Kursus ‘the Teaching of Kursus ‘the Teaching of Speaking’ Speaking’

untuk Sekolah Menengahuntuk Sekolah Menengah

Speaking : Strategies & Speaking : Strategies & FunctionsFunctions

PUSAT PERKEMBANGAN KURIKULUM PUSAT PERKEMBANGAN KURIKULUM

KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIAKEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA

We think all the time.We think all the time. Most people experience Most people experience

random thinkingrandom thinking; the ; the jumbled stream of pictures, jumbled stream of pictures, words, feelings and emotions words, feelings and emotions which trickles compulsively in which trickles compulsively in our heads. our heads.

How do we direct the jumbled How do we direct the jumbled stream of ideas into an organized stream of ideas into an organized thought?thought?

1. Once the mental pictures flash into the mind, 1. Once the mental pictures flash into the mind, create an ‘outline’. You need not have to write it create an ‘outline’. You need not have to write it down but rather visualize it. down but rather visualize it.

2. By asking some questions to yourself, you are 2. By asking some questions to yourself, you are able to start off a conversation. Open-ended able to start off a conversation. Open-ended questions do encourage talk and thought. questions do encourage talk and thought.

3. Questions in 3. Questions in a mind-mapping strategya mind-mapping strategy can can be formed around a central theme. be formed around a central theme.

Steps of organising ideas / thoughtsSteps of organising ideas / thoughts

Visualise the ideas in picture formVisualise the ideas in picture form

Relate /Link to something they know

Putting all related ideas in a mind map

Mnemonics – To help remember the facts

Verbalising – Say it to yourself

DOING A MIND MAPDOING A MIND MAP

Doing A Mind Map Doing A Mind Map Is Like Is Like

Having A Tree With Having A Tree With BranchesBranches

Mind MapsMind Maps

Why use mind maps?Why use mind maps? Visual ways to represent information.Visual ways to represent information. Organise thoughts / ideas to enhance Organise thoughts / ideas to enhance

memory.memory. Ideas are arranged in a cluster fashion Ideas are arranged in a cluster fashion

branching out from the central idea.branching out from the central idea. Helpful when planning a conversation.Helpful when planning a conversation.

Initiating a conversation in a Initiating a conversation in a situationsituation

For example, if you are a football For example, if you are a football enthusiast and you share a common enthusiast and you share a common interest with a stranger (e.g. a tourist who interest with a stranger (e.g. a tourist who happens to sit next to you in the LRT). You happens to sit next to you in the LRT). You would like to get to know this person by would like to get to know this person by initiating a conversation on ‘football’. initiating a conversation on ‘football’.

Before a word is uttered, you need to Before a word is uttered, you need to organize your thoughts so that it would organize your thoughts so that it would attract this person to listen and respond to attract this person to listen and respond to you. Since it is a Football World Cup fever, you. Since it is a Football World Cup fever, the central theme would be ‘World Cup’. the central theme would be ‘World Cup’.

Players Favourite team Strategy Score

Venue World Cup season pride Performance enthusiasm

The jumbled stream of pictures, words, feelings and emotions which trickles compulsively into the man’s thinking.

Football World Football World CupCup

Which team will score the highest?

What strategy will the German team use against Brazil?

Why do you think the manager refuses to entertain the players’ demand?

Who is a better player? Ronaldo or Totti?

When will the team reveal the new jersey?

Where does the match take place ?

CENTRAL THEMECENTRAL THEME

Questions formed through jumbled stream of key wordsQuestions formed through jumbled stream of key words

Ideas are arranged in a cluster fashion branching out from the central idea.Ideas are arranged in a cluster fashion branching out from the central idea.

TASKTASK Prepare a mind map in the form of questions about Prepare a mind map in the form of questions about

each topic below:each topic below:

a. A pay raise for Government servantsa. A pay raise for Government servants b. Sex Educationb. Sex Education c. PTK exams c. PTK exams d. Be married or single?d. Be married or single? e. Child Kidnappinge. Child Kidnapping f. Is SMART for 2 really smart? f. Is SMART for 2 really smart? g. Visit Malaysia Year 2007g. Visit Malaysia Year 2007

Vocabulary building strategiesVocabulary building strategies

Study the following conversation:Study the following conversation:

Everything is nice!

Sarah : How was your weekend?

Amir : Well, I had a nice weekend on a nice stretch of beach. The weather was nice too.

Instead of repeating the word ‘nice’, Instead of repeating the word ‘nice’, the speaker can make his the speaker can make his conversation interesting by selecting conversation interesting by selecting specific words to convey his specific words to convey his message.message.

Amir can just reply:Amir can just reply:

“Well, I had a wonderful weekend on a beautiful stretch of beach. The weather was marvellous too.”

A good thesaurus skills will help you A good thesaurus skills will help you make your language more accurate, make your language more accurate, and more varied. For example, an and more varied. For example, an intermediate-level speaker would intermediate-level speaker would say:say:

“My mom is a very good cook!”

Imagine you would like to find a better word to use instead of ‘very good’ in the above sentence.

This is what you need to do (with This is what you need to do (with an aid of a thesaurus) :an aid of a thesaurus) :

1. Think of a word which expresses the basic

meaning of what you want to say.

good

2. Find the word in the thesaurus and read its definition.

3. Decide which alternative word is the best one for you to use.

best, nice, great,excellent, well

Some words which are similar to Some words which are similar to ‘ ‘very goodvery good’ may not appear in the ’ may not appear in the thesaurus. Perhaps you have come thesaurus. Perhaps you have come across with some interesting words across with some interesting words before while watching t.v. or reading before while watching t.v. or reading a magazine. a magazine.

very good

impressive

amazing

terrific

brilliant

PRACTICEPRACTICE‘‘NICE’ WORDSNICE’ WORDS

Here is some common everyday use of the word Here is some common everyday use of the word ‘nice’. Find the most suitable word from the list ‘nice’. Find the most suitable word from the list which can replace ‘nice’ in each of the phrases which can replace ‘nice’ in each of the phrases below. Use each word once only.below. Use each word once only.

caring grand friendly

modern well-written fine

neat well-furnished well-mannered

pretty

nicenice

childchildnicenice

dressdressnicenice

househousenicenice

handwritinghandwritingnicenice

weatherweather

nicenice

parentsparentsnice nice

neighboursneighboursnice nice

essayessaynicenice

roomroomnice nice

furniturefurniture

TASKTASK

Think of similar words which can Think of similar words which can replace common words like:replace common words like:

Look at the following conversation:Look at the following conversation:

CashierCashier : Yes? (Her voice rises sharply) : Yes? (Her voice rises sharply)

Mr. SmithMr. Smith : Yes what? : Yes what?

CashierCashier (impatiently): What do you want? (impatiently): What do you want?

Mr. SmithMr. Smith (irritated) : I want some courtesy (irritated) : I want some courtesy

but I would also like to see your supervisor. but I would also like to see your supervisor.

Functions for Functions for Effective Conversation Effective Conversation

What is wrong with the conversationWhat is wrong with the conversation??

Starting a conversation – in fact, any Starting a conversation – in fact, any exchange of words – in the right way is exchange of words – in the right way is important. It doesn’t really matter whether important. It doesn’t really matter whether it is with a stranger or a close friend. it is with a stranger or a close friend.

A good start creates a good impression and A good start creates a good impression and basically it’s not difficult to smile, avoid basically it’s not difficult to smile, avoid sharp rises in one’s voice and most sharp rises in one’s voice and most important, show consideration for the other important, show consideration for the other person. person.

How To StartHow To Start

11stst step : Getting someone’s attention step : Getting someone’s attention

Especially in a formal situation, you may need to Especially in a formal situation, you may need to ask for someone’s attention before you speak. ask for someone’s attention before you speak.

Start with an apology :Start with an apology :

Excuse me.Excuse me.Sorry to interrupt.Sorry to interrupt.Pardon mePardon meSorry to bother youSorry to bother you

Example of getting someone’s attentionExample of getting someone’s attention

A : Excuse me.

B : Yes?

A : Sorry to interrupt .

B : That’s all right

To make a request more politeTo make a request more polite

You can make your request more polite by using You can make your request more polite by using couldcould and expressions like a and expressions like a minute / moment, a minute / moment, a couple of minutes,a few, quickcouple of minutes,a few, quick and and justjust::

• Excuse me. Could I have a minute?Excuse me. Could I have a minute?• Sorry. Could you spare a couple of minutes?Sorry. Could you spare a couple of minutes?• Excuse me, but could I ask you a quick question?Excuse me, but could I ask you a quick question?• Sorry to interrupt, but could I speak with you for Sorry to interrupt, but could I speak with you for

just a moment?just a moment?

TASKTASK Complete each exchange by adding a response. Complete each exchange by adding a response. Then, practise the exchange.Then, practise the exchange.

Situation 1 :Situation 1 :A : Sorry. Could I have a minute?A : Sorry. Could I have a minute?B : __________________________________B : __________________________________

Situation 2 :Situation 2 :A : Sorry to interrupt, but could I ask you aA : Sorry to interrupt, but could I ask you a couple of questions?couple of questions?B : __________________________________B : __________________________________

Situation 3 :Situation 3 :A : Excuse me. Could you spare a few minutes?A : Excuse me. Could you spare a few minutes?B : __________________________________B : __________________________________

Situation 4 :Situation 4 :A : Sorry to interrupt. Could I just ask a question?A : Sorry to interrupt. Could I just ask a question?B : __________________________________B : __________________________________

Situation 4 :Situation 4 :A : Sorry. Could you spare a couple of minutes?A : Sorry. Could you spare a couple of minutes?B : __________________________________B : __________________________________

TASKTASK

22ndnd step: Greeting someone and step: Greeting someone and starting a conversation starting a conversation

Sometimes you can start a Sometimes you can start a conversation with a greeting (without conversation with a greeting (without getting someone’s attention first)getting someone’s attention first)

Give a greeting :Give a greeting :

Hello. Hi! There you are! Good morning / afternoon / evening.

Ask how the person is:Ask how the person is:

How are you?How are you? How have you been?How have you been? How are things?How are things?

How do you respond to the How do you respond to the

above questions?above questions?

I’m fine. How are you?I’m fine. How are you?

Not bad. And you?Not bad. And you?

Busy, but okay.Busy, but okay.

If you know the person but haven’t met for If you know the person but haven’t met for some time:some time:

It’s been a long time.It’s been a long time.

Long time no see.Long time no see.

How do you respond to the above How do you respond to the above expressions?expressions?

Yes, it has.Yes, it has.

Yes. Too long.Yes. Too long.

Right. Since last July / year.Right. Since last July / year.

PracticePracticeComplete each exchange with appropriate response:Complete each exchange with appropriate response:

Situation 1:Situation 1: A : Good morning, Lim. How are you?A : Good morning, Lim. How are you? B : Not bad. And you?B : Not bad. And you? A : ____________________________A : ____________________________

Situation 2 :Situation 2 : A : Hello, Azmi. You’re looking good.A : Hello, Azmi. You’re looking good. B : ___________________________B : ___________________________

33rdrd step : Introducing yourself step : Introducing yourselfAfter greeting someone you don’t know, you After greeting someone you don’t know, you may want to say who you are:may want to say who you are:

My name’s Alina Ahmad.My name’s Alina Ahmad.Please call me Lina.Please call me Lina.

A : I’m Lim Chui Hoon.A : I’m Lim Chui Hoon. Everybody calls me Chui Hoon.Everybody calls me Chui Hoon.B : Nice / Glad to meet you. My name’sB : Nice / Glad to meet you. My name’s Geeta Rani. Just call me Geeta.Geeta Rani. Just call me Geeta.

Give some basic facts about Give some basic facts about yourself:yourself:

I’m Azmi’s roommate.I’m Azmi’s roommate.

Oh. I used to go to school with Geeta.Oh. I used to go to school with Geeta.

I know Geeta from secondary school.I know Geeta from secondary school.

I’m here as Geeta’s guest.I’m here as Geeta’s guest.

Response from the other speaker:Response from the other speaker:

That’s nice.That’s nice.

That’s interesting.That’s interesting.

Introducing someone elseIntroducing someone elseSometimes you may want to introduce a Sometimes you may want to introduce a friend or someone you know to another friend or someone you know to another person you know. person you know.

Say you’d like to make an introduction:Say you’d like to make an introduction:

There’s someone I’d like you to meet.There’s someone I’d like you to meet.

Let me introduce you to a friend of Let me introduce you to a friend of mine.mine.

Do you know each other?Do you know each other?

Look at the following expressions:Look at the following expressions:a.a. Your relationship to the person:Your relationship to the person: Amy’s an old friend of mine.Amy’s an old friend of mine. Sim and I work in the same office.Sim and I work in the same office.

b.b. What the person does:What the person does: Amy works in an advertising agency.Amy works in an advertising agency. Sim is a software designer.Sim is a software designer. Haziq is working on an engineering degree at Haziq is working on an engineering degree at the university.the university.

c.c. An interesting fact about the person.An interesting fact about the person. Amy is from Penang.Amy is from Penang. Sim just got back from a trip to Sabah.Sim just got back from a trip to Sabah. Haziq likes to go hiking. Haziq likes to go hiking.

YOU ARE READY TO SPEAK!YOU ARE READY TO SPEAK!

Plan a conversationPlan a conversation

Choose a topicChoose a topic

Come up with a mind mapCome up with a mind map

Choose a person to talk toChoose a person to talk to

Practise the dialoguePractise the dialogue

Execute your plan!Execute your plan!