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KVL & KCL ASET IT2011

By Priyam & Aman Gupta Page 0

KVL & KCLEXPERIMENT NO. 10

OBJECTIVE : To measure the resistances using colour code and multimeter & To verify KCL &

KVL

Submitted by :

Priyam Gupta IT(Ist Year) 03910403110

Aman Gupta IT(Ist Year) 04010403110

Session : 2011


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CONTENTS

CONTENTS 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2

CERTIFICATE 3

APPARATUS 4

ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE 4

MULTIMETER 5

D.C.SOURCE 6

THEORY 7

K.C.L. 7

K.V.L. 8

PROCEDURE 9

OBSERVATION 10

CALCULATIONS 11

PRECAUTIONS 12

VIVA-VOCE 13


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere thanks to Dr. Devraj Singh, Department of Applied Science,

Amity School of Engineering and Technology who supported us with his invaluable

guidance and support. Without his support, completion with perfection could have

remained a dream. He worked like a driving force to accomplish our project.

Also, we would like to thank library incharge and lab assistant of Amity School of

Engineering and Technology for their valuable support.

And, last but not the least, we would like to thank our classmates who always kept ourmorale high even during our hard time.

Priyam Gupta

Aman Gupta


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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project NAMED K.C.L. & K.V.L. done by Priyam Gupta andAman Gupta of ITIst year is a genuine work carried out by them under my guidance

and inspection.

Dr. Devraj Singh,

Dept. of Applied Physics


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APPARATUS

ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE

The electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its opposition to the passage of a

steady electrical current. An object of uniform cross-section will have a resistance

proportional to its length and inversely proportional to its cross section area and

proportional to the resistivity of the material.

It was discovered by George Ohm in late 1820s


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The resistance of a resistive object determines the amount of current through the object

for a given potential difference across the object in accordance with ohms law

[ So it is inversely proportional to the flow of current ]

MULTIMETER

A multimeter or a multitester, also known as volt/ohm meter or VOM, is an electronic

measuring instrument that combines several functions in one unit. A standard multimeter

may include features such as the ability to measure voltage, current and resistance.

These are of two types:

Digital Multimeter

Analog Multimeter

Note:We are dealing with Digital Multimeter in the experiment.

A multimeter is used for many reasons. They are :

Fault Finding

Bench work Instrument

To troubleshoot electrical problems.

Digital Multimeter Analog Multimeter


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D.C.SOURCE

D.C.Source provides with direct current.

Direct current is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. Direct current is produced by batteries,

solar cells etc. It flows in a conductor but can also pass through semiconductors, insulators or

even through vaccum.

It is used as a main source of power supply.


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THEORY

Kirchhoffs circuit laws are two equalities that deal with charge and energy (conservation) in

electrical circuits. They were first described by Gustav Kirchhoff. Widely used in electrical

engineering.

The two laws are

Kirchhoffs Current Law [K.C.L.]

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law [K.V.L.]

KIRCHHOFFS CURRENT LAW [K.C.L.]

It states that at any point in an electrical circuit that doesnt represent a capacitor plate,

the sum of (concepts) currents flowing towards the point is equal to the sum of currents

flowing away from that points.

Adopting the conventions that every current flowing towards the point is positive and

every current flowing away is negative, this principle can be stated as

[ n is the total number of current flowing towards or away from the point ]


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KIRCHHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW [K.V.L.]

This law is also called the Kirchhoffs second law, Kirchhoffs loop (or mesh) rule

The directed sum of the electric potential differences around any close circuits must bezero.

Similar to K.C.L. it can be stated as:

[ here n is the total no. of voltage measured ]


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PROCEDURE

Measure the value of resistances with the help of colour code and

multimeter.

Connect the multimeter in parallel combination to component for voltage

measurement and rotate the knob of multimeter towards D.C. voltage.

Measure the voltage across different components using multimeter.

Calculate the equivalent resistance and currents. Then verify the K.C.L. and

K.V.L.


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OBSERVATIONS

1. Table for resistance:

Type of source R1 R2 R3 R

Colour code 23.0 47.0 18.0 36.15

Multimeter 21.9 46.5 19.2 35.98

2. Voltage and current using Multimeter:

E = 2.3 v

Vab = 1.22 v

Vbc = 1.02 v

Vac = 2.3 v


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CALCULATIONS

I1= Vab/R1 = 0.05 A

I2 = Vbc/R2 = 0.02 A I3= Vbc/R3 = 0.03 A

I4 = Vac/R = 0.058 A

For Verification:

Vac = Vbc+ Vab

= 1.02 + 1.22

= 2.24

i.e. 2.3 ~ 2.24

&I = 0.058 A

I1 = 0.05 A

I2 + I3 = (0.02 +0.03) A = 0.05 A


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PRECAUTIONS

o Handle the wires carefully.

o Connect the D.C.Source properly.

o Use the multimeter properly.

o Switch off the source as soon as possible.

o Prevent heating up of the wire.

o Calculate the value of resistance(from colour code and multimeter) efficiently.


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VIVA-VOCE

Ques. #1 : Define K.V.L. & K.C.L.?

Ans. #1 : K.V.L.: It states that the algebraic sum of changes in potential around anyclosed path of electric circuit involving resistors and cell in the loop is zero

i.e. V=0

K.V.L.: It states that the algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a junction in

a closed circuit is zero.

i.e. I=0

Ques. #2 : Difference b/w K.C.L. & K.V.L.?

Ans. #2 :

Sr. no. K.C.L. K.V.L.1. This law support the law

of conservation ofcharge.

This law supports thelaw of conservation ofenergy.

2. According to this lawI=0

According to this lawE=IR

3. Used in open & closedcircuits.

This law can be used ina closed circuit only.

Ques. #3 : What is colour coding of resistance?

Ans. #3 :

B Black

B Brown

R Red

O Orange

Y - Yellow

G Green

B Blue

V Violet

G Grey

W White


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COST OF APPARATUS

Resistances

Multimeter

D.C. Source

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