Ky Nang Hoc Tap Sieu Toc the Ky 21

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  • C o l i n R o s e v a M a l c o l m J . N i c h o l l

    K Y N A N G H O C T A P

    HIEU 70C

    T H E K Y X X I

  • K Y NANG HOC TAP

    THE KY XXI

    THU* VIEN KHOA HOC KYTHUAT BU*U DIEN

  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THE KY XXI Ban quyen tieng Vi?t 2007 BachvietBooks Cong ty Sach Bach Viet So 13, To 74, Hoang Cau, Dong Da, Ha Ni Tel: (84-4) 514 8742 Fax: (84-4) 514 8685 Email: infotgbachvietbooks.com.vn Website: w\vw.baehviefbooks.com.vn

    Cuon sach dup"c dich va xua't ban theo hop dong chuyen nhuxmg ban quyen giira Cong ty Co phan Sach Bach Vi?t va Bantam Dell Publishing Group a division of Random House, Inc.

    ACCELERATED LEARNING FOR THE 21^ CENTURY: The Six-Step Plan to Unlock Your MASTER-Mind Copyright 1997 by Colin Rose and Malcolm J. Nicholl Vietnamese edition copyright 2007, BachvietBooks, Jsc, Vietnam This translation is published by arrangement with The Bantam Dell Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    K Y N A N G H O C T A P

    THE KY XXI

    K HOACH SAU BI/6C Dfi LAM CHU T R l TVt CUA BAN

    Nguyen Thu Trang va Nguyin To Tam dich

    NHA XUAT BAN TRI THL/C Ti.. KHOA HOC KY THUAT

    BUU DIEN 5 6 : . y . y . < m f PHU BAN:

  • VAI NET VE TAC GIA

    COLIN ROSE la ngudi sang lap va la Chii tjch Cong ty Accelerated Learning Systems, Vutrng quoc Anh. Ong da tu" van cho nhieu trtrdng dai hoc va tap doan Ion nhif Motorola, Xerox va IBM. dng thudng thuyet trinh tai cac CUQC hpi thao va hpi nghi chuyen de 16n tren toan the gidi. Tai Vtfomg quoc Anh, ong thanh lap mot mang ludi cac trung tam giao due cha me tam cd quoc gia va la thanh vien ban chi dao Learning Society, phdi hop vdi Chinh phu Anh, Hiep hoi Khuyen khich Tai nang Nghe thuat Hoang gia va nganh Giao due. Hien ong dang sinh song tai Anh.

    MALCOLM J. NICHOLL la Tdng giam ddc Cong ty Accelerated Learning Systems d Encinitas, California, My. La mgt ddi tac lam an lau dai vdi cong ty ciia Colin Rose, ong nguyen la mpt nha bao quoc te vdi hai nam lam Tdng bien tp tai Belfast cho td The London Daily Mirror. Ong la tac gia cua mpt so cudn sach trong Hnh vuc y te va thifdng mai va la khach mdi thtrdng xuyen tren cac chuong trinh phat thanh va truyen hinh. Ong song tai Rancho Santa Fe, California.

  • M U C L U C

    GlOl THIEU 7 CHUONGI THfi GIOI DANG THAY DOI 17 CHUONG II BO NAO PHI THUONG 47 CHUONG III GHI NHO VA GHI NHO- 79 CHUONG IV Kfi HOACH SAU BUOC Dfi LAM CHU 107 CHUONGV TAO TRANG THAI TINH THAN DUNG DAN 117 CH UONG v i THU NHAN THONG TIN 147 CHUONG VII TIM RA Y NGHIA 177 CHUONG VIII KICH HOAT TRI NHO 211 CHUONG XIX THfi HlfiN NHLfNG Gi BAN BIET 249

  • CHUONG X PHAN ANH CACH HOC TAP CUA BAN 261 CHUONG XI LAM CHU MQT NGOAI NG0 271 CHUONG XII SI/ KY DIEU CUA AM NHAC 297 CHUONG XIII TU DUY PHAN TICH 313 CHUONG XIV TU DUY SANG TAO 343 CHUONG XV KHONG BAO GIO LA QUA SOM 377 CHUONG XVI GLAO DUC THANH CONG: LY THUYET 405 CHUONG XVII GlAO DUC THANH CONG: THUG TE' 431 CHUONG XVIII PHUONG PHAP DAY HOC SIEU TOC - PHUONG PHAP DQC CAN THIET CHO CAC BAC PHU HUYNH 469 CHUONG XIX DAO TAO TAI DOANH NGHIEP 513 CHUONG XX TAM NHIN 553 PHAN DQC THEM 607

  • GICTI T H i S U

    NgWdilam chii tuvng lai chi'nh la ngirdi co kha nang lam chu tri rue ciia minh.

    WINSTON CHURCHILL

    - The gidi dang thay doi vol sieu toe chua rung thay. - Deri song, xa hpi va cac nen kinh te dang ngay cang trd

    nen phuc tap. - Ban chat ciia cong viec dang thay doi hoan toan. - Mpt thdi dai ciia su" bat on. - Cang ngay cang kho dua vao qua khd de du doan Wong lai. Do chinh la nhiing dac diem noi bat ciia nhirng nam bat

    on cuoi ciing trong the ky XX - nhiing thach thirc ma cac bac cha me, cac nha giao due, cac doanh nhan va cac chinh phu phai ddi mat.

    Thanh cong trong the ky XXI chii yeu tuy thuoc vao mdc dc) ma chiing ta va con cai ciia cluing ta phat tried dupe nhirng

    7

  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THE" KY XXI

    ky nang can thiet den mufc dp nao de co the lam chii dupe nhirng dong lyc lien ket vdi nhau nhir: tdc dp, stf phiic tap va su bat on. Dieu do trong tam tay chiing ta.

    Toe dp ma the gidi dang thay doi doi hoi chiing ta phai co kha nang hoc tap nhanh htfn de thich ling. The gidi cung ngay cang trd nen phdc tap doi hoi chiing ta phai co kha nang phan tich tinh huong mpt each logic va giai quyet van de mot each sang tao.

    Ky nang hoc t$p sieu tdc the ky XXI dem lai cho ban nhung ky nang chinh can thiet de ban co the hpc tap nhanh chong va tu" duy sang tao. Theo nghia do, day cung co the dupe coi la mpt cudn cam nang. Nhung khong chi cd vay. Cudn sach nay ciing dtfa ra mpt so de xua't ve each lam the nao chiing ta co the va phai cai thien each thUc giao due mQt each dang ke. Song trong mpt xa hoi dang can rat gap nhirng ngtfdi co trinh dp hQc thdc cao, chiing ta da thuc hien giao dye WCng doi tot cho mpt thieu so ngudi. Nhung can phai mo- rpng no sang so dong ngudi con lai.

    Dii cho ban co dang la phu huynh hay khong thi chii de nay van co tam quan trpng trUc tiep va vo ciing thiet yeu ddi vdi ban. Nd anh hudng den ban vi ban la ngudi phai ddng thue, la mpt cong dan va la mpt thanh vien trong luc lupng lao ddng.

    Nhirng nghe nghiep cd gia trong tuong lai se la nhuiig nghe nghiep thupc ve tri dc hay nhiing nghe nghiep can phai cd tai nang thuc su tdt, nhu trong cac linh vUc ve am nhac, ngh|

    8

  • COLIN ROSE vA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    thuat hay the thao. Nhiing nghe nghiep lad dong chan tay, lap di 15p lai se do cac loai may moc dupe dieu khien bang may tinh thyt hien hoac dtfpc chuyen sang nhung nude dong dan, noi ma ngirdi ta sin sang lam vi?c voi miic luomg thaip va Chinh phii thi khuyen khich kinh doanh. Don gian la se chang co du cong viec cho nhiing ngudi co hQc thirc.

    Tham chi, neu ban co mQt cong vic tri 6c di nfia thi ban v5n se lo lang. Neil tieu chuan giao due ciia dat nude khong duWc nang cao tren quy mo rQng thi chiing ta se phai chiu mQt miic thue'suat cao hon, san luong kinh te'quoc gia se thap hon va them cac khoan chi phi cho nhiing bat on trong xa hpi.

    Trinh dc) giao dye thap, ky nang phan tich ciing nhu: kha nang quyet dinh kem se dan den su" phu thuQC ve kinh te. Ban se phai doi mat vdi nhirng miic thue rat cao trong tuong lai vi dat nude hau het chi toan nhirng ngudi khong the thich tirng voi the gidi cong nghe cao. Dieu nay dong nghia vcfi viec chiing ta phai chi tra cho khoan ho tro- that nghiep cao hon, chi phi phuc lpi xa hpi cao hon va chi phi kiem soat toi pham ciing cao hon. Tham chi, chi phi y te cung cao hon vi gida trinh dQ giao due va tinh trang siic khoe co mQt mdi tuong quan ro rang. Cac nghien cuu cho thay nhirng ngirdi cd trinh dQ hQc thiic cao hon thudng khoe manh hon va song lau hon.

    Nhin mot each lac quan, su" phon vinh ciia mQt quoc gia la tdng cdng cac bd nao ciia nhiing ngirdi dan song trong quoc gia dd - s\X sang tao va nhung ky nang ciia hQ. Hay noi mQt each khac, tai san quy gia nhat chinh la kha nang tich luy de hQc hdi nhanh hon va thich nghi mQt each sau sac vdi nhirng

    9

  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TO'C THE KY XXI

    tinh huong khong the dir doan dugc. Tuy vay, hien nay, trudng IIQC van chi tap trung vao vicjc quyet dinh hoc sinh can phai hQc cai gi va phai suy nghi cai gi.

    Chiing toi cho rang vao thoi diem thay doi nhanh chong nhu hien nay, Uu tien hang dau phai la day cho con em ciia chiing ta each hpc tap va tit duy nhu" the nao. Chi can hai ky nang sieu dang nay, con ban co the vifrft qua mpi thay doi va sir phiic tap ciia the gidi de tro" nen dpc lap ve kinh te va tat nhien, chiing se co \iec lam trong the ky XXI. Ban cung chi can hai ky nang ay de tim kiem hanh phuc rieng cho minh, de co dupe nhirng moi quan he on djnh va phat trien. Kha nang dat dirpc dieu ban mong muon tuong ling tnfc tiep voi kha nang hpc tap ciia ban. Vi the, neu ban muon song trong mpt xa hpi thanh cong, an loan, lac quan va sang tao, ban can phai thuc sir quan tam den nhirng gi dang dien ra trong cac nha trudng, dii ban co phai la mpt bac cha me dang co con trong dp tuoi den trudng hay khong. Do phai la moi quan tam ciia tat ca mpi nguoi.

    CTJ0C VIEN DU SU(5T CUOC DCfl

    Hpc khong chi co nghia la ban biet cau tra 16i. No khong chi don gian la ban thu nhan timg chiit, tiing chut kie'n thiic chung. No khong phai la thii co the don gian ditng diem so ciia nhirng ky thi de ma do dem. No cung khong phai la dira ra nhung gi ma ngirdi khac da biet. Hpc t$p la mpt chuyen viin du sudi ca cupc ddi, mdt hinh trinh khim pha ching bao gid ket thuc d tao ra stfthau hieu cho rieng ban.

    to

  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    No lien quan den kha nang lien tuc phan tich va cai thien phuong phap hoc tap ciia ban, kha nang nhan thuc ve qua trinh hpc tap va tir duy ciia chinh ban. Hoat dpng hpc tap phai bat dau sdm hon nhieu so vcfi nhiing ngay dau tien den trudng. No con keo dai cho ca den khi ban da nghi huu. Khong bao gicV chiing ta duoc ngimg hpc va ngimg thifc hien nhirng gi chiing ta dupe hpc.

    Vay, y nghia dang sau nhirng dieu nay la gi? Chiing ta can phai tacrra nhirng thay doi mpt each cap bach, can phai giiip cac bac cha me tao ra mpt moi trudng gia dinh giau tinh Idch thich tu duy cho tre ngay tu" nhiing nam thang trudc khi den tnrefng. Cac nghien cuti cho thay 50% nang lye tiem tang ciia bp nao dope phat trien trong 5 hoac 6 nam dau ddi. Dieu do co y nghia gi khong? No co nghia la ban can phai tap trung n6 luc de bien nhiing thang nam nay ciia tre thanh nhirng kinh nghiem hpc tap vui ve nhung van co tac dung manh me.

    Doi vdi nhirng nam hpc tieu hpc, chiing ta can nhung ldp hpc co quy mo nho hon va ca sU ket hpp chii dpng ciia cha me vdi nha trUdng de tao cho tre nhirng bai hpc thu vi, mang tinh thach thiic va phu hpp, co the kich thich tri td md va to duy ciia tre.

    Thi trudng hpc t$p dang thay ddi mpt each dang ke tu" nhung hpc sinh & tuoi 12 cho den nhung ngudi & dd tuoi 80 hay hpc t$p suot ddi. Nhirng phan doan chinh trong thi trudng nay la nhung khach hang, nhan vien va sinh vien.

    Stan Davis va Jim Botkin, The Monster Under the Bed.

    11

  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU T6C THE" KY XXI

    Trong nhirng nam dau 6" trudng cap I I , chiing ta can phai dam bao rang hoc sinh co kha nang tu* hpc de chiing co the phat huy toi da cac co* hpi tu" nhirng ho tro" tucrng tac mdi trong hpc tap. Nhung chiing cung can phai biet ket hdp vdi cac tre khac de xd ly nhiing van de khac, chang han nhu: nhiing van de ciia cpng ddng gan lien vdi quyen lp"i ciia chiing (nhiing dieu lien quan den cupc sdng sau nay). Phuong phap nay se giiip hpc sinh phat trien nhiing ky nang co* ban cho minh, ddng thdi hpc duC/c ky nang tu- duy sang tao phe binh. Ndi each khac, chiing ta can thay doi ca nhiing gi chung hpc va each thdc hgc cua chung.

    Vay con ngtfdi ldn thi sao - tham chi ddi vdi ca nhufng ngirdi co trinh dp cao, "dude dao tao day du", co nhieu bang cap? Nhirng ky nang ciia hg co the du hoan hao cho nhiing nam 1997 nhung se sdm trd nen lac hau va ngheo nan d nam 2000. Cii sau hai hay ba nam, hrgng kien thdc trong hau he't mpi nghe nghiep lai tang len gap doi va dieu do co nghia la kien thdc ciia ban cung phai tang len gap doi sau tirng ay thdi gian, de ban co the bat kip vdi thdi dai. Nhiing ngirdi khong dii manh me, it cap nhat kie'n thdc va ky nang cho minh se bj loai bo. Hp se bj rdt lai phia sau.

    Ban can phai ty hoi chinh minh: Ban dang d dau? Hay tudng tupng, neu linh vuc ma ban dang lam bien mat, ban se chuyen sang nghe gi? Ban co nhiing ky nang gi? Ban can phai gioi viec gi? Ban co san sang ddi mat vdi sy thay doi nhanh chong khong?

    12

  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    Giao su Charles Handy, nha tiTdng lai hpc, nguyen Chu tjch To churc Khuyen khich Nghe thuat, Che tao va Thuong mai Hoang gia Anh, noi: "Suy cho ciing, thay doi cung chi la mot each diin dat khac ciia tang tru&ng, mpt tir dong nghia ciia hoc t$p. Tat ca chiing ta deu phai thtfc hien dieu do va thich thu vdi viec do neu chiing ta mudn." 6ng ke mpt cau chuyen rait hay de minh hpa ve tdc dp thay ddi ciia cuoc song.

    Vao cudi nhirng nam 1950, ong lam viec cho mpt tap doan da quoc gia ndi tie'ng tren the gidi. Hp da len ke hpach cho con dudng sU nghiep ciia ong va se de ong len lam giam ddc dieu hanh cho mpt cong ty con tai mpt quoc gia d dau ben kia ciia the gidi. Nhung chi vai nam sau, khi Handy rdi khoi tap doan, khdng chi vj tri da dude sap xep cho ong khong con nufa ma ngay ca cdng ty kia cung khong con - th$m chlca qu8c gia dd nQa. Do la mpt thay ddi hoan toan sach trefn!

    Thay ddi can phai dupe danh gia. Neu cong viec cua ban khdng lien quan den viec phai hpc tap lien tuc (de xir ly thay ddi), phai du'a ra nhung sang kien, sir dung nhung phan xet, sira chira, du'a ra quyet djnh hp"p ly va phat minh ra nhirng giai phap sang tao thi co the ban se dude tra miic hrorng rat thap hoac cong viec cua ban se dude cdng nghe dam nhan hoac "xuat khau" sang mpt quoc gia khac. Dd thudng la nhirng ky nang ma chi cd nhirng nha quan ly hang dau mdi cd dude. Nhung hien nay, tat ca chiing ta deu can den nhOng ky nang do de cd the ton tai. Ai ciing phai t$p trung vao nhung suy nghi co chat hfdng ve nhiing gi ngudi do can phai biet de co the thuc hien tot cong viec ciia minh cho horn nay cung nhu ngay mai.

    13

  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THE' KY XXI

    Brian Tracy, tac gia cudn Maximum Achievement ( T h a n h cong cue dai) va la mot trong nhirng nha dien thuyet va lanh dao hdi thao chuyen nghiep hang dau cua My, nh|n dinh: "Trudc day, sir khac biet chii yeu gi&a con ngirdi trong xa hc)i la ai co nhieu hon va ai cd it htfn. Nhung bay gid, sir khac bi?t lai la giua nhung ngudi biet nhieu hern va nhung ngudi biet it hern."

    John Sculley, cuu Chii tich ciia hang may tinh Apple, cung dira ra mQt nhan xet rat diing dan: "Trong hen kinh te mdi, tai nguyen chien hrpc khdng phai den tii long dat nGa ma do chinh la nhiing y tudng va thong tin xua't phat tu- tri tue ciia chiing ta. Ket qua la: Chiing ta chuyen tir nhirng ngudi giau co ve tai nguyen trong nen kinh te cu thanh nhirng ngirdi ngheo vc tai nguyen trong nen kinh te mdi chi trong mot dem. Nen giao due ciia chiing ta da khong thanh cong trong viec day do ngUdi ta phai biet each chuyen tu* viec ghi nhd thdng tin sang vi?c hQc nhiing ky nang tu* duy quan trQng."

    Tap chi Time, trong mQt bai bao co tieu de Jobs in an Age of Insecurity (Nghe nghiep trong thdi dai bap benh), da binh luan: "Tat ca cac chuyen gia deu cho rang titdng lai thuQC ve nhiing ngirdi cdng nhan tri thiic, nhirng ngirdi lam chii dude chie'e may tinh ciia minh... Mdt ngudi cong nhan cong nghe cao phai ludn san sang quay trd lai trudng de tii hQc nhiing ky nang mdi, tham chi neu chu lao ddng khong tai tre* viec hQc dd, thi it nhat cd 5 den ro nam, ngudi cong nhan dd lai phai lam nhu* vay mQt Tan."

    14

  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    Mot trong nhung chuyen gia, thien tai ve may tinh, Bill Gates, ngirdi sang lap Tp doan Microsoft, trong cudn The Road Ahead (Con dudng phia trade) ciia minh, cho biet: "Trong mpt the gidi dang thay ddi, giao due chinh la sU chuan bi tot nhat de ngudi ta co the thich nghi. Khi nen kinh te chuyen ddi, nhirng con ngudi va nhirng xa hpi dupe giao due tot se la nhirng ngudi gioi nhat. Nhirng gi ma xa hpi tra cho nhirng ky nang do se ngay cang cao. Vi the, toi khuyen cac ban hay tham gia vao cac chtfcfng trinh giao due chinh thiic di, sau do hang tiep tuc hpc tap. Hay luon tiep thu nhirng mdi quan tam va ky nang mdi trong suot cuoc ddi ciia ban."

    Nen giao dye can phai dupe tai phat minh. Charles Handy,

    The Age of Unreason.

    Va nha tircfng lai hpc Daniel Burns, tac gia cudn TechnoTrends - 24 Technologies That Will Revolutionize Our Lives (Khuynh hudng cdng nghe - 24 cdng nghe thay ddi t$n goc CUQC song cua chung ta), nhan manh: "Tuung lai thupc ve nhirng ngudi cd kha nang dutfc dao tao lien tuc. Hay nghi ve nd nhu- viec phai lien tuc nang cap tai san ciia ban trong suot su" nghiep cua minh. Hay ddi mat vdi no, nhung vien ngpc quy ciia mpt cong ty chinh la thong tin va nhirng con ngirdi trong dd chii khong phai la nhirng tda nha hay thiet bj. Kha nang cap nhat kien thiic ciia con ngudi la vo han song nd thuc su can dUdc dau tu."

    15

  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU T(3C THE" KY XXI

    Chiing toi tin rang sir dau W do phai la nam dutfc tam nhin ve qua trinh hoc tap suot doi, trong do chung ta can phai co sir ket hop ciia cac hoc sinh, cac bac phu huynh, cac nha dieu hanh doanh nghiep va cac nha lanh dao Chinh phii. Chinh sir hon tac do chi ra rang, giao due la chia se trach nhiem. Do cung la cam ket hop tac de gat hai thanh qua tir nguon tai nguyen tri tue giau co ciia loai ngudi.

    16

  • CHUONGI T H GI01 DANG THAY B
  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THE KY XXI

    - Nhan mQt nut nao do va doi trong vai giay, cac but thu di|n tir da dirge chuyen tir may tinh nay sang mQt may tinh khac d bat ky dau tren the gidi. Mot sQi quang nho nhu" soi toe co the truyen tai toan bg phan ngi dung ciia mQt cudn Bach khoa toan thit- bao gom 29 tap - trong vong chua day 01 giay.

    - Cong nghe ve tinh cho phep trao doi thong tin bang hinh anh ngay tiic thi tii Mong Co den Manhattan, tir Lao den London. Hien nay, co hen 1 ty ngtfdi dan co vo tuyen truyen hinh de cung xem mot sir ki?n the thao.

    - MQt gia dinh My co the nhan dupe trung binh 39 kenh truyen hinh - con so nay da tang len gap doi chi trong vong mQt thap ky. Va sap tdi: se la 500 kenh.

    - Cac dir an nghien cu"u, trudc kia mat den hang tuan thi gid day chi can vai phut. TU nhung tien nghi tai gia dinh hay van phong - qua mang Internet - ban co the de dang va nhanh chong truy cap vao nhirng thu vien, trudng dai hoc, tap chi khoa hgc, bao chi, tap chi va nhieu nguon khac tren the gidi.

    - Hon 50 trieu ngudi tai 160 quoc gia tren the gidi da ket noi Internet va trong tuwng lai se cd den 200 ngudi nhuthe.

    - Hang ngay co den 3 trieu ngudi bay tir nda ben nay sang nUa ben kia ciia the gidi. Cac hang hang khong ngay nay cd the chuyen chd 1 ty hanh khach moi nam. Den nam 2000, con so nay tang gap doi.

    - Chi trong vong 4 nam tdi, so lUQng tie em dUQc sinh ra se con cao hon ca tong dan so tren Trai Dat cQng lai. M6i nam, dan so the gidi se tang them mQt lUQng bang tdng so dan ciia

    18

  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    hai nude: Phap va Anh. Tat ca nhirng cong dan mdi ra ddi cung se can phai co thdc an va viec lam.

    - Ong ba cua chung ta co the lam mpt nghe suot ca cuoc ddi. Cha me cua chiing ta co the phai trai qua hai den ba nghe. Con nhiing hoc sinh bo hpc gitia chiing nhrr hien nay co nguy CO chang lay gi lam sang sua la se phai trai qua tir ba den bon nghe - nghe nghiep d day khdng chi co nghia dpn thuan la cdng an viec lam. Bay gid, cau hoi: "Chau mudn lam gi khi ldn len?" da khong con phii hpp mia. Thay vao do, chiing ta nen hoi: "Ldn len chau se lam nghe gi dau tien?"

    Dien thoai di dpng. Di?n thoai tren d to. May Fax. Thu" thoai. Chuyen cupc gpi/chd cuoc gpi. Thir dien tir... Chiing ta co den mpt danh sach dai dang dac cac cong cu thdng tin lien lac hien dai.

    Nha dir doan xu hudng Faith Popcorn, tac gia ciia mpt trong nhiing cudn sach ban chay nhat, The Popcorn Report (Ban bao cao bong ngd), cho biet: "Dudng nhu" thdi gian tu" no trdi nhanh hern so vdi trong qua khii. Ngay l$p tv'c cd nghia la ngay lap tiic, chiing ta con chang co co hpi de diing lai va thd nira. Tdc dp ciia cong nghe dem thong tin den vdi chiing ta nhanh hon tdc dp chiing ta CP the tiep nhan chiing. Cong nghe thong tin khong chi dem lai thong tin cho cluing ta mpi liic ma nd con giiip chiing ta co the tiep can thong tin mpt each chii dpng. Chiing ta thudng rat thong tha, nhung bay gid, chiing ta chang con noi nao de den, chang con noi nao de an nap nira. Chiing ta yeu thich nhirng cai tien tirdng tir vi chiing tiet kiem thdi gian cho minh nhirng chiing dien

    19

  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THfi KY XXI

    ra qua nhanh den noi chiing dang lay di thdi gian cua chung ta. Chiing dang gdp phan vao Hoi chung Sieu toe, cai ma miic dQ chi phdi dang vUQt khoi tam kiem soat ve thdi gian ciia chiing ta."

    Tii do an nhanh den thong tin lien lac nhanh, toe dr) ciia CUQC song thudng nhat dang tang tdc mQt each ro rang, khong the chdi cai. Chiing ta dang song trong mQt thdi dai ma cac ve tinh ngoai khong gian co the chieu len nhung hinh anh thUc te tir Sao Thiiy khi ngudi My va ngudi Nga bay vong quanh hanh tinh nay vdi tdc dQ 17.500 m/h; nhirng kham pha mang tinh each mang ve khoa hQc va y hQc dang dude tao ra vdi tdc dc) nhanh nhu" nhip thd. Trong thdi dai ay, chiing ta co the d dang tiep can nguon tai nguyen tri thiic cua nhiing thir vien ldn nhat tren the gidi.

    CO NHCNG VIEC LAM DANG DAN BlfiN MAT

    Tuy vay, chiing ta cung dang song trong mot thdi dai ma viec lam dang bien mat cung vdi mot sieu tdc tUdng tii. Dau dau ngudi ta ciing ban ve nhiing may mdc cd the cho nang suat gap doi chi vdi mot nUa so nhan luc.

    Khong phai cac nha lanh dao doanh nghiep khong y thtic dupe ve nhiing hau qua xa hpi ciia viec do ma hQ dang phai doi dau vdi mot the gidi canh tranh ngay cang khoe liet va cam nhan dupe nhu cau can phai ty dr)ng hda vi cac ddi thu canh tranh cua hQ cung da dang dan thay the may moc cho sdc ngudi - d moi cap dQ. Nhirng dQng thai do co y nghia rat sau sac ddi

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  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    voi viec hpc tap ciia ban noi rieng va ca nen giao due noi chung, rang chiing ta can phai tim hieu ky hon nira vie mpi van de.

    Tat ca chiing ta deu nhan thiic dupe rang tir dpng hoa dang dan thay the nhiing cong viec mang tinh lap lai va can it ky nang. Do la mpt tin tiic that kho nghe. Nhung pham vi va hau qua xa hpi cua sir chuyen doi do lai khong qua ro rang. Du cho sir that co phai nhu1 vay hay khong thi ke ca nhirng cong viec doi hoi ky nang cao ciing se bi loai bo.

    Trong cudn sach rat thanh cdng, The End of Work (Noi tan cung ciia cong viec), Jemery Rifkin da du'a ra rat nhieu thi du cu the ve su" bien mat ciia viec lam, mpt trong so cac thi du do da dude chiing toi torn tat dudi day. Viec phan tich no khong chi la ldi canh bao ma con la mpt minh chiing ro rang rang giai phap duy nhat cho sir bat on ciia xa hpi la nhung btfdc tien ldn trong tieu chuan giao due.

    Nam 2000 dang diin ra nhu mpt thoi nam cham v&i sot hiit nguon Jut con ngudi manh me, vrfoi xa nhirng nam 90 va tang them site manh cho th$p ky nay. Nd se khuyech dai cam xuc, tang cudng thay doi, nang cao nh$n th&c, bupc chung ta phai nhin nh$n lai chinh ban than, gii tri va the che cua chung ta.

    John NaisBitt va Patricia Aburdene, Megatrends.

    60% cdng viec trong cac nude cong nghiep qua don gian va mang tinh lap lai. Cac loai may mdc ty dpng va may vi tinh de dang dam nhiem dUdc chiing. Hay nhin vap bdi canh hien

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  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU T6C THE KY XXI

    nay, rieng 6" My, khoang 30 trieu viec lam clang co nguy ccf bi danh bai bdi qua trinh to dpng hoa. Dudi day la mpt so vi du thuc te:

    - Tai My, td nam 1981 den nam 1991, khoang 1,8 trieu vi?c lam da bien mat trong nganh che tao nhung nang suit van tang rat cao d mdc 35%.

    - Trong khoi thudng mai ldn nhat the gidi - Cong ddng chung chau Au - nam 1996, khoang 18 trieu ngudi lam vao tinh trang that nghiep. Neu xep thanh mpt hang, hp se tao thanh mpt nua vong quanh Trai Dat.

    - Hien nay, chi co 17% lye lupng lao dpng ciia My la cdng nhan trong nganh che tao, con so nay trong ndng nghiep chi con 2%.

    - Quan dpi (da giai quyet mpt lupng dang ke cong an viec lam vao nhiing nam 1930) da bi cat giam tir 7% hrc lupng lao dpng tU nhirng nam 80 xudng con 5% vao nhiing nam 1990. Khoang 800.000 viec lam da mat di td nam 1989 den nam 1993. Ngoai ra, con 1,2 trieu lao dpng dy kien se bi dao thai vao nam 2000.

    - Moi robot cong nghiep Udc tinh se thay the cho 3 den 4 lao dpng va ty tra lUcfng cho minh trong vong 12 thang. Td Financial Times ( T h d i bao tai chi'nh) cua London dy doan, sd lupng robot ciia the gidi se tang gap bon Tan trong thap ky tdi, td 600.000 len den 2,4 trieu con. Neu do la su thuc thi cung ddng nghia vdi viec khoang 7 trieu ngudi nUa se bi mat viec lam.

  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    - Do xua't khau viec lam den nhung nude co lao dpng re hon va qua trinh vi tinh hoa, chi trong 10 nam, mpt nira so cong nhan det may tai My va Dong Au da trd nen du thifa. Viec lam ciia 60% cong nhan mo va 50% cong nhan luyen kim da bien mat trong vong 20 nam qua; 30% viec lam ciia nhung ngudi thp san xuat sain ldp da khong con trong vong 8 nam; va trong nganh hda chat, trong vong 15 nam, lupng lao dpng giam 15%.

    Co the nhung thi du tren khong co ve gi dang ngac nhien. Xet cho cung, mpt so viec lam mat di la thupc nhirng nganh cong nghiep dng khoi. Con ddi vdi hang dien tii hang dau the gidi General Electric (GE) thi sao? Ban chac do la mpt linh vyc an toan hon? Nhung, GE cung da giam quy mo (hoac "thay doi quy md sang ben phai" - neu ban mudn gpi nhtf vay) tii 400.000 nhan vien vao nam 1981 xudng con 230.000 nam 1993 - nhung lai tang gap ba lan so nhan vien ban hang.

    Thuc te, chiing ta da khong danh gia dirpc mpt each day dii pham vi anh hudng ciia xu hudng nay. Nguyen do chinh la md hinh tu dpng hda trong suy nghi ciia chiing ta rat may moc, gidng nhu viec robot dan nhan thuong hieu len cac linh kien hoac phun son 6 to. Song, sU thuc lai phiic tap hon the rat nhieu!

    Cdng nghe nano mdi se each mang hda nganh che tao trong vong 25 nam tdi. Ve co ban, cong nghe nano la su tao ra cac phan tU bang nhiing may moc sieu nho dUdc dieu khien tU xa. Cac nha khoa hpc dang phat trien nhiing chiec

    23

  • KY NANG HOC TAP SIEU TOC THE' KY XXI

    may nho xiu nhir vay de khien cho chung co the "lam tang trudng" cac may moc va san pham bang each tao dung tung nguyen tir mpt. Nhung chiec may cd phan tir do hien nay deu da xuat hien trong nganh y te. Chung co the di chuyen trong mach mau va lam sach nhirng chat can cholesterol khoi cac dpng mach dang ngay cang bi tac. Trong nganh che tao, nhirng chiec may nay se giiip pha vd chat thai va rac thanh cac nguyen td goc va tai che lai cac nguyen tii nay thanh nhirng san pham mdi, may moc mdi va thanh phan mdi. Cong nghe nano da dem lai mpt each thiic che tao hoan toan mdi, giiip tiet kiem kha ldn chi phi va siic lao dpng. Tat ca deu thupc ve mpt the he.

    Vi du, Chinh phii Nhat Ban da phat dpng mpt chUtfng trinh phat trien may vi tinh trong 10 nam de sao cho chiing cd the van hanh gidng nhu bp 6c ciia con ngudi thong qua logic md (fuzzy logic), nhan dien gipng noi, mang than kinh, quet quang hpc va xd ly song song. (Dii cho chiing ta cd the nhan doi bp nao con ngirdi, khi dieu do cd the dupe thuc hien chi trong vong 9 thang bang nhirng lao dpng khong can ky nang, thi lai la mpt vain de khac!)

    Chiing ta can it nhat la 15 nam nira de mpt the he may vi tinh mdi ra ddi, co the nhan ra gipng noi cua ban va suy nghi de thuc hien mdt cuoc doi thoai "co su1 ddng cam" vdi ban. Chac chan the he may vi tinh mdi cung se tao ra dUdc nhirng hinh anh laser ve bp mat cua con ngudi de chiing co the trong gidng nhu: con ngirdi cung nhu suy nghi gidng nhu con ngudi.

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  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    Life lupnglao ddngMydangtrdthanh nen kinh te My. Do chinh la cdch ma ban bit dau xic dinh dupe nen kinh te My - ve ky nang va nang luc lam viec ciia nhung con ngumdday.

    Robert Reich, B$ trudng Be) Lao dong My.

    Rat nhieu may vi tinh tai cac sieu thi da co the tinh dtfe/c ket qua ban hang tai quay thanh toan va ty dpng chuyen don yeu cau mua them hang den may vi tinh ciia nha san xua't. Trong nha kho ciia nha san xua't, hang hoa dude nh?n, dpng goi, van chuyen va tinh hoa don hoan toan ty dpng. Ket qua la: Trong tat ca hoat dpng ciia nha san xua't d mpi cap dp, can it nhan vien hon.

    Nhu vay la til dau den gid, chiing ta da tham gia vao cupc tranh luan dang rat pho bien hien nay. Qua trinh co gidi hda manh me ciia cuoc each mang ndng nghiep da dan den sy cham diit nhirng cong viec dong ang von gan lien vdi sdc lao dpng va tat nhien, nhu vay cung c6 nghia la giam thieu so lnpng lao dpng lam viec trong nganh nay. Tuy nhien, nhung lao dpng nay lai dnpc bo tri cdng viec trong nganh Che' tao phat trien mdi. Bay gid, cong viec trong nganh che tao cung dang mat dan, nen chac chan, hp chi co the lam viec trong nganh djch vu.

    Hay dung lai mpt chut de xem xet ve nganh djch vy.

    - Cac ngan hang thuong mai, cong ty cho vay va tiet kiem tai My da cat giam 300.000 lao dpng trong 5 nam vda qua va dy doan, khoang 700.000 lao dpng nOa cung se mat viec lam trudc them the ky mdi. So lupng do chie'm den 30%

    25

  • KY NANG HOC TAP SIEU TOC THE KY XXI

    toan bQ l\rc lirpng lao dpng. Tinh trang tuong ty cung dang dien ra doi vdi cac cong ty ve bao hiem. "40% lao dQng trong nganh bao hiem phai ra di trong vong 5 nam tdi' la tieu de noi bat trong mpt bai bao gan day ciia td The Times (London).

    - Hang AT&T dang thay the khoang 6.000 nhan vien tdng dai tii xa (va khoang 400 vi tri quan ly) do ap dung cong nghe nhan dien gipng ndi. Cii trong vong 10 nam, 40% lao dpng bj sa thai trong khi cac cupc gpi van tiep tuc tang them 50%. Xet ve tdng the, nganh vien thdng da giam bdt 180.000 lao dpng trong vong 8 nam.

    - Ke td khi cdng nghe nhan dien gipng noi dtfdc ap dung each day 6 nam, hon 40.000 nhan vien bun dien ciia My da bi sa thai.

    - Thuong mai ban le se thay ddi ve CO ban do sir phat trien manh me cua cac kenh thong tin. Khi loai ti vi tUOng tac xua't hien, ban se dupe xem nhirng bp phim truyen di bang dudng day dien thoai. Dieu do cung ddng nghia vdi sif bien mat ciia cac cda hang cho thue bang dia va dat dau cham he't cho nhirng thiet bj sao chep bang dia mpt each tran lan khdng quan tam den chat luyng. Va, tat nhien, thdng qua ti vi tuong tac, ban cd the mua hang hoa true tiep td nha san xua't. Nhu vay, nhirng nha ban buon va ban le se bj xa hpi loai bd.

    NhUng lieu nhirng nghe nhu bac si, nhac si, nghe si, dien vien hay cac nghe khac can trinh dp chuyen mdn cao cd an toan hon khdng? Chung ta diing nen qua chac chan nhu" vay.

    26

  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    - Ngay 07 thang 11 nam 1992, cong nghe Robodoc, do trudng Dai hoc California tai Davis phat trien, da thtfc hien ca phau thuat co" the ngudi bang robot dau tien tren the gidi. Rat nhieu benh vien hien nay cung dang thir tien hanh cac xet nghiem bang may tinh.

    - Khoang 50% phan nhac trong cac doan quang cao tren ti vi la do mot ngudi tao ra ciing voi nhac cu dien tit, thay cho ca nhom cac nhac si nhu" trudc day.

    - Chiing ta cung co the so hoa cac hinh anh va chuyen dQng ciia cac diln vien va lap trinh lai hang trieu hinh anh de san xua't ra mQt cau chuyen hoan toan mdi. Rat nhieu cac b

  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOG THE' KY XXI

    Diing la chiing ta cung dang co mpt WOng lai khac kha lac quan. Co ngirdi nhin nhan thoi dai thong tin nhu sU ket thiic cua qua trinh san xua't khong hieu qua, chi chii trpng den so lupng, co ngndi nhin nhan su1 phat trien theo cap so nhan trong cac budc dpt pha, kha nang ma cac cpng ty nho co the quang ba san pham ra toan cau qua mang Internet - dieu ma ngai Bill Gates gpi la "tiep thi khong ma sat" - la mpt dieu khong Wong ve su" an nhan ciia con ngudi khi co may moc phuc vu.

    Nhirng nghe dupe danh gia cao hien nay cung dang dan mat di nhung cung ngay cang co nhieu nghe dupe danh gia cao hon. Cong nghe va may vi tinh giiip tang nang suat cao hon, ciing co nghia la hang hoa re hOn, lpi nhu^n nhieu hon va ctf hpi xua't khau nhieu hon.

    Hang hoa re se tang sUc mua ciia ngudi tieu diing, it nhat la doi vcfi nhiing ngudi van con tiep tuc lam vie.c. Nhu cau tang se tao ra nhieu cong an viec lam mdi, dac biet trong cac nganh cong nghe cao.

    Cupc cAch mang tlidng tin lien lac mdi chi bit dau. Bill Gates,

    The Road Ahead.

    Van de tranh luan van tiep tyc. Nan that nghiep co the van rat khac nghiet ddi vdi nhiing ai vap phai no, nhung cudi ciing, sU canh tranh viec lam van se dan den viec phai giam mire Wong va cac chii lao dpng van phai thue ngudi mdi. D6 la mpt chu ky phat trien ma chiing ta da trai qua ba lan - cupc Cach mang Nong nghiep da dpn dudng cho cupc Cach mang

    28

  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    Cong nghiep, tiep do la CUQC Cach mang ve Djch vu va hien nay la CUQC Cach mang ve Tri thiic. Moi Pan thay doi nhu* vay, nhiing cong viec can trinh dQ ky nang thap lai bien mat. Nhirng, ben canh do, nhung nganh cong nghiep trong "lan song moi" cung luon tao ra nhiing viec lam moi. Song, Tan nay, co mot so su* khac biet dang lo ngai: khong chi toan bQ cac cong viec doi hoi it ky nang bien mat ma ca cac cong viec yeu cau co ky nang cao hdn nhir ke toan, cac vi tri quan ly cap trung ciing khong con. Ap liic canh tranh tren quy mo toan cau cung co nghia la cac cong ty tren the gidi se khong bao gid dude ngimg phat trien.

    Dfeu dang Id ngai trong Tan thay ddi nay chinh la cac nganh cdng nghiep mdi. HQ don gian la khong can den so ltfQng lao dQng nhieu nhu trudc day va nhiing ky nang can thiet hien nay lai khong phai la nhiing ky nang ma cac ddi tu*Qng thai nghiep dang co. Chiing ta khdng the dao tao mQt nhan vien ngan hang thanh mQt nha hda sinh chi trong ngay mQt ngay hai.

    Theo sd lieu nam 1996 ciia Lien Hop Quoc, 1/3 so ngudi khoe manh tren toan the gidi dang trong tinh trang that nghiep. Vi vay, viec nang cao ky nang cho ngudi lao dong la m$t thach thiic doi vdi hau he't cac quoc gia tren the gidi.

    Hien nay, chiing ta phai ddi mat vdi van de ty le that nghiep cao vi ngudi lao dQng thieu ky nang. Trong khi do, nhiing ngudi co c6ng an viec lam thi lai dang phai lam vi$c nhieu gid hdn. HQ khdng the giam bdt ap luc duoc vi nhung ngudi that nghiep khong the thuc hien nhirng cong viec hien dang co nhu cau lao dQng.

    29

  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THE' KY XXI

    Chung ta co nen trong dai se xua't kha'u dUQc nhieu hon sang cac quoc gia khac cung dang trong tinh trang ttrong tu?

    Nhieu nha quan sat dy doan, neu xet ve CO cau thi ty If that nghiep (hoac gan nhu ban that nghiep) tai My va Dong Au co the len den 20%. (Nam 1996, tai Tay Ban Nha, con so nay la 24%, tai Ireland la 16%, tai Due la 9% va tai Phap la 8%.) Ty le that nghiep 20% se tuong dUOng vdi khoang 60 trieu ngudi.

    Hau qua la ngoai nhung cang thing, buon phien va dau dm ma that nghiep gay ra, se co mot CUQC suy thoai tren pham vi rong vi nhirng ngudi that nghiep khong the co dii siic mua de mua nhirng hang hoa dUQc tao ra do nang suat tang. Cac khoan thue cho try cap that nghiep, an ninh xa hQi va cham sdc y te tang cao cung se lam giam sdc mua ciia nhirng ngudi cd cdng an viec lam. Dieu nay dan tdi tinh trang: se cd qua nhieu hang hoa canh tranh nhau.

    Cuoi cung thi xu hw&ng duy nhat ma chung ta cd thedu doan dWo'c la tiep tuc thay ddi.

    TS. Linda A. Tsantis, Creating the future.

    Tren thyc te thi dieu do cung dang diin ra. Trong vong 20 nam qua, nhirng ngudi lao dQng chan tay ciia My da mat di 15% sdc mua ciia hQ. The nhung, cung trong giai doan do, mdc chi tra cho cac vj tri quan ly hang dau lai tang dang ke. Nam 1979, thu nhap cua mQt vi tri giam ddc dieu hanh thdng

    30

  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    thudng da gap 29 Tan so vcri thu nhap ciia mQt cong nhan nha may. Den nam 1992, con so nay tang den gin 100 tin. Nguoi giau ngay cang giau len, trong khi do, ngudi ngheo mdi ngay mQt ngheo them.

    Theo mQt ban bao cao nam 1996 ciia Lien HQp Quoc, khoang 358 nha ty phu ciia the gidi co lUQng tai san con nhieu hon ca tong thu nhap ciia cac quoc gia chiem 45% dan so ciia hanh tinh.

    Day khong phai la "su* ghen ty chinh tri" - ma do la su that. Nhiing tien bo nang cao nang suit da giy nen mQt ap luc lam giam thu nhap doi vcri ngudi lao dQng thong thudng nhung lai cho phep tang ldp cap cao ngay cang giau co hem. Chi rieng 1% ngudi My da sd hiru den 37% tong so cd ph'in va hem 50% tdng so tai san kinh doanh ca nhan tren toan nude My, trong khi do, co den 38 trieu ngirdi My khac dang song trong ngheo kho.

    Chua can xet den bit ky tranh luan nao ve su cong bang xa hoi, neu khong cd thay doi, ket qua thuc te van se the tham. Trudc het, nhu ciu se giam neu thu nhap cua khoang 80% dan sd giam. Chi vdi 20% ting ldp cap cao bao gom nhung lao dQng tri tilde va cac cd dong se khong the mua het hang hoa ciia "nhiing nha may khong can cong nhan". Nhu vay, xu hudng chung la chiing ta tuchuoc lay that bai.

    Va lich sd lai lap lai khi ty 1? that nghiep ciia My tang vQt tU 1 trieu den 15 trieu ngudi trong vong 4 nam, CUQC Dai suy thoai nam 1929 dUQc cham ngoi bdi chinh nhirng gi ma nha

    31

  • KY NANG HOC TAP SIEU TOC THE KY XXI

    kinh te noi tieng John Maynard Keynes gpi la "tinh trang that nghiep do cong nghe". Toe dp cua qua trinh tu* dpng hoa chiem cho con ngudi nhanh hon ca toe dp tao ra nhiing cong an viec lam mdi tir nhirng phat kien do. Dieu nay co quen thupc vdi ban khong?

    Dimg mong che* cac Chinh phu se tao ra nhirng chiTPng trinh vi?c lam cong cong de giai quyet van de nay. Hp da "vay" qua nhieu roi. Khoang 20% ngan sach ciia Chinh phu My la danh de chi tra lai vay! Day chinh la chi phi ve kinh te. Cac chi phi vis xa hpi tham chi con kinh khung hon. Nguy CP bat on xa hpi la rat ldn.

    Doanh nghiep, ngti&i lao dpng va Chinh phu phai hop tic vdi nhau de lap day 16 hong ve ky nang va gift dupe sue canh tranh cua ntt&cMy.

    Joan C. Szabo, Nation's Business.

    Neu xu hudng nay con tiep tuc dien ra ma khong co hanh dpng can thiep nao, chiing ta hoan toan cd the dii tinh dupe sir gia tang dang ke cac loai tdi pham va cac khu nha d chupt trpng npi thanh, trpng khi ngan sach cho an ninh xa hpi va trp cap that nghiep thi bung no. Tren time te, chi phi udc tinh ciia My dir phong cho "the he nhiing diia tre mdi sinh nam thu* nhat hoac thu* hai" la 230 trieu do la/nam. Ket qua nhan tien ciia van die ty le that nghiep cao ma chiing ta se nhan dupe la su cang thang, suy sup tinh than va khung hoang siic khoe.

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  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    Neu de nhirng phac hpa d tren xay ra, ching ai trong chung ta co lpi ca.

    SI/BATON

    Vong xoay thay ddi nhanh chong, su phdc tap ngay carg cao va viec lam bien mat ngay cang nhieu da nuoi dudng tinh trang mat an ninh va bat on trong xa hpi. Ban khong the dat duyc thanh cong trong tupng lai vdi nhirng gi ban biet ngay horn nay nira. Ban khong the du'a vao chii lao dpng ciia minh de cd mpt cdng viec on dinh cho ca ddi minh nira. Ban cung khdng the dua vao xa hpi - dat nUdc ciia ban - de dam bao hp se trp giup ban khi dau dm, that nghiep hay khi ve gia nira. Khdng phai vi ban it dirpc quan tam hdn ma bdi vi cac nen kinh te khong gang gUpng them dirpc nira.

    Chiing ta phai ddi mat vdi nhung van de phUc tap dudng nhu vupt khoi tam kiem soat - do la dan so, su' suy kiet tai nguyen, trinh dp khoa hpc cd the tao ra nhirng san pham gay mau thuin ve dao ddc. The nhung, hau het cac vain de nay deu cd the giai quyet dupe, neu da so chiing ta hieu ro va tham gia vao viec tao ra cac giai phap; vi nhirng giai phap nay can sy hdp tac tren mpi cap dp ciing nhu ddi hoi phai co tu duy phan tich va sang tao cao. Richard Paul, thupc To chUc Tu duy Phe phan, da phat bieu: "Xet cho ciing, tat ca quoc gia deu dupe tao ra tU chinh nhiing ngudi dan va ngudi dan thi chi co the nang cao kha nang ciia chinh ban than minh."

    Khi cac van de toan cau va xa hpi gay ra tinh trang thieu an ninh thi vdi nhieu ngudi, cau triic mang tinh ho trp ciia cac

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  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TdC THE" KY XXI

    gia tri gia clinh, truyen thong va ton giao bi sup do. Ket qua la ngirori ta luon mong moi stf on dinh ma ngUdi ta nhan thay dupe trong qua khuf va cam thay ton thuong vdi nhirng gi ma Richard Paul goi la "nhirng ldi ndi sang suot khien chung ta di chech hudng, nhiing thong diep gian dj dudng nhu dua chung ta tra lai vdi thdi dai 'hay thU va ban se thay su that'".

    Tren Trai Dai nay, khong cost/an binh, ma chicd cerhoi.

    Ttfofng Douglas MacArthur

    Do do, ldi keu gpi "quay trd ve vdi nhung dieu ccf ban" trong giao due thudng dirpc hieu la quay trd lai vdi hinh thUc giao vien giang bai cho hpc sinh mQt each bi dpng. The nhutig phong each giang day nay lai true tiep mau thuan vdi nhiing gi chiing ta dupe biet ve hpc tap khuyen khich va hieu qua. Phong each day hpc "quay trd ve vdi nhirng dieu cQ ban" khpng doi hoi cac hQc sinh phai tU suy nghi, trong khi tren thuc te, dd lai chinh xac la nhirng gi ma chung can phai lam khi xa hdi ngay cang phUc tap.

    Mc du chiing ta dang song trong thdi dai ciia nhiing tien bp khdng ngimg ve cdng nghe nhung giao dye da va dang gap be tac tU rat lau roi. That khong may, canh nhiing hQC sinh ngdi thanh cac day ban de xem va nghe giao vien giang bai, gidng nhir 100 nam trudc, lai la canh tUQng hang ngay, qua quen thupc vdi tat ca chiing ta hien nay. Chirdng trinh cho hpc sinh bao gom tir khoa hpc cho den toan, dia ly, nghien cihi xa hpi day nhiing ngay thang, cpn SP va su kien

    34

  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    dpi khong ngdt vao tai hpc sinh, dirpc chuyen thanh tung mdn hpc rieng biet. The nhung tat ca cac mon hpc deu khong dem lai cho hpc sinh lpi ich ciia hai bai hQC dirpc coi la quan trpng hdn ca - hQc each hpc t|lp va hpc each tu" duy - ma chi du'a ra nhirng bai tap thach thiic hpc sinh, khien cho tri 6c ciia chiing khi suy nghi ve nhiing van de thitc sit trd nen rat phiic tap.

    Trong mpt thdi dai ma dieu khong thay ddi duy nhat la ludn dien ra sir thay ddi, trong mpt ky nguyen ma tdc dp thay ddi nhu1 chong chong tham chi con thach thiic hem nhieu thi each day truyen thdng khong the giup ngudi ta dat dupe muc dich nGa. Nen giao due tren toan the gidi dang lam vao khung hoang. Thong thudng, chinh nhirng giao vien "dung ldp" phai ganh chju mpt each khong cong bang nhiing ldi phe binh thieu tich cue do khdng du tieu chuan. The nhung chinh he thdng giao due mdi bj sai ve co ban. That dang tiec la hau he't nhiing de xuat thay ddi chuong trinh hpc hiem khi cd the lam dupe dieu gi tdt hon hien tai.

    V&Y, CHUNG TA CO THE- LAM Gi CHO GIAO DUC?

    Nhu da neu tren, viec hpc nhifthe nao quan trpng hon la hpc dtigi- d$c biet khi ngudi ta khong the du doan tnidc dupe minh can cd nhiing ky nang gi va nhiing gi chiing ta hpc dupe thudng nhanh chong lac hau. Hpc each tu duy logic va sang tao la vd ciing quan trpng neii chiing ta mudn giai quyet cac vain die cua ca nhan cung nhu cua xa hpi mpt each hieu qua.

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  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THE KY XXI

    Khi the gidi quanh ta thay doi nhanh chong, mQt dieu ro rang la chung ta cung phai bat kip vcfi thdi dai. Dieu do co nghia la viec di hQc khong phai la viec den trudng tur khi 5 tuoi cho den liic 25 tuoi, trai qua mQt vai ky thi, lay dUQc mQt tam bang, bat dau sir nghiep va sau do "on dinh CUQC song".

    MQt so nha giao due sang suot dang thii nghiem nhirng phuong phap thay the khac. MQt bai bao vdi tieu de The Learning Revolution (CUQC each mang ve hpc tap) dang tren td Business Week ( T u a n bao Kinh doanh), cho biet: "... Tai phong nghi ciia giao vien, trong cac CUQC hQp ciia Hoi phu huynh va giao vien, dau dau ngirdi ta cung ban ve cac phUOng thiic hoc t$p" - co nghia la cac each hQc tap khac nhau cho cac ddi tUQng khac nhau. Neu mQt du'a tre thich hQc qua ldi noi, no se tiep thu rat tot theo phuofng thiic day truyen thdng vdi cac bai giang va sach giao khoa. Nhung cac nghien cfru cho thay rat nhieu hQc sinh cd the tiep thu kien thiic nhieu hefn khi thong tin dUQc truyen dat qua thi giac hoac thinh giac hoac ca hai vdi cac phuefng tien truyen thong da phiro'ng tien.

    Tuy nhien, phan ldn cac ccf sd giao due va dao tao hau het van chi tap trung duy nhat vao n

  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    co the trd thanh nhung ngudi hoc hoan hao. Khi giao vien hay nguoi dao tao hp cung biet each trinh bay mpt tai lieu moi theo hinh thiic phu hpp vcfi su tiep nhan cua bp nao thi ket qua se thanh cong rirc ro.

    Hoc each hoc nhu" the nao?

    De lam chii dupe su thay doi sieu toe, chiing ta can hoc siiu toe. do la kha nang tiep thu, hieu dupe cung nhu luu giU nhiing thong tin moi mpt each nhanh chong. Dieu do co nghia la - v6i tU each la nhiing ngudi hpc - ngay ca khi chung ta da 30, 40 hay 50 tuoi, chiing ta cung van phai coi md, tiep thu kien thdc mdi nhu hoi chiing ta mdi len 3, 4 hay 5 tuoi. Doi vdi cac giao vien, nhu chiing ta se thaiy d phan sau trong cudn sach nay, dieu dd co nghia la phai bien viec thu nhan kien thdc cho nhiing hpc vien d tuoi 40 ciing vui ve va de dang nhu ddi vdi nhiing hpc sinh 4 tuoi.

    Mpt cupc dieu tra gan day cho tha'y 82% tre em den trudng d dp tuoi 5 hay 6 deu nhan thdc rat lac quan ve kha nang hpc tap ciia chiing. Nhung mdc dp lac quan giam xudng dang ke con trung binh khoang 18% khi chiing len den 16 tuoi. Do do, 4 trong so 5 thieu nien va ngudi trudng thanh bat dau hpc vdi cam giac thay thieu hut kha nang.

    Va mpt ly do khac giai thich tai sao viec hpc each hoc nhu the nao lai quan trpng den the - la bdi khi ngudi ta hpc each hpc nhu the nao, long hi trpng va su tu tin cua ngudi ta tang len. Liic dd, hp khong chi vupt qua dupe nhiing thach thdc cua cdng nghe mdi va nhirng thay ddi ma hp con chao

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  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THE' KY XXI

    don chung. Luc do, hQ thu dvrQc nhiing ky nang cd ban de trd thanh nhirng ngudi hQc ty dinh hudng va dat dUQc muc dich phat trien ciia ban than. HQ co dUQc sdc manh de thay ddi td nhung "ngudi tieu dung giao due" thu dong thanh nhiing ngUdi chii dpng kiem soat viec hQc tap va CUQC song ciia chinh minh.

    Phudng phap hQc tap sieu tdc ma ban thu du*yc td cudn sach nay se dem den cho ban nhiing kha nang dang nam trong chinh ban than ban. Do la mot ke hoach sau budc de ban cd the hQc mQt each hieu qua.

    Thyc chat, ke hoach nay cho thay rang mdi chiing ta deu cd mQt each hQc tap yeu thich rieng, phu hop vdi ban than minh nhat. Khi hQc duyc nhiifng ky nang thyc sy thich hyp vdi phong each hoc tap cua minh, ban se hoc ydi cdch thoai mai nhat ddi vdi ban.

    Vi each hoc tap do thoai mai nen thyc hien nd se de dang hon; vi each hQc tap do thyc hien de dang hdn nen ban cd the hoc nhanh hon. Dd chinh la ly do tai sao chung tdi gQi do la."hQc sieu tdc".

    Khi cac giao vien (hay ngudi dao tao) sd dung ke hoach sau budc nay, hQ cd the hoan thien kinh nghiem hoc tap. Khi ca giao vien va hoc vien ap dyng trinh ty nay, hQ co the hyp tac chat che vdi nhau de dam bao viec hQc tap dien ra vui ve, hieu qua va nhanh chong.

  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    Do ciing chinh la ly do ma cudn Kynanghpc t$p sieu toe the ky XXI nay dupe danh cho cac giao vien, hpc vien da trudng thanh, cac bac phu huynh va ca hpc sinh, sinh vien. Chiing toi thuc su khuyen cac bac phu huynh hay dpc ky nhiing phan npi dung chiing toi khuyen cao lam each nao phUPng phap hpc sieu toe co the lam thay doi dang ke ldp hpc. Khi cac giao vien sU dung cac tro chpi, cam xiic, am nhac, cac hoat dQng giai tri, tudng tupng, dpng kich, mau sac va so do hpc tap, viec hpc tap se trd nen rat vui ve, khong co mpt chut cang thang nap.

    Ngay nay, nguon lift duy nhat tao nen six giau cd la bo ph$n nam ngay giua hai tai cua ban. Sifgiau cd in chua trong sue manh cua bp nao, khongphaisub manh cua cO the xac thjt.

    Brian Tracy, Maximum Achievement.

    Muc tieu giio due quan trpng nhat chinh la hpc de tiep tpchpe.

    IS. Luis Alberto Machado, Creating the Future.

    Rat nhieu giao vien mudn thuc hien cac y tudng ciia minh nhung he thdng giao dye lai ngan trd hp. Dieu cap bach nhat chinh la mpt cupc each mang vie each thdc giao due ciia chung ta. Hay sU dung cudn sach nay de thap sang ngpn Ida cho cupc each mang do.

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  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU T6C THE' KY XXI

    Kinh nghiem cua chiing toi cho thay, phuong phap Hoc tap Sieu toe cung la chia khoa thanh cong cho cac doanh nghiep. De gift dirpc vj the canh tranh ciia minh, toan bp co cau to chile ciia cac cong ty cung phai tap trung vao vi|c hpc tap nhanh hon va tu duy tot hon.

    Sure manh tri 6c thay the site ngrfdi

    Phuong phap hpc tap sieu toe la su ket tinh ciia nhirng thap ky lao dpng miet mai, diic rut kinh nghiem tii nhiing nghien cuu sau sac ciia nha tam ly giao due Bulgaria, TS. Georgi Lozanov cho toi nhiing phat kien ciia TS. Howard Gardner, nha giao due thupc trudng Dai hpc Harvard. No dupe nit ra tir nghien ctiru ciia nha khoa hpc ve than kinh Roger Sperry va nha sinh hpc than kinh Gerald Edelman -nhirng nguoi da timg doat giai thudng Nobel. Nd cung dupe riit ra tir nhirng kinh nghiem thiic te ciia nhiihg giao vien dai hpc, giang vien, nha dao tao doanh nghiep tien bp, nhiing doanh nhan thanh cdng. Tat ca nhiing ngudi do deu thay dupe vien canh nay.

    Con ngudi thupc mpi fang ldp xa hpi va mpi linh viic hoat dpng dang ngay cang phai ddi mat vdi thach thiic dam bao bp nao ciia con ngudi - cai timg dupe menh danh la "ngudi khdng 16 dang ngu" - se thiic tinh khi con ngudi chiu ap lu*c cao tii su1 thay ddi khong ngimg. Nhiing gi chiing tdi da thuc hien la due riit tir tat ca nhiing nghien ciiu do de tao ra mpt ke hoach hanh dpng thuc te va de thyc hien.

    Hai ky nang - hpc nhanh chong va hi duy sang suot - la hai ky nang ca nhan chii chot trong the ky XXI. Hpp lai vdi

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  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    nhau, chiing tao ra kha nang tir luc. Tu luc la kha nang co the quan ly qua trinh hoc tap ciia ban ngay tii khi con nho, kiem soat lupng thong tin hoan chinh, nhan biet dupe tam quan trpng thuc sU ciia thong tin do va biet each sir dung no de tao ra nhirng san pham sang tao va dua ra phUPng an giai quyet sang tao cho cac van de. Nhirng ky nang nay can phai dupe day trong mpi gia dinh, trudng hpc va mpi to chuc.

    NHUNG CACH GIAI QUYET KHAC

    Trong nhung trang viet d tren, chiing toi da co gang dua ra mpt tie'ng chuong canh bao, rang chiing ta dang song trong mpt thdi dai bat on va co rat nhieu van de. Nhung chung ta hoan toan cd the vxrpt qua thach thdc nay.

    Nhung nam dau doi

    Cha me chinh la nhung giao vien dau tien - va quan trpng nhat - chp con cai. 5 nam dau tien la giai doan quan trpng hon ca ddi vdi mpt cpn ngudi. Chiing tdi se giiip cac bac cha me co con chuan bj di hpc biet each tao ra mpt moi trudng gia dinh vui ve, cd tinh kich thich suy nghi de uom trong nhiing hat gidng cho susang tao va logic d con tre.

    Nhirng nam di hoc

    He thdng trudng hpc hien tai khong phai la mpt cdng cp tuyet vdi de co the giao due mpt thieu so nao do thanh nhirng ngudi cd tieu chuan tot dupe. Can phai co nhiing cai tien ldn

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  • KY NANG HOC TAP SIEU TOC THE' KY XXI

    lao trong tieu chuan giao dye cho dai da so ngirdi hpc trong vong 5 nam toi. Tre em dang dan rdi bo nhiing trudng hpc khong the trang bi cho chiing nhirng gi can thiet cho nghe nghiep tudng lai - nhiing nghe nghiep chac chan doi hoi nhiing tieu chuan rat cao ve ttf duy phan tich, tinh sang tao va su" linh hoat. Tren thyc te, co ai thyc sy biet chinh xac minh se lam gi trong titPng lai? Mpt sd nghe nghiep ma cac trudng hpc hien nay bo qua cudi cung se xua't hien!

    Ky nang hpc tap sieu tdc the ky XXIdua ra cac phucfng phap de nang cao tieu chuan vie giao due cho tat ca mpi ngudi, chd khdng chi thieu sd nhiing ngudi thupc fang ldp cao cap. Chung toi tin rang viec nhan manh vao sy phat trien ca nhan chd khong chi don thuan vao sy tien bp ve vat chat la mpt giai phap rat quan trpng de vupt qua nhiing thach thdc sap tdi.

    Chung ta dang song trong mpt xa hpi rat giau thong tin, trong do tri thdc tich luy cua nhan loai dupe nhap vao chi can vai nut tren ban phim. Con cai ciia chiing ta can phai biet each tiep can nhiing tri thUc do va sd dung chiing sao cho sang tao va thdng minh nhat. Vay ma chiing ta van duy tri each day do chiing nhu the cupc each mang ve thong tin chua timg xay ra!

    Nhirng nam tntftng thanh

    Cac ca nhan can phat trien cac ky nang can thiet de khien hp cd the thyc sy lam viec dupe, de trd thanh nhung ngudi doc lap ve kinh te. Tha lam chii dupe tinh hudng con

    42

  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    hom la lam nan nhan cua no. Tha kiem soat dUQc thay doi con hern la phai hung chiu sU thay doi do.

    Chiing toi se chi cho ban each tao ra sU chuyen doi suy nghi ui viec nhin nhan minh gidng nhu mQt nhan vien cho den viec coi minh la mQt lao dQng tir do. Tren thuc te, ban - tat ca mQi nguoi - la chii mQt "cong ty cung cap dich vu ca nhan" ciia chinh minh va ban nhan dUQc nhirng gi tuong ling true dep voi gia tri ciia "dich vu" ma ban cung cap. "Ong chii" hien tai ciia ban chinh la khach hang tot nhat ciia ban vao thai diem nay. Ngudi chii lao dQng do can den ban de tang them gia tri va tap trung vao viec khong ngung cai thien.

    The gicVi doanh nghiep

    Cac cong ty can phai trd thanh "nhiing to chiic hoc tap." HQ can phai khuyen khich nhan vien d mQi vi tri thuoc mQi cap do hoc tap va giai quyet cac van d'e trong cac nhom tuy chQn va cdng tac vdi nhau. Cac cdng ty cung can phai cho hQ thdi gian va co hoi de hoc dUQc nhung ky nang nay. Chinh cac cong ty se thay rang hQ se thu dUQc iQi ich ldn nhat khi bien minh trd thanh nhiing trung tam phat trien con ngudi cung nhu trung tam thu \oi nhuan. Con ngudi khong chi gian don la nhiing cdng cu de dat tdi thanh cdng trong kinh doanh.

    Cac nhan vien can phai tham gia vao viec tao ra cac gia tri va muc tieu cua td chdc ma hQ lam vi$c trong do. Can phai bd ra cac khoan dau tu ldn vao giao due va dao tao lai. Cac cdng ty dang cat giam quy md nhan vien cung phai chiu nhung khoan dau tu nhieu khdng kem.

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  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THE' KY XXI

    Ca nhan vien va ong chii deu can phai chap nhan nhiing vai tro ldn hern. Cau tra ldi eho hien tupng bien mat viec lam co the la do cac cong ty md rong cdng viec cua mpt ngirdi bang each cat giam thdi gian lam viec cua nhirng ngudi khac. So ngudi tU nguyen tham gia vao cac du an cpng ddng dia phUPng se tang cao vi hp mudn tan dung mpt each hieu qua thdi gian ranh roi ngay cang nhieu cua minh.

    Nhung giai phap nhu vay khdng phai la doi tUdng cua cudn sach nay. Nhung cung dang de nhan thay rang trien vong ciia thdi dai hoang kim vdi thdi gian ranh r6i ngay cang tang se xay ra chi khi neu dai da so - chd khdng phai thieu so - rdi trudng hpc va dat dupe nhirng tieu chuan giao due cao can thiet de cd the ddi dau vdi nhiing loai cong viec mdi - va ngay cang co nhieu thdi gian ranh roi hon.

    Cau tra ldi la chat lupng

    Dii cho cd khd khan gi, chiing ta cung phai ty hoi, lieu nhiing kha nang cd the xay ra co dang sp khdng - do cd phai la sU suy thoai va huy hoai xa hpi nghiem trpng khdng? Nhiing ngudi nhiet tinh vdi tuong lai ve cdng nghe cao da diing. Tuong lai se rat sang sua, neu ban la ngudi cd cong an viec lam va co lpi tU cdng viec dd. Nhung nhirng "hdn dao" cua sU thinh vUdng va thoa man ve cong viec dupe bao quanh bdi cac dai duong ciia sy ngheo khd va tdc gian la sy ket hyp hoan toan bait on. Bdi vi: "Ban md cUa de don nhan sy thjnh vUpng ciia the gidi chd khong phai de hung lay nhirng dieu phien toai." (Visions of the Future - Vien canh ttfcfng lai, Robert Heilobroner).

    44

  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    Chat lupng cupc song la ket qua true tiep cua chat lvtpng hpc tap va suy nghi cua chung ta. Cudn sach nay se giiip chiing ta biet each nang cao chat lupng ciia tat ca nhiing cai do.

    KHAI NIM VE SO DO HQC TAP

    Viec lap ra nhung ghi chii nhin thay dirpc thudng giiip cho chiing ta de ghi nhd hffn. Hay chii y, d day, chiing toi gpi la lap ra ghi chii chii khong phai la ghi lai. No co sU khac biet rat ro rang.

    Trong nhirng trang sau, ban se thay mpt loat cac so do hpc tap. Trong cudn sach nay, chiing toi sir dung chiing d cudi m6i chupng de tdng ket, danh gia - va ghi nhd - nhung yeu to chinh. Trong trudng hpp do, nhirng stf do hpc tap da bien thanh nhirng so do ghi nhd.

    Trong Chuong VI, chiing toi se giai thich day dii khai niem so do hpc tap. Chiing toi ciing se cung cap cho ban cac chi tiet hudng dan de ban co the - va nen - tao ra mpt so do cho rieng minh. Con bay gid, hay chii y rang ddi tudng cot !6i nhat se nam d giua, con cac ddi tuong it quan trpng hon va nhiing thong tin bd sung khac se dupe mo ta thanh cac nhanh.

    Cach nhan manh bang hinh anh, di nhin, vui nhpn va gay an tupng se giup ban luu gid dUOc nhiing thong tin chii yeu, "chi can liec mat qua" ma khdng can phai ghi nhd hang trang giay theo each truyen thdng.

    45

  • KY NANG HOC TAP SIEU TOC THE KY XXI

    46

  • CHUONG I I B 0 NAO P H I THlTOfNG

    Chung ta khong biet mptphan trieu trong 1% ve mpi thu: THOMAS EDISON

    No la mot thd ma nguoi ta tung gpi la "ngudi khong 11 clang ngu", "bong md dieu ky", "bp may phiic tap nhat hanh tinh", "viing lanh thd khd kham pha nhat tren the gidi" hay "chiec may vi tinh sinh hpc sieu dang nhat" va nhieu each gpi khac nira. Cac nha sinh hpc, tam ly hpc, cac nha khoa hpc ve su" tien h6a, cac nha giao dye va cac nha van deu tranh dua nhau de dua ra mpt ban md ta ro rang nhat ve bp nao ciia loai ngudi va de danh gia dung muc cai co cau td chUc cue ky phuc tap nay. Nhung cho dii dupe danh gia d mUc sieu pham nhu the nao, dUdc so sanh mpt each thdng minh hay an du sang tao nhu the nao thi bp nao ciia ban - ciing vdi nhirng ngudi thanh cdng nhat trong ljch sU - cung bien minh cho tat ca. Chiing ta khong the tin ndi rang no con phUc tap va tinh vi hon ca chiec sieu may tinh manh me nhat hien nay.

    47

  • KY NANG HOC TAP SIEU TOC THE' KY XXI

    Tren thyc te, nao la mpt bo ph|n cung giong nhu bao co quan khac trong co the. Khi b^n sinh ra tren the gidi nay, bp nao ciia ban chda khoang 100 ty te bao. Neu ban co them vai tri?u te bao nira thi ban da co diem ttfOng dong vdi nhirng nha tu tudng, nha trie't hoc, nha khoa hoc, nha tham hiem hay nha lanh dao vi dai cua the gidi hay nhirng ngudi doat giai Nobel -tat ca hp deu la nhirng ngudi thanh cong rye ro nhat trong cac linh vuc ciia cupc song.

    Nhirng con so co the lam chiing ta kinh ngac. Nhung noi chung, so lupng te bao nao (noron than kinh) khong phai la dieu quan trpng. Dieu quan trpng la nhung ket ndi giixa cluing. Tren thyc te, cu moi 100 ty noron than kinh co the san sinh ra 20.000 "nhanh" hay re khac trong bp nao.

    Ban dirng ngan ngai ve nhirng phep toan nhu' vay. Do thyc sU se la con so khong the tin noi khi no tang thanh hang ty ty'. Y nghia thyc sy ciia no chinh la 0 so lupng do. No cho chiing ta thay dupe nang lUc nao bp ciia con ngudi eye ky dang kinh ngac va bp nao ciia con ngudi con tinh vi hon ca nhiing chiec may vi tinh thong minh nhat tren hanh tinh. No the hien mot tiem nang sieu pham ma khong ai trong chiing ta cd the biet het dupe.

    Khi nhan loai tien hanh tham do nhung gidi han ciia khong gian ben ngoai vu try thi viing lanh tho it dupe kham pha nhat ciia tat ca chiing ta lai nam chinh ngay tren Trai Dat, trong chinh bp nap ciia timg ngudi trong chiing ta. Tren thur te, so lupng ket ndi cd the'ed trong bd nao mdt ngirdi th$m chi con ldn han ca solm/ng cac nguyen td trong toan vu try. Day

    48

  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    la quan diem cua GS. Robert Orstein thupc trudng Dai hpc Standford.

    Hieu biet ciia chiing ta se tien bp v6i mpt toe dp dang ke. Trong vong mpt thap nien qua, so ngudi nghien cull ve bp nap con ldn hon ca so ngudi thire hien viec nay trong lich sir khoa hpc ve trudc. Dac biet, nhirng tien bp cong nghe phi thudng da giiip cho cac nha khoa hpc giai dap dupe mpt so nhung bi an ciia tri dc.

    Nhirng phuong phap khong tham nhap nhu chup cong hudng tii (MRI) hay chup X quang (PET) da md ra canh ciia kham pha bp nao. Ket qua la: Cac nha khoa hoc cd the thuc su "nhin thay" qua trinh xay ra suy nghi, phat sinh sp hai hay mpt ky lie bi chon vui dupe chuyen thanh y thiic ciia timg ngudi nhu the nao.

    Hien nay, cac nha khoa hpc su dung cong nghe chup bp nao de trong vai gid, hp co the thu thap dupe nhirng loai dii lieu ma trudc day, phai mat den 20 nam lam viec va suy luan trong phong thi nghiem vdi khi. Nghe co ve that ky la nhung thuc te lai diing nhu vay. Bang budc dot pha nay, cac nha khoa hpc co the phan biet cac nhom noron than kinh chi each nhau co mpt milimet va biet dupe rang 30.000 noron than kinh co the chum nho bang mpt dau dinh.

    Ciing liic dp, khpa hpc ve nhan thiic da thay dupe nhirng budc tien ldn ve su ndi len ciia nhiing ly thuyei sU dung cac quy trinh sinh hpc de giai thich cac co che lam viec ben trong cua bp nao. Nhirng ly thuyet nay cudi ciing cung da dupe kiem chung nhd cdng nghe chup bp nao.

    49

  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TdC THE KY XXI

    Nha giao due hpc, GS. Robert Sylwester, trudng Dai hpc Oregon noi: "Cong trinh ly thuyet nay, cung vcri nhung phat trien trong di truyen hpc, co the bat dau mpt the ky sinh hpc, gidng nhu cac ly thuyet ciia Albert Einstein da thap sang nhung tien bp trong vat ly bao tnim toan bp the ky XX."

    Mpt di'eu rat ro rang la: neu ban mudn phat trien bp nao ciia minh, ban can phai cho no dupe trai nghiem - thudng xuyen va hang ngay, gidng nhu each mpt ngudi khoe manh phai thudng xuyen xay dung va duy tri the trang tot cho co the. Nghien cuu ciia Marian Diamond thupc UC Berkeley va nhirng ngudi khac da chi ra rang neu ban khong tap luyen va duy tri siic khoe cho tinh than ciia minh, no cung se trd nen yeu dt va "uy mj" gidng nhu bap tay hay bung ciia ban.

    Nhan thiic dupe "khong gian ben trong" va each thiic lam viec ciia bp nao la yeu to co ban de co the hieu dupe qua trinh hpc tap; hieu dupe tai sao viec hpc tap suot ddi tii khi con nam noi cho den khi nam xudng mp lai quan trpng den vay va viec hpc tap do co the cai thien dang ke cupc song cho mpi ngUdi nhuthe nao.

    Trong chuong nay, chiing toi se giai thich ve tam quan trpng cua:

    - Ba phan ciia bp nao: phan nao ciia loai bo sat, phan nao ciia loai dpng vat co vu va phan nao tu duy.

    - Hai ban cau nao: ban cau nao trai va ban cau nao phai.

    - Bp nao ciia ban - siic manh hoat dpng "toan bp nao".

    50

  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    - Tam kha nang tri rue cua ban - kha nang ket hpp dac trung ciia rieng ban.

    - Bon loai chuyen dpng song nao - tai sao chiing quan trpng va lam each nao de tan dung chiing mpt each tot nhat.

    Trong chitong tiep theo, chiing ta se tim hieu ve:

    - Nam loai tri nhd - khong chi co tri nhd "ngan han" va "dai han".

    - Va ban se kham pha ly do tai sao bp nao lai linh hoat nhtr vay - co nhieu diem tirdng dong vdi mpt khu rung nhiet ddi hon la mpt chiec may vi tinh.

    Sau day la nhirng thong tin cap nhat ve dp phiic tap khd tin ciia bp nao ngudi danh cho nhiing ngirdi khong chuyen mudn nghien ciiu ve bp nao nhu1 chiing ta.

    HIEU RO VE BO NAO - DE NHLT DEM NGUQC 3-2-1

    Ban co ba tieu nao, mpt phan gom hai tieu nao va mpt phan gdm mpt tieu nao con lai. C6 the ban bdi rdi? Nhung thyc sy no chi don gian nhir 3-2-1, mac du "bp nao" la mpt tap hyp chat nguyen sinh phdc tap nhat tirng cd td trtfdc den nay hay mac dii nha than kinh hpc tien phong John Eccels, ngirdi doat giai Nobel nam 1963 cho cong trinh khdp than kinh ciia minh, da noi, dp nhay nhu" CP sting ciia cac ket ndi lien te bao trong bp nao the hien no la "mpt bp may dityc tao ra de cho ma quy van hanh".

    51

  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THE' KY XXI

    Hay tim hieu ve no theo each nhu" the nay:

    BO NAO 3 TRONG l

    Khi con ngudi tien hoa, DQ nao phai trai qua ngay cang nhieu giai doan phat trien phufc tap- Bo la ly do ma nha nghien cuu, TS. Paul MacLean, nguyen Giam ddc Phong thi nghiem BQ nao va Hanh vi tai Vien Sdc khoe Tinh than Hoa Ky, goi no la "bp nao 3 trong 1".

    1. Goc bo nao fhav phan nao dong vat bd sat)

    O day hop so, ndi len tit cot xirong song, ban se thay mot thanh phan ciia b

  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    nguy hiem. Phan nao dpng vat bo sat nay cung kiem soat cac ban nang nguyen thiry, nhu* y thufc ciia ban ve viing lanh tho. Do chinh la ly do tai sao ban cam thay hie gian, bj de dpa hay cam thay khong thoai mai khi co mpt ai do tien den qua gan ban. No cung giai thich viec that kho ma co the kiem soat con gian du" vi do thudng la ket qua ciia cam giac bi de dpa hojc cam giac mpt ai do cd tinh lay di mpt thu" gi dp ma ban chp la thupc ve minh, vi du viec xam pham vao "lanh thd" ciia ban.

    2. He thong co ao (hay bo nao dong vat co vu")

    Phan trung tam cua nao bao bpc xung quanh goc bp nao gidng nhu mpt cai cd ao. Do la mpt phan nao tuong tu nhu phan nao cua cac loai dpng vat co vu khac.

    Nhirng thanh td chinh trong he thdng cd ao nay la viing nao dieu khien than nhiet va amygdala. He thdng cd ao nay la bp phan kiem soat cam xiic cua ban. Nd ciing giup duy tri tinh trang homeostasis, hie la mdt moi trudng can bang trong co the ban. Bp ph|n nay kiem soat hoocmon, cam giac doi khat,

    53

  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THE" KY XXI

    hoat dQng tinh due, cam giac de: chiu, su" trao doi chat, chut nang mien dich, do cung la mQt bo phan quan trQng trong tri nhd dai han ciia ban.

    Viing nao dieu khien than nhiet va amygdala ciing la nhung be) phan dieu khien quan trQng hanh vi cam xiic va hanh vi tim kiem muc tieu. Dieu do co nghia la nhirng nhu cau ve cam xiic co tac dung anh hudng den hanh vi ciia con ngudi tot hon so vdi nhung lap luan theo ly tri. Xet ve mat tien hda, he thdng cd ao nay da phat trien trudc ca khi chiing ta "phat minh" ra phep logic.

    Mdt bo phan gidng nhu vay trong bQ nao ciia con ngudi ngoai kiem soat cam xiic con kiem soat ca tinh trang siic khoe va tri nhd. Khi cd mot dieu gi dd gay ra cam xuc manh, no thudng dupe ghi nhd rat lau. Ban co the nhd lai mQt each song dong nu hon dau tien ciia minr? hay dia diem ma Tdng thdng Kennedy bi am sat. Nhirng d

  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    trcfn" cho phep tao ra cac ket noi giua cac te bao nao. Noi mQt each don gian, khi bo nao thoai mai, no se hoat dQng hieu qua hon. Do do, ngirdi ta co co so" khoa hoc trong viec sit dung nghe thuat, mau sac, cam xiic, hoc tap xa hoi va tham chi ca tro choi nhu" cac cong cu giao due.

    Vay con cac cam xiic tieu cue thi sao? Cac nha ngr.ie i cuu Mortimer Mishkin va Tim Appenzeller, trong Scientific American (Khoa hoc My), da cho rang: he thong co ao, dac biet la thalamus, hoat dQng gidng nhu mQt bang chuyen mach giua cam giac va vo nao cua chiing ta, phan rich cac thong tin dau vao ddi vdi tam quan ti'Qng cua cam xiic. Neu ban cam thay cang thing hoac sQ hai, thong tin do cd the khdng dUQc giri day dii len vd nao mdi. Thay vao do, tac gia kiem nha nghien cuu Lesley Hart cho rang: "BQ nao con ngudi se dUQc chuyen xud'ng nhung vung nguyen thuy hon trong bQ nao. Chung ta thich quay trd lai nhung hanh vi ban nang hon la sU dung nhiing phan xet ciia ly tri."

    Xet ve mat tien hda, dieu do cung cd y nghia. Neu mQt loai dong vat hoang da nao do dang chuan bj tan cong ban, ban se khdng mudn dung lai do de tranh luan hay suy doan. Trong the gidi hien dai, nhiing cang thing va moi de dQa nhu

    55

  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THE' KY XXI

    vay co the don gian chi la n6i so hai bi that bai. Hay noi mQt each khac, cang thing han che con ngudi ta hoc tap. "Dau 6c tdi trong rdng''thudng la cau ciia mieng ciia cac hoc sinh khi budc vao ky thi.

    Trong cudn Ky nang hoc t$p sieu toe the ky XXI nay, chiing toi chu y sir dung nhirng bai tap mang tinh giai tri trudc mpt bai hpc nao do de giiip ban giam cang thang va tang cudng nang lupng. Luiz Machado de Andrade, mpt nha nghien cuu giao due fam cd the gidi cua trudng Dai hpc Rip de Janeiro, vao dau nhirng nam 1984, da chi ra rang he thdng cd ao da kiein soat mpt each hieu qua cac co che'ry ve ciia chiing ta - do chinh la nhirng dpng luc manh me nhat trong co the. Khi ban sU dung he thdng cd ao do vao. viec hpc va day, chang han nhu than trong sir dung cam xuc cua ban, ban da ket hpp nhiing dpng luc manh me do de viec hpc co hieu qua hon.

    Bd nao con ngudi gidng nhu mQt bong m& ky dieu, trong do hang trieu con thoi chay vut qua va d$t nen mot loai hoa van tan bien dan. Mijtc du do khong bao gid la mQt loai hoa van vmb cuu nhung ludn li mQt loai hoa van coy nghia vi cung lk sifhai boa luon thay ddi cua cic hoa van trang tri phu. No gidng nhu mQt dai ngan ha nhaymua trong vu tru.

    Charles Sherrington

    Trong cudn The Brain of the Brain (Tri tug cua bQ nao), Luiz Machado de Andrade da mo ta he thdng cd ao gidng nhu mpt bp dieu khien trung tam cua toan bp bp nao. Cu the, dp

    56

  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    chinh la hinh hai cua tri thong minh. Ong da khoi xudng CUQC tranh luan ve tri thong minh cam xuc bang each keu goi cac nha giao due sir dung cam xiic ciia minh trong cac ldp hoc de khuyen khich hoc sinh sir dung nhieu hon nira tiem nang cua hQ.

    3. Vd nao mcri fBo nao tu* duv)

    Ban hay nam chat mQt ban tay lai- Bay gid, dung tay con lai, dm lay nam tay ben kia. Neu cd tay ciia ban tay nam lai kia the hien cho bQ nao ddng vat bd sat va nam tay the hien bQ nao dQng vt cd vu thi ban tay 6m lay nam tay do chinh la bo nao tu" duy ciia ban.

    Vo nao chiia nep nhan nay chi day khoang 1/8 inch. Neu trai ra, kich cd ciia no chi bang mQt trang tin tdc. Phan nao "thii ba" nay thyc su" phi thudng. Day la vj tri cua tri tue - bQ phan nao giiip chung ta trd thanh con ngudi va khien con ngudi trd thanh mpt loai dQng vat ddc nhat vd nhj. V6 nao mdi Idem soat hanh dong nhin, nghe, sang tap, suy nghi, ndi, tren

    57

  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THE KY XXI

    thuc te, la tat ca nhung hanh dong ciia mot tri tuv cao cap hern. Co vo nao mdi, ngudi ta mdi co the dua ra nhung quyet dinh, to chufc the gidi va luu gifi lai nhirng kinh nghiem trong tri nhd cua minh. Ngudi ta co the tao ra va tiep thu cac bai phat bieu, nhin thay va danh gia vie cac bUc tranh, nghe va thudng thUc am nhac. Phan nao nay cd tat ca cac nang luc ma ban can de hpc va ghi nhd bat ky dieu gi ma ban mudn.

    Trong sd tat ca cac loai dpng vat co vu, con ngudi co vo nao nhieu nep nhan nhat. Cd le dd la bdi vi mpt vo nao ldn nhudng ay phai thay doi sao cho phu hdp vdi cai dau rait nho de cho phep viec truyen tai thong tin qua mpt dng than kinh vo ciing hep.

    Vd nao mdi dupe chia thanh nhiing phan chuyen biet (cac thuy nao) cho cac chUc nang ndi, nghe, nhin va cam giac. Dieu do cd nghia la chung ta luu giu* lai nhirng ky Uc d nhirng npi khac nhau tuy thupc vao giac quan. Neu chung ta mudn tao ra mot ky lie manh me, chung ta nen luu gifi thdng tin bang each sU dung tat ca cac giac quan. Khi ban nghe, noi, nhin va thyc hien dieu do, ban da co the ghi nhd no! Ban se thay each chiing tdi sU dung sy hieu biet nay trong vi$c thiet lap cac khoa hpc ve ngon ngU cua chiing tdi nhu the nao.

    Ngoai ra, nhiing thuy nao trudc tran cua chiing ta lien tyc phat trien trong nhiing nam nien thieu. Nhiing thuy nao nay nam ngay dang sau tran va cung la noi chung ta dUa ra nhirng phan xet, lap ke hoach cho tuong lai va nhiing suy nghi d cap cao hon. Bdi vung nay cung lien ket manh me vdi h$ thdng cd ao nen no ciing la vung chiing ta phat trien tinh

    58

  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    thuong, long vi tha va suy nghi ve sU cong bang. Dieu do am chi rang chung ta can phai xay dung mpt co cau to chut trong he thdng giao due cho nhirng tre thanh nien de sao cho chiing co co hpi dude trai nghiem gia tri ciia viec ddng gdp vao cpng ddng. Chinh trong thdi dai nay, cam giac ve su1 cham sdc va ddng cam cd dupe kha nang phat trien nhat.

    That dang ngac nhien, su thuc la ve co ban, bp nao khdng phai dupe tao ra de tu duy. Nhirng dac tinh ma chiing ta xem xet ve con ngudi - nhu ngon ngd, nhan thuc va tri tue -chi the hien mpt phan rat nho trong toan bp nhung chuc nang cua bp nao la giiip chiing ta ton tai va hoat dpng. Mpt phan ldn trong bp nao ciia ban dam bao rang ban hpc, phan ling va thich nghi chii yeu la de sinh ton.

    Robert Orstein va David S. Sobel trong cudn The Healing Brain: A scientific Reader (Hoiphuc bo nao: mQt doc gia khoa hoc) da viet mpt each hung hdn ve sU phat trien cua bp nao: "Chung ta dang mang sU tien hoa trong chinh ban than minh, trong chinh nhiing co cau khac nhau ciia bp nao, nhung co cau dupe tao dung nen trong nhiing ky nguyen khac nhau. Cd rat nhieu loai bp nao khac nhau tai chinh chi mpt vj tri do. Ca nganh khao cd hpc va nghe thuat kien true deu can phai tim hieu bp nap, bdi nd da dupe tao ra qua hang ngan nam. Xet trong linh vuc khao cd, nao bp c6 nhieu ldp khac nhau." HQ cho rang bp nao con ngudi la mpt tap hQp cac m c^h xep chong len dinh cua nhau. Chiing dupe tao ra chu yeu de xU ly nhiing nhu cau sinh ton true tiep chU khdng phai de len ke hoach cho tuong lai. HQ cung cho biet them: "Bo nao da tien

    59

  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THfi KY XXI

    hoa va trd nen noi tieng nhu hien nay 6" nhung cap dp khac nhau, mdi tao vat deu dupe sinh ra de duy tri su" on dinh trong chinh to chile ciia no cung gidng nhu cac loai dong vat di chuyen tii bien len dat lien, len cay, den hoang mac ciia Dong Phi va den Dai Lo thii 5 cV New York."

    Ngoai ra, Ornstein noi rang mpt trong nhiing dieu bi an nhat chinh la ly do tai sao loai nguoi co the tien bp mpt each dang kinh ngac nhu vay so vdi to tien gan day nhat cua minh. "Chiing ta khdng chi la mpt loai vupn thong minh htfn va that khd cd the tim ra ly do tai sao. Vd nao khdng lo da dem lai cho chiing ta kha nang thich nghi cung nhu nang luc thich nghi phi thudng vdi dp cao ciia day Himalaya, sa mac Sahara hay nhiing vung hoang vu Borneo, tham chi ngay ca vung trung tam London."

    HAI CAI DAU THI TOT HON MOT

    Bp nao con ngudi - mpt tao vat vi dai gdm vd so cac mo xoan - dupe phan chia thanh hai ban cau nao dUdc gpi la "nao trai" va "nao phai". SU phan chia nay trong chinh bp nao khdng phai la mpt kham pha mdi me. Ngudi Ai Cap cd dai da biet rang phia nao trai dieu khien va thu nhan nhung cam giac tU phia phai ciia cor the va ngupc lai.

    Tuy nhien, trong suot hai thap ky qua, nhung nghien cuu mang tinh budc ngoat da cho thay rang hai ban cau nao thuc hien nhirng chut nang khac nhau. Ca hai phia cua nao deu duoc ket ndi vdi nhau bang mpt mang ludi phut tap

    60

  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    khong the tin noi bao g6m 300 trieu noTon. Mang ludi nay -dudi dang the chai - dUa di dua lai nhung thong tin giua hai ban cau nao. Nhung noi mQt each don gian, dua tren nhung nghien cu*u ciia GS. Roger Sperry, tnidng Dai hoc California, nhin chung, ngudi ta thUa nhan rang: Nao trai chuyen ve nhiing gi ma chung ta goi la cac linh vuc hoc thuat nhu ngon ngu* va cac quy trinh toan hoc hay tu duy logic, lap luan trinh tu va phan tich. Con nao phai chit yeu lien quan den nhirng hoat dong mang tinh "sang tao" nhu tho van, am nhac, nhiing an tUOng vie thi giac, mau sac, tranh anh. Do chinh la "tri 6c an du" luon tim kie'm nhiing ldi so sanh va nhung mau hinh. Cac nha nghien ciiu cung cho rang ban cau nao phai co kha nang xU ly mpt sd loai tu duy khai niem nhat dinh - "nhung y tudng" vo hinh nhu tinh yeu, cai dep va long trung thanh.

    Viec khdng phong dai sy khac biet giua hai ban cau nao rat quan trpng. Bp nao ciia chiing ta qua phuc tap den noi chiing ta khdng the phan chia no sao cho that mach lac. Du sao, tren thuc te, hai ban cau nao ciing thudng xuyen trao ddi vdi nhau. Thi du, chiing ta nhan ra rang khi chiing ra nhin thay mpt qua bong mau do Ian doc theo mpt cai ban, bp nap cua chung ta se xU ly mau sac, hinh dang, chuyen dpng va vi tri cua qua bong tai bdn khu vyc khac nhau trong bp nao de

    61

  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TfiC THE KY XXI

    co the dua ra mQt danh gia hoan chinh ve nhung gi chung ta nhin thay.

    Mac du moi ban cau nao chi chuyen danh cho mpt so nhung hoat dgng nhat dinh nhung ca hai ban cau nao deu lien quan den hau he't cac qua trinh suy nghi. Tuy nhien, chiing ta cung phai hoc mQt bai hQc tuong doi ldn khi xii ly thong tin cho hQc tap.

    MQt so ngudi (hay sir dyng nao trai) thich each tao dung thdng tin fan lupt theo timg budc mQt. Chiing ta gQi hQ la nhiing ngudi hQc "tuyen tinh". MQt sd ngudi khac (hay sir d\ing nao phai) lai can phai nhin thay "mot biic tranh ldn" - de co m$t cai nhin tdng quit. HQ thuoc loai nhiing ngudi hQc "toan eiu".

    Khi chiing ta nhin ra mQt khuon mat nao do, chung ta khong ghi lai no mQt each tii tii theo chieu tit tren xudng dudi nhu each "tuyen tinh". Thay vao do, chung ta sU dung kha nang nhin nhin cac dac diem mot each nhanh chong cua nao phai. Khi chiing ta nghe thay mQt doan hoi thoai, nao trai se tap trung vao nhirng gi dUdc ndi ra (phan ni dung) con nao phai se ghi lai n

  • COLIN ROSE VA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    Mot ngadi co cii dau va biet ro no cd the lam dtipcgi thi luon co the ha gyc dupe mu&i ngw&i khic chang co va cung chang Met kha nang do.

    George Bernard Shaw

    Khong phai ngiu nhien ma ngudi ta co the hoc di dang va nhanh chong hon khi cac tir ngd dirge ket hgp vdi am nhac hoac hinh anh hay khi ldi noi dirpc noi ra ciing vdi nhiing cam xiic nao do. Dd ciing chinh la thyc te ma phtrong phap hgc tap sieu tdc se tan dung.

    Mpt cii dau luon tim ra nhirng y tudng mdi se khdng bao gid quay tr&lai trang thai cu cua minh.

    Oliver Wendell Holmes

    GS. Ornstein nhan thay ring khi phan nao "yeu hon" dirge kr'ch thich va khuyen khich hoat dpng ciing vdi phan manh hon, ket qua cuoi ciing se la sy tien bp dang ke ciia toan bp nang lye. Nhung phat hien ciia ong co y nghia dac biet quan trgng doi vdi nhiing ai trong chiing ta da timg duoc giao due d phutrng Tay, noi ma quy luat 3R: Dgc {Reading), Viet ( ' r i t i n g -Writing) va Tinh toan ( ' r i t h m e t i c - Arithmetic) la tdi thugng. Tat ca deu tap trung vao nhiing hoat dgng ciia nao trai.

    Chiing ta can phai nhan ra va tan dyng the manh ciia bp nao con ngudi. Noi chung, chiing ta deu rat gioi ve cac hoat dpng tu duy "toan cau" va thuc hien nhung hoat dpng do nhu kham pha cac khai niem, tim ra cac dac diem va cac

    63

  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU T6C THE" KY XXI

    ket ndi, dd doan, suy nghi ve cac vain de dao ddc, tao ra cac phep so sanh va nhirng budc nhay vQt sang tao ve true giac.

    Nhung chung ta lai ngay cang yeu (va it dUQc khuyen khich) ve cac cong viec mang tinh lap di lap lai, ghi nhd nhiing sy kien rdi rac, lam viec doc lap trong thdi gian lau va phai thyc hien nhiing phep tinh rat dai. Do chinh la ly do tai sao may vi tinh diryc coi la mpt phat minh lam thay ddi CUQC song. No han han con ngudi trong viec xd ly tuyen tinh va thyc hien cac phep toan. Nhung nd can dau 6c sang tao ciia con ngudi de vie't cac chuong trinh. Chiing ta nen sd dung sUc manh ciia may vi tinh de bd sung cho phan yeu ciia minh va dung no de giai phong thdi gian, tao dieu kien cho chung ta phat trien nhirng the manh khac - sy sang tao va kha nang cam xiic.

    StfC HAP DAN KY LA

    Ban la duy nhat. Ban cd "mQt bd nao hoan chinh". Ban la tdng the nang luc tinh than cua "bQ nao 3 trong 1" va hai ban cau nao. Khdng ai cd the xU ly thdng tin chinh xac gidng nhu ban. Bo nao ciia ban cung mang tinh chat ca nhan nhu dau van tay cua ban vay.

    Noi cho ciing, hau het moi ngudi deu da quen thuoc vdi khai niem IQ - chi sd thong minh - va biet rang do la mQt phuong phap de do dem tri thong minh ciia mQt ngudi nao do, nhung lieu do da phai la phuong phap cdng bang va chinh xac chua? Lieu co hinh thdc nao khac ciia tri thong minh ma chua duyc tinh toan den trong chi sd IQ khdng?

    64

  • COLIN ROSE vA MALCOLM J. NICHOLL

    Co mpt phitong phap "dan chii" hon de irdc tinh tri thong minh va xac dinh tiem nang ciia con ngirdi. Do la mpt khai niem toa sang tham chi con nie rd hon ca toan bp dai pho quang ve cac kha nang ciia con ngudi va no the hien mp1 phUOng phap cho thay nang luc vi dai ciia bp nao con ngudi.

    S

  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THfi KY XXI

    Khong con nghi ngd gi nua, cac bai kiem tra IQ du hop ly de danh gia va dy doan ket qua hoc tap cua mpt hoc sinh. "Nhung vi tri thong minh dupe xac dinh theo phep toan nhu nhung gi ma cac bai IQ thudng kiem tra nen nhimg ngudi tham ;ia lam bai kiem tra nay se theo dudi diem sd cudi cung ciia minh" (Mechael S. Gazzaniga, TrUdng phong Khoa hpc Than kinh Nhan thiic ciia trudng Y thupc Dai hpc Cornell).

    Noi each khac, cac bai kie'm tra tri thdng minh chi co the tinh toan dupe kha nang ngudi ta lam tdt cac bai kiem tra tri thdng minh dd nhuthenao ma thoi.

    Thong thudng, cac bai IQ chii yeu kiem tra kha nang xii ly nhung thach thdc ve ngon ngu va toan hpc logic ciing nhu dp nhay cam ve thj giac hay khdng gian ciia ngudi dupe kiem tra. Nha giao due hpc, GS. Howard Gardner thupc trudng Harvard co mpt cau hdi hoc biia la: Se ra sao neu nhimg ngudi Sao Hda den Trai Dat va co the biet dupe ve tri thong minh cua loai ngudi nhi? Lieu ngudi do co muon biet chi so IQ ciia tdng ngUdi khdng? Hay ngudi do se chi quan tam den nhuhg ai thanh cong mQt each phi thudng trong mpt sd linh vUc nao dd - nhu mpt cao thu cd vua, mpt nhac trudng hay ciing co the la mpt dpng vien the thao? Khong con nghi ngd la nhirng con ngudi thanh cdng nay se dUQc cong nhan la thong minh. Vay tai sao nhiing phuong phap danh gia tri thdng minh cua chiing ta lai khong tim ra dupe nhiing ngudi nhu the? Tai sao tren thuc te, nhiing ngudi co chi so IQ 140 lai suot ddi phai lam viec cho nhirng ngudi ma chi so IQ chi co 100?

    GS. Gardner theo dudi "ly thuyet nhieu tri thdng minh" ciia minh va cho rang khdng nen tinh toan chi so IQ nhu

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    nhimg con so chinh xac ve chieu cao, can nang hay ap huye't. Se la mpt sai Tam rat nghiem trpng khi cho rang chi so IQ chi la mpt don vi co dinh ma chiing ta co the tinh toan qua mpt bai kiem tra bang but chi va giay. Gardner cho ring chi so IQ khong cho biet ban thong minh den cd nao ma cho biet ban thong minh nhuthenao.

    Ong noi: "Da la con ngudi thi ai cung co mpt vdn cac ky nang de giai quyet cac van de khac nhau."Ong dinh nghia tri thong minh theo each: Tri thdng minh la kha nang giai quyet mot van de hay mlu ma cua mot san pham dupe danh gia trong mot hay mQt so moi trudng van hda nao do. Noi each khac, tri thong minh cd the rat da dang tuy thupc vao hoan canh. Neil ban bi bo rPi ciing vdi mpt ngudi thd dan giua mpt khu rung ram chau Uc ma khdng co thiic an hay nude uong thi ngudi thd dan do se la ngudi thong minh vi anh ta biet each sinh ton nhu the nao. Neu chuyen ngudi do den van phong va de nghj ngudi do sii dyng may vi tinh thi vi tri se dao ngudc lai.

    "Nhiing van de" cd the la bat ky dieu gi, ke tii viec tao ra doan ket mpt cau chuyen cho den viec d\T doan mpt nude cd hay sira phanh cho chiec xe ciia ban. "Cac san pham" co the la nhiing ly thuyet khoa hpc hoac mpt ban nhac hay nhiing chien dich van dpng chinh tri thanh cdng.

    Khi hoan thanh ly thuyet ciia minh, Gardner bao ham ca nhirng y tudng xuat phat tii nganh sinh hpc than kinh, bd sung bang nhuhg linh vuc nhu tam ly, nhan loai hpc, triet hpc va lich sir. Ngoai ra, ong con danh gia cac bang chiing khac tir nhieu nguon khac nhau. Ong phan tich cac nghien ctnive

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  • KY NANG HQC TAP SIEU TOC THE' KY XXI

    nhirng thien tai tre em, nhung ca nhan tai nang bam sinh, nhirng benh nhan co khuyet tat tri nao, nhung nha bac hpc loi lac, tre em, ngudi trudng thanh binh thudng, nhung chuyen gia tir nhieu linh vyc khac nhau va nhimg ca nhan den tit nhieu nen van hoa da dang. Ket qua la trong cudn sach mang tinh dpi pha, nhan d'e Frames of Mind ('Co'cab tritue), Gardner da ly luan mpt each thuyet phuc ve mpt cai nhin khac ve nhimg nang lire tri tue cua loai ngudi va sau do, ong con dua ra bay loai tri thong minh khac nhau.

    Tri thong minh ve ngon ngu*: La kha nang dpc, viet va giao tiep bSng tir ngu. Cac tac gia, nha bao, nha tho, nha diin thuyet va nha soan kjch la nhung minh chirng rat ro rang ve nhirng ngudi co tri thong minh ve ngon ngu (Charles Dickens, Abraham Lincoln, T.S Eliot va Wiston Churchill,...).

    Tri thdng minh logic va toan hpc: La kha nang ly luan va tinh toan, suy nghi ve mpi viec bang phuong phap logic va co he thdng. Day la nhirng loai ky nang rat phat trien ddi vdi cac ky su, cac nha khoa hpc, cac nha kinh te, cac ketoan, tham tir va cac thanh vien trong nghe phap ly (Albert Einstein, John Dewey,...).

    Tri thdng minh ve thj giac va khdng gian: La kha nang suy nghi trong nhirng buc tranh va hinh dung duyc ve ket qua trong tuong lai. Kha nang tudng tupng ve mpi thU bang chinh con mat ciia tri 6c. Cac kien true su*, cac nghe si, cac nha dieu khac, cac thuy thu, nha nhie'p anh va cac nha hoach dinh chien hrpc la nhirng thi du ro rang (Picasso, Frank Lloyd Wright, Christopher Columbus,...). Ban sU dpng tri thong minh nay khi ban cd cam giac djnh hudng, khi ban tim hieu hay ve.

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    Tri thong minh ve am nhac: La kha nang tao ra hoac soan cac ban nhac, kha nang hat hay, hieu ro ve am nhac, kha nang giu" nhip dieu. Do la mot tai nang ma ro rang chi co nhung nhac si, nhung nha soan nhac (nhtr: Mozart, Leonard Bernstein, Ray Charles,...) va cac ky su ghi am mdi co dupe. Nhung hau het moi ngudi deu co mot tri thong minh co ban ve am nhac de co the phat trien. Hay nghi xem viec hpc se co hieu qua nhu the nao neu chiing ta ciing hpc vdi mpt dieu nhac nao dp.

    Tri thong minh cua co" the: La kha nang sU dung cP the cua ban mpt each thanh thao de giai quyet cac van de, tao ra nhimg san pham, the hien mpt y tudng hay cam xiic nao do. Do cung ia kha nang dirpc the hien rat ro rang trong cac hoat dpng theo dudi the thao hay nghe thuat nhu khieu vu, dong phim hay trong xay dung. Cac bac si phau thuat cung thupc loai nay. Nhieu ngudi trong so hp co ca the rat tai nang - "rat gioi vdi ddi tay". Ban dirng cho rang dang tri thong minh nay khong co gia tri ngang tam vdi nhung tri thong minh khac.

    Nhung ngudi ndi tieng thong minh dang nay phai ke den: Charlie Chaplin, Michael Jordan, Rudolf Nureyev.

    Tri thdng minh giao tiep (xa hpi): La kha nang lam viec hieu qua vdi nhimg ngudi khac, quan he vdi nhung ngudi khac, the hien sU ddng cam va thau hieu de nhan ra nhiing dpng lUc va mpc tieu ciia hp. Day la mpt loai tri thong minh vo ciing quan trpng ciia con ngudi dupe the hien qua nhiing giao vien, nhiing ngudi ho trd, nhung nha trj lieu, nhirng chinh tri. gia, ngudi lanh dao ton giao va nhan vien ban hang gioi (nhU: Gandhi, Ronald Reagan, Me Teresa, Oprah Winfrey,...).

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    Tri thong minh ndi tam: La kha nang ty phan tich va phan anh - kha nang co the ty dy tinh va danh gia mpt each tham lang ve nhung thanh tyu ciia mpt ngudi nao do, kha nang danh gia hanh vi va tinh cam tan day long ciia mpt ngudi. Do cung la kha nang len ke hoach va dat ra muc tieu, ty nhan biet ve ban than. Cac nha triet hpc, cac nha tu van va nhieu ngudi thanh dat ndi tieng trong tat ca cac linh vUc can su no lyc deu cd tri thong minh nay, nhu: Freud, Eleanor Roosevelt, Plato.

    Nam 1996, Gardner da quyet dinh bo sung tri thong minh thd tam (nha tu nhien hQc) bat chap nhieu suy doan han che sU cam do mudn bd sung them tri thdng minh thd chin -tri thong minh tam linh.

    Tri thong minh ciia nha ty nhien hpc: La kha nang nhan ra quan thuc vat va quan dpng vat, kha nang phan biet cac ket qua logic trong the gidi ty nhien va sd dung kha nang nay mpt each hi$u qua - thi du nhu san tim, trong trpt hay khoa hpc sinh hpc. Nhirng ngudi nong dan, cac nha thyc vat hpc, nhirng ngudi ung hp moi trUdng thien nhien, cac nha sinh hpc, cac nha moi trudng deu the hien rat ro cac khia canh ciia tri thong minh nay (Charles Darwin, E.O. Wilson).

    Td trudc den nay, cac chii de hpc thuat thudng dupe day theo each ma hau het mpi ngudi deu chi sd dyng hai loai tri thong minh - tri thong minh ve ngon nguva logic toan hpc.

    Bay gid, hay thd xem xet mot bai kiem tra IQ ve co ban chi do dem dupe kha nang cua con ngudi vdi td ngu va con so. Vay thi nhung hpc sinh ve bam sinh da c6 the manh ve tri

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    thong minh ngon ngu va toan hpc se lam tot bai kiem tra IQ do. Do vay, day co the la mpt each kha tot de co the du1 doan sU thanh cong trong hpc tap ciia nhirng hpc sinh do tai trudng vi do chinh la each ma chung ta day hpc sinh vdi cac bai giang va nhung tai lieu ma chung ta giang day (la nhirng cudn sach dupe soan nen mpt each logic) phu thuoc phan ldn vao hai loai tri thong minh nay. Vi cac giao vien dupe lua chpn ra td nhirng ngudi hpc rat gidi d trudng nen do da trd thanh mpt he thong tutdn tai mai mai.

    Nhung lie