regulating Contradicting
HOW CAN YOU IMPROVE ON YOUR NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Establish and maintain eye contact
Appropriate posture
Reduce physical barriers
Improve decoding skills
Avoid assuming meaning behind nonverbal cues
LISTENING VS. HEARING
Listening The ability to hear and understand verbal
messages and effectively explain the intent of the message
Hearing Acknowledgement that words are being spoken
via sound waves
The stages of listening
Hearing Perceiving sound
Attending The ability to filter some messages with the
intent to focus on other messages Understanding
Effective translating the intentions of the message
Responding Produce feedback
Remembering The ability to store information for later use if
needed
COMMUNICATION Improving listening skills:
Pay attention to differences in thinking styles. Suspend judgment Explain things in the other person’s thinking
pattern
ENHANCE COMMUNICATION SKILLS Become an active listener (PREPARE)
Paraphrase Recognize (analyzing) Empathize (supporting) Probing (questioning) Acknowledging (prompting) Reacting (judging) Expanding (advising)
TYPES OF LISTENERS
Critic Faker Continual
talker Busy body
I can do better Hand on the knob Finish the sentence
for you Rapid note taker
ASSIGNMENTS
Test questions are due Presentations for week 7 assignment is due
Got questions
REFERENCES
Barnlund, D. C. (1968). Interpersonal Communication: Survey and Studies. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Floyd, K. (2009). Interpersonal communication: The whole story. Boston: McGraw Hill.
Schramm, W. (1954). How communication works. The Process and Effects of Communication, ed. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.