flickr.com/photos/hyku/2867739293

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Oil_Stadium

http://www.flickr.com/photos/14646075@N03/3801556352

farm7.staticflickr.com/6134/5936305758_bf3e7fa920_o.jpg

flickr.com/photos/dptr/51513601

flickr.com/photos/prodeucer/2242095441

farm1.staticflickr.com/183/411960476_6ed6bfe632_o.jpg

flickr.com/photos/zennie62/8788645300

flickr.com/photos/hyku/2868571500

farm4.staticflickr.com/3154/2868571500_9ce0639866_o.jpg

↔

↔

↓ ↓ ↓

farm4.staticflickr.com/3585/3335901360_8a8a670e41_o.jpg

Bosch, 2013

farm4.staticflickr.com/3585/3335901360_8a8a670e41_o.jpg

Contact Toe-Off

Leg RecoveryLeg Drive

Bosch & Klomp (2005)

Bosch, 2013

c

Posture:Excessive Forward Lean

Backside Mechanics: Delay in Leg Recovery

Ground Contact: Forward Contact

Good Quality: Lower Body/Trunk Stiffness

Backside Mechanics: Plantar FlexionGround Contact:

Low Stiffness

Good Quality: Leg Recovery

Winkelman (2013)

(1) Posture:

“Head to Heel Strong as Steel”

“Stay Long” “Stay Big”

(2) Leg Action (Backside):

“Drive Back” “Push Through”

“Push the Ground Away”

(2)Leg Action (Front-side):

“Knee Drive” “Break the Glass”

“Punch the Mitt” “Sprint up the Hill”

NSA Photosequence #15 – 200m Start: Carl Lewis- Commentary By: Carlo Vittori and Dan Pfaff

Sequence by Helmar Hommel (© Hommel AVS 1990): Re-Printed with permission New Studies in Athletics

(3) Arm Action Cont.:

“Snap Down and Back”

NSA Photosequence #15 – 200m Start: Carl Lewis- Commentary By: Carlo Vittori and Dan Pfaff

Sequence by Helmar Hommel (© Hommel AVS 1990): Re-Printed with permission New Studies in Athletics

Put it Together:

“Piston Action” “Stay Big”

“Bound: Power over Quickness”

(3) Arm Action:

“Hammer Back”

“Throw Spaghetti Against the Wall”

(1) Posture:

“Drive Belt-Buckle Forward”

“Lean Into Wind” “Stand Tall”

(2) Leg Action (Front-Side):

“High Heels (Step-Over)”

“Snap Laces Under Hip”

(2) Leg Action (Backside):

“Drive Down and Through Ground”

“Drive/Snap Ground Away”

“Spin the Earth” “Ground is Enemy”

NSA Photosequence #17 – 200m Start: Florence Griffith-Joyner- Commentary By: Leo Davis

Sequence by Helmar Hommel (© Hommel AVS 1990): Re-Printed with permission New Studies in Athletics

(3) Arm Action:

“Hammer Back”

“Throw Spaghetti Against the Wall”

(3) Arm Action Cont.:

“Snap Down and Back”

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

Change (Sec)

0.21

0.124

0.108

2011

2012

2013

NFL COMBINE

Brophy, R. H., Barnes, R., Rodeo, S. A., & Warren, R. F. (2007). Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders at the NFL Combine--trends from 1987 to 2000. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 39(1), 22-27.

Brophy, R. H., Chehab, E. L., Barnes, R. P., Lyman, S., Rodeo, S. A., & Warren, R. F. (2008). Predictive value of orthopedic evaluation and injury history at the NFL combine. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 40(8), 1368-1372.

Kuzmits, F. E., & Adams, A. J. (2008). The NFL combine: does it predict performance in the National Football League? J Strength Cond Res, 22(6), 1721-1727.

McGee, K. J., & Burkett, L. N. (2003). The National Football League combine: a reliable predictor of draft status? J Strength Cond Res, 17(1), 6-11.

Robbins, D. W. (2010). The National Football League (NFL) combine: does normalized data better predict performance in the NFL draft? J Strength CondRes, 24(11), 2888-2899.

Robbins, D. W. (2012). Relationships between National Football League combine performance measures. J Strength Cond Res, 26(1), 226-231.

Sierer, S. P., Battaglini, C. L., Mihalik, J. P., Shields, E. W., & Tomasini, N. T. (2008). The National Football League Combine: performance differences between drafted and non-drafted players entering the 2004 and 2005 drafts. J Strength Cond Res, 22(1), 6-12.

Technical Sprinting Model

Bosch, F., & Klomp, R. (2005). Running: Biomechanics and Exercise Physiology Applied in Practice. Maarssen, The Netherlands: Elsevier.

Brown, T.D., Vescovi, J.D., & Jaci, L.V. (2004). Assessment of Linear Sprinting Performance: A Theoretical Paradigm. J Sports Sci Med, 3, 203-210.

Mann, R. (2011). The mechanics of sprinting and hurdling: CreateSpace. Mero, A., & Komi, P. V. (1986). Force-, EMG-, and elasticity-velocity relationships at

submaximal, maximal and supramaximal running speeds in sprinters. Eur J Appl PhysiolOccup Physiol, 55(5), 553-561.

Mero, A., Komi, P. V., & Gregor, R. J. (1992). Biomechanics of sprint running. A review. Sports Med, 13(6), 376-392.

Thompson, A., Bezodis, I. N., & Jones, R. L. (2009). An in-depth assessment of expert sprint coaches' technical knowledge. J Sports Sci, 27(8), 855-861.

Weyand, P. G., & Davis, J. A. (2005). Running performance has a structural basis. Journal of Experimental biology, 208(14), 2625-2631.

Weyand, P. G., Sandell, R. F., Prime, Danille NL, & Bundle, M. W. (2010). The biological limits to running speed are imposed from the ground up. Journal of applied physiology, 108(4), 950-961.

Weyand, P. G., Sternlight, D. B., Bellizzi, M. J., & Wright, S. (2000). Faster top running speeds are achieved with greater ground forces not more rapid leg movements. J ApplPhysiol, 89(5), 1991-1999.

Winkelman, N. (2009). A model of periodisation: Optimising performance and recovery in the elite 100m sprinter. Professional Strength and Conditioning, 13, 14-18.

Resisted/Assisted Sprinting

Alcaraz, P. E., Palao, J. M., & Elvira, J. L. (2009). Determining the optimal load for resisted sprint training with sled towing. J Strength Cond Res, 23(2), 480-485.

Alcaraz, P. E., Palao, J. M., Elvira, J. L., & Linthorne, N. P. (2008). Effects of three types of resisted sprint training devices on the kinematics of sprinting at maximum velocity. J Strength Cond Res, 22(3), 890-897.

Clark, K. P., Stearne, D. J., Walts, C. T., & Miller, A. D. (2010). The longitudinal effects of resisted sprint training using weighted sleds vs. weighted vests. J Strength Cond Res, 24(12), 3287-3295.

Cronin, J., Hansen, K., Kawamori, N., & McNair, P. (2008). Effects of weighted vests and sled towing on sprint kinematics. Sports Biomech, 7(2), 160-172.

Harrison, A. J., & Bourke, G. (2009). The effect of resisted sprint training on speed and strength performance in male rugby players. J Strength Cond Res, 23(1), 275-283.

Hrysomallis, C. (2012). The Effectiveness of Resisted Movement Training on Sprinting and Jumping Performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(1), 299-306.

Lockie, R. G., Murphy, A, & Janse de Jonge, X. (2011). Quantifying Training Load for Free Sprint, Resisted Sprint, Plyometrics and Weights Training with Session-RPE in Field Sport Athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25, S14.

Lockie, R. G., Murphy, A. J., Schultz, A. B., Knight, T. J., & Janse de Jonge, X. A. (2012). The effects of different speed training protocols on sprint acceleration kinematics and muscle strength and power in field sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res, 26(6), 1539-1550.

Resisted/Assisted Sprinting

Lockie, R.G., Murphy, A.J., & Spinks, C.D. (2003). Effects of Resisted Sled Towing on Sprint Kinematics in Field-Sport Athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 17(4), 760-767.

Spinks, C.D., Murphy, A.J., Spinks, W.L., & Lockie, R.G. (2007). The Effects of Resisted Sprint Training on Acceleration Performance and Kinematics in Soccer,Rugby Union, and Australian Football Players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(1), 77-85.

Upton, D. E. (2011). The effect of assisted and resisted sprint training on acceleration and velocity in Division IA female soccer athletes. J Strength CondRes, 25(10), 2645-2652.

West, D.J., Cunningham, D.J., Bracken, R.M., Bevan, H.R., Crewther, B.T., Cook, C.J., & Kilduff, L.P. (2013). Effects of

Resisted Sprint Training on Acceleration in Professional Rugby Union Players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(4), 1014-1018.

Zafeiridis, A., Saraslanidis, P., Manou, V., Ioakimidis, P., Dipla, K., & Kellis, S. (2005). The effects of resisted sled-pulling sprint training on acceleration and maximum speed performance. Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 45(3), 284-290.

Coaching Model

Hodges, N. J., & Williams, A. M. (2012). Skill acquisition in sport : research, theory and practice. London ; New York: Routledge.

Huber, J. (2012). Applying educational psychology in coaching athletes. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Ille, A., Selin, I., Do, M. C., & Thon, B. (2013). Attentional focus effects on sprint start performance as a function of skill level. J Sports Sci.

Jones, R. L. (2006). The sports coach as educator : reconceptualisingsports coaching. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York: Routledge.

Magill, R. A. (2011). Motor learning and control : concepts and applications (9th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Porter, J. M., Anton, P. M., & Wu, W. F. (2012). Increasing the Distance of an External Focus of Attention Enhances Standing Long Jump Performance. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(9), 2389-2393.

Porter, J. M., Wu, W.F.W., Crossley, R.M., & Knopp, S.W. (in Press). Adopting an External Focus of Attention Improves Sprinting Performance. Manuscript Submitted for Publication.

Coaching Model

Porter, J., Wu, W., & Partridge, J. (2010). Focus of Attention and Verbal Instructions: Strategies of Elite Track and Field Coaches and Athletes (Vol. XIX, pp. 77).

Winkelman, N. (2013). Applied Motor Learning: “What We Say Matters” (Part I). http://www.nsca.com/ContentTemplates/PublicationArticleDetail.aspx?id=2147486591

Winkelman, N. (2013). Applied Motor Learning: “What We Say Matters” (Part II). http://www.nsca.com/ContentTemplates/PublicationArticleDetail.aspx?id=2147486592

Wulf, G. (2007). Attention and motor skill learning. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Wulf, G. (2012). Attentional focus and motor learning: a review of 15 years. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1-28.