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THE WORLDVIEW OF ISLAM/
ISLAMIC WORLDVIEW
Part One
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WEEK 1WORLDVIEWS: MEANING,
CHARACTERISTICS AND
KINDS
- meaning and characteristics of the
Islamic and other worldviews
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REFERENCES1. Mohammed, Riza and Dilwar
Hussain,(ed.).(2003) Islam The Way ofvival. Leicester:Revival Publications.
2. SMN al-Attas, The Worldview of Islam: AnOutline.pp 25-71, in Islam and theChallenge of Modernity, (ed. Sharifah Shifaal-Attas) K.L 1994
3. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Kamal Hasan, TheIslamic Worldview Towards a PositiveIslamic Worldview.pp 11-33
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Definition Literally : view of the world To answer basic cosmological questions;
1. Where did this life and universe came from,and to where is it going?
2. What is the purpose of this being of spaceand time?
3. What is the position of man within thetotality of this being?
technically: the way how man answers thebasic question explain the world andinterpret the life
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Basic Characteristics of Worldview
Capable to answer the basiccosmological questions of relevance
to the universe as whole, not only tosome certain parts of the life
Provides a well grounded, reliable
and eternally valid comprehensionand not a provisional and transient
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Provides some theoreticalbasis of cosmological truth,not only purely practical
and technical values
It promotes commitment
and responsibility.
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KINDS OF WORLDVIEW
Scientific worldview
Philosophical worldviewReligious worldview
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SCIENTIFIC WORLDVIEW
Three important foundations
- Empiricism
- Rationalism
- Skepticism
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MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENTIFICWORLDVIEW
Identify the problems
Propose hypotheses and assumption
Collecting data and information Test the hypotheses - if wrong reject
or modified or replace it with the
correct oneVerification of the data and
information
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If correct then provide it with full
explanation- Repeat the test in similar situations -
if the result is equal then construct
scientific theory- Stand to resistance - a scientific law
Become scientific facts
Remain in tact for a long time but itcan be questioned again
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ADVANTAGE
Science is based on theexperiment, empiricalresearch, verification
through mathematic,statistics and
measurement, so, they areexact and authentic.
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We get a lot of information through
science Understand nature and colonize it and
make use of it resources Science allows human reason to
exercise its ability Science produces knowledge of many
fields
Discover many laws and patterns of Godin the universe
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DISADVANTAGE
Science is not a complete way tointerpret the life and universe, onlyapplicable to certain parts of ourexistence
It Confined to a physical world The purpose of existence (universe
and life) is not known by scientific
viewpoint, thus SWV is knowledge ofpart not the whole
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Science theoretically unstableand not-enduring (ghairithabit), so it is not capable toprovide a firm, eternal andunshakable foundations of faiththat demands of Worldview.
Failed to protectnature/environment, humandignity and justice
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Science and technology becomingtools against humanity;
- care more on power, mastering naturebut undermining spiritual, moral andreligious elements e.g Green house,
caring so much on air pollution andcontamination of water or nuclearpower
Science tries to go beyond its limit byallowing other sources to be authenticsource od knowledge as revelation.
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PHILOSOPHICAL WORLDVIEW
Relies on philosophy and its means todeal with the questions of LIFE
The means of philosophical worldview
- logic/logical reasoning- Deduction (general to specific)
- Induction (specific to general)
- Mathematic
- speculation
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Simple logic, example;
All human are animal
Ahmad is a human
Ahmad is an animal
deduction
induction
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It relies on certain self-evidence
(undeniable principle) of mindand the nature to answer thehuman question.
The philosophical worldview ismore richer in its scope thanthe scientific worldview because
it deals with the issues ofphysical and metaphysical world
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PWV attempts to give a meaning to
creation and live It instill in ourselves a sense ofmeaning
Its results and findings are notprecise and measurable like sciencebut they open up new way for
human to think beyond his physicalworld
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MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF PWV
More comprehensive than scientific worldviewbecause it deals with physical andmetaphysical world
If SWV deals with certain parts of theuniverse only, the PWV deals with the entireexistence and the Universe
The PWV give meaning to our lives and
assumed that life has a meaning The PWV able to give us a perception of the
WV of the existence
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HOW IT DIFFERS FROM SWV
The SWv conduces to action bygiving man the power and
capacity to control the nature,but PWv conduces to action bygiving the reason for action and
the criteria for human choice inthis life.
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PWV is depending on reason,
which tests on a series of evidentprinciples that undeniable to themind.
- the PWV answers those ideologicalquestions
- Philosophical thought discerns
(yubayyin) mien (mazhar) of theuniverse as whole
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DISDAVANTAGE
It is a product of human
mind that could lead toanother philosophicalproblem which isHUMANISME
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RELIGIOUS WORLDVIEW
- WORLDVIEW OF ISLAM-
The vision of reality and truth
that appears before our mindseye revealing what existence isall about; for it is the world of
existence in its totality thatIslam is projecting.
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The current definition Nazrat al-Islam lial-Kawnis not the proper definition todefine Islamic WV.
WV of Islam encompasses both al-Dunyaand akhrah.
The term to define reality is haqqahand not waqiyyah.
The WV of Islam is the vision of
reality and truth that appearsbefore our minds eye revealingwhat existence is all about.
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The worldview of Islam
encompasses both dunyaand al-akhirahin which thedunya aspect must be
related in a profound andinseparable way to the
akhirah-aspect, in which thelater has the ultimate andfinal significance
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The dunyaaspect is seen as apreparation for the akhirah-aspect.
Everything in Islamis ultimatelyfocused on the akhirah-aspectwithout thereby implying any
attitude of neglect or beingunmindful of the dunyaaspect.
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THE CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY OFISLAMIC WORLDVIEW
IWV is unlike WV projected by theWestern Culture and Civilization
because; It is a metaphysical survey of thevisibleas well as the invisible
worlds including the perspective oflife as a whole.
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NOT a WV that isformed merely by the
gathering together ofvarious cultural object,
values and phenomenainto artificial coherance
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NOT a WV that is formed gradually
through a historical anddevelopmental process ofphilosophical speculation and
scientific discovery, which must ofnecessity be left vague and open -ended for future change andalteration in line with paradigms
that change in correspondence withchanging circumstances
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NOT a WV that undergoes a dialectical
process of transformation repeatedthrough the ages, from thesis toantithesis, with elements of each ofthese stages in the process being
assimilated into the other, such as a Wvbased upon a system of thought thatwas originally god-centered, and is nowworld-centered and perhaps and
perhaps shifting again to form a newthesis in the dialectical process
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NOT a Wv that change in line with the
dominant ideology of the day It has never been characterized of
influenced by opposing systems ofthought advocating differentinterpretations of Wv and valuesystems like that which have occurredand will continue to occur in the
history of the cultural, religious andintellectual tradition of the West
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WEEK
THREE
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WEEK 3
SELECTIVE
CONTEMPORARY
IDEOLOGIES:a. Secularism
b. Post-modernism
c. materialism
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THE CHARACTER ANDPERSONALITY OF
WESTERN CULTUREAND CIVILIZATION(WCC)
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WESTERN CIVILIZATION IS ;
.. The civilization that has evolvedout of historical fusion of cultures,philosophies, values and aspirationsof ancient Greece and Rome; their
amalgamation with Judaism andChristianity, and their furtherdevelopment and formation by the
Latin, Germanic, Celtic and Nordicpeoples.
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SPIRIT OF WCC
SECULAR- Inspired by secular PHILOSOPHY, devoid of
CERTAINTY, subject to CONSTANT REVIEWand CHANGE
- Its WV formulation not upon REVEALEDKNOWLEDGE and RELIGIOUS BELIEF butrather upon CULTURAL TRADITION,
SPECULATIONS TO SECULAR LIFE centeredupon MAN AS PHYSICAL ENTITY
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HUMANISTIC-reliance upon thepowers of humanreason alone to guide
man through life
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DUALISTIC
- adherence to the validity ofthe dualistic vision of reality
and truth-Affirmation of the reality ofthe evanescent-aspect of
existence projecting asecular WV
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TRAGIC
- emulation of the allegedlyuniversal reality of drama andtragedy in the spiritual, ortranscendental , or inner life ofman, making drama andtragedy real and dominantelements in human nature andexistence
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SECULARIZATION AND ITS
IMPLICATION ON THE WV
OF CONTEMPORARYMUSLIMS
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Any foreign Key concepts must betranslated profoundly by understandingits symbolic forms that which WV isprojected.
The intellectual confusion and anarchy
emerged due to the CHANGES andRESTRICTIONS on KEY TERMS thatinfluenced the thinking of thosescholars, journalists, politicians whoseheart and mind awe with secularism
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EARLY LATINIZED WESTERN CHURCH
Referred secular to people who are unableto read and write, therefore not learned inthe arts and sciences, also called laity nonprofessional
Also conveys a general meaning of beingconcerned with the affairs of the world
Translated by Christian Arabs as almaniy(laysa min arbb al-fann aw al-hirfah) andsecularity as (al-ihtimm bi umr al-dunya) and to secularize (as hawwal ilghara alamiy ay dunyawiy)
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Overwhelmed by the world and life in
it, distracted man from consciousnessof the final destination (al-akhirah).
Islam does not derogate the worlditself rather asking us to reflect its
wonders One must alert on the distracting and
ephemeral nature of hayat al-dunya
The world is already perfect accordingto its own FITRAHbut life in the worldstill can develop.
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Secularization asUnderstood andExperienced in WesternCulture and Civilization
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Term seaculumin the real sense relates
to the doctrinal formulations of theWestern Christian religious traditionwhose true meanings couched in itasserted their intentions in their
consciousness more than 7 centuries Term secular conveyed a SPATIO-
TEMPORAL connotation has now
undergone a change emphasizing thetemporal rather than a spatial aspect
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SPATIO-TEMPORAL CONNOTATION
Is derived out of the experience andconsciousness of the fusion of theGreco Roman and judaic Traditions in
Western Christianityfusionthat mutually conflicting
elements of the Hellenic and Hebrewworldviews is considered problematic by
the modern Christian intellectuals andtheologians
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The HELLENIC view is spatial whereas theHEBREW is temporal
The arising confusions of worldviews becomesthe root of WCC epistemological andtheological problems
In modern times, the emphasis on thetemporal aspect which is the Hebrew vision ofexistence becoming more meaningful
Thus, secular conveys markedly dualconnotation of time and location now or
present sense of it and the location to theworld or worldly sense of it.
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SEACULUM is interpreted to mean
this age or the present time whichrefer to events in this world orcontemporary events
The emphasis of meaning is set on a
particular time in the world, viewed asa historical process
The concept secular refers to the
condition of this world at thisparticular time or period or age.
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The germ of meaning easily developsitself naturally into the existentialcontext of an-ever changing world inwhich there occurs the relativity ofhuman values
Now this natural and logicaldevelopment of the concept secular istaking place in contemporary modernwestern civilization which ispropagating throughout the world
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CONTEMPORARY MUSLIMS
AND THE THREAT OFSECULARIZATION
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Problems arising out of secularization,though not quite the same as those
besetting the West, have caused muchconfusion in our midst
These problems are caused due to the
introduction of Western ways ofthinking, judging and believingemulated by some MODERNISTS aswell as TRADITIONALISTS Muslim
scholars who have been influenced bythe modern West .
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They also awed by its scientific and
technological achievements thatthey could so readily be thusinfluenced betray their lack of true
understanding and full grasp ofboth the worldviews of Islam andthe modern West and the essential
beliefs and modes of thought thatproject them.
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They have become
disseminators of unnecessaryconfusion that is founded upona crisis of identity.
This situation is critical whenwe consider the fact thatMuslims are generally unaware
of what the secularizationprocess implies
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Secularization means.
.. The deliverance of man first from religiousthen from metaphisical control over hisreason and his language.
It is the setting free of the closeworldviews
Breaking of all supernatural myths andsacred symbols
The defatalization of history
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The discovery of man that he has been leftwith the world on his hands, that he can nolonger blame fortune or the furies for whathe does with it
It is man turning his attention away from theworlds beyond toward this world and thistime
Encompasses not only political and socialaspects but also cultural for it denotes thedisappearance of religious determination ofthe symbols of cultural integration.
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It implies an irreversible historicalprocess in which culture and societyare delivered from tutelage toreligious control and closemetaphysical worldviews.
It is considered a liberatingdevelopment and the end product ofsecularization is historical relativism.
Hence, HISTORY is a process ofsecularization
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THE INTEGRAL COMPONENTS IN THEDIMENSIONS OF SECULARIZATION ARE
Disenchantment of Nature
- freeing of nature from its religiousovertones
Desacrilization of Politics- abolition of sacral legitimation of political
power and authority
Deconsecration of Values- rendering transient and relative all
cultural creations and every value system
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Secularization in the modernsense which is actuallyhappening is a process that
definitely opposed to religion,it is a philosophical programor an ideology that seeks to
destroy the very foundationof religion.
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POST-MODERNISM
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Definition
Postmodernism transcends fromthe word modernity which itselfsurpasses tradition. It is postmodernity
Modernity is about the mental andintellectual occupation of non-european cultures through such
notions by the name ofdevelopment and progress
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It was framed and shaped bythe technical jargon of culturalstudies and grand narratives
The idea of modernity givesense and direction to life,thought, truth, reason, morality,
tradition and history
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF
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THE SIGNIFICANCE OFPOSTMODERNISM
The ideas of colonialism andmodernism prepared the groundfor the final assault, actual
consumption and total absorptionof the non-west liberalism,secularism and western
consumerism throughpostmodernism
SEVEN PRINCIPLES AND
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CHARACTERISTICS OFPOSTMODERNISM
1. No truth2. No reality
3. Imagination and speculation
4. Meaningless and valueless
5. Equal representation
6. Total doubt
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MATERIALISM
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It is a philosophical position that states thateverything is material, or a state of matter.
The word comes from the Latin materia,meaning matter.
Materialists particularly deny that the humanself is a spiritual--or in any way nonmaterial--entity.
They interpret beliefs, thoughts, desires,
sensations, and other mental states asproperties of material systems.
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Materialism is often considered a "scientific"philosophy because it is closely associated
with the view that everything that occurscan be explained by scientific laws--perhapseven by the laws of physics alone.
The Greek philosophers Leucippus andDemocritus developed an early form ofmaterialism called atomismin the 400's B.C.
They believed that invisible, indivisible
material particles, called atoms,of varioussizes and shapes make up everything thatexists.
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According to atomism, the mind itself ismade up of small, round, materialatoms.
Later atomists included the Greekphilosopher Epicurus and the Romanpoet Lucretius.
The growth of Christianity, with itsemphasis on spiritual concerns, led to adecline in materialism for manycenturies.
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Materialism reemerged as a significantintellectual force during the rise of modern
science in the 1600's. In France, PierreGassendi, a philosopher and scientist,revived some of the doctrines of ancientatomism.
The English philosopher Thomas Hobbesdeveloped an uncompromisingly materialistphilosophy.
The French philosophers Denis Diderot andJulien de la Mettrie also were among thebest-known materialists of the 1700's.
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A version of materialism known asdialectical materialismemerged in the late
1800's with the works of the Germanphilosopher Karl Marx and the Germansocial scientist Friedrich Engels.
The German philosopher G. W. F. Hegel hadused the term dialecticto indicate anecessary transition from one phase of theworld or society or thought to anotherphase.
This transition occurs as a result ofinadequacies or "contradictions" in theearlier phase.
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Hegel identified dialectical processeswith the development of reason or
spirit, but Marx and Engels combinedthe notion of dialectic with the viewthat the forces underlying historical
development are always material.
Marx and Engels particularly believedthat economic factors determine social
structure and change.
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Dialectical materialism provides thephilosophical basis for Communism, a
political and economic movement.
Since the 1950's, many scientifically orientedphilosophers have defended materialistpositions in metaphysics,a branch ofphilosophy that is concerned with the basicnature of reality (see METAPHYSICS).
These philosophers uphold materialistpositions independent of any politicalideology or theory of social development.
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WEEK
FOUR
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WEEK 4OVERVIEW OF ISLAM
AND ITS MAIN
CHARECTARISTICS
-Iman, Islam, Taqwa and Ihsan
G O O S
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THE RELIGION OF ISLAM
Primary signification of the termDIN
- Indebtedness
- Submissiveness- Judicious power
- Natural Inclination or
Tendency
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There have not been in the
history of the cultural, religiousand intellectual tradition ofIslam distinct ages
characterized by apreponderance of a system ofthought based uponmaterialism or idealism
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supported by attendant
methodological approaches andpositions like empiricism,rationalism, realism, nominalism,
pragmatism, positivism, logicalpositivism, criticism, oscillatingbetween centuries and emerging
one after another right down to ourtime.
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They combined in the
investigations, and at the sametime in their persons, the empiricaland the rational, the deductive and
the inductive methods, andaffirmed no dichotomy between thesubjective and the objective, so
they all affected what we wouldcall the tawhidmethod ofknowledge.
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There have never been in Islam
historical periods that can becharacterized as classical, then
medieval, then modern and
now purportedly shifting againpost-modern; nor have therebeen critical events between themedieval and the modernexperienced as a renaissance'sand an enlightenment
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Proponents of shifts in systems of
thought involving changes in thefundamental elements of the Wvand value system may say that all
forms of cultures must experiencesuch shifts, otherwise in theprocess of interaction with
changing circumstances theyexhaust themselves and becomeuncreative and petrified.
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But this is true only in the
experience andconsciousness of civilizationwhose systems of thoughtand value have been derivedfrom cultural and
philosophical elements aidedby the science of their time.
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Islam is not a form of culture, and
its system of thought projecting itsvision of reality and truth and thesystem of value derived from it arenot merely derived from culturaland philosophical elements aidedby science, but one whose originalsource is revelation, confirmed by
religion, affirmed by intellectualand intuitive principles
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Islam ascribes to itself the truth
of being a truly revealed religion,which has been perfected fromthe very beginning.
Therefore, it requires no historicalexplanation and evaluation interms of the place it occupied and
the role it played within a processof development.
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All the essentials of the religion;
the name, the faith and practice,the rituals, the creed and systemof belief were given by revelation
and interpreted and demonstratedby the Prophet in his words andmodel actions, not from cultural
tradition, which necessarily mustflow in the stream of historicism
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THEREFORE,THE
RELIGION OF ISLAM Is conscious of its own identity from the time
of its revelation
When it appeared on the stage of worldhistory Islam was already mature needingno process of growing up to maturity.
A truly revealed religion can only be that
which knows itself from the very beginning;and that self-knowledge comes from therevelation itself, not from history.
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is not a form of culture, and its
system of thought projecting WVwhose original source isREVELATION
is perfected from the verybeginning
Developmental process in Islam isonly a process of interpretation andelaboration which refer back to theunchanging source
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The so called development in thereligious traditions of mankind cannot beapplied to Islam, for what is assumed tobe a developmental process is in thecase of Islam only a process of
interpretation and elaboration whichmust necessity occur in alternatinggenerations of believers of different
nations, which refer back to theunchanging source.
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The worldview of Islam is
characterized by an authenticityand finality that points to whatis ultimate and it projects aview of reality and truth thatencompasses existence and life
altogether in total perspective.
THE FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF
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WV OF ISLAM, AMONG WHICH ARE;
The nature of GODThe nature ofREVELATION
The nature of CREATION
The nature of RELIGION
The nature ofKNOWLEDGE
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The nature of MAN AND THE
PSYCHOLOGY OF THEHUMAN SOUL
The nature of FREEDOM
The nature of VALUES andVIRTUES and
The nature of HAPPINESS
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These fundamental elements that
we call WV of ISLM, together withthe KEY TERMS and concepts
that they unfold
These elements act asINTEGRATING PRINCIPLES thatplace all our systems of meaningand standard of life and values incoherent order as a unified systemforming the WV
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The supreme PRINCIPLE of
true reality that isarticulated by these
elements is focused onKNOWLEDGE of theNATURE OF GOD as
revealed in the Quran