I

SOCIAL SCIENCE(Revised)

Part-I

10

TENTH STANDARD

Government of Karnataka

Karnataka Textbook Society (R.)100 Feet Ring Road,

Banashankari 3rd Stage, Bengaluru - 85

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PREFACE The Textbook Society, Karnataka has been engaged in producing new textbooks according to the new syllabi which in turn are designed on NCF – 2005 since June 2010. Textbooks are prepared in 12 languages; seven of them serve as the media of instruction. From standard 1 to 4 there is the EVS, mathematics and 5th to 10th there are three core subjects namely mathematics, science and social science.NCF – 2005 has a number of special features and they are:

• connecting knowledge to life activities • learning to shift from rote methods• enriching the curriculum beyond textbooks• learning experiences for the construction of knowledge• makingexaminationsflexibleandintegratingthemwithclassroomexperiences• caring concerns within the democratic policy of the country• making education relevant to the present and future needs.• softening the subject boundaries- integrated knowledge and the joy of learning.• the child is the constructor of knowledge

The new books are produced based on three fundamental approaches namely.

Constructive approach, Spiral Approach and Integrated approach

The learner is encouraged to think, engage in activities, master skills and competencies. The materials presented in these books are integrated with values. The new books are not examination oriented in their nature. On the other hand they help the learner in the all round development of his/her personality, thus help him/her become a healthy member of a healthy society and a productive citizen of this great country, India.

InSocialscienceespeciallyinstandard5thefirstchapterdealswiththehistorical,geographical, cultural and local study of the division in which learners live. Chapters on sociology, business studies and commerce are introduced in standard VIII as per the guidelines of NCF-2005. A lot of additional information is given through box items. Learners are encouraged to work towards construction of knowledge through assignments and projects. Learning load of memorizing dates has been reduced to the minimum. Life values have been integrated with content of each chapter.

The Textbook Society expresses grateful thanks to the chairpersons, writers, scrutinisers, artists, staff of DIETs and CTEs and the members of the Editorial Board and printers in helping the Text Book Society in producing these textbooks.

Prof. G. S. MudambadithayaCoordinator, Curriculum Revision

and Textbook PreparationKarnataka Textbook Society

Bengaluru, Karnataka

Nagendra KumarManaging Director

Karnataka Textbook Society ÀBengaluru, Karnataka

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Chairpersons’ Note

A demand for the change of curriculum, syllabi and textbooks has been heardfromparentsateveryinternaloffiveyears.TheGovernmentof Karnataka has accepted the demand favourably and revised its Curriculum (KCF 2007) and syllabi in all subjects. As a result of it textbooks are being prepared in various subjects and the result is this Social Science book for standard IX. It has been designed and prepared according to the changed situations in various curricular areas to enable the students to construct knowledge through activities. There are six subject areas namely, History, Political Science, Geography, Economics, Sociology and Business Studies.

The textbook has been prepared keeping in mind the changing situations in rural and urban scenario and at the same time providing opportunities for creativity among learners. A large number of activities and project works have been designed for the purpose. These are designed based on the fact that we live in a world of competition where acquiring knowledge has become the need of the day. The matter has been presented in a simple style and technical words have been glossed. That does not mean that are have succeeded fully in our endeavour though we have followed the basic principles enunciated in NCF 2005.

We express our grateful thanks to all those who gave us concrete suggestions at every stage of preparation of the book. We are grateful to the writers, the scrutiny committee members and translators.

We are especially grateful to the chief coordinator Prof. G S Mudambadithaya who has been striving hard in planning and bringing out textbooks of very high standard in all subjects. We express our sincere thanks to the Managing Director, Deputy Director and the coordinator of Social Science book. I also place on record my indebtedness to the Vice Chancellor, Registrar and other colleagues of the University of Tumakuru for their encouragement and guidance.

Dr. M. Kotresh, A.S. Dikshit Chairpersons

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Chairpersons :Dr. M. Kotresh, Associate Professor, Department of Studies and Research in History and Archaeology, Tumakuru University, Tumakuru.Sri A.S. Dikshit, Retd. Principal, Vani Education Centre, Basaveshwaranagar, Bengaluru.

Members :Dr. Basavaraja N. Akki, Associate Professor, Government First Grade College, Alnavara, Dharwad Tq.Sri N. Satyaprakash, Head Master, Vidyavardhaka Sangha High School, Ist Block, Rajajinagar, Bengaluru - 10.Sri T. Ningaiah, Associate Professor Govt. First grade college, Gubbi, Tumakuru Distrist.Sri B.K. Vasuki, Asst. Master, Vivekananda Trible Residential High School, B.R. Hills, Chamarajanagar District.Sri B. Hanumantharao, Lecturer, Govt. Pre-University College, Chikkaballapura.Sri Kumaraswamy, Principal, Vidyavahini Pre-University College, Tumakuru.Sri S.H. Kurakundi, Drawing Teacher, Government High School, Masanagi, Byadagi Tq., Haveri District.

Scrutinisers :Dr. Rajram Hegde, Professor, Department of History, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shivamogga.Prof. T.D. Devegowda, Professor, Department of Political Science, Dean (Study Centeras) K.S.O.U. Mysuru.Dr. Shoukath Azem, Professor, Depatment of Sociology, Karntaka University, Dharwad.Prof. P. Mallppa, Retd. Professor, Department of Geography, J.S.S. College, Mysuru.Dr. S.R. Keshava, Faculty, Department of Economics, Bengaluru University, Bengaluru.Dr. K.R. Srilakshmi, Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, Government First grade college, 6th Block, Jayanagar, Yadiyur, Bengaluru.

Editorial Board :Dr. M.V. Srinivas, Retd. Professor, Department of History, Mysore University, Mysuru.Dr. R.L.M. Patil, Retd. Professor, Department of Political Science, Bengaluru University, Bengaluru.Dr. Eshwarappa, Professor, Department of Geography, Bengaluru University, Bengaluru.

Translaters :Prof. Geetha Srinivasan, 329/1, Ist Cross, 23rd Main, Sarakhikere Village, 5th Phase, J.P. Nagar, Bengaluru-78.Smt D.R. Renuka, Assistant Professor, Government First Grade College, B.H. Road, Tumakuru.Sri N. Satyaprakash, Head Master, Vidyavardhaka Sangha High School, Ist Block, Rajajinagar, Bengaluru - 10.

Chief Co-ordinator :Prof. G.S. Mudambadithaya, Co-ordinator, Curriculum Revision and Textbook Preparation, KTBS, Bengaluru.

Chief Advisers :Sri Nagendra Kumar, Managing Director, KTBS, Bengaluru-85Smt. Nagamani, Deputy Director, KTBS, Bengaluru-85

Programme Co-ordinator :Sri. A.T. Rangadasappa, Senior Assistant Director, KTBS, Bengaluru-85

Textbook Committee

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About the Revision of Textbooks

Honourable Chief Minister Sri Siddaramaiah who is also the Finance Minister of Karnataka, in his response to the public opinion about the new textbooks from standard I to X, announced, in his 2014-15 budget speech of constituting an expert-committee, to look into the matter. He also spoke of the basic expectations there in, which the textbook experts should follow: “ The textbooks should aim at inculcating social equality, moral values, development of personality, scientific temper, criticalacumen, secularism and the sense of national commitment”, he said.

Later, for the revision of the textbooks from class I to X, the Department of Education constituted twenty seven committees and passed an order on 24-11-2014. The committees so constituted were subject and class-wise and were in accordance with the standards prescribed. Teachers who are experts in matters of subjects and syllabi were in the committees.

There were already many complaints, and analysis about the textbooks. So, a freehand was given in the order dated 24-11-2014 to the responsible committees to examine and review text and even to prepare new text and revise if necessary. Eventually, a new order was passed on 19-9-2015 which also gave freedom even to re-write the textbooks if necessary. In the same order, it was said that the completely revised textbooks could be put to force from 2017-18 instead of 2016-17.

Many self inspired individuals and institutions, listing out the wrong information and mistakes there in the text, had sent them to the Education Minister and to the Textbook Society. They were rectified. Before rectification we had exchanged ideas by arrangingdebates. Discussions had taken place with Primary and Secondary Education Teachers’ Associations. Questionnaires were administered among teachers to pool up opinions. Separate meeting were held with teachers, subject inspectors and DIET Principals. Analytical opinions had been collected. To the subject experts of science, social science, mathematics and languages, textbooks were sent in advance and later meeting were held for discussions. Women associations and science related organistation were also invited for discussions. Thus, on the basis of all inputs received from various sources, the textbooks have been revised where ever necessary.

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Another very important aspect has to be shared here. We constituted three expert committees. They were constituted to make suggestions after making a comparative study of the texts of science, mathematics and social science subjects of central schools (NCERT), along with state textbooks. Thus, the state textbooks have been enriched basing on the comparative analysis and suggestions made by the experts. The state textbooks have been guarded not to go lower in standards than the textbooks of central schools. Besides, these textbooks have been examined along side with the textbooks of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra states.

Anotherclarificationhas tobegivenhere.Whateverwehavedonein the committees is only revision, it is not the total preparation of the textbooks. Therefore, the structure of the already prepared textbooks have in no way been affected or distorted. They have only been revised in the background of gender equality, regional representation, national integrity, equality and social harmony. While doing so, the curriculum frames of both central and state have not been transgressed. Besides, the aspirations of the constitution are incorporated carefully. Further, the reviews of the committees were once given to higher expert committees for examination and their opinions have been inculcated into the textbooks.

Finally, we express our grateful thanks to those who strived in all those 27 committees with complete dedication and also to those who served in higher committees and experts of revised text also. At the same time,wethankallthesupervisingofficersoftheTextbookSocietywhosincerely worked hard in forming the committees and managed to see the task reach its logical completion. We thank all the members of the staff who co-operated in this venture. Our thanks are also due to the subject experts and to the associations who gave valuable suggestions.

NarasimhaiahManaging Director

Karnataka Textbook Society (R)Bengaluru.

Prof. Baraguru Ramachandrappa Chairman-in-Chief

State Textbook Revision CommitteesKarnataka Textbook Society (R)

Bengaluru.

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Text Book Revision Committee

CHAIRMAN IN CHIEF

Prof. Baraguru Ramachandrappa, Chairman, State Textbook Revision Committee, K.T.B.S. Bengaluru.CHAIRPERSONDr. Aswathanarayana, Professor, Department of History, University of Mysore, Mysuru.

MEMBERSDr. Aswathanarayana, Professor, Department of History, Bangalore University, Bengaluru-56.Dr. J. Somashekar, Professor, Department of Political Science, Vijayanagar Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ballari.Dr. H.D. Prashant, Professor, Department of Developmental Studies, Kannada University, Hampi, Vidyaranya.Dr. S.T. Bagalkoti, Professor, Department of Studies in Economics, Karnatak University, Dharwad.Prof. P. Mallappa, Professor (Retd.), Department of Geography, J.S.S. College, Mysuru.Dr. B. Shekhar, Professor, Department of Studies and Research in Commerce, Tumkur University, Tumakuru.Sri A.S. Dikshit, Principal (Retd.), Vani Education Centre, Basaveswaranagar, Bengaluru-79.Sri Iaranna M. Ambi, Asst. Teacher, G.H.S. Tadakodu, Dharwad Taluk and District.Sri D.N. Venkatesh, Drawing Teacher, G.H.S. Uramarkasalagere, Mandya Taluk and District.SCRUTINIZERSSri. Ashok V.Shettar, Associate Professor, Deparment of History and Archaeology, Karnatak Univesity, Dharwad.Dr. M.S. Talawar, Professor (Retd.), Deparment of Studies in Education, Bangalore University, Bengaluru.Dr. Dhasharath Naik, Professor, Department of Economics, Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi.Dr. Haseen Taj, Professor, Deparment of Studies in Education, Bangalore University, Bengaluru.

TRANSLATORSSri. Sadanand .R, Lecturer, G.P.U.C for Girls, Hunsuru Tq. Mysuru District.

CHIEF ADVISORSri. Narasimhaiah, Managing Director, Karnataka Text Book Society, Bengaluru- 85.Smt. Nagamani, C., Deputy Director, Karnataka Text Book Society, Bengaluru -85.

PROGRAMME COORDINATORSri Siddaiah T.G, Senior Asst. Director, Karnataka Text Book Society, Bengaluru -85.

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INDEX

SL NO. TITLE PAGE

NO.HISTORY

1. ADVENT OF EUROPEANS TO INDIA 12. THE EXTENSION OF THE BRITISH RULE 113. THE IMPACT OF BRITISH RULE IN INDIA 174. OPPOSITION TO BRITISH RULE IN KARNATAKA 315. SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS REFORMATION MOVEMENTS 456. THE FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE (1857) 57

POLITICAL SCIENCE1. THE PROBLEMS OF INDIA AND THEIR SOLUTIONS 622. INDIAN FOREIGN POLICY 703. INDIA’S RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER COUNTRIES 75

SOCIOLOGY1. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 792. LABOUR 86

GEOGRAPHY1. INDIAN POSITION AND EXTENTION 942. INDIAN PHYSIOGRAPHY 983. INDIAN CLIMATE 1064. INDIAN SOILS 1105. INDIAN FOREST RESOURCES 1146. INDIAN WATER RESOURCES 1197. INDIAN LAND RESOURCES 128

ECONOMICS1. DEVELOPMENT 1372. RURAL DEVELOPMENT 145

BUSINESS STUDIES1. BANK TRANSACTIONS 1522. ENTREPRENEURSHIP 160

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HISTORYUNIT – I

ADVENT OF EUROPEANS TO INDIAIn this unit you learn:• ThetradeandcommercerelationshipIndiahadwithEuropeans• ThearrivalofEuropeanstoIndiafortrade• TheCarnaticwarsinthebackdropofEuropeanpolitical

developments.• BattleofPlassey,BattleofBuxarandDual-Governmentsystem• TheBritishpolicyofaggression

Therewere trade and commerce relationship between India andEuropesinceancienttimes.TherewasgreatdemandforIndianspiceslikePepper,Cardamom,Gingerandmanyotherspices inEurope.Thetrade relationship continued between India, Europe and other Asiancountriesevenduringmiddleages.TheArabmerchantscarriedtheAsianmerchandiseintoConstantinopleofEasternRoman(Byzantium)Empire.Italian merchants would buy these goods and then sell in Europeancountries. Like this, Constantinople was the center of internationalbusiness and considered as the ‘Gate ofEuropeanTrade’.WhileArabmerchantshadgainedmonopolyoverthetradeinAsiancountries,ItaliantradershadgainedmonopolyovertradeinEurope.ThemerchandisefromAsiahadbroughtgoodprofitstoItalianmerchants.

The fall of Constantinople:ThetradeandcommercebetweenAsiaandEuropewastakingplacethroughthecityofConstantinople.In1453,theOttomanTurkscapturedthecityofConstantinople.Asaresult,allthetraderoutesconnectingthecityofConstantinoplecameunderthecontrolofTurks.TheTurksstartedlevyingtoomanytaxesonthegoodspassingthroughtheseroutes.Asaresult,themerchantsfeltthatthetradewasnotprofitable.Meanwhile,SpainandPortugalwereattemptingtobreakthemonopoly of Italian traders. They started encouraging courageoussailorstofindasearoutetoIndia.TheinventionofCompass,Astrolabes,andGunpowderprovidedfurtherimpetustothisventure.

A new sea route to India: VascodaGama, thePortuguesesailorwholeftLisbonandreachedKappadunearCalicutontheEastcoastofIndiain1498.Bythis,hewassuccessfulindiscoveringanewsearoute

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toIndia.ThisroutecontinuedtobetherouteoftradebetweenIndiaandEuropeformanyyears.LikethisPortuguesewerethefirsttore-establishtradebetweenIndiaandEurope.

Know this:In 1869, a huge canal was built in Egypt to connect the Red Sea and

Mediterranean Sea and it is called Suez Canal. Until the building of Suez canal, the sea route discovered by Vasco da Gama was the route used for the trade between India and Europe. The ships had to pass the Cape of Good Hope, the southernmost tip of Africa to reach India. The distance between Mumbai and London through Cape of Good Hope is 10,800 nautical miles (01 nautical mile = 1.85 KMS), it is only 6,200 nautical miles through Suez canal. The journey is reduced to half of the distance.

European Trade Companies: With success of Portuguese, many Dutch, French and English

arrivedatIndiafortrade.ThisdevelopmentnotonlychangedthehistoryofIndia,italsochangedthehistoryofEuropeancountries.

Portuguese: PortuguesewerethefirsttoarriveatIndiaforthetradeandwerealso the last to leave Indiaon thesea route.AfterVascodaGama,FranciscodeAlmeidaarrivedinIndiaastheViceroyofPortuguese.Heimplemented‘BlueWaterPolicy’inordertoestablishthesupremacyovertheSeainsteadofsupremacyoverlands.AlfonsodeAlbuquerque,whocameafterAlmeida,isconsideredastherealfounderofPortugueseEmpire in India. He waged a battle against the Sultan of Bijapur in1510andwonGoa.GoabecametheadministrativecentreofPortugueseadministration in India. The Portuguese had absolute monopoly overtradewithIndiaforalmostacenturyandtheirpowerdeclinedwiththearrivalofEnglishandFrenchinIndia.

Dutch: Dutch are from Holland or Netherlands. They establishedUnited East India Company in 1602 with the aim of doing businesswitheasterncountriesandenteredcountrieslikeIndia,Java,Sumatra,Indonesiaandspicesrichislands.TheyestablishedwarehousesinSurat,Broach,Kambe,Kochin,Nagapatanim,MasulipatanamandChinsorandotherplacesinIndia.WiththistheybrokethemonopolyofPortugueseinIndia.Later,unabletofacecompetitionfromEnglishandFrench,DutchlimitedthemselvestoSpicerichIslands.

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Know this:The Warehouses were the places of storing merchandise. Huge walls

were built around these warehouses to provide protection.English: In 1600, December 31, Queen Elizabeth issued a royal

charterauthorizingEastIndiaCompanytotradewithEasternCountriesfor fifteen years. The company started the business formally in 1613.TheMughalEmperorJahangir issuedaroyalpermissiontoEnglishtoestablishtheirfirstwarehouseoffactoryatSurat.In1617,SirThomasRoearrivedatthecourtofJahangirastheroyalambassadorfromthecourtofJames I.Hesoughtpermission fromJahangir to establish factoriesinotherplacesofMughalEmpire.EnglishestablishedfactoriesinAgra,AhamadabadandBroach.In1639,EnglishtookMadrasfromtheKingofChandragiriandestablishedastrongfortnamedSt.GeorgeFort.Later,Charles II, the Prince of England, gave Bombay as an annual rent oftenpoundsayeartoEastIndiaCompanyin1668.In1690,theEnglishpurchasedthreevillagesnamelySutanauti,KalikataandGovindapuraonthebanksofHugliRiverandbuiltFortWilliam.ThecityofCalcuttagrewaroundthisfort.By17thcentury,theEnglishhadestablishedBombay,MadrasandCalcuttaas thecentersof theirPresidencies.By the laterpartofEighteenthcentury, theEnglishmadeCalcuttaastheircapitalcity.TheyimplementedtheirownCivilandCriminalProcedureCodesintheareasthatwereundertheircontrol.

4. French: FrenchEastIndiaCompanystartedasagovernmentownedcompanyin1664.ItstarteditsfirstfactoryinSuratintheyear1668.LatertheyestablisheditsfactoriesinMachalipatanam,Chandranagara,Mahe, Karaikallu, Cossimbazar, Balasur. In 1674, the French tookValikandapuramfromalocalMuslimofficialanddevelopeditasamajortrade center. That center is Puducheri or Pondichery. Dupleix, whoarrivedinPondicherryastheGovernorGeneralofFrenchhadthehighambitionsofestablishingFrenchasthemajorpowerinSouthIndia.ThisambitionledtoCarnaticwarswiththeEnglish.

The Competition between English and French

The Portuguese and Dutch had withdrawn from India unable towithstand the competition from French and English by 18th century.Finally,FrenchandEnglishresortedtoshowstrengthinordertoestablishtheirpoliticalsupremacyoverIndia.Meanwhile,politicalvolatilityarousedintheregionsofHyderabadandCarnatic(EasternpartofTamilNadu)

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andboththeEnglishandFrenchtriedtoexploit thesituationintheirfavour.ThisledtothreeCarnaticWars.

KEYB-BritishF-FrenchD-DutchP-Portuguese

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Know thisHyderabad Kingdom was established in 1724 by AsafJha. His

feudatory ruler Dost Ali who was ruling Carnatic region was not loyal to him. The Marathas killed Dost Ali in 1740 and looted Carnatic and imprisoned his Son-in-law Chandasheb in Sathara. AsafJha named Anwaruddin as the Nawab of Carnatic in the place of Dost Ali.

First Carnatic War (1746-48):

OntherequestofDupleix,LaBourdonnais,aFrenchmilitaryleaderfromMauritiusinvadedMadrasandcapturedit.ThisforcedthehelplessBritish to request the help of Anwaruddin, theNawab of Carnatic forsupport. The army sent byAnwaruddin failed to defeat theFrench atMadras. Finally, La Bourdonnais took money from the English andreturnedMadrasandwentbacktoMauritius.ThisenragedDupleixandattemptedtotakeMadrasbut failed in it.Finally,thiswarendedwithatreatyinEuropebetweenFranceandEnglandcalled‘TreatyofAix-la-Chapelle‘.

Know this:The Nizam of Hyderabad, AsafJha died in 1748. A tussle started between

his son Nasir Jung and his daughter’s son Mujaffar Jung for the throne. On the other hand, a fight had broken out between Chandasaheb(who was released from the Maratha prison) and Anwaruddin in Carnatic. French extended their support to Mujaffar Jung in Hyderbad and Chandasaheb in Cranatic. The English extended their supported Nasir Jung and Anwaurddin.

IN 1749, the combined forces of French, Chandasaheb and Mujaffar Jung defeated Anwaurddin and killed him in Ambur battle. As a result Chandsaheb became the ruler of Carnatic. Mahammad Ali, the son of Anwaruddin, stayed at Thiruchanapalli with the help of English. In Hyderabad, Mujaffar Jung became the Nizam by killing Nasir Jung with the help of French and Chandasaheb. He got killed after a few days. The French made Salabath Jung, another son of Asaf Jha as the Nizam of Hyderbad.

Second Carnatic War (1749-1754): In the changed circumstances, French made Salabath Jung,

anothersonofAsafJhaastheNizamofHyderabad.AnofficernamedBussiwas stationed inHyderabad for his protection by French. InCarnatic

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Chandasahebwas theNawabwith thehelpofFrench.RobertCliveofEast India Company attacked Arcot, the capital city of Carnatic anddefeatedChandsaheb.Chandsahebwasimprisonedandlaterkilledinthiswar.IntheplaceofChandsaheb,theEnglishnamedMahammadAli,thesonofAnwaruddin,astheNawabofCarnatic.ThesecondCarnaticwarendedwiththeTreatyofPondicherry.FrenchrecalledDupleix.ThiswarbroughtlaurelstoEnglish,whileFrenchsufferedapoliticalsetback.

Third Carnatic War (1756-1763): ComtedeLallyofFrenchattemptedtobesiegeWandiwashin1760.

In thisdecisivebattleSirEyreCooteof theEnglisharmydefeated theFrenchand imprisonedBussi. Lally escapedandhide inPondicherry.Finally, Eyre Coote attacked Pondicherry and Lally had to surrenderunconditionallyin1761.

FrenchhadtolosealltheirbasesinIndiaduetoCarnaticwars.Inspiteofthis,asperthe‘TreatyofParis’in1763,Pondicherrywasreturnedto French. With these developments, French lost their importance inIndia.Likethis,Englishbydefeatingalltheirrivals,startedconsolidatingtheirpowerovertheSouthernIndia.

Know this:

Robert Clive: Robert Clive, who laid the firm foundation of the British Power in India, had joined the East India Company as clerk. He played a decisive role in Carnatic wars, particularly in the siege of Arcot and played a prominent role in the British victory. He was successful in establishing the British rule over South India and was instrumental in Bengal victory also. After the Battle of Plassey in 1757, he gained control over the Nawab of Bengal also. Clive amassed immense wealth in all these ventures and helped the East India Company to earn more profit. Clive returned to England with immense wealth rich and became the Member of Parliament. With the return of Clive to England, the East India Company started facing losses in its business. Even though, there were many allegations against Clive, the British government had to resend Clive to India to save the company and also save the face of the country.

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The British won the Buxar battle and earned back its respect again. Clive was successful in securing the Dewani rights for the British over Bengal, Bihar and Odisha regions. This brought more wealth to Robert Clive and to East India Company as well.

Dupleix: Dupleix was named the Governor General of French regions in India

in 1742. He dreamt of achieving French harmony over India and entered into treaties with the local kings. Hyder Ali was also trained in the army of locals raised by Dupleix. The British considered Dupleix as a formidable challenge to them. Hence, we notice clashes over between the French and the British to gain supremacy over Carnatic and Deccan Plateau. Dupleix played an important role in the First Carnatic War in 1746. The rivalry between the French and the British continued till 1754. Later, French government recalled Dupleix as it wanted peace.

The British Rule in India AftergainingpoliticalcontroloverSouthIndia,theBritishtriedto

gaincontroloverrichBengalprovinceinthelaterpartof18thcentury.The Bengal province had achieved tremendous growth in the areaof agriculture, commerce and industry. The East India Company wasmakingconsiderableprofitfromthisprovince.TheDastakths(Licence)issuedbytheMughalrulerFarukShiarawerethemainreasonsforthis.But,theseDastakthsthatwerelimitedtothecompanytransactionsweremisusedbytheindividualofficersofthecompanytoo.ThisresultedinhugelosstotheBengalgovernment.Hence,allNawabsfromMurashidAliKhantoAliWardhikhanwereopposingsuchmisuses.Laterthisledto confrontationbetween theNawabs and the company. This resultedin twocrucialwarswhichchartedadecisivecourse to Indianhistory.PlasseyandBuxarwerethosetwowars.

Know this:Dastakath-a license that can ensure anyone to import and export without

paying any tax and transport goods anywhere.

Battle of Plassey (1757):AliwardiKhan,theNawabofBengaldiedin1756.HisgrandsonSiraj-ud-Daulacametothrone.ThePlasseyBattletookplacebetweentheyoungNawabSiraj-ud-DaulaandtheBritishin1757.

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Reasons:1. Misuse of Dastakaths: Siraj-ud-Daula was furious that the

Dastakathsweremisusedbytheofficialsofthecompanyincurringlossestothegovernmenttreasury.

2. Mending of the fort without permission:TheBritishrepairedthe fort of Calcutta and placed canons in them. This further angeredSiraj-ud-Daulaandheorderedtheremovalofcanonsfromthecourt.TheBritishrefusedtodothisangeringtheNawabfurther.

3. Black Room Tragedy:Siraj-ud-DaulaconqueredtheFortWillaimeasilyandimprisonedsomeoftheBritish.Heimprisoned146Englishmeninasmallroominthefort,ofwhich123died.ThisiscalledastheBlackRoomTragedy.ThisenragedRobertCliveandarrivedinBengalwithalargearmy.

Robert Clive attracted rich locals like Manikchand, Omichand,JagathSethandotherstowardshim.Hewassuccessful inconvincingMir Jaffar, themilitary head of Siraj-ud-Daula to stay neutral in thebattlebyofferinghimthepostofNawabofBengal.Encouragedbyallthesedevelopments,RobertClivedeclaredwaragainstSiraj-ud-Daula.EverythingwentaccordingtotheplanofClive.Siraj-ud-Daulawhotriedtoescapefromthebattlefieldwascapturedandkilled.

Outcome: 1.Thiswarbroughtouttheimmorality,lackofunityamongthe

IndiansandthegreedofIndianbusinessmen. 2.MirJaffarbecametheNawabofBengal. 3.ThecompanygainedexclusiverightstodobusinessinBengal. 4.MirJaffarhadtoapayrupeesseventeencornerandseventy

lakhtoasarelieftoSirja-ud-Dulah’sattackontheFortWilliam.

In nutshell, Mir Jaffar became continuous victim of the companyanditsemployees.Eventhoughthetreasurywentbankruptduetothisgreedynature,thegreedinessofthecompanyanditsofficialswereneversatisfied.TheBritishprojectedMirJaffarasan inefficientNawabandbroughtinhisnephewMirQasimasthenewNawab.

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Battle of Buxar (1764): MirQasimwasanefficientadministrator.In thebeginninghe remained loyal to thecompany.Hepaid two lakhpounds to the company and gave away few places to it. Shortly, hedeclaredhimselfasan independentKing.AfterverifyingthemisuseofDastakaths,hedeclaredthatthebusinessisdutyfreeinBengal.Asaresult,theIndianscompetedagainstBritishinallspheresofbusiness.Asaresult,theBritishtradesufferedconsiderably.ThiswasenoughfortheBritishtoopposetheNawab.TheybroughtinMirJaffaragainanddethronedMirQasim.AsMirQasimknewaboutthecunningnessoftheBritish,hewentforanorganizedwaragainstthem.HewassupportedbytheIndianmerchantsandartisans.MirQasimenteredintoagreementswiththeMughalrulerShaAlam-IIandNawabofAwadh‘Shuj-ud-daul’.ThecombinedforcesofMirQasimfacedtheBritisharmyledbyHectorMunroatBuxarin1764.MirQasimgotdefeatedandranawayfromthebattlefield.ShaAlam-IIsurrendered.TheeffortsofthecombinedforcestostoptheBritishforcefailedcompletely.

Outcomes:1. ShaAlam-IIaccordedtheDewanirightsoverBengaltothe

British.

2. Sha Alam-II gave away all the rights over Bengal to theBritishforanannualfeeofrupees26lakhs.

3. TheNawabofAwadhhadtogiveawayafineofrupees50lakhforwagingawaragainstthecompany.

4.WiththedeathofMirJaffar,thecompanypaidpensiontohissonandtookovertheentireadministrationofBengal.

Know this:

Dewani Rights: The right to collect land taxes

TheBuxarbattlemadetheBritishastherealholdersofpoweroverBihar,BengalandOdisha provinces. Even Awadh remainedunder their control. In 1765, Robert Clivebrought in ‘Dual-government’concept.Asperthisconcept, theBritishhadtherighttocollectlandtaxes,whereastheNawabhadpoweroveradministrativeissueslikejusticeandothers.Likethis,theBritishgainedpoliticalcontroloverIndiatoprotecttheirbusinessinterest.

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Know this:In 1600 – The East India Company was establishedIn 1602 – United East India Company was established in NetherlandsIn 1619 – The Mughal emperor Jahangir issued royal charter allowing

the British to conduct trade in Surat, on the west coast and in Hugli, on the east coast.In 1639 – The English established their first warehouse in MadrassIn 1664 – French East India Company was established in France

EXERCISES

I. Complete the following blanks with suitable answers: 1.In1453,theOttomanTurksoccupied……………………...…city.

2.ThesearoutebetweenIndiaandEuropewasdiscoveredby …………………..

3.ThecapitalofFrenchinIndiawas……………………. 4.In1757,RobertClivedeclared……………………waroverSiraj-

ud-Daula. 5.TheDewanirightsoverBengalwerehandedovertoBritishby

……………. 6.Thedualgovernmentpolicywasimplementedby…………………

inBengal.

II. Discuss in group and answer the following questions:

1.HowdidtradetakeplacebetweenIndiaandEuropeduring middleages?

2.Discussthereasonsthatresultedinthediscoveryofnewsea routetoIndia.

3.MakealistoftheEuropeanswhoarrivedatIndiatodobusiness. 4.ExplaintheSecondCarnaticWar. 5.StatethereasonsandresultsofPlasseywar. 6.WhatweretheresultsofBattleofBuxar?

III. Activity:

CollectinformationonthePresidencycitiesbuiltbytheBritish.

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UNIT II

THE EXTENSION OF THE BRITISH RULE

In this unit you learn• Anglo-Maratha wars• The Consolidation of the British power• No Succession rights for the adopted children• Subsidiary alliance • Anglo-Sikh wars

ThroughCarnaticwars, theEnglishhadmade otherEuropeanscountriesnottochallengetheminIndia.TheygainedcompletepoliticalcontroloverBengal throughPlasseyandBuxarbattles.By1765, theyhadgainedcontrolmostoftheeasternpartsofIndia.Since,theMarathasandMysorestatesweredominantinsouthernandwesternpartofIndia;theholdofBritishwasrestrictedtoBengalandBombayregionsonly.

Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan of Mysore along with Peshwas ofMarathaswere theonly impediments in thepathof expansion for theBritish.TheotherswereSikhsintheNorthwesternregion.RanjithSinghwhoemerged in the laterpartofnineteenthcenturywasa formidableopponenttotheBritish.HewassuccessfulinorganizingtheSikhs.

TheBritishalsowagedrepeatedwarsfromthemidofeighteenthcentury tomid of nineteenth century to extend their empire in India.Apart from this, they also annexed various kingdoms with cunningpolicies like ‘SubsidiaryAlliance’ and ‘Doctrine of Lapse’. During thisperiod,theBritishwagedthreeAnglo-Marathawars,fourAnglo-MysorewarsandtwoAnglo-Sikhwars.SincetheAnglo-Mysorewarsdiscussedinunit4,hereweshallunderstandthewarsoftheBritishwithMarathasandSikhs.

Anglo-Maratha WarsFirst Anglo-Maratha War (1775-1782) The Marathas instilled Sha Alam-II back on the throne of

MughalEmpire inDelhi.ShaAlam-IIwasunder thecareBritishafter

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thedefeatinBuxarwar.Now,theEmperorgaveKoraandAlahabadtoMarathas,whichhehadearliergiventhemtotheBritish.Thisresultedin the enmity betweenMarathas and the British. During this period,the death of Maratha strong man Madhav Rao Peshwa was a majorsetback toMarathas.Though,hisbrotherNarayanrao came topower,hewasmurderedbyhisuncleRaghobha(RagunathaRao).Thisresultedin the infighting for thePeshwapost.TheMaratha federationbroughtMadhavRao II ofNarayanaRao to the post of Peshwa.Upsetwith thisdevelopment,RaghobhaapproachedtheBritishforsupport.TheBritishthoughtofexploitingthissituationintheirfavour.Alongwarwaswagedfrom 1775 to 1782 between the Marathas and the British. Initially,thoughMarathasgainedupperhand,latertheyhadtoloseAlahabadtotheBritish.TheMarathafederationunabletosustainthewarwiththeBritish finally entered ‘Salbai Agreement’ and ended thewar.MadhavRaoIIwasnamedasthePeshwa.

Lord Wellesley (1798-1805) and the Subsidiary Alliance: Theexpansionof theBritishEmpire tookplace ina largerpace

afterthearrivalofLordWellesleyastheGovernorGeneralofIndia.Bythistime,thepowerfulstatesofMarathasandMysorehadbecomeweakand the expansion was easier. Lord Wellesley followed three policiestoexpandtheBritishEmpire in India.Theywere:SubsidiaryAlliance,WagingwaragainstnewstatesandadministeringthestatesdirectlythatwereunderthecontroloftheBritish.

Subsidiary Alliance:LordWellesleybroughtthispolicyintoeffectin1798inorderbringtheIndianstatesundercontrol.ThiswasbasicallyaMilitaryProtectionagreementbetweentheEastIndiaCompanyandtheIndianState.

The Conditions of Subsidiary Alliance: 1.TheIndianKinghadtokeeptheBritishArmyinhiskingdom. 2.Theconcernedstatehadtobeartheexpensesofthearmyand

thewagesofsoldiers,andalsohadtogivecertainrevenue landsaswell.

3.TheKinghastohaveaBritishResidentinhisCourt. 4.TheKingcouldnotappointanyotherEuropeanwithoutthe

permissionoftheBritish.

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5.InordertoenteranyagreementorpactwithanyIndian Government,thepermissionoftheGovernorGeneral wasmandatory.

6.Inreturnofalltheseservices,theCompanywouldoffer protectiontothestatefromanyinternalorexternalaggression.

TheBritishcouldplaceIndianstateundertheircontrolthroughthispolicyandthemaintenanceofthearmybecameeasy.TheIndianstatesweresubjectedsevereeconomicexploitation.TheHyderabadStatewasthefirststatetoenterthisagreement.Later,Mysore,Awadh,Tanjavore,Maratha,Poona,Birar,Gwaliorandotherstatesenteredthisagreement.

Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805): ThedifferencesamongtheMarathaChieftainswasthereasonfor

thiswar.AnenmitybrokeoutbetweenYeshwanthRaoofHolkarfamilyandDaulthRaoofSindhiafamilyalongwithPeshwaBalajiRaoII.In1802,thearmyofHolkardefeated thearmyofScindiaandthePeshwa.ThePeshwaappealedforhelpfromtheBritish.LordWellesleyfinallygotanopportunitytomeddlewiththeaffairsofMarathas.ThePeshwaenteredtheSubsidiaryAlliancesystembyacceptingtheTreatyofBassein.OtherMaratha families likeHolkar,GwaliorandBhonsle formedanallianceopposing this treaty. Lord Wellesley defeated the armies of variousMarathafamiliesfrom1803to1805.But,hisbattlethristinessincreasedthefinancialburdenontheCompany.Onbeingcriticisedforthispolicy,LordWellesley resigned from his post and returned to England. Thisresultedinpeaceintheregion.

Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1818) TheMarathafamiliestriedtheirbesttoprotecttheirindependence

andhonour.EventhePeshwaattemptedtofreehimselffromtheclutchesof theCompany.ThePeshwaattacked theBritishResidency inPoonaand brunt it down. Appa Saheb of Nagapur and Malhar Rao Holkarrebelled against the British and were supressed ruthlessly. Finally,PeshwaBajiRaoIIfoughtagainsttheBritishatKoregaonandAshtiandlatersurrenderedtotheBritish.TheBritishabolishedthePeshwapostandgrantedapensiontoBajiRaoII.TheyinstalledPratapasimha,thedescendantofShivajiastherulerofSatara,aminisculestate,andnamed

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himasthetraditionalleaderofMarathasandsuppressedtheMaratharesistance.

The Consolidation of the British Power (1818-1857):TheBritishcompletedtheiragendaofrulingtheentireIndiafrom1818to1857.TheyoccupiedmajorstateslikeSindh,Awadhandmanyothersmallerstates.

Anglo-Sikh Wars:ApoliticalanarchybrokeoutinPunjabafterthedeathofKingRanjithSingh in1839.TheBritishattempted to invadePunjab violating the Continuous Friendship Pact, they had with theerstwhileKing.InDecember1845,awarbrokeoutbetweentheBritishandPunjab.Sensing thedanger fromanoutside force;Hindus,Sikhsand Muslims got together to defeat the British. Finally, they had toacceptdefeatduetofewtraitorleaders.TheysignedahumiliatingLahoreAgreementin1846.WiththeBritishResidentbecamethedefactorulerofPunjab.Likethis,PunjabbecamethedependentstateofEast IndiaCompany.

The Sikh opposed the attempts by the British to rule Punjabdirectly.Theoppositionwereledby‘ChattarSinghAttariwala’inLahoreand‘Moolraj’inMultan.AgainthepeopleofPunjabweredefeated.Finally,LordDalhousiemergedthestateofPunjabwiththeBritishEmpire.

Dalhousie and the Doctrine of Lapse: DalhousiewhoarrivedinIndiaastheGovernorGeneral in1848

made an attempt to integrate Indian princely states with the BritishEmpire.HeadoptedDoctrineofLapsepolicywherebytheadoptedchildrenof IndianKingswererefusedoftheirrighttothrone.Accordingtothispolicy,“IfanyIndianrulerdieswithoutchildren,theiradoptedchildrenhadnolegalrightoverthethrone”.AndsuchstategetsmergedwiththeBritishEmpire.PrincelystateslikeSatara,Nagpur,Sambalpur,Udaipur,Jhansi,Jaipurcameunderthispolicy.AstheGovernorGeneralknewtheconditionsofthesestates,heusedthispolicyasapoliticalweapon.

Withthesevereimplementationofthispolicynotonlytheprincelyfamilies,evenordinarypeoplewhosympathetictothesekingsrebelledagainsttheCompany.TheirlovefortheirKingsandthesenseofloyaltyfuelledthisrebellionfurther.ThisfinallyresultedintheSepoyMutinyof1857.

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Know this:

Ranjith Singh: Ranjith Singh was born in 1780 as the son of Malan Singh who headed Sukkarchakkia misl, one of the twelve Misls of Punjab. He lost his father by the age of ten. When JamanSha of Kabul invaded India, Ranjith Singh offered his services to him. JamanSha made him the governor of Lahore along with the title ‘Raja’. He was nineteen years old by then. From hereafter, he grew up in an amazing way. He aimed at achieving absolute power over all the Sikhs. He took control over all the Sikh Misls present to the West of Sutlej and established his own Sikh Kingdom. He entered ‘Continuous Agreement’ with the British in 1809 at Amritsar. He organised his army on the lines of European armies. His army included Gorkhas, Biharis, Pathans and even Muslims apart from Sikhs. He founded a Foundry Workshop at Lahore in order manufacture Canons. The army of Ranjith Singh was the best among all the Indian rulers of that time. He was secular in temperament and supported both Hindu and Muslim spiritual leaders. People from all religions held high offices in his regime. He was successful in protecting his state from the British by not having any enmity with them. Meanwhile, even the British wanted a strong Buffer State to protect them from invasions from the North West of India. In nutshell, Ranjith Singh founded an independent Sikh state and ruled it as an independent king till his death in 1839.

EXERCISESI. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers:

1.AttheendofFirstAnglo-Marathawar,…………………… agreementwasenteredbetweenMarathasandBritish.

2.TheSubsidiaryAlliancesystemwasimplementedby ………………………………

3.TheDoctrineofLapsepolicywasimplementedintheyear ……………………………

4.TheDoctrineofLapsepolicywasimplementedby………………

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II. Discuss in group and then answer the following:

1.ExplainthereasonsforFirstAnglo-MarathaWar.

2.WhatweretheconditionsunderSubsidiaryAlliance?Explain.

3.ExplaintheThirdAngloMarathaWar.

4.HowdidtheDoctrineofLapsesupporttheexpansionofBritish EmpireinIndia?

5.WhichwerethestatesthatcameundertheDoctrineofLapse policy?

III. Activity :

1.AnalyzethestrategiesadoptedbytheBritishtoexpandtheir empireinIndiaandwriteanessayonthesame.

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UNIT IIITHE IMPACT OF BRITISH RULE IN INDIAIn this unit you learn• Administrative and Judicial System – Civil Services, Judicial

System, Police System, Military System• Land Tax Policies – Permanent Zamindari System, Mahalwari

System, Ryotwari System• Modern Education – Lord Macaulay, Wood’s Commission

(1854)• Laws during British Rule – Regulating Law, Pitts India Law,

Charter Laws

The British East India Company fulfilled its commercial needs inthebeginningasaTradeCompany.OnobservingthefracturedpoliticallandscapeofIndiawhereinhundredsofrulingdynastieswerecompetingwitheachother,theBritishthoughtofexploitingthesituationtofurthertheir political consolidation. They implemented ‘Divide and Rule’policyamongtheIndianrulersandslowlydominatedalltherulersandsubjugated them. Inorderachieve completedomination in India, theyemployed‘War’and‘Negotiation’methodscleverly.

AftergettingIndiaundercontrolbyemployingvariousclevermeans,theBritishthoughtofstrengtheningtheirholdoverIndiapermanently.Then,Indiawasdevoidof ‘OneNationConcept’andwasscatteredintovariouskingdoms.TheBritishintegratedthewholeofIndiaunderoneadministrativeandpoliticalstructure.Education,Judiciary,Landtaxes,TradeandAgricultureandothervariousareasofactivitieswereregulatedunder various lawsandadministrative system.Thisbrought inanewstructure to India.While implementingall thesemeasures, theyneverforgottoprotecttheirfinancialinterests.TheBritishEastIndiaCompanyimplemented various administrative experiments in order to achieve aneworderinIndia.

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Administrative and Judicial SystemCivil services: Lord Cornwallis introduced the administration of

civil services. The system of appointing employees for the purpose oftrade was done by the East India company from the beginning. Thecompanyalsoprovidedpermissionforprivateworkerstotrade.Byusingthese oppurtunities employers made money became corrupt throughillegalmeans. So to controle this in 1773 the government of EnglandimplementedRegulatingActinIndia.Theaimofregulatingactwasasthenamesuggeststoenforcecontrole.

In1800,LordCornwallisopenedFortWilliamCollegeinCalcuttaforthebenefitofpeopleaspiring to joinCivilServices.But, this initiationdidnotfindsupportfromthedirectorsoftheEastIndiaCompany.Asaresult,alltheappointmentstill1853weredonebythedirectors.From1853onwards, theappointments forCivilServicesweredone throughCompetitive Examinations. This did not benefit Indians much. TheBritishcontinuedtosuspecttheefficiencyoftheIndians.LordCornwallisargued“AllthenativesofHindustanarecompletelycorrupt”.Asaresult,onlylowergradejobsweregiventoIndians.

The Judicial System:

AnewJudicialSystemstartedfindingrootswhentheBritishruleinbegantakingoverfromtheMughalrule.AftertheBattleofBuxar,theMughalEmperorShaAlamhandedoverthe‘DiwaniRights’,theauthoritytocollectlandtaxestotheBritish.Withthis,Dual-Administrationcameintoeffect inBengalregion.This isalso calledas ‘Dual-Governance’.Underthis,theauthoritytocollect landtaxes,civilandjudiciaryweregiventotheIndianofficials,whereastheBritishretainedtheauthorityofmanagingtherevenuecollected.LaterontheBritishthoughtofbringingmorecentralizedjudicialsysteminIndia.Withtheimplementationofthissystem,theBritishovertooktheauthorityoftheMughalandestablishedtheirsupremacyinIndia.ThiswasattainedbyimplementingnewJudicialSysteminIndia.

AccordingtheadministrativeplandevisedbyWarrenHastingswhotookover theadministrationasGovernor in1772, twotypesofcourtswereneededtobeestablishedineachdistrict: ‘ADewaniAadalat’asacivilcourtand‘AFouzadaariAadalat’asacriminalcourt.InthesecivilcourtsHindusweredispensedjusticeaspertheHinduscripturesand

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theMuslims as per the Shariyat. Slowly, the British legal procedureswere introduced in the criminal courts. Civil courts came under theadministration of European officers. Though the criminal courts wereunderthecontrolof‘Qajis’,theywerefunctioningunderthesupervisionofEuropeanofficers.

Police System:ThePoliceareinchargeofmaintainingtheinternallawandordersituation.LordCornwallisimplementedtheefficientPoliceSysteminIndiaforthefirsttime.HecreatedthenewpostofSuperintendentofPolice (SP).Hedividedadistrict intomany ‘Stations’andputeverystationundera‘Kotwal’.Similarlyheputeveryvillageunderthecareof‘Chowkidhar’.‘Kotwal’wasmadeaccountableforthefts,crimesandotherlawviolationsatvillagelevel.

Theseveredroughtof1770ledtotheweaklawandordersituation.Hence, the entire police systemwas brought under the control of theBritish Officers. The system of appointing British Magistrates startedin1781. ThePoliceOfficerswereunder thepower of theMagistrates.ThePolicesystemunderwentcontinuouschanges. In1861, thePoliceLaw was implemented. This law is the base of good law and orderadministration.But,Indianswerenotappointedforthepostofofficers.In1902,thePoliceCommissionLawallowedtheappointmentofsuitableeducationalqualificationforthepostofthepoliceofficers.Inspiteofallthesemeasures,thediscriminationagainsttheIndiansdidnotend.

Military System:TheMilitarywasthebaseofadministrationduringtheBritishRule.TheBritishappointedtheIndiansforthemilitaryandtook theentire Indiaunder their controlwith thehelpof themilitary.Theyprotectedtheirsupremacybyaddressingthechallengesposedbyoutsideaswellasinsideforceswiththehelpofthemilitary.TheofficerswereagaintheBritish.TheIndianscouldreachtherankofSubedar,thehighestpostavailabletothem.MostoftheIndianswereCoolieSoldiers.TheBritishGovernmentacceptedtherecommendationsofPeelin1857.Basedontheserecommendations,theMilitarySystemwasredesigned.

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Land Taxes Policies:

TheEastIndiaCompanyhadtopayfourlakhPoundstotheBritishgovernment for its controloverBengalProvince. Inorder to fulfill thiscommitment, theCompanyhad to stabilize its financial interests in asecuremanner.Hence,itimplementedmanynewlandtaxpolicies.

Permanent Zamindar System: Lord Cornwallis implemented anewlandtaxpolicyinBengalandBiharregions,during1793inorderto generate steady revenue per annum. This was called PermanentZamindariSystem.Underthissystem,Zamindarbecamethelandowner.TheZamindarwasexpectedtopaytheagreedlandtaxestothecompanyonasetdateeveryyear.Hewasfreetocollectanyamountoflandtaxesfrom the farmers and could retain the excess money collected. ThisbenefitedtheZamindarmore.IftheZamindarwasunabletocollectlandtaxesduetofloodsandfamineandpaytheCompany,theownershipofthelandswastakenawaybytheCompany.BoththeZamindarandtheCompanywerebenefittedbythissystem,butthefarmerswerethegravesufferers.ThissystemcreatedanewsocialgroupthataidedtheBritish.The farmers, the farming labourers suffered due to irregular workingopportunitiesinthefarminglands.Theywereexploitedandhadtoleadalifeofinsecurity.ThissystemwasextendedtoBihar,Odissa,Andhraand Varanasi regions later. According to CharlesMetcalf, “the Indianfarmerswerebornindebt,livedindebtanddiedindebtduetothelandtaxpoliciesoftheBritish”.

Mahalwari System:TheCompanygovernmententeredanagreementat the level of ‘Mahals’ with regard to payment of land tax in UttarPradesh,inmanypartsofMadhyaPradesh,PunjabandDelhi. ‘Mahal’meanstaluk.R.M.BirdandJamesThomsonimplementedthissystem.Thereweredifferencesintheimplementationofthissystemfromregiontoregion.TheBigandsmallZamindarswerepartofthissystem.Sincethecompanyofficialsfixedmorelandtaxthantheexpectedproductionfromthefields;manyZamindarshadtolosetheirownershipofthelands.ThemarginalfarmersandagriculturallabourerswhoweredependentontheseZamindarsalsosufferedduetothis.

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Ryotwari System: TheRyotwari Systemwas first implemented inBaramahal region by Alexander Reed in 1792. This system was laterimplementedinMadrasandMysoreregionbyThomasMonroein1801.MostoftheseregionshadbecomepartofBritishEmpirebythattime.Underthissystem,boththefarmerandthecompanyweredirectlylinked.Thetillerofthelandwasrecognizedastheowneroftheland.Theownerhadtopayfiftypercentofproduceaslandtaxtothecompanygovernment.Thelandtaxhadthirtyyearstenure.Thetaxcouldbereviewedafterthistenure.

Though the small farmers were given land ownership, they weresubjectedtomoresufferingduetoheavylandtaxes.Theofficialstookpunitiveactionstocollect landtaxes.The farmershadtoborrowfromthemoneylenderswheneverthecropsfailed.Theyhadtoselltheirlandswhenevertheyfailedtorepaytheloans.Thoughthecompanygovernmentclaimed that thenew systembenefits the farmers, the ironywas thatmorefarmershadtolosetheirlandsduetoitsimplementation.

The Impact of British Land Tax system:

1. AnewclassofZamindarswhoexploitedthefarmerswascreated.

2. The farmers who were subjected to the exploitation of theZamindars,becamelandlessslowly.

3. Landbecameacommodity.Loanscouldberaisedbymortgagingthelands.

4. ManyZamindarsalsohadtomortgagetheirlandsinordertopaythelandtaxes.

5. TheAgriculturesectorbecamecommercializedandhadtogrowrawmaterialsneededbyindustriesbackinEngland.

6. Themoneylendersbecamestrong.

The Modern Education System

The traditional education of Indians was in practice continuously.

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CertainchangesoccurredinthetraditionaleducationsystemduringtheruleofMuslimkingsduringthemiddleages.Later,newchangesoccurredduringtheBritishruleduring18thcentury.NewschoolswerestartedforthechildrenofBritishandEuropeanslivinginIndia.Sincethesefacilitieswereneverextendedtothelocals,itwasofnouseforthem.WarrenHastingsfacilitated theexpansionof themoderneducation in India. In1781,hestarted ‘Calcutta Madarasa’. Jonathan Duncan, a British individualstartedSanskritCollege inBanaras in1792.But, itwasCharlesGrantwhopressedfortheuniversalizationofBritisheducationinIndia.

TheexpansionoftheBritishEducationIndiareceivedspecialsupportaftertheappointmentofLordWilliamBentinckin1828astheGovernorGeneralofIndia.BentinckappointedMacaulayasthememberofGovernorGeneral’s Executive Committee. Macaulay was also appointed as theChairpersonof theCommitteeonEducation.The reportonEducationsubmittedbyhimin1835becamethebaseoftheModernEducationinIndia.Inhispolicyaimedatthe“creationofanewclassofIndianswhoareIndianbybodybutBritishinintelligence,opinionandtaste”.TheuseofEnglishMediuminIndianlearningsystemstartedafter1830s.

Another important development included the establishment ofUniversitiesinIndia.TheGovernorGeneralLordDalhousieestablishedUniversitiesinCalcutta,BombayandMadrasasperthesuggestionsofCharles Wood’s Commission (1854). After this, the Education startedbecominguniversalizedinIndia.

The Impact of British Education in India

1. Indianscoulddevelopmodernity,secularism,democraticattitudesandrationalityalongwithNationalisticideals.

2. Impetuswasreceivedforthelocalliteratureandlanguages.Thisfacilitatedunityinthinkingprocessamongtheeducatedclass.

3. Periodicalsstartedemerging.ThesescrutinizedthepoliciesandworkingofthegovernmentwhichinturnenabledtheIndianstohavecriticalopinionsonvariousissues.

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4. Newsocialandreligiousreformationmovementsemerged.

5. ThethoughtsofthinkerslikeJ.S.Mill,RousseauandMontesquieubroughtfreshthinkinginthemindofeducatedyouthofIndia.

6. The freedom struggles thatwere taking place across the globeinfluencedtheIndiansalso.

7. Indianscouldunderstandandappreciatetheirrichtradition.

Likethis,thenewthinkingandculturalperceptionthatemergedduetotheBritishEducationSystemcreatedanewgenerationofIndianswithprogressiveattitudes.

Constitutional Development

AlongwiththeBritishadministration,problemsalsogrewinIndia.Inordertoalleviatetheproblems,reformationinadministrationbecameimportant. And these reformationsneeded to address the demands ofIndians.TheBritishattemptedtocreatedifferentrulesintheformoflawandtriedtoimplementthem.ThesetypesoflawshelpedtheevolutionofConstitutioninIndia.Weshallstudythisattemptinbrief.

Laws Implemented during the rule of East India Company

Regulating Act - 1773:AftertheimplementationofDewaniRigthsin1765,thegreedyCompanyofficialsmisusedthisprovisionandbecamerichinacorruptway.Corruptionspiraledout.EdmondBurk,amemberoftheBritishParliamentcriticizedthecorruptionintheEastIndiaCompany.He termed the tax payment received by the British Government fromtheEastIndiaCompanyas‘CriminalTax’.Hewasforcedtocriticizeinthismanner,asthegovernmentremainedsilenttothefactofcorruptionamongtheCompanyofficials.ManyCompanyofficialshadbecomeSuperRichandthemanyinEnglandfearedthatthesepeoplemayupsettheverypoliticalfabricofEngland.TheRegulatingActwasimplementedinthisbackgroundin1773.

Major features of this Act

1. Beforetheimplementationoftheact,therewerethreepresidencies

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under British rule. They are: Bengal, Madras and Bombay.All these three were independent administrative units. UnderRegulating Act, the Bengal Presidency gained control over theothertwopresidencies.

2. TheGovernorofBengalbecametheGovernorGeneralofallthethreepresidencies.

3. TheGovernorGeneralwasauthorizedtodirect,exercisecontrolandtosuperviseovertheothertwopresidencies.

4. TheBombayandMadraspresidenciescouldnotdeclarewaronanyone or enter into peace agreements without prior approvaloftheGovernorGeneralofBengalPresidencyandtheBoardofDirectorsoftheCompany.Onlyduringacuteemergencies,theywereentitledtoactindependently.

5. According to this Act, ‘Supreme Court of Judicature’ wasestablishedinCalcutta.Inthiscentralcourt,oneChiefJusticeandthreeordinaryjudgeswerethere.

Like this, as thenameof theRegulatingAct suggest, theActwasaimedatregulatingtheCompanyaffairsanditsadministrationinIndia.

Pitts India Act 1784:

There were many inconsistencies in the Regulating Act of 1773.In order to rectify them and also to clearly outline the powers of theEast IndiaCompany and theBritishGovernment, Pitts India Actwasimplemented.TheGovernmentofEnglandrestrictedthepowersof theEastIndiaCompany.

A new institution named ‘Board of Controllers’ consisting of sixCommissioners was started. The ‘Board of Controllers’ replaced the‘BoardofDirectors’.ThisBoardhadpowerstodirectandcontroltheissuesrelatedtoLandtaxes,MilitaryandCivilareas.TheBoardofControlcameintoexistenceintheplaceofBoardofDirectors.

This act declared that “the Indians have attained their paramountpowerinthenameoftheBritishEmpireonly,butnotontheirown”andcurtailedthePoliticalRightsofIndiansconclusively.ItdeclaredthattheareasunderthepossessionoftheEastIndiaCompanyaretheintegralpartoftheBritishEmpire.Hence,theGovernmentofEnglandistheultimaterulerofIndia.

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Charter Acts

ThemainaimofCharterActswas to renew the licenseof theEastIndiaCompany. TheCharterActs of 1793, 1813, 1833 and1853wereimplemented to achieve this aim. As and when the Charters wereimplementedonce in20years, thenew rulesand regulations foundfitbytheBritishGovernmentwasincludedintheseActs.Amongthese,theCharterActsof1813and1833areimportantformanyreasons.

The Charter Act of 1813:

1. This act licensed theEastCompany to stay for another twentyyearsinIndia.Beforetheimplementationofthisact,ademandtoallowanyinterestedpersontocarryouttradeinIndiawasthere.ThisactallowedthisdemandandauthorizedallinterestedpersonstocarryouttradeinIndia.Withthisact,thefreetradeerastartedinIndia.

2. AneweraofLicenseandAuthorizationstarted.

3. TheBoardofDirectorswasvestedwiththepowerstoappointtheGovernorGeneralandtheCommander-in-Chief.

4. TheChurcheswereallowedtoenterIndiaofficially.TheChristianMissionariesweredirectedtoenrichtheknowledgeofIndiansandalsoenhancethemoralandspirituallifeofIndians.ManyChristianMissionariesstartedarrivinginIndiaafterthisact.TheexpansionofChristianityandEnglishEducationstartedtakingplace.

Because of these developments, the Charter of Act of 1813 is ahistoricact.

Charter Act 1833

ThisactaimedatimprovingtheIndiansituation.ItalsolicensedEastIndiaCompanytoremaininIndiaforanother20years.Themainaspectsofthisactare:

1. The Governor General of Bengal was named as the GovernorGeneralofIndia.

2. TheGovernorGeneralwasvestedwithpowerstodirect,controlandsupervisingalltradesinIndia.

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3. TheCentralGovernmentofBengalhadthefinalrighttodecideon issues likewar, peace anddiplomatic relationshipwith theprincelystatesofIndia.

4. The Governor General was mandated to put his difference ofopinionwithExecutiveCommitteemembersinwritingwheneverhedifferedwiththemajorityopinion.

5. TheActbarredanydiscriminationbasedonreligion,birthandskincolour.

6. TheGovernorGeneralwasmandatedtoappointalawprofessionalasmembertohisexecutivecommittee.

7. AllBritishCompanieswereallowedtohavetraderelationshipinIndia.

TheCharterActof1833throwsmorelightontheinternalsituationofIndiaandalsothevariouspoliticaldevelopmentspresentinEnglandduring1830s.

British Government Acts (1858 - 1947)

‘TheSepoyMutiny’tookplaceduetomisadministrationoftheEastIndiaCompanyandanti-Indianactsin1857.Asaresult,theadministrationofIndiawashandedovertotheBritishQueenfromtheEastIndiaCompany.DuringthisperiodIndiaGovernmentActsof1858,1861,1892,1909,1919and1935wereimplemented.Duetovariouspoliticaldevelopmentsduringdifferentperiodsmakestheseactshistoricallyveryimportant.

Indian Government Act 1858:

Thisactneedstobeunderstoodinthebackdropofcivilandmilitaryunrestthattookplacein1857.TheadministrationofIndiacameunderthedirect ruleofBritishgovernment.TheQueenofEngland,Victoria,announced that all round development of India would be ensured bythe British government on November 01, 1858. The following are theimportantfeaturesofthisact:

1. The licenseofEast IndiaCompanywascanceledandIndiawasbroughtunderthedirectadministrationoftheQueen.

2. The post of Governor General was changed into ‘Viceroy’. LordCanningbecamethefirstViceroyofIndia.

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3. Anewpostcalled‘SecretaryOfStateforIndia’wascreatedintheBritishgovernment.ThesecretarywaspartofBritishcabinetandwasresponsiblefortheadministrationofIndia.

4. ACouncilofIndiawascreatedinordertoassistthesecretaryintheadministration.Thecouncilhadfifteenmembers.

Indian Councils Act of 1861:

Thisisanimportantactthatcameintoeffectafterthe1857.Withthisact, Indianswereallowed toparticipate in theprocessofcreatinglaws.InordertounderstandtheaspirationsofIndians,representationwasgiventoIndians.Thisiscalledas‘PolicyofAssertion’.Thefollowingaretheimportantfeaturesofthisact:

1. IndianswerenominatedtotheCouncilofViceroyasnon-officialmembers.

2. Viceroy was authorized to proclaim ‘Ordinances’ in case ofemergency.

Indian Councils Act of 1892:

ThisactisthecontinuationofIndianCouncilActof1861.Thisactof1892 furtherextended theparticipationof Indians in the legislativebodies.ThecriticalviewexpressedbytheCongressOrganizationtowardstheBritishadministrationledtothisexpansionofIndianrepresentationinthegovernance.Thefollowingaretheimportantfeaturesofthisact:

1. The number of additionalmembers in the regional and centrallegislativebodieswasincreased.

2. Thelegislativecouncils’authoritywasincreasedfurtherbyallowingdiscussiononbudgetrelatedissues.

3. Provisionwasmadetoquestionthegovernmentonpublicissuesbyservingsixdays’noticeinadvance.

Indian Councils Act of 1909:

Thisactisalsocalledas‘Minto-MarleyReformationAct’.Duringtheformulationandimplementationofthisact,LordMintowastheviceroyofIndiaandLordMarleywastheSecretaryofStateforIndia.ThisactwasusedtoDivideandRuleIndia.Thefollowingaretheimportantfeaturesofthisact:

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1. The total number of central legislative council members wasincreasedto60from16.

2. Thenumberofregionalcouncilmemberswasalsoincreased.

3. Representationoftheregionalcouncilwasallowedthroughelectionforthefirsttime.

4. InordertoprovideseparaterepresentationforMuslims,‘SeparateElectorateCollege’wascreated.

Indian Councils Act of 1919:

SinceIndianstookactivepartintheFirstWorldWar,LordMontaguewhowas theSecretaryof state for Indiaargued in favourofprovidingmore representations to Indians in the matter of administration. Hewas in favour of allowing people’s participation in the formation ofgovernmentgradually.LordChelmsford,whotheViceroythendeclaredvariousreformativemeasurestotheBritishParliamenton20.08.1917.TheIndianCouncilsActof1919wasformulatedbyacceptingthisreport.This act is also called as ‘Montague-ChelmsfordReformativeAct’. Thefollowingaretheimportantfeaturesofthisact:

1. Act formulated Bi-Cameral legislative body. Lower House andUpperHousewereformed.

2. Diarchywasallowedatregionalgovernments.

3. AnhighcommissionerwasappointedforIndia.

4. Promisedtoimprovelocalselfgovernment.

5. Provincialbudgetwasseperatedfromcentralbudget.

6. ‘Separate Electoral College’ was extended for Muslims, Sikhs,Anglo-IndiansandEuropeans.

Indian Government Act of 1935

ThisactactedasthebasefortheformationofIndianConstitution.Thereportsubmittedin1928undertheleadershipofMotilalNehruwasinstrumentalintheformationoftheact.MosttheprovisionsintheIndianConstitutionarebasedonthisact.ThisactallowedtheformationoffullyresponsiblegovernmentbyIndians.ThisactwasapplicablebothtotheIndianprincipalitiesandalsototheBritishIndiaregions.Thefollowingaretheimportantfeaturesofthisact:

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1. AfederalsystemofIndianPrincipalities,Britishgovernedregionsanddominionstateswasformed.

2. ReserveBankofIndiawasestablished.

3. Diarchywasestablishedatthecentre.

4. Diarchy was canceled at the regional level and autonomy wasgranted.

5. TheFederalCourtwasestablished.

One should understand the various political developments thatresultedintheformationofvariousactsthataidedtheformationofIndianConstitution. Though these acts serve the purpose of British interest,theyalso include theaspirationsof Indians for self-governance.Theseactsshouldbeunderstoodas the resultof struggle ledby Indians forself-rule.

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the following blanks with suitable answers:

1. DiwaniAdalatincivilcourtwasintroducedby......................

2. ThepostofSuperintendentofPolicewascreatedby…………….

3. The Permanent Zamindari systemwas implemented in BengalandBiharprovincesin……………………..

4. TheLandtaxsystemwasimplementedbyAlexanderReedis……….………

5. TheBritishOfficerwhosupportedtheModernEducationinIndiais………………..

6. TheRegulatingActwasimplementedintheyear………………………

II. Discuss and answer the following questions:

1. Illustrate the judicial system formulated through East IndiaCompany.

2. WhatarethemeasuresundertakenatthetimeofBritishinPolicesystem?

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3. InpermanentZamindarisystemtheIndianfarmers“werebornindebt,livedindebtanddiedindebt”.How?prove.

4. WhatwerethemainaspectsofRyotwarisystem?

5. WhatweretheeffectsofBritishLandtaxes?

6. MakealistoftheeffectsofBritishEducationinIndia.

7. WhatweretherestrictionsimposedinRegulatingAct?8. WhataretheimportantfeaturesoftheIndiangovernmentactof

1858?

9. HowdoestheIndiaGovernmentActof1935becomethebaseofIndianConstitution?

10.Whataretheimportantfeaturesof1919act?

III. Activities :

1. The British created a friendly environment for themselves byimplementingadministrativereformsinIndia.Organizeadebatecompetitiononthistopic.

2. Collect information on various other laws implemented by theBritishapartfromthosediscussedinlessonwiththehelpofyourteacher.

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UNIT IVOPPOSITION TO BRITISH RULE IN KARNATAKA

In this unit you learn• Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan• Dondiya wagh• Rebellion of Amara Sulya• Rebellion of Halagali Bedas• Anglo-Indian wars• Rebellion of Kittur – Rani Chenamma and Sangoli Rayanna• Rebellion of Surapura

The present Karnataka was scattered among various principalitiesbeforeintegration.Apartfromestablishingpoliticalsupremacyduringthelatterpartof18thcentury,theBritishexploitedthepeopleinagricultureandtradeinordertoprotecttheirowninterests.TheseexploitationscreatedinsecuritiesacrossKarnataka.Thelocalkingssufferedinsecurities.Asaresult,rebellionsagainsttheBritishhappenedinmostoftheKarnataka.In the beginning, the Zamindars and Kings battled against the Britishindividuallywithoutattainingunityamongthem.HyderAliandhissonTippuSultanputforthastrongoppositiontotheBritishbyutilizingthestrengthsoftheirMysoreKingdom.Thepoliticaldevelopmentsthatemergedduring1761-1799areveryimportant.TheirswasanimportantoppositionmountedagainsttheBritishruleinIndia.

Hyder Ali

Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan

Inthe18thcenturyinIndianHistoryisconsideredas“Thecenturyofpoliticalproblems”Therearemanyreasons for this.ThedeathofAurangzeb theMoghulemperor in 1707 was the main reason. His deathweakenedthemoghulempire.AsaresulttheMoghullostpoliticalcontroloverSouthIndia.AlotofpoliticalstrugglestookplaceinCarnaticregion.Beforethis,the

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deathofChikkadevarajwodeyar in1704 created the variouspoliticalchallengesinMysurustate.Hisdeathcreatedtheproblemsofsuccessionandadministration.AllthesedevelopmentsclodedthepoliticsofMysuru.HyderAligainedprominenceinthisscenarioofuncertainitythatcloudedover the Mysuru and carnatic region. He joined Mysore Army as anordinarysoldier,butwasknownforhisshrewdpoliticalmoves.Hewasclosely observing the political developments of Mysore. He came intoprominenceduringthesiegeofDevanahalliandmilitaryactionagainstNizam of Arcot. Hewon the hearts of soldiers.He became famous asNawabHyderAliinashorttime.

Hyder Ali

Hewasknownforhisinnovationsinarms’usage.Withhisswiftactions,heweakenedthepowerofDalawayeeandsidelinedtheKingKrishnarajaWodeyarandestablishedcontrolovertheadministration.TheNawabofArcot,MarathasandNizamofHyderabadwerefightingtoestablishtheirsupremacyovereachotherandalsotopreservetheirpoliticalexistence.TheBritishandFrenchwereattemptingtoexploitthesedivisionsfortheirownbenefit.Letusknowmoreabout theAnglo-MysoreWars that tookplaceduringthereignofHyderAliandTippuSultaninthisbackdrop.

First Anglo-Mysore War:

Thiswasstartedin1767andendedin1769.TheprominencegainedbyHyderAliintheSouthwasnottoleratedbytheBritish,MarathasandtheNizamofHyderabad.Hence,theBritishstarteddevisingcunningplanstodefeatHyderAliwhomtheysawasimpedancefortheexpansionistideas.Though,HyderAlisufferedalotduetotheMarathaaggression,hemadeattemptstohaveMarathasandNizamofHyderabadonhissideswithlittlesuccess.

TheBritishenteredintoanagreementwithMarathaandtheNizamofHyderabadagainstHyderAli;atripartyallianceemerged.But,HyderAliwithmanipulativeideaswassuccessfulinbreakingthealliance.HealsocreatedenimityanddistrustamongMarathas,NizamofHyderabadandtheBritish.

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Meanwhile,politicaldisturbancesemerged inArcot. In1767,HyderAliandNizamofHyderabadattackedArcot.ButtheKingofArcothadanalliancewiththeBritish.Thewarstartedwiththisincident.ThebattlestookplaceinThiruchanapalli,Thiruvannamalai,Amburandotherplaces.HyderAliorganizedlighteningattacksinthesebattles.TheBritishmilitarycapturedafewplaces.HyderAlisufferedfewsetbacks.TheBritishMilitaryfromBombayjoinedthewar.HyderAliconsideredthewarasachallengeto his personal power, and continued with the war. His army reachedMadras by 1769 and created panic among the British. Inevitably, theBritishenteredanagreementwithHyderAlithrough‘MadrasTreaty’.ThefirstAnglo-MysoreWarendedbysigningthe‘MadrasTreaty’.

Second Anglo-Mysore War(1780-1784)

ThepoliticalsituationinTravancoreandThanjavorewasthereasonbehindthiswar.TheMadrasTreatyhadputthepoliticaldevelopmentsin South India on a temporary hold. The British attempted to breakthe‘MadrasTreaty’.WhenMadhavaRaoattackedSrirangapatanawithMarathaarmy,HyderAli expected theBritish supporthimasper theMadras Treaty. But, theBritish rejected the request ofHyder Ali andwent against theMadras Treaty.Mahe, the French colonywas undertheholdofHyderAli.TheBritishattackedMaheandcapturedit.ThisbecamethereasonforSecondAnglo-MysoreWar.

The Second Anglo-Mysore was started in 1780. In the beginning,HyderAligainedupperhand.HecapturedmanyfortsofKarnatakaregion.Kanchipuram was captured by Hyder Ali. The Mysore army reachedtill Coramandal beach. TheBritish officers becameworried.Hyder AliattackedArcotandcapturedit.HealsothreatenedtoattackWanidwashandVellore.AnarmywaskeptinstandbybytheBritishanditwasledbySirEyrecoot.HefollowedHyderAli’sarmytillPondicherry.TheFrenchrefusedtosupportHyderAliagainsttheBritish.HyderAlichangedhiswarstrategywiththisdevelopment.HeattackedregionsunderBritishcontrolandcapturedalargebootyofarmsandwealth.

HyderAliwasdefeatedinabattleheldinPortNovaebytheBritish.ThisincreasedtheconfidenceoftheBritishandalsochangedthedirectionof

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thebattle.ButtheysufferedfinancialsetbacksinPulicatandSoliungur.Meanwhile,byentering‘SalbaiAgreement’,theBritishweresuccessfulinwinningovertheMarathasandNizamofHyderabadtotheirside.HyderAlidiedduetoillnessduringthewar.ThewarwasledbyhissonTippuSultan.

Tippu Sultan was waging war in Malabar region when Hyder Alidied.TheBritishtriedtotakeadvantageofHyderAli’sdeathbyinvadingMangaloreandBidanoor.TheyalsotriedtoinstigatetherulersofCalicutandMalabarregionsagainstTippuSultan.TippuSultanthoughtofallthesedevelopments anddecided toprotectMangalore and the coastalregions. He defeated the British. The ‘Treaty of Mangalore’ ended theSecondAnglo-MysoreWarin1784.

Tippu Sultan

Tippu Sultan

TippuSultanfeltthattheBritisharethemajorobstacle forhispolicyofexpansionsohetriedtodrive themout seriously.Hebecame the ruler ofMysore after Hyder Ali’s death. He understoodthecunningpoliciesoftheBritish.HeconsidereditashisdutytodrivetheBritishoutofIndia.Hewaged war against the British throughout hisseventeenyearsofrule.Hehadclearlyunderstoodthecunningness,strategies,clevermanipulationsoftheBritish.Heknewthathurtingthebusinessinterest of theBritishwouldweaken thepoliticalstrength of the British. He tried to organize theenemiesof theBritish intoonegroup.HetriedtobreakthemonopolyoftheBritishovertradewithIndia.TheseattemptsfurtherangeredtheBritishandtheirenmitywithTippuSultangrewup.

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You Know this:

Amongalltheattemptsdoneduring18thcenturytostoptheBritish,theeffortsofHyderAliandTippuSultanstandoutduetomanyaspects.They knew that they cannot defeat theBritishwith their traditionalarms.Hence,theymodernizedtheirarmy.ThesoldiersofMysoreArmywerecapableofusingmodernweaponsanddodrillsliketheEuropeanarmies.HyderAli andTippuSultanused rocketsduring thewar forthefirsttimeinIndia.Apartfrommodernweapons,bothofthemknewthattheyneededfundsintheirtreasuryforthebattles.HyderAlihadwitnessedmanyNawabsgoingbankruptwhilewagingwaragainsttheBritish.So,bothofthemtookmeasurestostrengthentheireconomicsystem by entering into various agreements and trade pacts. TheynationalizedtheTobaccoandSandalwood.TheyinvitedFrenchexpertstoimprovethequalityoftraditionalartifactsofMysoreinordertogainbettermarketshareatinternationalmarkets.

Third Anglo-Mysore War

The politics of Travancore was themain reason for this war. ThekingofTravancorebuiltafortinKochiwiththehelpoftheBritishandcapturedAayakotaandKanganoorfortsfromtheDutch.AlltheseweretheclearbreachofMangaloreTreaty.

TheBritishcapturedKarwar,Coimbtore,Dindigulandotherregionsunder the leadership ofMeadows. Tippu Sultan entered the region ofBaramahalandcapturedSathyamangalam.HelaterattemptedtocaptureThiruchanapalli but failed inhis attempt.Meanwhile, LordCornwallistookovertheleadershipoftheBritishArmyandthischangedthecourseofwar.

TheBritishArmycapturedKolarandHosakoteandrushedtowardsBangaloreundertheleadershipofLordCornwallis.ThearmycapturedBangalore and destroyed the fort. After capturing Bangalore, Lord

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CornwallissoughtthehelpofMarathasandNizamofHyderabadtodefeatTippu Sultan. The war took another conclusive turn with the joiningofMarathaandHyderabad forceswith theBritish.MarathascapturedSavanoor,GajendraGhad,Lakshmeshwara,Huballiandotherplaces.

ThecombinedarmymarchedtowardsSrirangapatanambycapturingfortafterfortin1792.Thefortwasdestroyedduringnight.Disturbedbythesedevelopments,TippuSultantriedtoenteranagreementwiththeBritish.Itwasinevitableforhim.Hesignedthe‘TreatyofSrirangapatna’in1792whichhadunfavourableconditions.WiththisThirdAnglo-MysoreWarcametoanend.

TheBritishweresuccessfulininsertingunfavourableconditionsinordertoweakenTippuSultan.Tippuwasforcedtopartwithhalfofhiskingdom,wasforcedpaythreecrorerupeesaswardamagefeeandhadto pledge two of his childrenas a guarantee against thepayment.HewasalsoforcedtoreleasethePrisonersofWar.TheBritishwithdrewthecombinedarmyfromSrirangapatanam.

Fourth Anglo-Mysore War

TippuSultantookthedefeatintheThirdAnglo-Mysorewarpersonally.Hepaidall theduesandgot releasedhischildren.HealsogaveawaytheterritorytotheBritishanditsalliesasagreed.HeclaimedhisrightovertheMalabarregionsundertheBritishoccupation.But,theBritishrefusedthisargument.

Lord Wellesley became the Governor General of India in 1798.Thepolitical activities againstTippuSultanbecame intensifiedduringthisperiod.Tippu’sattemptto formanallianceof localrulersandhisclosenesswiththeFrenchangeredLordWellesleyfurther.TippusentanambassadortoFrancetoseektheallianceofFrench.ThisenragedtheBritish.TheythoughtthatanalliancebetweenFranceandTippuSultanwouldthreatentheexistenceofBritishinIndia.

Anothertreatycontaininginhumanandimpracticalconditionswas

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forceduponTippuSultan.Tippu rejected this.His refusal started theFourthAngloMysoreWar.

Mysore after Tippu

Thewarstartedin1799.TheBritishwereabletodestroythestrongfort.TippudiedwhilefightingtheBritishin1799.WiththedeathofTippuSultan, theBritishwerehappyas if thewhole Indiacameunder theirrule.Mostof the territoriesunderTippu’s rulewassharedamong theBritish,MarathasandHyderabadNizam.AsmallterritorywashandedovertotheroyalrepresentativeofMysoreWadeyars.ThisregioncametobeknownasMysorePrincelyState.

Dondiya Wagh (1800)

Many rebellions and protests against the British took place inKarnatakaafterthedeathofTippuSultan.Thesewerearmedrebellionsandtookplaceduringthefirstpartof19thcentury.Amongthem,therebellionledbyDondiyaWaghisanimportantrebellion.

DondiyawasborninaMarathafamilyofChennagiri.HewascalledastheWagh,thetiger,duetohisbravery.HestartedhiscareerasacavalrysoldierinHyderAli’sarmyandgrewtothepositionofmilitarygeneral.

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HebuilthisownprivatearmyandfoughtalongwithTippuSultan.DuetodifferenceswithTippu,hewasimprisoned.TheBritishreleasedhimfromtheprisonaftertheFourthAnglo-MysoreWar.Hebuiltasmallarmyand started his operations. He organized the armywith the unhappysoldiersofTippu’sarmyandthefeudatoryrulerswhohadlostpower.HecapturedBidanoorandShivamoggafortsandmadeunsuccessfulattempttocaptureChitradurgafort.LordWellesleytriedcheckthisrebellion.

AnattackwasorganizedonShivamogga,Honalli,Hariharaandotherplaces under the control of Dondiya.Dondiya lost his base. After thecapture of Shikaripura, Dondiya ran away towards Gutti, which wasunderthecontrolofNizamofHyderabad.WhenNizam’sarmyattackedGutti,DondiyahadtoruntowardstheregionsofMaratha.TheMarathaarmyattackedhimandcapturedmostofhishorses,camelsandarms.Inspiteofthese,hecontinuedhiswarfare.

Manyunhappypalyegaras encouragedDondiyaWagh.TheFrenchattheMaheofMalabaralsoextendedtheirsupporttohimtheBritisharmy followed him the vast area that included Harihara, Chitrdurga,Shikaripura,Savanuru,Ranibenur,KitturandLonda.TheBritishwhotookovertheShirhattikilledmanyfollowersofDondiyaWagh.

End of Dondiya Wagh:

Lord Wellesley decided to end the adventures of Dondiya Wagh.TheBritishrequestedthehelpof localrulers.DondiyahadrecapturedShikaripura fort andhewas scatteredby theBritisharmyagain.TheBritishtriedtodefeat thearmyofDondiyawhichusedtomove inthearea between Tungabadhra andMalaprabha. They attacked him fromallthedirections.HewasfollowedbythemwhenheleftRaichur.WhenhewascaughtinbetweenMarathaArmyandNizam’sarmy,theBritishattackedhimnearYelaparaviandkilledhimatKonagal.Withthedeathoftheirleader,thefollowersofDondiyascattered.TheBritishcapturedalargecacheofarmsandammunitions.

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Rebellion of kittur – Brave Queen Chenamma (1824)

Chenamma

The British brought in many changes in theadministrationafterdefeatingtheMarathas,TippuandHyderAli.Denyingtherightofadoptedchildrenoverthethronewasoneofsuchrules.Therebellionled by Chenamma, the queen of Kittur opposingthislawisaprominentone.

KitturliesbetweentheDharwadandBelagum.After the death of her Mallasarja, Chenamma,thequeenofMallasarjatookactiveinterestintheadministrativematters.AfterthedeathofMallasarja,hiseldersonShivalingarudraSarjatookoverreignoftheKittur.Duetohisfailinghealth,Chenammahadtotakecareofdaytodayadministration.ShivalingasarjasupportedtheBritishduringMarathawar.Asaresult,theBritishenteredanagreementwithKitturandcollectedpaymentfromhim.ThisagreementwasenteredduringthetimeofThomasMunroe.

AfterthedeathofShivalingarudraSarja,ChenammaadoptedaboynamedShivalingappaandstartedrulingKitturasaqueenregent.Then,ThackeraywastheCollectorandpoliticalagentoftheBritishinDharwad.HesentareporttotheGovernorofBombayandattemptedtotakeoverKitturKingdomundertheDoctrineofLapsepolicy.Heattemptedtotakeover the treasury and fort under his control. Chenamma consideredwarasinevitable.Shepreparedforthewar.MeanwhiletheBritishalsopreparedthemselvesforthewar.Inthebattle,Thackeraywasshotdead.ManyBritishweretakenastheprisonersofwar.

TheBritishattackedKitturagainunder the leadershipof ColonelDeak.Thearmyfoughtthebattlebravely.Chenammaattemptedtofleefromthebattlefield.ButshewascapturedbytheBritisharmy.Chenammaand others were imprisoned at Bylahongala fort. Queen Chenammapassedawayintheprison.Shehasremainedanidealpersontilltoday.

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Sangoli Rayanna (1829-30)

Sangoli Rayanna

The name of Sangoli Rayanna has remainedfamousalongwith thenameofRaniChenamma.Rayanna was a brave soldier. He fought for theindependence of Kittur and felt it was his dutyto liberate his motherland. He fought with RaniChenammaandwasimprisonedalongwithher.HewaslaterreleasedbytheBritish.

TherearemanyoralhistoriesaboutRayanna.Hedevelopedasenseofnationalismandwentonorganizinganarmy.Hewentonorganizingsecretmeetingsatsensitivegeographicallocations.HeaimedatlootingthetreasuryandtalukofficesoftheBritish.Hehadanarmyoffivehundredmen.Hebecamefuriouswith the villagers who were assisting the British army. The BritishthoughtthatRayannawasbeinginstigatedbyRaniChenamma.Hence,theyshiftedChenammatoKusugalprisonfromBylahongala.

The British devised a cunning strategy to capture Rayanna. Theyencouraged Desais who were opposing Rani Chenamma. An AmldharnamedKrishnarayajoinedhandwiththem.ThusRayannawascunninglycapturedandbroughtdowntoDharwad.Manyofhissoldierssurrenderedafterhisarrest.Hewasdeclaredasanoffenderandwashangedtilldeath.ManyballadshavekeptthelifeandbraveryofRayannaalivetilltoday.

Rebellion of Amara Sullya

Thisrebellionwasbasicallyafarmers’rebellion.ThisrebellionneedstobeunderstoodinthebackdropofpoliticalsituationsprevalentincoastalKarnatakaandKodaguregionsduring1835-37.TheBritishdethronedtherulersofKodagu,ChikkaveerarajendraofHaleridynastyin1834.HewaslatertransferredtoVellorthroughBangaloreandlatertoKashi.Thisincident created political insatiability in Kodagu. Swami Aparampura,KalyanaSwamiandPuttabasappaorganizedarebellionagainstthis.All

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the three declared that they are part of theHaleri dynasty that ruledKodagu.SwamiAparampuraassumedtheleadershipoftherebellion.Hewascapturedin1834andshiftedtoBangalore.SimilarlyKalayanaswamiwascapturedin1837andplacedinMysoreprison.

Puttabasappa:

ThepeopleoflowerKodagucontinuedtherebellionafterthecaptureofKalyanaswami.Sulya,BellareandPuttur,themajorplacesofCanararegion,werepartofAmaraSulya.Itisinterestingtonotethatafarmernamed Puttabasappa, as Kalyanaswami. This Puttabasappa laterpresentedhimselfasSwamiAparampura.Thisalsonotesthefluidnatureoftherebellion.Puttabasappatookovertheleadershipoftherebellion.

Therebellionstartedinthehillyregion.Puttabasappaorganizedtherebelsandcalmeddownthepeople.Hedeclaredthattaxontobaccoandsaltwillbewithdrawn,iftherebelgovernmentassumespower.Therichfarmers, land owners and local chieftains were assured of this move.ThecaptureofthegovernmentofficeinBellarewasthefirstmoveinthisrebellion.PuttabasappakilledanAmaldharwhowasknownforhisbrutalityfurther increased the popularity of Puttabasappa. This incident gainedmoresupportfortherebellionandtherebellionbecamemorefamous.

The rebels marched towards Mangalore to capture it. The Britishwereengaged in fortifying their fort inMangalore.TherebelsmarchedtowardsMangalorethroughPanimangaloreandBantwal.TheylootedthetreasuryandprisonofBantwal.

TheBritishsoughtthearmyofThalacheri,KannurandBombaytoquellthisuprising.Onhearingthisdevelopment,PuttabasappaandhisassociatedfledtowardsSulya.TheBritishcapturedthemwiththehelpofpeople inKodagu.Puttabasappa,Lakshmappa,Bangarasa,KedambadiRamayaihGowdaandGuddemaneAppaihwerehangedtilldeath.Thoughtherebellionfailed,ithasanimportantplaceinthehistoryofrebellionsagainsttheBritish.

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Rebellion of Surapura and Koppal:

Surapura

SurapuraisatfiftykilometersfromthepresentdayYadgir.ThiswasanimportantplacesincetheruleofMoghuls.DuringthereignofNizamofHyderabadandMarathasitbecameavassalstate.Later,mostoftheterritorywaslostandSurpuraremainedrestrictedtoasmallerterritory.DuringthereignofVenkatappa,itraisedarebellionagainsttheBritish.

Venkatappa Nayaka:

Venkatappa came to throne after the death of his father KrishnaNayaka. He was born in 1834 and came to throne in an early age.His ascendance to throne was opposed by Krishna Nayaka’s brotherPeddanayaka.Thisresultedininternalstruggles.TheBritishinterferedintheaffairsofSurapura.In1842,theyappointedMedesTaylorastheirpoliticalagentandgainedproxypoweroverSurapura.

Taylor was a reformist. He developed Surapura princely state.PeddanayakawasappointedastheDewanofthestate.Taylorconductedthelandsurveyofthekingdom.Therevenueofthestateincreaseddueto themeasures implementedbyTaylor.He tookmeasures toeducateVenkatappaNayakaproperly.Hecametopowerin1853.

Rebellion of Surapura

The British government was observing the various developmentsof Surapura. In 1857, it came to the notice of government that therepresentativesofNanaSahebawerepresentinSurapura.ThismadetheBritishsuspiciousofKing’sintentions.TheBritishappointedanofficernamedCampbelltoreportonthevariousactivitiesoftheKing.TheofficersubmittedareporttotheresidentofHyderabadthattheKingisinvolvedinmisadministration.

Venkatappa Nayaka is usually presented as the leader of 1857revolution in Karnataka by the historians. TheBritish army capturedSurapurain1858.Thewarcontinued,thereareconfussionsregardingVenkatappaNayaka’send.

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Veerappa of Koppal

Koppal rebellion is an important rebellion in the various armedrebellionsagainsttheBritish.TheKoppalandthesurroundingregionswereunder the rule ofNizamofHyderabad. Therewere exploitations.ThisenragedafewZamindarswhorebelledagainsttheNizam.Veerappaisanimportantpersonamongtherebels.

Veerappa who was a Zamindar, rebelled against the British andoccupiedthefortofKoppalandotherfortsinthevicinity.ManyfarmersandZamindarssupportedafterrealizinghismotives.TheBritishcontactedtheNizamandemployedtheirarmytodefeatVeerappa.Veerappawhohad lesser soldiers died fighting the army of the British. The BirtishcapturedbackthefortofKoppal.Though,thisrebellionwasshortlivedone,Veerappaprovedhimselftobeagoodwarrior.

Rebellion of Bedas of Hulagali

HulagaliisasmallvillageofMudholtalukofBelgaumdistrict.Thiswas part of theMudhol principality. In 1857, the British banned theusageofweapons.TheBedaswhoalwayskeptgunsaspartofcustomsandtheyweregoodhunters.TheyrebelledagainsttheBiritishwhentheywereaskedtosurrendertheirfirearms.TheBedasofManturu,Bodani,Aalagundiandothers joinedHulagaliBedas.TheBritisharmyenteredHulagalivillagetosuppresstherebellion.TheysuppressedtheBedasinaninhumanway.Alltherebelswerehangedtilldeath.

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers

1. TheFirstAnglo-Mysorewartookplacebetween…………………..and………………..

2. TheSecondAnglo-Mysorewarendedwith……………………treaty.

3. KitturChenammaadoptedaboynamed………………………….

4. RayannaofKitturstatebelongedto………………………..village.

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5. Surapuraisinthepresentdistrictof……………………..

6. The Bedas of ………………………..village of Belgaum districtrebelledagainsttheBritish.

7. The Amara Sulya rebellion was basically a……………………….rebellion.

II. Discuss in groups and answer later

1. HowdidHyderAlicometopower?

2. WhataretheeffectsofSecondAnglo-Mysorewar?

3. WhatweretheconditionsofSrirangapatanamtreaty?

4. TheFourthAngloMysorestrengthenedthepositionof BritishinMysore.Discuss.

5. Explain the method of resisting the British power byDondiyaWagh.

6. ExplainthemethodadoptedbyRayannatofighttheBritish.

7. Expalin the contribution of Puttabasappa of Kodagu infreedomstruggle.

8. DiscusstheSurapurarebellioninbrief.

III. Activities

1.ReadbooksonSangolliRayanna.

2.CollectmoreinformationonlifehistoryofRaniChenamma.

IV. Project:

1. OrganizeastudytourtoSurapura.Youvisitthefortandobserve

thespecialtyoftheguesthousebuiltduringBritishperiod.

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UNIT – V

SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS REFORMATION MOVEMENTS

In this unit you learn• Establishment of Bramho Samaj and reformations• Young Bengal Movement• Establishment of Arya Samaj and reformations• Reformations led by Prathana Samaj• Ideas of Sathyashodak Samaj• Aligarah Movement• Ramakrishna Movement’s ideologies• Theosophical Society• Narayana Guru Dharamaparipala Yogam• Periyar

SocialReformationisanattempttoreformasocietythatpracticesdiscrimination among itsmembers. Reformation strives to bring backsuchasocietyintothefoldhumanevalues.Thebasicaimofreformationmovementistodeclarethevalueofindividual’sself-respect.

ThenineteenthcenturyisconsideredasthereformationandnewawakeningtimeinthehistoryofIndia.WiththeimplementationofEnglisheducation,anewclassofeducatedIndianswascreated.ManyEuropeanconcepts likedemocracy,nationalism,equalitystartedfindingroots inIndia.Many Indianswho receivedEnglisheducationstartedanalyzingtheirownsociety.TheBritishtooexpressedtheirinterestinreformingthesociety.Theyputforththetheoryof“WhiteMan’sburden’.Theybelievedthat it istheirdutytocivilizeIndianasacivilizedclassofpeople.TheBritishmadeanattempttoprotecttheirpoliticalandeconomicinterestsundertheguiseofthistheory.ManyIndiansstartedunderstandingtheIndian tradition innewperceptions.Anew identitycalled ‘Indian’wasborn.

ManycommunitieslikeShudrasandotherneglectedcommunitiesand women lacked many rights. Many movements opposed these at

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differenttimelinesinthehistory.Unlikemovementsinthemiddleagesandancienttimes,themovementsduringtheBritishperiodweredifferent.Issueslike caste system, gender discrimination, Sati system, widowremarriagerestrictionsystem,denialofeducationtoSudhrasandotherlowercommunitieswereaddressedbythesemovements.Manyprominentpeople like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Dyananda Saraswathi, Ranade,Jyothiba Phule, SwamiVivekananda, AnnieBesant, Sir SyedAhamedKhan,Periyar,Narayanagurubecamepartofthesemovements.Oneofthemainfeaturesofthisperiodistheattemptmadetostopsocialevilsbyprohibitingthemthroughlaw.

Brahmo Samaj

Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Raja RamMohan Roy (1772-1833) isthechiefinitiatorofsocialreformationinIndiaduringmoderntimes.Hehaddeepknowledgein Sanskrit, Persian and Arabic literature.He was well versed in Hindu PhilosophicalcritiqueandQuran.Apartfromthis,hehadalso studied other religions found in Indiacritically.Hehad even learnedHebrewandGreektoreadBibleinitsoriginalform!Suchwashiscravingforknowledge.

Hestarted‘AthmiyaSabha’inCalcuttaalongwithsomefriends.TheSabhaaimedateradicatingsocio-religiousmaladies from the society of Bengal. He started ‘Brahmo Samaj’ in1828. He wanted to purge Hinduism by removing Caste System andSuperstitions.RajRamMohanRoyandotherBrahmoSamajfollowerswanted to rebuild a new Hindu Society based on the philosophicalfoundationsofUpanishads.Due tohis efforts, thenGovernorGeneralWilliamBentinckbroughtinlawprohibitingSatiSystemin1829.RajaRamMohanRoytriedtodeveloprationalityamongthecommonpeoplethroughJournalism.Hepublishedajournalnamed‘SamvadaKomudhi’inBengalilanguage.

The important aspects of Brahmo Samaj were:1.AdvocatedMonotheism.2.Opposedmeaninglessrituals.3.Everypersonshouldlivewithdignityandnolaworritualshouldviolatethisprovision.

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4.BrahmoSamajintendedtoassureequalitytowomanbyopposingPolygamy.Itadvocatedforashareinpropertytohonourdignityoflifetowidow.ItalsoopposedChildMarriage.

5. Bramho Samaj decalred that, one can take good things fromanywhere. It also declared that Upanishads and Vedas alsoadvocatedthisprinciples.HewasopentoreceivegoodthoughtsevenfromtheWest.HegaveimportancetoEnglishEducation.

Apart from these, Raj RamaMohan Roy wanted the Indians towelcome the thinking process of the Europeans. In this background,he supported the establishment ofmany schools andVedantaCollegeinCalcutta.RabindranathaTagorehascalled“RajRamMohanRoyastheharbingerofmodernIndia,progenitorofIndianSocialReformationmovement, and ‘the prophet of Indian Nationalism”. By saying thesewords,TagorehassummarizedthecontributionofRajaRamMohanRoyandBramhoSamajtoIndianSocialReformation.

Young Bengal Movement

ThewaveofmodernizationstartedmovingacrosstheNorthIndiaduringnineteenthcentury.CalcuttawastheCentreofthisnewthinking.Newmovementsstartedarisingduring1820sand1830s.Wehavealreadylearnt the contribution ofBramhoSamaj.During this period, anothermovement called ‘YoungBengalMovement’ tookbirth.ThismovementwasstartedbyHenryLouisVivianDerozio(1809-1831).His fatherwasaPortugueseandhismotherwasanIndian.Hence,DerozioiscalledasAnglo-Indian.

Derozio servedasaprofessoratHinduCollegeofCalcutta from1826to1831.Manyofhisstudentswhowereattractedtohisteachingbecamehiscommittedfollowers.DeroziowasinfluencedbythevariousmovementsofEuropeandtriedtoinstilthesamespiritoffreeenquiryin theminds of his students and colleagues.He alsoworked towardscreatingtextbookstoinculcateneweducationsystem.Thisangeredmanytraditionalists.Butstillhewentaheadandstarted‘AcademicAssociation(1828), a free thinkingdebate associationwhich creatednew thinkingacrossBengal.

TheyoungBengalmovementhelddiscussionsanddebatesonissueslikenature,humanism,Godandothervarious topics.Derozioworkedtowardsspreadingthemessagethatonlyrationalthinkingwouldliberate

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peoplefromtheclutchesofsuperstitionsandsocialdiscrimination.HewasanadvocateofWomenRightsandopposedcastebaseddiscrimination.ManyofhisstudentswhohadcomefromtraditionalfamiliesweredeeplyinfluencedbyDerozio’sthoughtsandjoinedtheirhandsinspreadingthemovement acrossBengal. The influence of thisMovementwas limitedtoCalcuttaanda fewareasofBengal.Deroziohad to resign fromhisteachingpostduetothepressurefromhiscolleaguesandhisopponents.ThesepeoplefearedthattheyoutharegettingmorallycorruptedbytheworkofDerozio.Deroziodiedattheyoungageof22yearsduetocholera.

Arya Samaja:

Dayananada Saraswathi

TheAryaSamajwasstartedintheyear1875byDayananadaSaraswathi.ThisstartedinKathewad.Itwasmorepowerfulduringthelasttwodecadesofnineteenthcentury.

Dayananda Saraswathi was born in 1824 inKathewadofGujarath.Hisnamewas‘Moolashankar’.His father was ‘Amba shankar Tiwari’ andmother‘Amruthabai’.SincehewasnotinterestedinEnglisheducation, he received Sanskrit education. He lefthishousebytheageof21years,androamedacrossthecountryforaboutfifteenyears.Heoutlinedhisideasinabooktitled‘Sathyaratha Prakasha’. He realised that the remedies to the variousmaladies of India are present in Vedas. Hence, he declared ‘Back toVedas’.Hewasmoreofarenaissancepersonthanareformationperson.HeopenedtheheadofficeofAryaSamajinLahorein1877.HedeclaredthatonlyVedasareauthentic.

Arya Samaj had the following aims1.AllHindusshouldbelieveinoneformlessGod2.NooneisaShudraorBrahminbybirthandcastebasedsystem

wasrejected.3.Encouragementtointercastemarriages.4.Rejectionofpolygamyandchildmarriage.5.Menandwomenareequal.6.OneshouldstudyVedasandotherancientsacredtextsand

preachthem.

‘ShuddiMovement’wasoneoftheimportantprogrammesofArya

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Samaj. Itaimedat reconversionofpeoplewhohadconverted to Islamand Christianity from Hinduism back to Hinduism. ‘Cow ProtectionAssociations’werestartedtoprotectcows.

AryaSamajhadaroundfivelakhmembersby1921.AfterthedeathofDayanandaSarswathi, ‘DayanandaAnglo-VedicCollege’wasstartedin1886.Similarly,‘GurukulaVidyalaya’wasstartedinHaridwara.LalaLajapatRai,aradicalleaderofIndianFreedomMovementwasinfluencedbytheprinciplesofAryaSamaj.

Shuddi Movement:

The existence of caste and superstitions had pushed people towards other religions. In this critical juncture, Dayananda Saraswathi reinterpreted Vedas and advocated gender equality and caste equality in order to integrate Hindu society. There were opportunities to exit from Hinduism but no opportunity to enter it. In order to bring back people from other religions, Dayananda Sarswathi started Shuddi Movement.

Prathana Samaj

The influenceofBramhoSamaj reached regionsbeyondBengal.This Samaj took up various reformation movements influenced byBrahmoSamaj.ThismovementbecameinfluentialinthewesternIndia,particularlyintheareasofBombayPresidency.

PrathanaSamajwas foundedbyDrAthmaRamPanduranga in1867atBombaywiththeaimoffindingsolutionstovariousproblemsfacedbywomenand lower caste groups.Thisassociationargued thatthereinterpretationofHinduismisneededinthelightofmodernwesternthinking.Itadvocatedthatreformationshouldnotbeawish,butshouldbeimplementedinreality.Manyprogrammeslikeeducationforwomen,rehabilitationofpoorpeoplewereundertakenbythePrathanaSamaj.

Justice Mahadeva Govinda Ranade, R.G. Bhandarkar and N.G.Chandravarkarweretheotherprominentleaders.ThescopeofPrathanaSamajgotextended intovariousareasunder the leadershipofJusticeRanade.Ranadeattemptedtorejectchildmarriagesanddiscriminationsof widows. He believed that legal intervention is needed to stop childmarriagesandencouragewidowremarriages.Hence,headvocatedtakingthehelpoftheBritishGovernment.

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Sathya Shodhak Samaj

Mahatma Jyothibha Phule

TherewerewidespreaddiscriminationsbasedonCaste andGender inMaharashtra just like inotherpartsofIndia.DuringthecolonialruleoftheBritish,manymovementswere started to addressthesesocialproblems.SathyaShodhakSamajwasestablishedin1873toprovideequalrightstonon-Brahiminclassandwomen.

This Samaj was founded by MahatmaJyothibhaPhule. Inorder tobuildaphilosophicalbase for the movement, he wrote books like‘Gulamagiri’and‘ShetkarayachaAasud’(Cultivator’sWhip cord). He opened schools for Shudras andgirls.Phulewhobelonged toMali casteallowedpeople fromall castesincludinguntouchables todrawwater fromhiswell.SavithribaiPhulejoinedhandswithhiminhisendeavour.Theyestablishedhostelforgirls.TheworkofPhulesisimportantinthedirectionofestablishingsocietybasedonequality.Ambedkar isoneof the importantpeoplewhowereinspiredbytheworkofthiscouple.

Aligarh Reformation Movement

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan

By the end of nineteenth century, a newwave of social and religious reformation wasset in Muslim society. Anti-British sentimentbecame strong in Muslim community after theincidentof1857.Asaresult,theystayedawayfromtheEnglisheducationandasresultmissedmanyopportunities thatwerebasedonEnglisheducation.During this period, Sir Syed AhmadKhan attempted to start a newmovement. TheMohammadanLibertySocietyestablishedin1863,started debates and discussions on the issuesrelated to religion, social and political issues.TheupperandmiddleclassyouthparticipatedinthesediscussionsandstartedrealizingthevalueofEnglisheducation.

SirSyedAhmadKhanlivedfrom1817to1898.HedeclaredthatQuranistheauthoritativebookandothersworksonIslamarederivedones.

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Hesaidonehastointerpretone’sreligionaccordingtothechangingtimes.Otherwise, religionbecomes sluggish.SirAhmadKhan fought againsttraditions,superstitions,ignoranceandirrationalitiesthoughouthislife.Hesaidwithoutanopenmind,anysocialandintellectualdevelopmentisimpossible.HedidnotsupportthePurdahsystemforMuslimwomen.He called for educatingMuslim girls.Hedidnot accept Polygamy.Alltheseaspectswerepartofhisstruggles.Inordertoimplementhisidealsintopractice,hefoundedMohammadanAnglo-OrientalCollegeinAligarhin1875.Heutilizedthisinstitutiontospreadthewesternscientificandculturalideas.ThisinstitutionlaterbecameAligarhMuslimUniversity.

Syed Ahmad Khan preached religious tolerance. He thrived forunityamongHindusandMuslims.Hindus,Parsees,ChristiansdonatedliberallyfortheestablishmentofAligarhcollege.Admissionswereopenforstudents fromall religions.ThemovementcreatedbySyedAhmadKhankeepingAligarhasthecentre,iscalledasAligarhMovement.

Ramakrishna Mission (Ramakrishna Mutt)

Ramakrishna Paramahamsa

Ramakrishna Mission has provided aunique contribution to India’s spiritual growth,nationalisticawarenessandculturaldevelopment.SwamiVivekanandafoundedRamakrishnaMissionat Belur, near Calcutta in 1897. RamakrishnaMuttwasestablishedatMayawathinearAlmoraofUttaranchal.

RamakrishnaMissionwas founded to carrythe message and thoughts of Sri Ramakrishna,the spiritual guru of Swami Vivekananda. SriRamakrishna Paramahamsa (1834-1886) was aworshipperofKaliandalsoapriestatCalcuttaKalimandir.OnehastoattainMokshathroughDyanaandBhaktisaidRamakrishnaandhislifeitselfwasanexampleofthismodel.Hehadbelievedthatallreligionsadvocatethesame.HealsobelievedthattheremanywaysofattainingmokshaandtheGod.Hesaididolworshipisinevitable.

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Swami Vivekananda

InordertospreadtheteachingsofRamakrishnaParamahamsa,SwamiVivekanandafoundedthismission.Vivekananda(1863-1902)wasborninKyasthafamilyinCalcutta.HestudiedbothWesternandEasternphilosophies.AfterstudyingtheIndianphilosophyfromdifferentperspectives,he started preaching the importance of Indianphilosophy to Indians as well asWesterners. HeroamedaroundIndiaforaboutfiveyearsafterthedeathofhisGuru.Duetothis,hecouldunderstandthesocialrealityofIndia.Heworkedtoestablishacastelesssocietyashecouldseethatthesocietywasdeeply involved with caste based discrimination.Healsonoticedexploitation,poverty,illiteracyanddivisionsamongthe Indians.Vivekanandabelieved thatPeopleshouldbeeducatedfirst,andthentheythemselvesseekreformation.Hewantedlegalinstitutionstoimplementappropriaterulestosupportreformation.Healsowantedpeople tostop following thewestern idealsblindly.Hebelieveditisthedutyofthereligiontoprovidelight.Withoutthis,religionisitselfisofnouse,declaredVivekananda.TheonewhorespondstothepoorisMahatma,andtheonewhodoesn’tisDuratma.Heopposedcastesystem,untouchabilityandtheideaofsupremacybasedoncastesystem.

“WeshouldtakethehumanitytosuchaplacewheretherearenoQuran,VedasandBible.StillweneedtoattainthisbyattainingunityamongQuran,Vedas andBible…. In our country, there is aneed forunitybetweenHinduandIslam,aVedicmindinIslamicbodyistheonlypathofprogress”–SwamiVivekananda’sWorks.Series7,Volume238.

TheWesterners couldunderstand the cultural richness of IndiawiththehelpofspeechdeliveredbySwamiVivekanandaatChicagocityinWorldReligiousCongress in1893.Heattractedtheattentionof thelistenerswhilespeakingat‘CongressofReligion’heldatParisin1900.Hisspeechesmirrorhisnationalist ideas. Interestingly,hehadvisitedMysorebeforehisvisittoChicagoasaguestofChamarajaWadayerX.AsperthesuggestionofSwamiVivekananda,ChamarajaWadayerXstartedschools foruntouchablechildren.SwamiVivekanandawrotebooksonJnana Yoga, Raja Yoga, Karma Yoga and Bhakti Yoga. His thoughtsprovided impetus to freedom struggle and he asserted that freedomincludessocialequalityalso.

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Theosophical Society

Annie Besant

ThissocietywasbasicallyfoundedbyMadamBlavatsky and Colonel H.S. Olcott.They came toAdyarnearMadrasandestablishedtheheadofficeof TheosophicalSociety in1886. Themain aimofthesocietywastodoacomparativestudyofvariousreligions, philosophies and science. Another goalwastodiscovertheindomitablespirithiddeninthehuman. It declared that Universal Brotherhood isimportant.ThesocietytookitsbasicprinciplesfromHindusacredscriptureslikeVeda,Upanishads,SankyayogaandVedantaPhilosophy and spread these basic principles. The society attemptedto find solutions to present problems by studying the ancient Indianthoughts,philosophiesandtheoreticalideals.Hence,thesocietybasicallytriedforthereformationofHindureligion.Interestingly,foreignerstookmoreinterestinthisprocess.

With the arrival Irish lady Annie Besant in India by 1893, themovementofthetheosophicalsocietystartedtogrowmore.ShearrivedinIndiaasamemberofthesociety.Shewasbornin1847inLondon.She divorced her husband who was a priest at an Anglican Churchand became an activemember of the society in 1889. She hadmoreknowledgeinVedantaPhilosophy.SheadvocatedthatIndiancultureisfarmoresuperiortothewesternculturewhichisbasedonmaterialism.ThismovementwasreformationmovementofHinduism.ShealsodidacomparativestudyofHinduismandBuddhism.

Translating Bagvath Geetha to English is one of the majorachievements of her. She was called as ‘Shwetha Saraswathi’. Shewantededucationforall.Sheopenedschools.ShestartedCentralHinduBenarasCollegein1898.ThesameinstitutionbecameauniversityduetotheforethoughtofMadanMohanaMalaviyain1916.Shestartedtwoperiodicals ‘New India’ and ‘CommonWealth’ to initiate discussion oncurrentproblemsandsocial issues.ShestartedHomeRuleLeague in1916and initiatedHomeRuleMovement inMadrasregion.Thecreditof creating religious reformation movement and a new sensibility forHinduismintheearlynineteenthcenturyshouldgototheTheosophicalSocietyanditspartandparcelMsAnnieBesant.MsBesantwasactiveinthefreedomstrugglemovementandbecamethefirstwomenpresidentofIndianNationalCongress.

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You know this:

Home Rule:

The Irish people who were under the rule of the British, started Home Rule movement to assert their rights of self-governing. Influenced by this, Annie Besant started home rule movement in India also. Two Home Rule movements were in existence in India by 1916. One movement based it-self in Poona and covered areas like Maharastra, central provinces, Birar region and northern part of present of Karnataka under the leadership of Tilak. Another Home Rule movement was based at Madras under the leadership of Annie Besant. Tilak ran periodicals like ‘Maratha’ and ‘Ke-sari’ whereas Annie Besant ran periodicals like ‘New India’, ‘Common Wealth’ and ‘Young India’.

Sri Narayana Dharma ParipalanaYogam

Sri Narayana Guru

SriNarayanaGurustartedreformationmovement in 1903. This started Elavuof Kerala. This movement aimed atstrengthening the backward and exploitedcommunities. Narayana Guru (1854-1928)andhiscompanionsDr.PallpuandKumaranAssanledthemovement.

The caste differences were too muchinKeralaandthereweremanyprohibitionsin place. During that period, all were notallowed to use facilities like tanks and roads. They were barred fromwearingfootwear.Restrictionswerethereonwomen’sdressalso.Thesecommunitieshadtolivewithoutbasichumanrights.Inordertoaddressthis issue, Sri Narayana Guru started Dharma Paripalana Yogammovement.OneCaste,OneReligionandOneGodforhumanbeingswasthebasicideaofSriNarayanaGuru.Educationistheonlypathtoachievethishedeclared.Hebuilttemplesforthebackwardcommunitiesastheyweredeniedentryintotemples.

NarayanaGuruandhiscompanionsstarted‘ViakomMovement’,atempleEntrymovementin1924.GandhijiandPeriyar,thearchitectofself-respectmovementparticipatedinthis.ThetempleentryofGuruvayoortemplewasamajorincident.

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Periyar

Periyar

By the beginning of twentieth century, aNon-Brahmin movement started in South India.The majority Non-Brahmins launched agitationsdemandingrepresentationsingovernmentsectoraspertheirpopulation.Itbecameamajormovementin many states like Karnataka later. The non-Brahminical communities opposed restrictionsagainstthem.ThiswaspossibleduetotheEnglishEducation. The census reports published after1870s, provided a picture of their population.The Justice Party started in 1916 continued themovementinTamilNadu.

Non-Brahmin movement took a new shape under the JusticeParty. This became more radical. ‘Self-Respect Movement’ led byE.V.RamaswamiNaickerbecameanewforce.RamaswamywhocameoutofCongressin1925,startedSelfRespectLeaguein1926.HewascalledPeriyar(SeniorPerson)outoflovebypeople.PeriyarwasborninErodetoarichfamily.HebelievedthatCongressisinfavourofVarnasystemandstartedanewmovementbasedDravidaRacialidentity.HerejectedtheracialsupremacyinthenameAryaandBrahmin.HesaidTamilislanguage ofDravidians.He opposed Sanskrit language and literature.HealsorejectedRamaastheVedicleaderandacceptedRavanaastheDravidianleader.AngeredbyabadexperienceatBanaras,heconvertedSanskrit,RamaandRavanaasculturalidealsandpatronizedRavana.Hechampionedequalityandcriticizedcasteandgenderbaseddiscrimination.HeparticipatedintempleentrymovementheldatVaikomofKerala.HebecamethepresidentofJusticePartyin1939.Hestartedanassociationcalled“DravidaKalagam’.HealsostartedJusticePeriodical.

Even today, Periyar remains as an ideological symbol in TamilNadupolitics.This ismore evident inall thepoliticalpartiesofTamilNaduretainingtheword‘Dravida’withtheirnames.TheideologicalNon-BrahminicalmovementstartedbyAyonthidasandT.M.NayarwasturnedintoaculturalmovementbyPeriyar. His lifegoalwastoestablishanequalsocietywheretherewillbenoinequalitybasedoncaste,religionandgender.

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EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers:1. Thenineteenthcenturyiscalledas……………………..period.2. RajaRamMohanRoystarted……………………periodical.3. ThefounderofPrathanaSamajis………………4. TheYoungBengalMovementwasstartedby………………5.TheGuruofSwamiVivekanandawas...........................6. TheAnglo-OrientalCollegewasestablishedat…………………

II. Discuss in groups and answer the following questions:1. WhatarethepreachingofBrahmoSamaj?2. DiscussthedeclarationofDayanandaSarswathi’s‘Backto

Vedas’.3. DiscussthereformationadvocatedbySathyashodakSamaj.4. DiscusstheaimsofAligarhMovement.5. ExplaintheviewsofRamakrishnaMission.6. ExplainhowSwamiVivekanandawasasourceofinspiration

foryoungsters?7. WhatwerethereformationactivitiesofAnnieBesant?8. ExplainthecontributionsofSriNarayanaDharmaParipalana

Yogam.9. MakelistofmainaspectsofPeriyarMovement.

III. Activity :1. VisitanearbyRamakrishnaAshramandgatherinformation

onSwamiVivekananda’sviews.

IV. Projects :1. VisitlibrariesandreadbooksonSocialreformation.Collect moreinformationfrominternetwiththehelpofteachers.2.Discussonvariousinstitutionsstrivingforsocialreformation

withteachers.

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UNIT – VI

THE FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE (1857)

In this unit you learn• Reasons for the first Indian War of Independence• Immediate reasons for mutiny• Scope and nature of mutiny• Failure and results of mutiny

In order to extend their rule over India, the British broughtin policies of Subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of Lapse. As a resultnumerous statesbecamepart of theBritishEmpire. ThismademanyIndiansunhappy.PeoplewerealsoupsetwiththeadministrationoftheBritish.ThisunhappinesseruptedintheformofamajorprotestagainsttheBritishin1857.ManyoftheIndianHistorianstermedthisas‘FirstIndianFreedomStruggle’.But,theEnglishhistorianstermeditas‘TheSepoyMutiny’.

Reasons for the First Indian Freedom Struggle:

Political Reasons: Due to the Doctrine of Lapse implemented bytheBritish,manyIndiansKingshadtolosetheirkingdoms.Asaresultof this policy, Satara, Jaipur, Jhansi,Udaipur andmany other statesbecamepart of theBritishEmpire.Dalhousieabolished thekingshipsofTanjavoreandCarnaticNawabs.TheBritishdethronedMughalkingsandmany other kings. As a result,many soldiers depended on thesekingsbecameunemployed.ThisbecamethemainreasonfortheprotestagainsttheBritish.

Economic Reasons:DuetothedevelopmentofindustrializationinEngland,theIndianhandicraftsandindustriesdiminished.Englandapartfrombeinganindustrializedcountrybecameaworkshopofindustries.TheartisansofIndiabecameunemployed.Theweaversbecamethefirstvictimsaswoolandclothmaking industriessuffereda lot.TheIndianhandicraftsbecamefinanciallypathetic.TheBritishleviedhighcustomsonIndiangoodsenteringthemarketofEngland.DueZamindarisystem,the farmers were exploited by Zamindars. Land tax collection rights

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awardedtoTalukadarswerewithdrawn.ByformingInamCommissions,Inamlandswerealsowithdrawn.Asresult,thefarmershadtoundergolot of economic hardships and felt insulted. Hence, the farmers alsoprotestedallthese.

Administrative Reasons:

TheBritishbroughtinmanycivilandcriminallawsintoeffect.Butintheimplementation,therewerelotofpartiality.LawsappliedtoIndiansin adifferentmanner.Englishbecame the language of the court. TheEnglishjudgesgavejudgmentsinfavouroftheEnglish.Peopledidnotlikethenewlaws.

Tatya Tope

Military Reasons:

ThesituationofIndiansoldiersintheBritisharmy was very pathetic. They did not have thestatus, salary and promotion prospectus that oftheBritish soldiers. The pressure put on Indiansoldiers for overseas work triggerd resentmentamongthemduetotheirreligiousbeliefs.Beginning of the Mutiny and its spread: TheIndiansoldierswhowerepresentinlargenumbersin the British army believed that they can driveawaytheBritishifallofthembecomeunited. Inthissituation,theBritishstartedproviding‘RoyalEnfield’guns,atypeofnewandimprovedguns.Arumourspreadthatthebulletsofthesegunsweresmearedinthefatofpigandcow.ThecowwassacredforHindusand the pig was prohibited for Muslims. This became the immediatecauseforthemutiny. ThisrumourcausedlotofunrestinBarackpurmilitarysoldiers.Whenthesoldiersweredirectedtoloadthebulletstothegunbychewingoffapartofbullet,thesoldiersrefusedtodoit.ThesoldiersofBarackpurrevoltedagainsttheBritishofficers.AsoldiernamedMangalPandeyshotdeadaBritishofficer.MangalPandeywasarrestedandafteratrailhewashangedtodeath.

The Spread of the Mutiny: Meerut was a major Biritish military base. The Indian soldiersstationedhererefusedtousethebulletsofthenewguns.Manysoldierswerearrested.ThisledtomutinyinMeerut.Thesoldiersbargedintothe

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prisonandreleased the imprisonedsoldiers.Thisbecametheseed forthe Indian freedommovement.Agroupof soldiers reachedDelhi fromMeerut.TheyenteredtheRedfortanddeclaredtheMughalKingBhadurShahIIastheemperorofIndia.Duetovariousreasons,theprotestingsoldiersreachedDelhi.Theprotestsbecameintensified.ThisspreadlikeawildfiretoDelhi,KhanpurandJhansi. NanaSahebofKanpurroseinrevolt.TatyaTopewashisassistant.InJhansi,RaniLakshmiBaiprovidedleadershiptotherevolt.TatyaTopecametothesupportofRaniLakshmiBaiafterthefallofKanpurtotheBritish.

Rani Lakshmi Bai

Later, the protest spread to Lucknow. But,finallyLucknowfellintotheBritish.Nowthefree-domstrugglespreadtotheSouthofRiverYamuna.This influenced thesoldiersofRaniLakshmiBai.RaniLakshmiBaiwhowasangeredbytheDoctrineofLapsedeclaredwarontheBritish.ShecapturedGwalior.ShediedaheroicdeathwhilebattlingtheBritishinanotherbattle.Eventoday,RaniLakshmiBaihasaspecialplaceintheannalsofIndianfree-domstruggle.

Reasons for the failure of the Mutiny:

ThefirstwarofIndianIndependencefailedduetovariousreasons.ItdidnotcovereverypartofIndia.Itwasmainlyconcentratedontheis-suesoftherightsofKingsandQueensratherthanliberationofthecoun-try.Asitwasnotaplannedmutiny,thereweremanyunexpectedresults.TheunityamongtheBritishandthedisunityamongtheIndiansoldiersresultedinitsfailure.TheMutinylackeddirectionandleadership.Thesoldiersalsolackeddisciplineandorganizingskills.TheIndiansoldierslackedmilitarystrategies,planningcapabilitiesandsoldieringskills.Thefreedomfighterslackedadefiniteaim.ManyoftheIndiankingsextendedtheirloyaltiestotheBritishanddidnotsupportthefreedomfighters.Theplunderingandothercrimescommittedbythesepoysmadethemtolosethefaithofcommonpeople.

Results of the Mutiny:

ThegovernanceofEastIndiaCompanycametoanend,andthegovernance ofBritish government started. The administration of India

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washandedovertoSecretaryofIndianAffairsoftheBritishParliament.TheQueenofBritainpassedadeclarationin1858.Ithadthefollowingaspects:

1. TheagreementsenteredbythecompanywiththelocalKingswereaccepted.

2. Nonpursuanceofregionalexpansion.

3. ProvidingastablegovernmentforIndians

4. Equalitybeforethelaw

5. Non-interferenceofthegovernmentinreligiousissuesofIndiansandpracticingreligioustolerance.

TheBritishrealizedthatunlessanduntiltheycommandtheloveandaffectionofIndians,rulingIndiawouldbeadifficultproposition.Thein-abilitytolistentothevoiceofIndianswasconsideredasthemainreasonfortheviolence.Hence,theydecidedtoinvolvetheIndiansinthepro-cessoflegislationandimplemented‘PolicyofAssociation’.ThefirstwarofIndianIndependenceisalikeguidepostoffuturestruggles.ThisalsooutlinedtheimportanceofseekingalternativechannelstopursuefuturestrugglesagainsttheBritish.

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers:

1. TheMutinyof1857wascalledas…………….bytheBritishhistorians.

2. ThepolicyimplementedbyDalhousieis………………….

3. Duringthemutinyof1857,………………………killedaBritishofficer.

4. Jhansi Rani took over……………………….from the Britishduringherwaragainstthem.

II. Discuss in groups and answer the following questions:

1. Whatweretheresultsof‘DoctrineofLapse’?Discuss.

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2. Howdidtheeconomicpoliciesresultinthemutinyof1857?Explain.

3. WhatweretheissuesthatoutragedthereligiousfeelingsoftheSoldiers?

4. What were the immediate causes of First War of IndianIndependence?

5. Listoutthereasonsthatledtothefailurethemutiny.

6. WhatwerethemainaspectsinthedeclarationoftheBritishQueen?

III. Activities:

1. IdentifythekingdomsthatwereaffectedbytheDoctrineofLapseonanIndianMap.

2. The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 is the First war of IndianIndependenceforIndians.Arrangealectureonthistopic.

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POLITICAL SCIENCE

UNIT-1

THE PROBLEMS OF INDIA AND THEIR SOLUTIONS

In this unit you learn:• Unemployment

• Discrimination(Gender,Caste,Regionalinequalities)

• Corruption•Communalism

• Terrorism•CorporateStrategies

Indiahasfacednumerousexternalandinternalproblemssince1947.These problems have to bemanaged through efficient administration.Thesupportofcitizensisneededforourdemocraticgovernmentsatthecentre,stateandlocallevels.

Now,let’sseewhataretheproblemsfacedbyourcountry.Isn’titourdutytoknowthis?Yes,weneedtoknowandalsofindsomesolutionstothem.Mostofthemarehumanmadeandnationalemergencies.Hence,theneed is tofindareasonableandhumanesolution.Thesolution isto be found through good administration, social reformation, fast andefficientjudiciary.Thissolutionneedstobebackedbypeople’ssupport.Let’sknowmoreaboutsuchproblems.

Unemployment:Unemploymentisasituationwhereapersondoesnotfindwork inaccordance tohiscapacityorqualification. Indiahasa huge population and unemployment is a big problem. Usually, thepopulationandimprovedtechnologyareconsideredasthetworeasonsforunemployment.Apartfromthesetwo,shortageofnaturalresources,overdependencyofagriculture,ruinedcottageindustriesandlackofskillbasededucationunemploymenthasbecomeahugeproblem.Accordingtocensusof2011,thepovertyrateis21.9%.ThisindicatesthegrowingproblemofunemploymentinIndia.Inordertosolvethepovertyrelatedissues, both the central and state governments have taken variousmeasurestogenerateemploymentforpeople.Stepshavebeentakento

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improvetheskilllevelofthejobseekerssothattheycanhavebetteraccesstoemployment,providingloansandsubsidytoenablepeopletoengageinselfemployment.Inreality,handicraftsandproductscreatedoutofselfemploymentareunabletocompetewithgoodscreatedbyglobalisedeconomyandthishasfurthercomplicatedtheissueofunemployment.Hence,thesolutionistoinculcateworldclassskilltoourpeoplesothattheycompetewithglobalizedproduction.Apart fromthis,everycitizenof the country should be encouraged to indulge in one or the otheremploymentbyprovidingjoborientedcoursetoall,isanotherstrategytothinkon.

Corruption:CorruptionisanothersocialevilinthepubliclifeofIndia.Now,thecorruptionhasspreadtoallstrataof thesociety.Corruptionmeans offering bribe and following any other illegalmeans to achievesome illegal benefits. Corruption stays away from legal framework initsoperation.Thisalsocanbedefinedasmisuseofpublicauthorityforpersonalgains.SweepingawayalltheproceduresforanarrowpersonalgaincanalsobetermedasCorruption.Ithasbecomecontagiousdiseaseinpersonallife.

Corruptioninfluencesnegativelyonbothpersonalaswellaspublicsphere of life. It influences the economic, social and political life of acountry negatively. It alsomeans an immoral thing from the politicalangle.Corruptionofpersonalethicsandmoralityhappensinthepersonalsphere. In public sphere, bribery, nepotism, caste favouritism andintentionalslowdownoftheworkappearasvariousformsofcorruption.During election time, all these evil practices simply find inroads intosociallife.

Politicalcorruption leads tocrime. Italsoprovidesmotivationofcorruptioninpubliclifeandnourishesthemisadministrationonthepartofofficials.Thingsliketaxevasion,illegalhoarding,smuggling,economicoffences,cheating,violationofinternationalexchangeandemploymentcheatingallfindspaceincorruption.

It is impossible to root out corruption by either rejecting itatpersonal level or just goingalongwith it. It canbe rootedoutonlythrough strong public ethics andmorality and personal commitment.Manyatimes,naturalhumantendencyforselfishness,eagernesstofendofpersonal emergenciesandpersonalgain leadaperson toengage in

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corruption.Lackofstrictsupervisionandweaklegalenforcementleadstocorruption.Politicalwillandpublicsupportisinevitablefortacklingcorruption. In other words ethical political leadership, good officersand politically aware and educated public can weed out corruption.Institutions like Lokapal and Lokayuktha can bring down corruptiondrastically.Educationinstitutionscantakealeadinthisdirection.ByinstallingCCTVcamerasingovernmentofficesandincreasingefficiencyofgovernmentworkcanalsobringdowntheintensityofthecorruption.Measureslikeawardingharshpunishmentforcorruptofficialscanalsobringinsomechange.Increasingthenumberofcourtsandjudgescanalsoreign incorruption. Innutshell,coordinatedeffortsareneeded toaddressthisburningsocialproblem.

Discrimination:Discriminationsbasedgender,casteandregionismoreevidentinIndia.Indiansocietyismadeupofpatriarchalvalues.Itdiscriminates the rolewomenandmanaccording to thepatriarchalvalues. Hence, inequalities are there between men and women inour society. Government of India has undertaken various measureslike providing reservation in education and employment, along withproviding reservations in elections of local bodies to overcome thisgenderdiscrimination.Ithasreserved1/3oftheseatsinlocalelections.InKarnataka,50%reservationhasbeengiventowomenin localbodyelections.With thismeasure, efforts are on to end the discriminationprevalentbetweengenders.

JustlikeGenderDiscrimination,castebaseddiscriminationisalsoa challenge to India. Caste system is a gift to Indian political systemfrom the ancient societal system based on Varna. Many measureshavebeenundertaken in theconstitution itself topreventcastebaseddiscrimination.TherightforequalityandfreedomhavebeenincludedinthesectionthreeoftheIndianConstitution.But,thecastesystemhascontinuedtoliveevenafteralltheseefforts.Thiscannotbesolvedonlywiththelegalintervention.Inordertoeradicatethissystem,thesocietyalsoneedstoprepareitselftoacceptthechange.

Regional inequality is like gender and caste inequality and hasposedabigchallengetoIndia.Someregionsofthecountryhaveachievedalotofprogresswhilemanypartshaveremainedbackward.Inordertoremovesuchinequalities,thearticle371hasbeenamendedfromAtoJ.Throughtheseamendmentsbackwardregionshavebeengivenspecial

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status.Inspiteofallthesemeasures,theregionalinequalitiesproblemhas grown to such an extent that many are demanding independentstatestatusforthemselves.Inthelightofthesedevelopments,thereisanurgentneedtoeradicateregionalimbalancesofthecountryasearlyaspossible.InKarnataka,inordertoaddresstheregionalimbalances,acommitteeheadedbyD.M.Nanjundappahasgivenspecialreportonvariousmeasuresneededtosolvetheregionalimbalancein2001.SomeofthemostbackwardregionsofKarnatakahavebeenaccordedspecialstatusbyaddingarticle371(J).

Communalism

Communalism is amajor problem in our country.Segregation inthe name of religion and creating hatred and cultivating opposite selfinterests canbe called asCommunalism. It creates social differences,mutualsuspicionandfearsituationinthesociety.Politicalcompetition,socialgroupismandeconomichatefulnessisexpressedinCommunalism.Communalismhas thecapacity toendanger the integrityandunityofIndia.Itnotonlydisturbsthepeaceofthesociety,italsodestroysthepublicandprivateproperty.Itleadstomutualaccusations,andphysicalassaultsandotherundesirableeffects.

Communalism puts self interest ahead of national interest. Thecommunal forcesmakeattempts to increase theircommunal forces inthecountry.Theyattempt topreach their religionandalso tend tobesuspicious of other religion. This affects theunity of thenation. As aresult,thecountryhastospendalotofenergytomaintaininternalpeaceandorder.

A lot of precautions are needed to address the challenge posedbyCommunalism.Ideaslikeuniformcivilcode,equalityamongallthecitizens, supporting secular values in the society and transcendingnarrow thoughts in favour of national interests can be the solutionsfor communalism. Economic and social inequality could fuel thecommunalism.Attemptsshouldbemadetofosterthefaithsofallpeopleanddevelophealthynationalthoughts.Precautionsshouldbetakentocheckcommunalismas itwouldspoil the integrity,equality, fraternityandculturaldiversityofIndia.Thecitizensshouldcommitthemselvesforasecularsociety.

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Status of women

Theachievementsofwomenduringpre-independentIndiaarenotable.JhansiRaniLakshmibai,KitturuRaniChenamma,Aniebesant,KasturbaGandhi, Savithribai Phule, Sarojini Naidu are some of the memorablewomenfreedomfighters.Nowwomenarepresentinallwalksoflifelikemedical, teaching, engineering,pilot, astronaut,police,politics,militaryandotherareas.Still, thestatusofwomenneedsa lotof improvement.Thestatusofwomenhasremainedlowduetosocialcustoms,povertyandilliteracy.Thishasaffectedtheprogressofthecountry.

The government has started Women and Child Developmentdepartmentinordertodevelopwomen’seducationandstatus.Throughvariousmeasures taken, the government seeks to improve the status,health and education of the women. Many programmes have beenimplemented to curb child marriage system, dowry prohibition act,compulsory education are implemented as a means of empoweringwomen. The government ofKarnatakahas implemented ‘Stree Shakti’programme throughwhich self help groups ofwomenare formedandfosteredasthemeansofsocialprogress.

VariouscooperativeformationslikeStreeShakthiselfhelpgroups,associationsofselfhelpgroupshavebeenformed.Women’scommissionshavebeenestablishedatnationalandstateleveltoaddressthevariousissuesofwomen.Attemptsaremadetoprovidereservationsatstateandnationallegislaturebodies.Womenreservationhasalreadybeenprovidedat local bodies. Women reservation is also provided in governmentrecruitments.

Prathibha PatilThe First women

President

Indira GandhiThe First women

Priminister

Sarojini NaiduThe First women

Governor

Suchetha krupalani

The First women Chief Minister

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InIndia,IndiraGandhiwasthePrimeMinisterforalongtime.MsPrathibhaPatilwasthePresidentofIndia.Manywomenhaveperformedvariousrolesasambassadors,governors,ministers,chiefministersandmany others have influential positions and have performed well. Thesuccessofthesewomenhasbeeninspirationalformanywomen.

Terrorism

Terrorism can be called as extremism. This is a method puttingpressure on a government. Terrorism based on political ideologies,religiousfaithsandideologicalbeliefscreatesalotlossfortheindividualsaswellascommunities.Moreover,terrorismcreatespsychologicalpainandinfluencestheculturalaspectsnegatively.Terrorismisnothingbutfulfillingitsnarrowendbycreatingpanicandviolence.Itfeedsonfearofthepeople.Theseareorganisedcrimespurportedbyorganisedgroupofpeople.Suchactivitiesare calledantinationalandanti socialacts.BombingofworldtradecentreofUSA,bombattacksonBaliofIndonesia,bombing various cities ofFrance,Britain, andother countriesare thereasonforworriesatinternationallevel.Theterrorismisbasedonextremereligioussentiments,separatism,racialismorleftistideals.

Often,acountryfundsandsupportsterrorisminanothercountry.Terrorismtargetsciviliansofthecountry,militarybases,andalsotargetsspecific communities with specific languages, religion, race and skincolourtocreatemaximumterroramongthem.Itaimsatcreatingmorefearbykillingpeople.Theyuseexplosives,deadlygasestoattaintheirgoal.Thekillingsdonebyterroristsarepre-planned.Theyworkwiththeirownnetworkofintelligence.Theyemploymoderndaygadgetsandmeansoftransportation.Theytargetbusyareaslikeairports,railwaystations,marketsandotherareastoattack.Theyseektospreadtheirgaolsalongwiththisviolence.Theyalsousetacticslikesuicidebombing,kidnappinginnocentpeopletoattaintheirtargetedaims.

India is one the countries in the world that has been the targetof terrorism formanyyears.Terrorism is andwas there in states likeNagaland,Manipur,Kashmir,Punjabandotherplaces.TherewasattackonTajHotelinMumbaionNovember26,2007.Similarly,theParliamenthouse had also been the target of terrorism. Terrorists have targetedplaceslikeHyderabad,Chennai,Bengaluru,Budhagayaandotherplacestocreatepanic.OurneighbouringcountrieslikePakistanandChinaareaccusedofsupportingandaidingterrorisminourcountry.

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India has always criticised terrorism in other countries also. Ourcentralandstategovernmentshavetakenatmostcaretostopterrorism.Theyhavealwaysstrivedtoprotectthepropertyandlifeofordinarypeople.Theyhaveevencreatedspecialeliteforcestotackletheseterrorists.Indiahasbeenpeacelovingcountryandhasundertakenmanyinitiativestostopterrorism.

Alookintohistorysaysthataverylittlehasbeenachievedbyviolentactivities like terrorism. At the same time, history has beenmade byemployingtruth,nonviolenceandlove.ThekillingofpeoplelikeGandhiji,IndiraGandhi andRajivGandhi did not erase their efforts to achieveprogressthroughpeace.WhereasactionsofBuddha,Mahaveera,Jesus,Mohammad Paigambar, Basava, Gandhi, Nehru, Ambedkar, MartinLuther,NelsonMandelaandothershavegivennewlight,newpathsandnewlifetothepeopleallovertheworld.PeaceandlovearegreaterthanviolenceandHate.

Corporate Strategy

TheCorporateStrategieshasbeenthebiggestchallengeinfrontofIndiansocietysincethebeginningof21stcentury.Agroupadministrativemeasureundertakenbyacompany toachieveapremediated target iscalledCorporateStrategy.Thepresentdaycorporatestrategiesareusingglobalisedenvironmentandmoderntechnologies.Themainaimofthesestrategies aremaximising the profits of the company. This affects thepeople,thesocietyandacountrynegatively.Often,thecorporatestrategiesinfluencethedecisionsofthegovernmentsalso.Onthepositiveside,thesamecorporatecompaniescanbeemployedtoalleviatesocialproblemslikepoverty,malnutrition,health,skilltrainingandmanyotheraspectsofsocietythroughCorporateSocialResponsibility(CSR)programmes.Thegovernmentsneedtomandatesuchinitiativesthroughappropriatelegalmeasures.Onlywithsuchinitiatives,theIndiansocietycanchannelizethecorporatestrategiesinfavourofthesociety.

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EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers1. Thepeoplewhodevelopadeeppassionfortheplacetheylive

iscalledas.........................

2. The formation of language based regions took place in...............

3. InKarnataka,..................institutionisinexistencetocurbcorruption.

4. As per the census of 2011, the population of India is...................

II. Discuss in groups and answer the following1. Howiscommunalismfataltonationalunity?Explain.

2. Howdoesregionalismaffectnationaldevelopment?Discuss.

3. Whatareyoursuggestionstoimprovethestatusofwomen?

4. What are the measures needed for the eradication ofunemployment?

5. What are the measures undertaken for the removal ofregionalimbalances?

6.Whataretheeffectsofterrorism?

7.Whatarethemeasurestakentocurbterrorism?

8. WhatisCorporateStrategy?Writeaboutitspresentstatus.

III. Activities1. Makealistofstatesthathavebeenaccordedspecialstatus

underarticle371.

2. Organizeadebatecompetitionon“Howregionalismcreatesdisunityincountry’.

3. Conduct an interview with a local body women memberaboutthestatusofwomen.

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UNIT-2

INDIAN FOREIGN POLICY In this unit you learn:

• NatureofIndianForeignPolicy

• Panchasheelaprinciple

• NonAlignedMovement

• Disarmament

• AntiApartheidpolicy

A study of how different countries interact with other countriesand the type of relationships they strive to maintain is needed. Justlikean individualwho cannot livealone, countriesalso cannot live inisolation.Hence,everycountryneedstohaveaforeignpolicytoregulateitsinteractionwithothercountries.Outof200countriesintheworld,veryfewcountriesarestrongandmostofthemareweak.Accordingtoexperts,“Everysovereigncountryhasitsownforeignpolicy”.Asovereigncountryisthatcountrywhichisnotunderanyothercountry’scontroleitherforinternalorexternalissues.

It’s an important point to note the India had its own foreignpolicybeforeindependenceandafterindependencealso.Indiahasbeenconsidered as one of the major countries of the world with its hugepopulation, natural resources,military, intellectual and industrialisedcapacities.Indiaisonethefewcountriesintheworldwhopursuetheirownforeignpolicy.

You know this:“A nation should realize that foreign policy is an art of finding the

right policy in spite of many policies. It is useful to a country. We can speak of good for international community and international peace also. Finally, every government considers everything from its own perspective. The foreign policy of a government is based on the long term as well as the short term interests of its own. No government dares to do harm to its own interests.

-Jawaharlal Nehru

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Indiabecamearepublicin1947.AsanindependentcountryIndiawants peaceful coexistencewith the other countries of theworld. ThemajoraimsofIndianForeignPolicyare:

1. NationalSecurity

2. Enrichingnationaleconomy

3. Spreadingtheculturalrichnessofourcountryinothercountries.

4. Byincreasingthenumberfriendlycountriesandcheckthepowerofenemycountries

5. AchievingWorldPeaceandcoexistence.

Discuss:“The world is Cruel. We wanted to hoist the flag of peace everywhere,

but we were cheated”

-uttered in surprise by then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru after the invasion of China into India

IntheradiospeechofSeptember7,1946;JawaharlalNehruoutlinedtheForeignPolicyof India for thefirst time to thegeneralpublic.Thespeechgavean indicationof the foreignrelationships India isgoingtofosterwithcountrieslikeAmerica,RussiaandChina.JawaharlalNehrumanaged the foreign policies of India as an External Affairs MinisterapartfrombeingthePrimeMinisteraswell.Hence,manyatimes,theforeignpolicyofIndiaisalsocalledasForeignpolicyofNehru.Variousinternational and national issues have influenced the Foreign Policyof India. Issues likenational interests, geographical interests,politicalsituation,economicinterest,militaryissues,publicopinion,internationalsituation and many other issues have influenced and shaped India’sForeignPolicy.

Basic aspect of India’s Foreign Policy1. Panchasheela principles:Thoughcountrieshavetheirownsocial,

economical,politicalandculturalsystems,theyhavealwaysstrivedtofosterhealthyrelationshipswithothercountries.Basedonthesimilarlines,in1954,bothIndiaandChinaacceptedPanchasheelaprinciplestofostertheirinternationalrelationship.(JawaharlalNehruwasthePrimeMinisterofIndiaandChouEnlaiwasthePremierofChina).ThefollowingarethefiveprinciplescalledasPanchasheelaprinciples:

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1.Respectingeachother’sSovereigntyandregionalinterests.

2.Noninvasionofeachother.

3.Noninterferenceineachother’sinternalissues.

4.Mutualcooperationandrespect.

5.Peacefulcoexistence.

ThesearethebasicfinebuildingblocksofIndia’sforeignpolicy.

2. Non Aligned Movement:TheworldwasdividedtwopowerblocksaftertheendofSecondWorld

War.ThedemocraticcountrieswereunderthehegemonyofUSAandtheCommunistcountrieswereledbyUSSR.InthosedaysIndiafollowedthepolicyofbeingNonAlignedtoeitheroftheseblocks.Itwassuccessfulin commanding the faith from both the blocks. It secured financialassistancefromUSAandsecuredmilitaryaidfromUSSR.Italsodealteveryinternationaleventindependentlyandwelcomedorcriticisedanyissueindependently.ThecreditofcreatinganindependentpolicyofbeingNonAlignedandmakingitpartoftheforeignpolicygoestoIndia.AfterNehru,thePrimeMinisterslikeLalBahurdarShastriandIndiraGandhifollowedtheprincipleofeyeforaneyeinforeignpolicy.Thewarsheldin1965and1971withPakistanwereguidedbythispolicy.Later,thePrimeMinisterAtalBihariVajpayeetriedtoreformourforeignpolicyandstrivedtohavebetterrelationshipwithPakistan.

You know this:SAARAC- South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.

SAARAC is an association of South Asian countries. It was founded on December 8, 1985. India, Srilanka, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal Pakistan and Afghanistan are the member countries. The SAARAC conference of 1986 was held in our state at Bangalore.

3. Anti Imperialism:TheForeignPolicyofIndiaopposesimperialism.Imperialismisanattemptbyasovereigncountrytotakeoveranothersovereigncountrywiththe intentionof ruling it for itspersonalgains.ItwasnaturalforIndiawhichgaineditsindependencefromanimperialcountrytoopposesuchmovesofothercountries.‘Nocornerofworldshall

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have Imperialism’declared India in theConferenceofAsianCountries(1949and1955)heldinNewDelhiandBandung4. Anti Apartheid policy:

Apartheidisanattemptbyaraceorpeopleofaparticularskincolourtosubjugateanotherraceofpeopleofdifferentskincolourinthenameofsupremacy.Apartheidisanaffronttohumanrightsandworldpeace.TheforeignpolicyofIndiadeclaredthat“Nocountryoftheworldshallpractice this”. Till recently, theminority white people were ruling themajority black people in South Africa. India had declared its supporttoNelsonMandela andhis partyAfricanNationalCongresswhowereopposingApartheidintheircountry.

5. Disarmament: Theprocessofeliminationofspecificarmsstepbystepiscalled

disarmament.Thereisanincreasedcompetitionfortheproduction,saleandcollectionofarmsintheworld.ManyofthecountriesareworriedthatthismassivescaleofarmscouldleadtoThirdWorldWar.Countrieswithmassivearmsmayattackanothercountryintentionallyorbymistakeorbyaccidenttriggingmassivedevastation.Thepresenceofnucleararmsmakesthe issuemorecomplicated. India ,beingpeace lovingcountry,advocatesforthereductionofarmsqualitativelyaswellasquantitatively.Since the time of Nehru, India has supported disarmament process.Thoughitisimpossibleandimpracticaltoattaintotaldisarmament,asevery country needs arms for its protection; an attempt can bemadereducethenumberofarms.

TheConstitutionofIndia’sarticle51advocatesforaforeignpolicythat aims at establishing international peace and cooperation. ThedepartmentofExternalAffairsoftheCentralgovernmentplaysadecisiveroleinformulatingourForeignPolicy.Italwaysconsidersournationalinterestandpublicopinion.IndianforeignpolicyaimsatstrengtheningUNO.Indiastrivestohavestrongforeignrelationshipwiththecountriesof world through SAARAC and Common Wealth of Nations as well.Moreover,IndiahasbeenoneofthemajormembersofUNO.

Activity:Collect information of the recent foreign policy developments of India

from the internet with the help of your teachers.

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EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers:

1. TheIndianForeignpolicywasspeciallyformedby...........

2. Thepolicyofkeepingsafedistancefromboththepowerblocksoftheworldisknownas..............................movement.

3. Duringpre-independentperiodIndiawasunder.................imperialoccupation.

II. Discuss in group and answer:

1. WhatisForeignPolicy?

2. HowdoesForeignPolicyaidacountrytodevelopment?

3. WhataretheaimsofIndia’sforeignpolicy?

4. WhydoesIndiaopposeimperialism?

5. WhatarethePanchasheelaprinciples?

6. Whydoes Indiaadvocatedisarmamentas theneedof theworld?Discuss.

III. Activities :

1. Prepareanalbumofnewspublishedinnewspapersregardingvariousforeignpolicyrelatedaspects.

2. CollectinformationofIndia’sroleininternationalcrisis.Forexample:thecrisisofSyria,Srilankaetc.,

IV. Project :

1. Organizeadebateonthetopic“India’sNonAlignedMovementisconducivetonation’sdevelopment”.

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UNIT - 3

INDIA’S RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER COUNTRIES

In this unit you learn:• RelationshipbetweenIndiaandChina

• RelationshipbetweenIndiaandPakistan

• RelationshipbetweenIndiaandRussia

• RelationshipbetweenIndiaandUSA

Afamilycanneverprosperwithoutinteractingwithanotherfamily.Similarlyacountrycanneverprogresswithoutinteractingwithanothercountry.Inthisglobalisedandmodernizedenvironment,itisinevitableforcountrytohaverelationshipwithanothercountry.Itisnotanecessitynow,itisaneed.Inthefourthpartofourconstitutionunderarticle51,internationalpeaceandcoexistenceisexplained.It isdiscussedunderdirectiveprinciplesofthestate.IndiastrivestohavecordialrelationshipswithothercountriesasperthedirectionsoftheConstitution.

Relationship with Major Neighbour CountriesIndia and China

ChinaisabigcountrywhichbordersIndia.TherelationshipbetweenChinaandIndiagoesbacktoMesopotamiaandSindhurivercivilizationtimes. Buddhism originated in India has found wide acceptance inChina.TherelationshipbetweenChinaandIndiagoesbacktoancienttimes. Many of Indian rulers had cordial business relationship withChinese rulers. The Silk trade between China and India is discussedin Kautilya’s Arthashasthra. After the emergence of India and Chinaas two soeverign republics, theirmutual relationshipswere guidedbyPanchasheelaprinciples.AwarbrokebetweenIndiaandChinain1962duetheescalationofTibetancrisis.Afterthewar,borderdisputesarouseandthesedisputesstillremainunresolved.TheinsistenceofChinathatArunachalpradeshbelongstoit isoneofthemainboneofcontentionsbetweenthetwocountries.

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Inspiteoftheborderdisputesandwars,thebilateralrelationshipbetween India and China has remained and continued healthy. Boththe countries have the highest population and both are identified asthe leading economies of the world. India has established good traderelationshipbetweenChinaafter1980sandthishasfurthercementeditsrelationship.WithcontinuedeffortsofIndiaandChina,BRICSin2015groupofcountrieshasbeenestablished.ThisfurtherstrengthenedtherelationshipbetweenIndiaandChina.

India and PakistanIndiaandPakistanaretheneighbouringcountries.Pakistanisnot

onlyaneighbouringcountry,butwasan integralpartof Indiaduringpre-independentperiod.But, after the India IndependentAct of1947;both countries became independent sovereign countries. Soon afterindependence, foreignrelationshipbetweenboththecountriesstarted.Thereissuesliketerrorism,JammuandKashmirissueandwatersharingdisputesaretherebetweenboththecountries.Boththecountrieshavefoughtthreewars.InordertoimprovethebilateraltiesbetweenboththecountriesmanyagreementslikeTashkentAgreement,ShimlaAgreement,LahoreBusYatraandAgraConferencehavebeenentered.Butagreementslikethishaveyieldedveryless.Thisisbecauseinspiteofthesebilateraltalks;attackson IndianParliamentHouse in2001,Mumbaiattack in2007andPathankotattackin2016havecontinuedaffectingthequalityofthebilateralrelationships.

Activity

Collect the present information from newspapers regarding therelationshipbetweenIndiaandPakisthan

IndiaandPakistanhaveclashedovertheyearsaboutJammuandKashmirissue.Therearefewsimilaritiesbetweenthetwocountries.Bothshare common cultural and economic ties and themutual exchangesinboththefieldshavecontinued.Themutualtraderelationshipshavecontinued ever since independence. Similarly both have responded toeachother’sneedsduringemergencyandnaturalcalamities.

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Relationship with Powerful CountriesIndia and Russia

IndiahascordialrelationshipwithRussia.Ithadsimilarrelationshipwith United Socialist Soviet Russia also. Even though, India followedNonAlignedpolicy, ithadgoodrelationshipwithRussia inthefieldofeconomics,politicsandotherareas.(USSRhadopposedChina’sinvasionofIndiain1962.DuringtheGoaliberationin1961,USSRhadsupportedIndiaatUNO.)USSRhadsupported theTashkentAgreementbetweenIndiaandPakistanin1966.In1971,IndiaandUSSRsignedanagreementof 20 years for peace and cooperation. USSR had supported for theestablishmentofBilaiandBhokorasteelplants.Indiahastakenmajorsupport fromRussia to improve its industries and technology.RussiahasextendeditssupporttoIndia’squestforpermanentSeatintheUNSecurityCouncil.

India and USA IndiaandUSAaredemocraticcountriesandarealsobigcountries.

Inthepresentinternationalscenario,bothIndiaandUSAhaveamajorroletoplay.Therelationshipbetweenboththecountrieshavefoundafewmajorshiftseversince1947.Duringthebipolarworldofcoldwarera,IndiahadmaintainedequaldistancebetweenRussiaandUSAwithNonAlignmentPolicy.USAhassupportedalottoIndia’sFiveyearplans.USAhasextendeditssupportduringIndo-Chinawarof1965.But,laterthepolitical leadersofUSAextended their support toPakistanduringthewarbetweenIndianandPakistan.Manyatimes,theforeignpolicyofUSAhasbeenanti-Indianandpro-Pakistan.Interestingly,bothIndiaand USA have shared interest in controlling terrorism. India enjoysbetter relationshipwithUSA in thefieldsof foreign trade,scienceandtechnology,spacescience,educationandotherareasofmutualinterest.BoththecountriessharemutualresponsibilitystrengtheningUNOandmaintenanceofglobalpeace.IndiakeepsobservingthepolicyshiftinthetwoPartiesofUSA;DemocraticandRepublicanparties;andadjustsitspoliciesinaccordancetoit.

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Indiahas a cordial relationshipwith otherneighbouring countrieslikeSrilanka,Bhutan,Nepal,Maldives,Afghanistan,Indonesiaandothercountries.

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers:1. The relationship with...................was strengthened with

Panchasheelaprinciple.

2. International peace and cooperation is discussed in the............articleofourConstitution.

3. In1962....................invadedourcountry.

II. Discuss in group and answer the following questions:1. Why does countries need to have good relationship with

othercountries?

2. What are the reasons for tensions between India andPakistan?

3. TherelationshipbetweenIndiaandChinaisrecentlyspoiled.Whatarethereasonsforthis?

4. India andUSA are two democratic countries. Explain themutualcooperationthatexistsbetweenboththecountries.

5. ExplaintherelationshipbetweenIndiaandRussia.

III. Activities : 1.CollectmoreinformationabouttherelationshipofIndiawith

othercountries.

2.DrawamapofIndiaandmarktheneighbouringcountriesonit.

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SOCIOLOGYUNIT – I

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

In this unit you learn• Social Inequality (education, gender, profession, income,

opportunities and others)• Social Stratification• Untouchability – a social problem• Legal steps to eradicate untouchability

Social Inequality

Thefactthatpeoplearestratifiedaccordingtovariousqualities(Gender,Caste,Profession,ClassandRace)istheproofofSocialInequality.TheSocialInequalitiesare:Incomesources,EducationandProfessionalopportunities,healthfacilitiesandpoliticalrepresentationandparticipation.Thismeansthe Social inequality is the result of already present unequal socialopportunities.Thisiscontinuedbyprovidingunequalaccesstomaterials,resources, income,opportunities, recognitionsandstatus.Forexample,byneglectingthesocialservicesectorslikePublicHealthsystem,Publiceducationandsocialsecurity;thelifeofthepoorismadedifficult.Thisallowstheassimilationofwealthinthehandsofveryfew.TheincreasingeconomicgrowthandtheGDPhaveledtothecreationfiftyBillionairesandonelakhmillionaires.Buttheneglectofthefoodandsocialsecurity,ofcaste,incomeandsexbaseddiscriminationmakesonetounderstandtheinequalitypresentinthesociety.

Education and Inequality

Educationisaspecialstructurethatbringsinequalopportunities,openingsandsocialjusticeinhumanlife.Thismeansthatthegovernmentsshould provide equal opportunities to all children. The Social JusticeaspectofeducationcanbeseenintheDirectivePoliciesandthePreambleof theConstitutionof India.UnderArticle39, it issaid thatprovidingsocial justice and people welfare is the duty of the state government.

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But, after the 86th Amendment to the Constitution, Article 21A saysfreeandcompulsoryeducationtoallchildrenbetween6and14yearsisfundamentalrightofthechildren.Article45saysallchildrenunder14yearsshouldbeprovidedwithfreeandcompulsoryeducation.TheArticle19saysthatRighttoSpeakandRighttoexpressone’sownopinionisthefundamentalright.Similarly,itisthedutyoftheConstitutiontoprotectthewelfareoftheopportunitylessminoritychildren.Article29providesfor the Protection of Cultural rights of the minorities whereas Article30provides for theestablishmentofMinority educational institutions.Article46clearlyexpressthatitisthedutyofthegovernmenttosupporttheeducationinterestofScheduledCasteandTribes.

TheSupremeCourt’sdecisiontounderstandtheRighttoLiveofArticle21fromeducationperspectiveisanimportantone.BydeclaringSchoolEducationasthebasicright,theSupremeCourtredefinedtheeffortstoprovideschooleducation.Throughthisdecision,itprovidedanewhopeforthechildren.TheSupremeCourtofIndiainitsjudgmentinthecaseofUnniKrishnanaVsAndhrapradeshclearlysaidthatunderArticle21A,gettingfreeandcompulsoryeducationbyallchildrenbetweentheageofsixandfourteenyearsisthefundamentalrightofthechildren.

Inthisdecision,thecourthassaidthattheentireeducationstructurebeginningfromAnganavadieducationtohighereducationshouldbeseenfrom ‘Holistic’ perspective. As per this decision, all the citizens of thecountryhavethebasicrightforeducation.Itispartoftherighttolive.

But,theopportunitiesforunequalopportunitiesineducationareontheriseduetovariouslegalissues.Thereisalsoariseininequalityduetodifferentialeconomicstandardsintheaccesstoeducation.Still,theeffortstoeradicateunequalopportunitiesinthefieldofeducationareonwiththehelpoftheConstitutionalprovisions.

Gender Inequality

Let’s see how Gender Inequality which is one of the variousSocial Inequalities gets formed. In reality, our social perspectives areinterdependent.Itmeansoneperson’sthoughtsareinfluencedbyother’sthoughts.Suchinfluencesonanindividualaremaybeduetothethoughtsofthefamilymembersorfromtheneighbours.Hence,themotivationalissues supporting education of a boy or a girl hasmore in the social

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sphereofhumanlife.Thereismoregenderbasedinequalityinaccesstoschooleducation,foodandhealthfacilities.

AccordingtoNationalFamilyHealthSurvey-42015-16(NFHS-4),ruralwomenofKarnatakahaveaBodyMassIndex(BMI)of24.3whereastheUrbanwomenof16.2.ThismeansthewomenhavelesserBMI.60.9%ofthechildrenbetween06and56monthshavesevereanemia.45.2%ofthepregnantwomensuffer fromanemia. In this scenario, thedevelopmentshouldincludethefoodandnutritionsecuritytothewomenandchildren.Throughthis,oneshouldtrytoovercomethegenderbaseddiscrimination.

Social Stratification

Thehumansocietyhascontinuedthepracticeofclassifyingpeopleas Superior-Inferior and Upper-Lower and assigning differential rolesandstatus.Thismethodofdividingpeopleintodifferentstrataandthenassigning different roles and status in the society is called as SocialStratification.

Features of Social Stratification

1. Social Stratification is social in nature: TheStratification isbasedonthesocialrecognitionandimportancebutnotonanyphysicaltraits.Forexample,aperson’sstatusisnotfixedonthephysicaltraitslikeheight,beautyandstrength;butitisbasedonhiseducation,income,profession,skillandothersocialtraits.

2. Social Stratification is Universal: The Social Stratification isuniversal. Wherever human society exists, social stratificationexists based on the division of labour, profession, income andothersocialtraits.

3. Social Stratification is ancient: The social stratification is inexistencesincethebirthofhumansociety.SocialStratificationisfoundinNomadicsocietyaswellasthemoderncivilizedsocieties.

4. Social Stratification exists in different ways: The SocialStratification exists in different names in different areas.For example in ancient Rome differences were there betweenPlebeiansandPatricians.Similarly,inIndiafourgroupsofpeople;

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Brahmana,Kshatriya,VyshyaandShudraweretherebasedonKarmatheory.

Major forms of Social Stratification:

Though,socialstratificationispresentinallthesocietiesoftheworld,theirformsarenotsimilar.Theyhavedifferencesintheirstructureandnature.Let’strytoknowthesocialstratificationfromtheancientworldtillthedigitalworld.Theyare:

1.PrimitiveSociety2.Slavery3.EstateSystem4.VarnaSystem

5.CasteSystem

Untouchability – A Social Evil

Inthebeginning,theVarnaSystemwaspresentintheIndianSociety.ItisbelievedthatitstartedduringtheVedicperiod.‘FourVarnaSystem’isasystemofsocialdivision.ItissaidthatitisbasedonKarmatheory.Brahmana – study, teaching, participation in Yagnas etc; Kashtriya –PoliticalAdministration;Vysya–Business;Shudra–Manual labourer.Allthepeoplewhobelongtothesefourgroupsareexpectedtoperformtheirrespectiveroles.

Thefifthgroupwhichwereconsideredasuntouchables,wereneverconsideredashumans.ThepracticeofuntouchabilityhasitsbeginninginVarnaSystem.Theissueoftouchableanduntouchableisrelatedtothe profane and sacred ideas. based on inequality in socio-economicareasoflife.TheBritishgovernmentthroughitsIndiaGovernmentAct1935,classifiedtheUntouchablesandtribalpeopleasscheduledCastesandTribes.

“An analysis of why a group of people stayed outside the village;whether they came from outside orwere pushed outside, provides ananswertothebirthandpracticeofUntouchability”,saysDrB.R.Ambedkar.AccordingtoGandhiji,“Untouchabilityisaheinousexpressionofcastesystem.This isa leprosyattachedtoHinduskin”.Ambedkar’sfighttoaddressthisissueofuntouchabiltiyisanotableone.

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Problems of Untouchability:

The lowest position in the social strata:TheUntoucbhalesoccupythe lowestposition inthestrataofacastebasedsociety.AccordingtoManuSmrithi,anyonewhotouchestheuntouchables(Chandala)hadtoundergopurificationmanytimes.AsperVygrapadaSmrithi,ifatouchablepersoncomeswithinthedistanceofthetailofacowwithauntouchable,hecouldpurifyhimselfwithabath.

InMalabar,theuntouchableswhopreparefootwearwerebarredfromusingthem.Theywerenotallowedtotouchwell,tanksandcemeteryusedbythetouchables.TheUntouchableswereexpectedtocarry thenightsoil,deadanimalsandotherfilthy jobsaccording toB.Kuppuswamy.Theywereassignedthelowestpossiblepositioninthecastesystem.Theirbirthwasthemainreasonforthisrestrictionontheirsocialmobility.

They were kept out of the education:Untouchableswerekeptoutof theeducation formanycenturies.Theywerenotsupposedto listentoVedarecitationnorrecitethemalso.TheywerebarredfromlearningSanskrit. Theywerenot supposed to learnabout religious texts.Theywerenotallowedtomixwithtouchablechildrenandlistentoteaching.Becauseoftheprofanityattachedtountouchables,theywerekeptoutsidetheambitofeducation.

EducationprovidesAmbedkaranentryintotheissuesofdemandingsocialjustice.ThisisanimportantdevelopmentintheIndiancontext.Inademocracy,individualshavetherighttodecideontheirpersonalissues.All should have the skill to think logically and act.Hence, Ambedkarfoughthardtomakepeoplerealizetheimportanceofeducation.

Having realized the importance of education in individual’s life,Ambedkararguedinfavourof ‘educationasapublicproperty’.Duetosuchrevolutionaryideasandthoughts,Ambedkarcouldcomeupwithmoreprovisionsanddirectives in thedraft versionof theConstitutionof India.Andhe is rightly calledas ‘TheChiefArchitect of the IndianConstitution’.

Denial of Property Rights:

Traditionally,theuntouchableswerenotallowedtoownanyproperty

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andwereonlyexpectedtoservetheirmasters.Citingthedenialofsuchrights in theDharmashastras, theuntouchablesweredeniedpropertyrights.Thisisinhumanandalsotheviolationofbasichumanrights.

Denial of Political participation rights: Inthetraditionalpoliticalsystem,untouchableswerenotallowedtoparticipate.DuringtheBritishrule,theuntouchablesgotfewpoliticalrights.DuetotheeffortsofDr.B.R.Ambedkar,theuntouchablescouldgetopportunitiesinpoliticsandadministrativeareas.Aftertheindependence,reservationwasbroughttoeffectinelectoralconstituenciesforScheduledCasteandTribes.

TheIndianConstitutionprovidescommitmentfortheeradicationofuntouchability,whichitselfuniqueintheworldhistory.OurConstitutionisimportantfromthisangle.Asaresultmanylegalmeasureshavebeenimplementedtoeradicateuntouchabilitypractice.

Legal Measures to Eradicate Untouchability:

UntouchabilityasasocialproblemhasstillremainedinspiteofeffortsfromleaderslikeJyothibhaPhule,Dr.Ambedkarandmanyothers.IthasremainedaliveintheIndianSociety.Hence,manylegalprovisionshavebeenbroughttoeradicateuntouchability.

TheArticle17of the IndianConstitutionprohibitsUntouchability.The government of India has implemented ‘Untouchability Crime Act’in 1955. ‘Civil Rights Protection Act’ was implemented in 1976 withnecessarychangestotheactof1955.Accordingtothisact,practicinguntouchabilityisacrime.Universalrightstovoteandparticipateinelectionhasalsobeenprovided.Moreover,reservationhasbeengiveninthefieldofeducationandemploymentforScheduledCastesandTribesscheduledalongwithbackwardclasses.TheActof1989hasgivensomespecificresponsibilitiesforthegovernmentsintheeradicationofUntouchability.Likethis,theIndependentIndiahastakenspecialinterestinprovidingequalitytoall.

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You know this• Articles 15, 16,17,38 and 39 prohibits any discrimination

among the Indian citizens.• Articles 16(4) and 320(4) have provided reservation in the

employment for scheduled tribe and scheduled castes.• Articles 330, 332, 334 provide scheduled reservation for

Scheduled Castes and tribes in politics.• Article 29 declares education facilities.• Artice 25 has given rights to all people to enter public temples.

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers:

1. Minority Communities are allowed to establish educationinstitutionsunderarticle………………..oftheconstitution.

2. The Practice of untouchability is prohibited by ………………..article.

3. TheUntouchabilityCrimesactimplementedintheyear...........

II. Discuss in groups and answer the following:

1. WhatarethereasonsforSocailInequality?

2. Howdoesgenderdiscriminationtakeplace?

3. WhatarethefeaturesofSocialStratification?

4. HowisUntouchabilityasocialevil?Discuss.

III. Activity :

1.MakealistofSocialInequalitiesinyourvillage.

IV. Project :

1. Invitea legalexpert toyourschoolandorganizea talk andan interactiononUntouchabilityandSocialInequality.

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UNIT – IILABOUR

In this unit you learn• Division of Labour• Inequality and discrimination in Employment / Labour• Labour with pay and without pay• Labourers of organized and unorganized sectors• Challenges of unorganized labourers.

Division of Labour

Platowroteinhisbook‘TheRepublic’ontheDivisionofLabour.Hesaid, “Human society is formed on natural inequalities. This naturalinequalityisbasedondivisionoflabour”.Asociety’sneedisfulfilledbydifferentdivisionsofpeople.Forexample,thefoodisproducedbyfarmers,clothbyweavers,anddressesareproducedby tailors.Thedivisionoflabourleadstoorganicmergerofvarioussectionsofsociety.TheDivisionoflabourisnecessarytofulfilltheneedsofsocial,economicandpoliticalneedsofthesociety.But,thereshouldbenoexploitationinthisprocess.

Whilediscussingonthe‘DivisionofLabour’KarlMarxsays,“DivisionofLabourcreates lessskilledworkers”.Heclassifiesdivisionof labourinto two different divisions of economic labour and social labour. HeopinesthattheDivisionofEconomiclabourgoeswiththetechnicalandpeople’scooperation.TheDivisionofSociallabourachievessocialcontrolthroughclass,statusandstratification.

A different division of labour can be seen in a post industrializedsocietythanindustrializedsociety.Inthepresentdigitalworld,thedivisionof labour is done through computers. For example in the informationtechnologicalsociety,thedivisionisbasedonvariousskillsinusingthecomputers. As we consult different doctors for different ailments, thecomputer techniciansare consulted for variousaspectsof informationtechnologyrelatedissues.

Likethis‘Specialization’createsdivisionoflabour.HereSpecializationmeanshavingdeeperknowledgeandindepthskillinoneparticularfield.

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Division of Labourhashelped people to gain skill in a field and earneconomicbenefitsinaccordancetotheirskills.Duetoeconomicinterestsanddivisionof labour class systememerged.Since,divisionof labourfoundwidespreadaccessibility,businessandindustrializationemerged.Asaresult,fewpeoplecouldinvestmoreandearnmoreprofit.

↑ ↑↑↑

↑ ↑↑ ↑

SpecialSkill

Skill

Age

DIVISION OF LABOUR

Capacity

Interest

Talent

Taste Gender

Inequality in Employment/Labour

Labourmeans earning in cash or kindbyproviding one’smanualorintellectuallabour.Labourisanimportantaspectofhumansociety.Labouralsomeansafunctiondoneinordertoachievesomething.Ifaresultisavailableforapersoneitherincashorkindduetoone’sphysicalwork,thenitiscalledLabour.

Withtheemergenceofstratifieddivisionoflabour,inequalitystartsin the society.Hence, in the Indian context, labourhasnot remainedamere economic activity. It has become part of social structure withinequalities. The labour in India has been mixed with gender, caste,regionandreligion.Thishasresultedinvariousformsofinequalities.InIndiansociety,ifapersonmovesupwardswithhisstatusandrole,hispowerandincomealsorises.

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Anylabourthatgoesagainstdictum‘equallabourequalpay’canbetermedas inequality in labour. Ifdifferentialpayment is given for twopeoplewhoput thesameamountof timeandefforts, then it iscalledasDiscrimination.Thoughwomenandmenengagesimilarwork,theircompensationsarenotthesame.InIndiamenarepaidmorefortheirworkthanwomen.

Even though such discrimination is less in government sector,inequality is evident in the stratified work. In nongovernmentalorganizations,thesalaryofapersonremainsunknowntootherperson.But, the inequality in pay ismore visible in unorganized sector thantheorganizedsector.Inagriculturesector,unequaldivisonoflabourisbasedonsex,age,andcapacities.Asaresult,thequestionoftherightcompensationforwomenremainsmute.Forexample,thewomenraiseearlyandpreparebreakfast forthosepeoplewhogoout forwork,andlater they themselves joinothers inactive labour.Butwhileprovidingcompensationortakingdecision,theyaretreatedbelowthemen.Mostofthesocietiesdonotconsiderthelabourofwomenasimportant.Thisindicatestheinequalityinlabour.Theunequaldivisionoflabourismoreevidentinourvillages.

Again there is a lot of discrimination between educated anduneducated. The Safai Karmacharis who clean our roads and guttersreceive lesser compensation than the minimum compensation. Theyspendalotofenergytoclean,butstilltheyreceivelesscompensation.Theinequalityinsocietyisbasedongender,class,income,regionandreligion.Thisinequalityisalsoclassifiedbasedon‘WithCompensationandWithoutcompensation.Weshalldiscussthenatureofinequalityinthissectorlater.

Activity:

DiscussonEqualpayAct,1976inordertounderstandtheconceptofequalpay.

With Pay and Without Pay labour

Labour without pay:Ifworkisdonewithoutpaymenteitherincashorkind,thenitiscalledasLabourwithoutpay.Suchworksarecalled

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labourwithoutcompensation.Often,labourbecomesanactivitywithoutanymonetary benefit ormaterial benefit. In paylesswork, theworkercannotbecompensatedforhiswork.Thisworkoftenhappenswithinthefamilyduetolove,bystatus,outofselfmotivationorbyforce.Anotherexample is thatofstudents takingpart in theactivitiesofScoutsandGuidesorNCCaspartoftheirschooling.Sometimes,studentsarealsoassigned to particularwork as part of their coursework.During thistime,thestudentsarepaid.ITIandNursingcoursescanbeconsideredasexamples.Anotherexamplecanbethatofaartistwhoengageshimselfinpaintingforhisownsatisfaction.

The family based work is most often found Work without paycategory.Infamilysetup,burdenofworkismoreonthepartofwomen.The issue of womenworking in the family without any compensationismorediscussedwithintheframeworkofFeminism.Sincewomenareboundbyworkathome,theyarediscouragedfromfindingworkoutsidefor compensation. This has made women the unpaid workers in thefamily.Thoughthewomenparticipateinthevariousworksofthefamily,her contribution goes unrecognized. And now-a-days, it is being saidthat,theworkofwomeninthefamilyisdeclaredasmoreimportant.Bydeclaringso,thewomenarebeingrestrictedtofamilyandfamilyrelatedworksonly.

Labour with Pay: The labour which gets compensation based onhours,daysormonthsforsemiskilledorskilledworkisconsideredasLabourwith Pay. This is called asWages. The total pay that is givenbasedonthetotalwork iscalledasWages.Wagesaregivenbasedonhours,days,weeksormonth.

Labourinsmallbusinessandroadsidebusiness,workinfactories,work in schools as assistant teachers, building work, vehicle repairgarages,agriculturalfarmworkscanbegroupedunderLabourwithpayiewages.Though,thecompensationismeager,itbecomesinevitableforthepeopletoworkinthiscomplexsocialscenario.Inmostofthecases,theworkerswouldnotgettheexpectedwagesalso.

Compensationisanagreementbetweentheworkerandtheowner.Sometimes,thecompensationcanbeintheformofmaterials.Intraditional

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societies,eachpersonhadacustomaryandhereditaryprofession.Hence,people were dependent on each other in a given social environment.Themoneywas in leastcirculation.Harmonyandcoexistenceamongvariouscasteswasdesirable.Thebartersystemwasmorepopularinavillagesetup.Inmostofthecases,thephysicallabourwascompensatedwithmaterialandfoodgrains.Withtheincreaseinusageofmoney,thepracticeofprovidingmonetarycompensationforlabouralsogrew.

Labourers from Organized and Unorganized Sectors:

Labourers from Organized Sector: The labour sector is dividedas Primary, Secondary and Tertiary sectors. Similarly, based on thesecuritiesandfacilitiesavailable,thelaboursectorisfurtherdividedintoOrganizedandUnorganizedSectors.Thesectorwhichisenrolledasperthe law of the government, and provided fixedwages, facilitieswithintheframeworkoflawiscalledOrganizedSector.Thissectorisguidedbyminimumwagesact,factoryact,Specialallowancesact,providentfundactandmanyotheractsinsupportoflabourers.

In organized sector, institutions like School, Hospital, industries,governmentrelatedservices,commercialbanks,lifeinsurancecompanies,militaryandotherscome.Thissectorhastotakethepermissionofthegovernmentbeforeitbeginsitsfunction.Itisalsomandatoryforthemtopaytaxes.Itistheresponsibilityoftheinstitutiontopayspecialfacilities

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and provide employment security for theworkers. It ismandatory forthemtoprovidepayonspecifieddatesalongwithovertimepaywhenevertheworkershaveworkedmorethanthestipulatedtime.Thissectorisguided by legal modalities. The relationship between Employee andemployerisguidedbylegalprovisions.

Labourers in Unorganized Sector

Theunorganizedsectorofworkisthatsectorwherelegalprovisionsdonot completely govern. In this sector, the relationship between theemployerandemployeeisnotguidedbyanylegalprovisions.Thereisnoneedforregistration.Thissectordoesnotfollowthelegalprovisionsofthegovernment.Therearenotaxprovisionshere.Thisincludesminortransactions.Vehiclerepair,sellingofgoodslikevegetables,fishonhead;puncturerepairersandothersbelongtothissector.Thereisnofixedtimeorduration for thiswork.Moreover, theyworkdayandnightwithoutbreak.Mostofthelabourersinthissectorearndailywages.

Theminimumwagesinthissectorusuallystaysbelowthemandatorypayfixedbythegovernments.Thelabourerswon’treceiveanymedicalbenefitorovertimebenefit.Theydonotgetanypaidleaves.Labourerslike construction workers, loading and unloading workers, brick kilnworkers, landless labourers, small and marginal farmers, fisherman,beediworkers,mineworkers andmany such labourersbelong to thissector.Thefactthatmostofthe labourersworkinunorganizedsectordenotestheconditionofworkersinIndia.Intotal,90%ofthelabourersworkinunorganizedsector.

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The Challenges faced by unorganized Sector workers:

Labourers working in unorganized are facing many social andeconomicproblems.Theydonothavefixedworkschedule,fixedpayordefinedbenefitsalso.Andeventheydon’tgetfixedwagealso.

Migration: Inthebook ‘FootLosers’,astudyofCircularMigrationisdone.Itstudiesthelabourofpeopleworkinginunorganizedsector.Itstudiestheinevitabilityofthepeopletomigratefromtheirplacelivingtoplaceworkingisstudiedinthis.Migrationisoneofthemainfeaturesofunorganizedsector.Labourersofunorganizedsectormigrate fromoneplacetoanotherplaceinsearchofwork.Thepeoplewhomigratelikethishavenosocialsecurity.

Social Security:Unorganizedsectorworkersfacesocialinsecutiry.SocialSecuritymeanshavingminimumneedstoleadalifelikehousing,health,water,food,drinkingwater,equalopportunitytoworkandothers.Providing these facilities universally and publically is called as ‘SocialSecurity’.But, this is not available for peopleworking inunorganizedsector.

Legal Framework:Forworkersworkinginunorganizedsector,manylegalprovisionsdoesnotapplyatall.Forexample,theseworkersdonotreceivewagesaspertheirworkduration.Thewagesasperthe‘PaymentofGratuityAct1971’arenotavailablefortheseworkers.Apartfromthis,theyarealsonoteligibleforProvidentfundandothersuchbenefits.

Child Labour:Childrenworkintheunhealthyenvironmenthereonmany semi skilled or unskilled works. For example, children work inmore numbers in fire crackers production. Theywork in a dangerousenvironmentandwithoutanyguaranteeforlife.TheCapitalismexpectsmoreworkforlesspay.Childrenbecomevictimsofthisgreed.Innutshell,unorganizedsectorfostersChildLabour.

Physical and Mental Exploitation: Most of the women inunorganizedsectorworkas‘Domestichelpers’.Therateofphysicalandmentalexploitationofthesewomenhasdoubledthesedays.Asperthestatisticsof2014-15,morethan77%ofthewomenworkinunorganizedsectors.Womenareexploitedsexually.Suchincidentsarebeingreportedonregularbasis.Someoftheproblemsfacedarediscussedabovehere.

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EXERCISES

I. Fill in the with appropriate answers:

1. DivisionofLabourleadsto…………………..

2. Landlesslabourerarecalledas…………………….labourers.

3. Labourers of medical institutions are called as …………….labourers.

II. Answer the following in a sentence:

1. WhatisDivisionofLabour?

2. WhatisLabourwithpayment?

3. WhatisLabourwithoutpayment?

4. Whatisorganizedlaboursector?

5. Whatisunorganizedlaboursector?

6. Whatarethechallengesfacedbyunorganizedsectorsworkers?

III. Discuss in group and answer the following:

1. Whatarethetypesoforganizedlabour?Explain.

2. Definediscriminationinlabour?

3. Explain the challenges faced on Social Security issue by theunorganizedsectors.

4. What are the differences between organized and unorganizedworkers?

IV. Activity :

1. MakealistofworkerswhobelongtoOrganizedandunorganizedsectorworkersinyourlocality.

V. Project :

1. Make your children to interact with unorganized workers andprepareareportonthesame.

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GEOGRAPHYUNIT – 1

INDIAN POSITION AND EXTENTIONLocation and Extent of India

We learn about the following in this chapter

• Location of India in Asia and the world.

• Extent and Frontiers of India.

• Neigbouring countries of India.

Location:GeographicallyIndiaislocatedintheNorthernHemisphereandisatthecentreoftheEasternHemisphere.ItisapeninsulasituatedinSouth-EastAsia.Themainlandof Indiaextends from80.4′ to370.6′Northlatitudeandfrom680.7′to970.25′Eastlongitude.TheAndamanand Nicobar islands extend further southwards and add to India’slatitudinalextent.TheIndiraPoint,thesouthernmostpointis locatedintheNicobarislandat60.45′N.Latitude.ThenortherntipofIndiaisIndiracolinJammuandKashmir.

Location of India in Asia and the World

Arctic Ocean

Antarctica

Europe

The Tropic ofCancer (23 120N.) passes through themiddle of the

countryand82120E.longitudeisthecentralmeridianofIndia.TheIndian

StandardTime(IST)isbasedonthislongitude.

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Extent :Indiaistheseventhlargestcountryintheworld,afterRussia,Canada,China,theUSA,BrazilandAustralia.Ithasatotalareaof32,87,263Km2.Itaccountsforonly2.42%oftheworld’stotalarea.TheeasttowestextentofIndiaisover2933kmandfromthenorthtosouthextentis3214km.

820 .

30' L

ongi

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Eas

t 370.6' North LatitudeIndiracol

Southern most lat.60.45'

Tropic of Cancer

F r o n t i e r s :Indiahasbothlandandwaterfrontiers.The land frontiersof the country isabout 15,200 km.Except in someplaces India hasnatural frontiersalmostonallside.The Himalayanranges form anatural frontier inthenorth betweenIndiaandChina.

The mainlandof Indiahaswaterfrontier of about6100km.Thetotallength of India’scoastlineincludingthe Andamanand Nicobarislands as wellas Lakshadweepislands, is 7516.5

km.TheArabianSeainthewest,theIndianOceaninthesouthandtheBayofBengalintheeastformthewaterfrontiers.Theyarealsonaturalfrontiers.

Neighbouring countries : India has 7 neighbouring countries.Pakistan and Afghanistan are to the north-west, Nepal, Bhutan andChinaare to thenorthandBangladeshandMyanmarare to theeast.Tothesouth-eastisSriLanka,whichisseparatedfromthemainlandofIndiabythePalkStraitandtheGulfofMannar.

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Do you Know ?• The Radcliff line: The boundary line between India and Pakistan.• The Durand line: The boundary line separating India from Afghanistan.• The Mc Mahon line: The boundary line between India and China.

Administrative Divisions : IndiaisaDemocraticRepublic,keepinginviewstheprimacyofregionallanguagesandtheadministrativeexitencyIndiaisdividedinto29statesand7UnionTerritorieswhichincludestheNationalCapitalTerritoryofDelhi.Telangana is thenewstate.AmongthestatesRajasthanisthelargeststateandtheGoaisthesmalleststate.

Amaravathi

Nepal

Myanmar

Pakistan

Bhutan

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EXERCISESI. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers.

1. ThetotalareaofIndiais Sqkm.

2.Thecountrytothesouth-eastofIndiais_____________.

3. The latitudepassesthroughthemiddleofIndia.

4. ThenewlyformedstateofIndiais .

II. Discuss in groups and answers the following questions.1. GivethelatitudinalandlongitudinalextentofIndia.

2. WhichisthesouthernmostpointofIndia?

3. NameIndia’sneighbouringcountriessituatedinnorthwest.

4. WriteashortnoteonthefrontiersofIndia.

III. Activity :1. DrawanoutlinemapofIndia,markandnameitsStates,Union

Territorriesandcapitalcities.

IV. Project work :

1. Drawanoutlinemapofyourstatewiththehelpofyourteacher,indicates its latitudinal and longitudinal extent. Label theneighbouringstatesofKarnataka.

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UNIT – 2INDIAN PHYSIOGRAPHY

We learn about the following in this chapter

• General features of the landforms of India.

• Physiographic divisions of India.

• Important features of the physical divisions.

Indiaisavastcountryandithasavarietyoflandforms.Theyincludemountains, plateaus, plains, valleys and coastal plains. These haveinfluence on the rivers system, climate, natural vegetation, landuse,agriculture,transport,distributionofpopulationetc.Physiographic Divisions of India

Onthebasisofphysiography Indiacanbedivided into fourmajordivisions.Theyare:1)TheNorthernMountains.2)TheNorthernGreatplains.3)ThePeninsularPlateau.4)TheCoastalPlainsandIslands.1. The Northern Mountains

They comprise of theHimalayaswhich are a group of young foldmountains.TheyextendasacontinouschainalongthenorthernboundaryofIndia.Theyarethehighestmountainrangesintheworld.Theyhavehighestpeaks,deepvalleysandgorges,glaciers,passesetc.InIndiatheyextendfromtheIndusgorgeinthewesttotheBrahmaputragorgeintheeastfor2400kms.Thewidthvariesfrom240to320kms.Theybroaderinthewestandnarrowerintheeast.Theycoveredanareaofabout.5lakhkm2.GenerallytheyhavesteepslopestowardsIndia(South)andgentleslopestowardsTibet(North).

TheHimalayasconsistsofthreeparallelranges:-i)GreaterHimalayasii)LesserHimalayasandiii)Siwalikhills.

i. The Greater Himalayas : Theyaretheinnermost,continuousandhighestranges.Theaverageheightoftherangeis6100mts.Theserangeshavemanyhighpeaks.OfwhichMt.Everest (8848mts) is thehighestpeakintheworld.TheotherpeaksareKanchanajunga(8559mts),Makulu(8481mts),Dhaulagiri(8172mts)Manaslu(8156mts)Nandadevietc.As

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theGreaterHimalayasarecoveredwithsnowthroughouttheyear,theserangesarecalled‘Himadri’.Theyarethehomeofmanyglaciers,suchasGangotriandYamunotriglaciers.Therearemanypasses,suchasBurzil,Lozi-la,Shipkilaetc.

ThemountainslyingtothenorthwestoftheHimadriarecalledTrans-Himalayas.TheycompriseofKarakoramrange,wherethehighestpeakK2orMt.GodwinAustinislocated.ItisthehighestpeakinIndia.

NorthernMountains

NorthernPlains

PeninsularPlateau

Eastern&WesternGhats

Coastalplains

Do you Know ?

Mt. Everest : Its Nepalese name is ‘Sagarmatha’ meaning ‘The Goddess of the sky’. The Tibetans call it ‘Chomolungma’.

ii. The Lesser Himalayas:TheserangesarelocatedtothesouthoftheGreaterHimalayas.Theyarealsoknownas‘Himachal’.Theyare60to

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80kmswideand1500to4500mtshigh.Theeasternpartiscoveredwithforests.TherearemanyparallelrangesinthelesserHimalayas.eg.thePirpanjal,theDhaulaDhar,theNagaTiba,theMussorie,theMahabharatandtheDarjeelingranges.TheycontainmanyvalleyssuchasKashmirvalley,Kangravalley,Kuluvalleyetc.Thesearealsonotedforhillstations,suchasShimla,Ranikhet,Mussorie,NainitalandDarjeeling.

iii. The Siwalik Hills :TheyaretheoutermostrangesorfoothillslocatedtothesouthofthemainHimalayas.Thereforetheyarealsoknownas‘OuterHimalaya.’TheyarethelowestrangeoftheHimalayas,withaheightof600to1500mtsandwidthvaryingfrom15-150km.Theyextend

fromJammuandKashmirinthewesttoArunachalPradeshintheeast.Theyhaveflat-bottom,structuredvalleys,whichareknownas‘Doons’.eg.Dehradoon.

Importance : TheHimalayas act asnatural frontiers andpreventforeign invasion, they prevent the coldwinds from central Asia. Theyobstructtherainbearingwindsandthiscausesheavyrainfall.Theirslopeshavethickforestsandareidealforplantationcrops.eg.TeainAssam.Theyareastorehouseofmineralsandthebirthplaceofmanyriversandwaterfallswhichareusedtogeneratehydro-electricpower.

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2. The Northern Great Plain

ItliesbetweentheHimalayasandthepeninsularplateauofIndia.ItisformedbythedepositionalworkofthreeriversystemsnamelytheSutluj,theGangaandtheBrahmaputra.Itisthelargestalluvialsoiltractintheworld,extendingeasttowest-alengthof2500kms.Itsaveragewidthvariesfrom240to340kms.Itcoversanareaofabout7lakhkm2.Theplainisformedfromthefertilealluviumdepositedbytherivers,flowingfromtheHimalayas.Theplainisveryflatandtherocksarenotexposedonthesurface.

Importance :TheNorthernGreatplainisverysuitableforirrigationandagricultureasithaspernnialriversandvastfertilealluvialsoil.Itslevellandsupportsanetworkofroads,railwaysandmeansofcommunication.Theyareusefulforindustrialization,urbanizationandtrade.Anumberofpilgrimcentresarelocatedhere.3. The Peninsular Plateau

ThisisthelargestphysicaldivisionsofIndia.Itistheoldestlandmass.ItwasbeingapartoftheGondwanaland.ItliestothesouthoftheGreatPlainsandoccupiesabout16lakhkm2.ItisroughlytraingularinshapeanditsapexisformedbycapeKanyakumariinthesouthernextremity.

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ItisboundedbymanyhillsandplateausnamelytheAravalli,Vindhyas,Satpuras,WesternGhats,EaternGhats,Chotanagapurranges,Deccanplateau,Malawaplateauetc.

The Aravalli range,the oldest foldmountain,lies to the north - west.Guru Shikhar (1772mts)is the highest peak on theAbu hills of the Aravallirange.TheVindhyanrangeflanks the Northern edgeoftheNarmadaValley.TheSatpura range runs in aneast-westdirectionsouthoftheVindhyas,inbetweentheNarmadaandtheTapirivers.

TheWestern GhatsareacontinuousrangerunningparalleltothewestcoastofIndiafromtheTapivalleytoKanyakumari.Theyarealso

knownastheSahyadri’s.Theyareverysteeponthewesternsideandgentleontheeasternside.Borghat,TalghatandPalghatareimportantpassesacrosstheWesternGhats.SouthofthePalghatgaptheWesternGhatscontinueastheAnaimalai,thePalaniandtheCardamom(Elaimalai)hills. ‘Anamudi’ (2695m)intheAnaimalaihills, isthehighestpeakinSouthIndia.

TheEastern GhatsrunalmostparalleltotheeastcoastofIndia.TheyextendfromtheMahanadiValleyinthenorth,towardstheNiligirihillsinthesouthwheretheyjointheWesternGhats.TheyarelowerthantheWesternGhatsandarenotcontinuous.ThehighestpeakintheEasternGhatsis‘Armakonda’.

TheDeccan plateauisboundedbySatpurandtheVindhyasinthenorth-west.TheWesternGhatsinthewestandEasternGhatsintheeast,

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theMahadev and theMaikal ranges in the north. TheChotanagapurplateauliesinthenorth-easternpartofthepeninsular.

Do you know ?• The Satpur : ‘Sat’ in Sanskrit means ‘seven’ and ‘pur’ means mountains.• The Bhabar : A narrow belt running in east-west direction along the foot of Siwaliks.• The Thar Desert : A desert of India, situated in north-western part.

Importance : Peninsularplateau is rich inminerals,thickforestsandbio-diversity.It has influence on south-west monsoons, and it iscoveredwithblacksoilwhichis useful for agriculture. Thewestern ghats are the birthplace ofmany south Indianrivers,whichareusefulforthegenerationofhydro-electricity.Itisalsowellknownforhillstations.SuchasOoty.4. The Coastal Plains

TheplateauofpeninsularIndiaisfringedbycoastalplainsoneitherside.ItextendsfromtheRannofKutchinthewesttothedeltaoftheGanga

intheeast.Thecoastalplaincanbedividedintotwo Parts-theWesternCoastal Plain and theEasternCoastalPlain.

i ) The Western Coastal Plain: It liesbetween the WesternGhatsandtheArabiansea. It extends fromthe Rann of Kutch toKanyakumari . I t isnarrow,steepandrocky.Itcanbedividedinto3parts; a) TheKonkan coastwhich liestothe

southoftheGujaratplain,extendsfromDamantoGoa.b)TheKarnataka coastwhichextendsfromGoatoMangaluruandc)TheMalabarcoast,whichextendsfromMangalurutoKanyakumari.

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ii) The Eastern Coastal Plain: This extend from thenorth of riverSubarnarekhatoKanyakumari.ItliesbetweentheEasternGhatsandtheBayofBengal.Itisbroaderthanthewesterncoastalplain.ManyriversofsouthIndiaflowacrosstheplainandtheyhaveformeddeltas.ie.theMahanadi,theGodavari,theKrishnaandtheKaveri.

TraditionallytheeasterncoastalplainisdividedintotwoParts-theNorthernCircarwhichliestothenorthofriverKrishnaandthesouthernpartwhichiscalledCoromandalcoast.Somelagoonsareformedinthiscoastalplain,suchasLakeChilka,lakePulicateandlakeKolleru.

Importance : The Coastal plains of India provide some naturalharbourswhich help in carrying on foreign trade. They are Kandla,Mumbai,Marmagoa, Kochi, Vishakhpatnam,Kolkata etc. The coastalplainareusefulforfishing,shipbuilding,agricultureandproductionofsalt.Manybeachesarefoundalongthecoastandtheyattracttourists.Thebackwatersareusefulfornavigation.

Islands of India : Thereareabout247islandsinIndia.Ofthese,204areintheBayofBengaland43areintheArabiansea.TheAndamanandNicobarislandsareintheBayofBengal.TheLakshadweepislandsareintheArabianseaandareformedbycorals.

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers.1. TheGreaterHimalayasarealsoknownas .

2. ThelesserHimalayaarealsoknownas .

3. InsouthIndia istheheighestpeak.

4. TheEasternGhatsmeettheWesternGhatsinthe hills.

5. TheNorthernGreatplainismadeupof soil.

II. Discuss in groups and answer the following questions.1. WhicharethemainphysiographicdivisionsofIndia?

2. StatehowtheNorthernGreatPlainswereformed?

3. WritebrieflyabouttheSiwalikhills.

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4. Distinguish between theEasternGhats and theWesternGhats.

5. StatetheimportanceoftheNorthernmountains.

III. Activities :1. DrawtheoutlinemapofIndiaandshowthemajorphysical

divisionsofIndia.

2. DrawtheoutlinemapofIndiaandmarktheimportanthillstations.

IV. Projects :1. MarkandnamethecoastalstatesinthemapofIndia

2. CollectthepicturesoffamousbeachesofIndia.

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UNIT – 3INDIAN CLIMATE

We learn about the following in this chapter

• Climatic type of India and the factors affecting it.

• Climatic seasons and their characteristics.

• Distribution of rainfall in India.

Climate Type :Indiahas‘TropicalMonsoon’typeofclimate.ThisisbecauseagreaterpartofIndialiesinthetropicalzoneanditsclimateisgreaterinfluencedbythemonsoonwinds.

You know this.The word ‘Monsoon’ is derived from an Arabic word ‘Mausim’.

It means seasons.

ThemainfactorswhichinfluenceontheclimateofIndiaarelocation,waterbodies,relieffeaturesandmonsoonwinds.So,theclimateofIndiavariesfromoneregiontoanotherandfromseasontoseason.

Climatic Seasons :TheclimateofIndiaaccordingtothemeteorologicaldepartmentofIndiacanbedividedinto4seasons.

1. TheWinterSeason(DecembertoFebruary)

2. TheSummerSeason(MarchtoMay)

3. TheRainySeason(JunetoMidSeptember)

4. TheRetreatingMonsoonSeason(MidSeptembertoNovember)

1. The Winter Season :DuringthisseasontheraysoftheSunfallverticallyovertheSouthernHemisphere,IndiagetsobliqueraysoftheSun.Hencethetemperatureandhumidityarelowandtheskyisclear.Itiscoolinthenorthandwarminthesouth.Januaryisthecoldestmonth.ThehillyareasofKashmirandHimachalPradeshrecordthelowesttemperature.TheDrasnearKargilhasrecordedthelowesttemperature(-40C).Dewandfogsarecommon.Thereisheavysnowfallinthemountainareas.Indiagetsonly2%ofitsannualrainfallduringwinter.

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2. The Summer Season :During this season the Sun’s rays fallverticallyovertheNorthernHemisphere.HencethetemperatureishighinIndia.It ishot,dryandsultry.Thehighestrecordedtemperatureis49.40C atGanganagar inRajasthan.Convectional rain occurs locallyinsomepartsofthecountry.Itisknownas‘Andhis’inUttarPradesh,‘Kalabaisakhis’intheWestBengal.‘Mango showers’inKeralaasithelpthemangocropandcoffee blossominKarnatakaasitisbeneficialtothecoffeecrop.Indiareceivesonly10%ofitsannualrainfallduringsummer.

3. The Rainy Season :Itisalsoknownas“theSouthWestMonsoon”season.Sincethetemperaturerisesbytheendofsummerseason,alowpressureareaisdevelopedovercentralIndia.OntheotherhandthereishighpressureovertheIndianOcean.Hencethemoistureladenwindsblowfromthesouth-westtowardsIndia.Theybringrainfalltodifferentpartsofthecountry.About75%oftherainfallcausesduringthisseason.

TherearetwobranchesoftheSouth-WestMonsoons:theArabianSea branch and theBay of Bengal branch. The Arabian Sea branchstrikesthewesternGhatsandcausesheavyrainfalltothewesternsideoftheWesternGhats.TherainfalldecreasestowardstheeasternslopesofWesternGhats,asitliesinthe‘rain-shadowarea’.

TheBay of Bengal branch causes heavy rainfall, when it strikesagainstthehillsofMeghalayaandAssam.Theheaviestrainfalloccuresat‘Mawsynram’inMeghalaya.Therainfalldecreasestowardsthenorthwest.

4. The Retreating Monsoon Season :InearlyOctoberduetodecreaseoftemperaturelowpressureareaisgraduallyreplacedbyhighpressureover the landmass.A lowpressure area is developed over theBay ofBengal.AsaresultthesouthwestmonsoonstartstoretreatinganditblowingfromNorth-East.Hencethisseasonisalsoknownas‘North-EastMonsoonSeason’. It isaseasonofunsettledweatherconditions.Indiareceivesonly13%ofitsannualrainfallduringthisseason.ThecoastofTamilNadu,AndhraPradeshandOdishagetrainfallduringthisseason.

TropicalcyclonesfrequentlyoccurintheBayofBengalduringthisseasonandcausesomedamagealongeastcoast.

Distribution of Rainfall :OnthebasisoftheamountofrainfallIndiacanbedividedinto3broadzones.

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fall (in cms)

above

below

India i) Areas with low rainfall ( less than 50cm) : ItincludesWesternKutch,t h e Tha r d e s e r t o fR a j a s t h a n a n d i t sadjo ining areas l ikewesternPunjab,Haryanaand Gujarat, north ofZaskarrangeandtherainshadow area o f theWesternGhats.Ruyly inJaisalmarofRajasthanisreceives least amount ofrainfall(8.3cm)andisthedriestplaceinIndia.

ii) Areas with medium rainfall (50-100cms):Itis a long belt extendingfromNorthernPunjab tocapeofKanyakumari.Itisbroaderinthenorthand

narrowerinPeninsularIndiabetweentheWesternGhatsandtheEasternGhats.

iii) Areas with heavy rainfall (100-250cm) :Itisfoundin4separatebelts -a)anarrowbelt inWesternGhats,b)abelt fromJammuhillsthroughHimachal Pradesh, NorthernUttar Pradesh, Bihar andWestBengal,c)NortheasternIndia,Mawsynramlocatedinthiszonegetstheheviestrainfall.d)WestcoastandtheWesternsideofWesternGhatsetc.

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers.1. Indiahas typeofclimate.

2. InIndia isreceivesthehighestrainfall.

3. InIndia hasrecordedthelowesttemperature.

4. ThecoldestmonthofIndiais .

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II. Answer the following after discussing them in groups.1. WhichfactorsinfluencetheclimateofIndia?2. WhicharetheimportantseasonsofIndia?3. Explaintheprocessofthesouth-westmonsoons.4. Explaintheweatherconditioninthesummerseason.

5. MentiontheareaswithlowrainfallinIndia.

III. Activity : Drawanoutlinemapof Indiaandmark thedistributionofrainfall.IV. Project Work :

1. Draw twooutlinemapsof Indiaandshow thesouth-westandNortheastMonsoonwinds.

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UNIT – 4INDIAN SOILS

We learn about the following in this chapter

• Meaning and importance of soils in India.

• Types of soils and their distribution.

• Soil erosion, causes and effects. Soil conservation.

Meaning and Importance :Soilisthethinsurfacelayeroftheearthcomprisingofcloselyintermixedmineralandorganicsubstances.ItisaveryimportantnaturalresourceofIndia,becauseagricultureisthemainoccupationofthepeople.Agriculturalproductionisbasicallydependentonthefertilityofthesoil.

Soil formation of India ismainly related to theparent rock, relief,climateandnaturalvegetation.SothereisawidevarietyofsoilsinIndia.Types of Soils : SoilsofIndiacanbeclassifiedintosixmaintypes:1.Alluvialsoil,2.Blacksoil.3.Redsoil.4.Lateritesoil.5.Desertsoiland6.Mountainsoil.

1. Alluvial soil :Thesoilthatarecomposedofalluviumarecalledalluvialsoil.TheyareformedfromthesedimentsdepositedbytheriversasintheIndo-Gangeticplainandbytheseawavesincoastalplain.AlluvialsoiltheveryextensiveandveryimportantinIndia.Theycontributegreatlytothedevelopmentofagricultureinthecountry.Theycoveranareaofabout15lakhkm2.Themaincropsgrownonthistypeofsoilsarewheat,paddy,sugarcane,cotton,jute,potato,andvegetables.

InIndia,alluvialsoilsarelargelyfoundintheplainsofriversie;Sutlej-GangaandBrahmaputra,Narmada,Tapi,Mahanadi,Godavari,KrishnaandKaveri.

Do you know?• The fine and newer alluviam is called ‘Khadar’. • The coarse gravel and older alluviam is called ‘Bhangar’.• Both types of soils are found in Indo-Gangetic plain and called

by regional language.

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2. Black soils :Thissoilisalsoknownas‘Regur’andblackcottonsoilastheyarebestsuitedforcottoncultivation.Theyarederivedfromthebasaltrock.Sotheyaredarkgreytoblackincolour,withhighclaycontent.Theyarehighly retentiveofmoistureandextremelycompact.Theyarebestsuitedforthecultivationofcotton,sugarcane,jowar,maize,pulses,wheat,andchillies.

BlacksoilsarelargelyfoundintheDeccanbasalttrapregionincludingMaharashtra,Madhya Pradesh, Parts of Telangana, Northern part ofKarnataka,partsofGujaratandTamilNadu.Theyoccupyabout5.46lakhkm2inIndia.

3. Red soils : Theyare formed from theweathering of granite,gne i s s and o th e rcrystalline rocks. Thecolourofthesesoilsisgenerallyredorredishbrown. They aremoresandyandlessclayey.So, theydonot retainmoisture.Theycoveravastareaofabout5.2lakh km2. These soilsare spread extensivelyinTamilNadu.TheyarealsofoundinSouthernKarnataka. Parts ofMaharashtra,MadhyaP r ade sh , Od i sha ,Kerala,Goa, Bihar,Uttar Pradesh, Assam,Manipur, Nagaland,WestBengaletc.

Red soils are ideal for the cultivation of ragi,millets, groundnuts,tobaccoandpotato.Avarietyofcropscangrowninthesesoilsifthereareirrigationfacilities.

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4. Laterite Soils : Thesesoilsareformedintropicalareasundertheconditionsofhightemperatureandrainfall.Thesesoilsarecoveranareaof2.48lakhkm2.TheyaremainlyfoundintheuplandsofWesternGhats,EasternGhats,theChotanagpurplateau,Meghalayaplateau,theRajmahalhills,VindhyasandSatpuras.Theyareleachedsoils,notfertileandareoflimiteduseforagriculture.Cropslikecashew,rubber,tea,coffeeandpaddycanbegrowninthissoils.

5. Desert Soils :Thesesoilsareformedunderdesertandsemidesert,conditions.Theyarelargelyfoundandinthenorth-westernpartofIndia.ie.AmajorpartsofRajasthan,southernHaryana,PunjabandthenorthernpartofGujarat.Theyarefairlyfriable,haveahighcontentofsolublesalt.Theyaresandyandlowinmoistureandhumus.Thesearenotsuitableforthecultivationofmanycrops.Somecropscanbegrownwhereirrigationfacilitiesareavailable.Theyoccupyabout1.42lakhkm2.

6. Mountain Soils :Thesesoilsaremainly foundontheslopesofmountainsandhillscoveredbyforests.Theyaremostlyformedduetothedecompositionoforganicmatter.Hencetheyarerichinhumusandarefertile.Theyareusefulforplantationcrops.eg.tea,coffeeandfruits.TheyarelargelyfoundinJammuandKashmir,HimachalPradesh,ManipurstatesandalongtheWesternGhats.Thesesoilscoveranareaof2.85lakhkm2.Soil Erosion

Soilerosionreferstotheremovaloftopsoilbynaturalagents.Therivers,glaciers,winds,seawavesetc.removethetoplayeroffertilesoilanddefletethe fertilityof thesoil.Soilerosion isoneof the importantproblemsinIndia.

Causes of soil erosion : Themain causes of soil erosion are :a)deforestation,b)overgrazing,c)shiftingcultivation,d)faultymethodsofcultivation,e)useoftopsoilformakingbricks,tilesetc.,

Effects of soil erosion :Theimportanteffectsofsoilerosionare:i)Lossofsoil fertilityandfall inagriculturalproductivity. ii) It leadstosiltingandfloods,changeofthecourseofrivers,andreductionofcapacityofthereservoirs.iii)Groundwaterlevelisloweredandthereisdecreaseinsoilmoisture.iv)Vegetationcoversdriesupanddroughtincrease.v)Economyasawholesuffersagreatsetback.

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Conservation of soil : Protection of soil from erosion andpreservation of fertility of the soil is called ‘soil conservation’. Severalmeasures are adopted for conserving soil. They are: 1) Afforestationand reforestation. 2) Controlled over grazing. 3. Contour farming.4.Constructionofcheckdams.5.Contourbunding.6.Gullycontrolandbenchterracing.

Thereisanurgentneedtoconservesoilunderthefiveyearplansmuchimportancegivenforthisaspect.

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers.1. Thesoilsthatareformedfromthesedimentsdepositedby

theriversiscalled soils.2. TheBlacksoilsarealsoknownas and

soils.3. Under the conditions of high temperature and rainfall

soilsareformedintropicalareas.4. Mountainsoilsaresuitablefor crops.

II. Answer the following after discussing them in groups.1. WhicharethemajortypesofsoilsinIndia?2. ExplainthedistributionofBlacksoilinIndia.3. WhatarethecharacteristicsofRedsoils?4. Whatissoilerosionandsoilconservation?5. Mentionthemaincausesofsoilerosion.6. Whatarethemajoreffectsofsoilerosion?

III. Activity :1. OntheoutlinemapofIndiashowthedistributionofmajor

soiltypes.IV. Project work :

1. VisitthenearbyofficeoftheDepartmentofAgricultureandwith thehelp of the teacher list out thedifferent types ofsoilsfoundinyourtaluk.

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UNIT – 5INDIAN FOREST RESOURCES

We learn about the following in this chapter

• Meaning and importance of forest resources.

• Types and distribution of forest in India.

• Conservation of forests.

• Wildlife Sanctuaries and National parks in India.

• Biosphere reserves of India.

Meaning and Importance of ForestsA large area of land coveredwith trees andundergrowth is called

forests.Itisgenerallyextensiveandcommercialvalue.Itconsistsofeithernaturalorplantedvegetation.

Forests constitute one of the natural resources of India.Directly,they provide a large variety ofwoodswhich are used as fuel, timberand industrial rawmaterials. Forests provide fodder for livestock andemploymentopportunitesforthepeople.

Indirectlyforestspreservesthephysicalfeatures,checksoilerosion,controlfloodsandregulatetheflowofrivers.Forestpreventdesertification,helptoimprovesoilfertility,maketheclimateequableandhelptomaintainecologicalbalance.Theyprovidesheltertowildlife.Types of Forest

In India, the types of forest depends on climate, soil and relief.But climate is themost important factor. India is a vast country andit has a great variety of forests. They can be classified into 6maintypes: 1) The Tropical evergreen forests. 2) The tropical deciduousforests. 3) Scrub forests and grass land. 4) Desert vegetation.5)Mountainforests.and6)Mangroveforests.

1) The Tropical Evergreen Forests :Theseforestsarefoundinareasofheavyannualrainfallexceeding250cm.TheyarefoundmainlyonthewesternslopesoftheWesternGhatsandhillsofnortheasternstatesofAssam,Nagaland,Meghalaya,Tripura,ManipuraandAndaman–Nicobarislands.

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Theseforestsaredenseandthetreesgrowtoagreathight.Thetreesandplantsdonotshedtheirleavesduringtheyearatthesametime.Hencethey are evergreen. The important trees are Teak, Rosewood, Ebony,Mahogany,GurjanandChampa.

Types of forsets

Bangladesh

Myanmar

Sea

Scrub Forest and grass lands

Tropical Evergreen forests

TropicalDeciduousforests

BayofBengal

Sri Lanka

2 ) The Tropical Deciduous Forests :These forests are foundinareaswithanannualrainfall of 100-200 cm.They are occupied awidearea largelyon theeastern slopes of theWesternGhatsincludingMaharashtra,Karnataka,Kerala and TamilNadu,Chotanagpur plateau,foothillsoftheHimalayas,partsofOdishaandWestBengal.

The trees in theseforestsshed their leavesduring spring and earlysummer.Hencetheyarealsoknownas‘MonsoonForests’. The importanttrees are Teak, Sal,Sandalwood,Kusum,Kanju,Myrobalan,Siris,Mango,Neem,Tamrindetc.

3) Scrub Forests and Grassland :Thesearefoundinareashaving60to100cmofrainfall.Thescrubwithshortcoarsegrass,thornytreesandbushesarefoundscatteredinKutchandthefringesoftheThardesert.GrasslandsaremainlyfoundineasternRajasthan,Punjab,partsoftheWesternGhatsandtheCardamomhills.

4) Desert Vegetation :Thesearefoundinareaswithannualrainfallof10-50cms, ie, theThardesert includingpartsofPunjab,Haryana,RajasthanandDeccanplateau.Onaccountofscanty,rainfallvegetationconsistsofscatteredtreesandthornybushes.Jhand,Khair,Kolko,Babul,CactiandKhejratreesarefoundhere.

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5) Mountain Forests :Thetreesandplantswhichgrowontheslopesofthemountainarecalled‘mountainforests’.InIndia,theyoccurintheHimalayasandtoasmallextentintheNiligirihills.Theplantsandtreesarevarywithincreasingaltitude.TheimportanttreesareOak,Chestnut,Ash,Beech,Pine,Cedar,Spruce,Fir,DeodarandWalnut.

6) Mangrove Forests :Theseforestsarefoundinwetmarshyareas,inriverdeltasandalongtheseacoastwashedbytides.TheyaremainlyfoundinthedeltasofriversontheeasterncoastandinpocketsonthewesterncoastofIndia.TheimportanttreesareRhizophora,Canes,Screwpipe,Palms,Sundarietc.Thetreetrunksaresupportedbyanumberofstilt-likerootswhicharesubmergedunderwater.

Do you know?The Sundari tree is extensively found in the managrove forests

in Ganga delta. Hence this delta is known as ‘Sundarbans’.

Distribution of Forests

ThetotalforestareaofIndiawasabout7.74lakhkm2.Itaccountedforabout23.6%ofthetotalgeographicalareaofthecountry.Thisismuchbelowthe33.3%,recommendedbytheNationalForestPolicyResolutionof1952.Evenitisbelowtheworld’saverage.(29.5%).

ForestsinIndiaarenotevenlydistributed.Nearly60%oftheforestareaofthecountryisintheHimalayasandpeninsularhillsand20%isinthenorthernplains.AmongthestatesMadhyaPradeshhasthelargestareaunderforestsandGoahastheleastinIndia.Conservation of Forests.

Forests play an important role in theNational economy of India.Unfortunatelytheareaunderforestshasbeendeclininginrecentyears.Theexpansionofagricultural land,constructionof roadsandrailway,irrigation projects, industrialization, urbanization, over grazing, forestfiresetcarethemaincausesforthedestructionforforests.Hencetheconservationofforestsforthefuturegenerationisveryessential.

Thepreventionofdestruction,over–exploitationof forestsanditsmanagementiscalled‘conservationofforests’.Measures for the conservation of forests in India

1.Controlofdeforestation,2.Restrictionongrazing,3.Controlofforestfires,4.Preventionofencroachmentonforests,5.Controlofforestinsects

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anddiseases,6.Controllingillegalcuttingoftrees,7.Scientificcuttingoftrees,8.Legislationtocheckdeforestation.9.Encourageafforestation.10.Creatingofawarenessamongthepeopleabouttheimportanceofforests.Wild Life Sanctuaries and National Parks

Wildlifesanctuary(WLS)referstoaplacemeantforprovidingprotectiontowildlife.Itisanareawherekillingorcapturingofanyspeciesofanimalsisprohibitedexceptunderordersofthecompetentauthority.Thereareabout523wildlifesanctuariesinIndia.TheimportantWLSareasfollows-AnnamalaiandMadumalai(TamilNadu)Dandeli,Bhadra,Talakaveri,B.R.Hills(Karnataka)Periyar(Kerala),Nagarjunasagar(Telangana),BharathpurandRathambor(Rajasthan)Manas(Assam),Jaldapara(W.Bengal)etc.National Parks

Anextensiveareawhichisspeciallyprotectedtopreserveitsnaturalbeauty,wildlifeandforestsforpublicrecreationandscientificinterestsiscalled‘Nationalpark’.Forestry,grazingoragriculturalactivitiesarenotallowedhere.Thereare99NationalParks.inIndia.

Do you know?• The First National Park in the world : Yellowstone, USA (1872)• The first National Park in India : Jimcorbett, Uttarkhand, (1936)

Some important National Parks of India are Kaziranga (Assam),Sundarban(WestBengal),Corbett(Uttarkhand),Gir(Gujarat),Kanha(M.P),Bandipur,BanerghattaandNagaraHole(Karnataka),Sariska(Rajsthan),Dhudhawa(UttarPradesh,Todoba(Maharashtra)etc.Biosphere Reserve

TheBiosphere reserves are a special category of protected area oflandorcoastalenvironments.Herepeopleareanintegralcomponentofthesystem.ThemainobjectivesofBiospherereservesareconservation,research,educationandlocalinvolvement.

Do you know?• Biosphere reserve was launched by the UNESCO in 1971, under

its Man and Biosphere programme (MAB).• In India, the first Biosphere reserve came into existence in 1986,

at Nilgiri hills.

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InIndia,thereare18BiosphereReserveshavebeenidentified.Theyare-Niligiri,Nandadevi,Nokrek,Manas,GreatNicobar,GulfofMannar,Sundarban,Similipal,Kanchenjunga,Pachmari,Agasthyamalai,DibruSaikhowa,Dihang,Dibangetc.

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers.1. The forestsdonot shed their leavesall at the

sametimeintheyear.2. Mansoonforestsarealsoknownas .3. TheHimalayashave typeofforests.4. The forestsaremainlyfoundinthedeltasofrivers.5. The Nagarjuna sagar wild life sanctuary is in

state.II. Answer the following questions after discussing them in groups.

1. Whatismeantbyforests?2. NametheareawheredesertvegetationisfoundinIndia?3. Mentionanyfourmeasuresfortheconservationofforests?4. Whatismeantbywildlifesanctuaries?5. NametheNationalParksofKarnataka.6. MentionthemainobjectivesofBiospherereserves.

III. Activity :1. Identifyandlistouttheimportanttrees,plantsandanimals

speciesarefoundinyourlocality.VI. Project Work :

1. PrepareanalbumwithphotographsofwildanimalsfoundinwildlifesanctuariesofIndia.

2. DrawanoutlinemapofIndialocateandnametheBiosphereReservesofIndia.

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UNIT – 6INDIAN WATER RESOURCES

We learn about the following in this chapter

• Importance of water resources.

• Major Rivers of India.

• Irrigation-meaning and its need.

• Types of Irrigation and their distribution.

• Multipurpose River Valley Projects.

Importance :Waterisoneofthemostpreciousnaturalresources.Withoutwateritisimpossibletosustainlife.Humanbeingsneeditfordrinking,cooking,washing,agriculture,generationofhydro-electricity,industries,navigation,fishingetc.

Indiaisendowedwithsubstantialwaterresources.Ithasmanyriversandgetssufficientrainfallandhasextensivesurfacewaterresource.Italsohasvastreservesofgroundwater.

Waterresourcecanbedividedintosurfacewaterandgroundwaterresources.Thesurfacewaterresourcesarerainfall,rivers,lakes,tanksandsprings.Indiahasextensivesurfacewaterresources.

Major Rivers of India

Indiahasmanyriversystems.Theyarethenaturalresourcesofthecountry.Theriversareusefulforirrigation,generationofhydelpower,inlandwaterways,fishingetc.

TheriversystemsofIndiacanbedividedintotwogroups:i)TheriversofNorthIndiaandii)TheriversofPeninsularIndia.

i) The Rivers of North India :Theyarealsoknownas‘theHimalayanrivers’.TheimportantriversofNorthIndiaaretheIndus,theGangesandtheBrahmaputra.

TheRiver IndusorSindhurisesnearMt.Kailash(Tibet).Initiallyitflowsnorth-westwards,thenitflowstowardsthesouth-westandenters

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Pakistan.FinallyitjoinstheArabianSeanearKarachi.ThetotallengthoftheriverIndusis2897kmsofwhich709kmsliesinIndia.ButthemajorpartofitscourseinPakistan.ItreceivesmanytributariessuchasJhelum,Chenab,Beas,RaviandSutluj.

Mt. KailasManasa lake

Betw

a/

Tsangpo

TheGangariveristhelargestriverofIndia.Itstotallengthis2525km.ItrisesintheGangothriglacier.Itflowstowardsthesouthandsouth-east,thenentersBangladeshwhere it joins theBrahmaputra.After it joinstheBrahmaputraitcontinuesasPadmaandfinallyflowsintotheBayofBengal.ItsmajortributariesareYamuna,Ghaghara,Gandak,Ramaganga,Gomati,Sarada,Sonandkosi.OftheseYamunaisthelongesttributary.

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TheBrahmaputrarisesnearlakeManasasarovar(Tibet)andflowstowardstheeast. Itenters Indiathroughanarrowgorge inArunachalPradesh.ThenitflowstothewestandturnstothesouthinBangladesh.WhereitjoinstheGanga.Itslengthis2589kms.

Do you know?The river Brahmaputra is known as Tsang-Po in Tibet and

Jamuna in Bangladesh. It forms the world’s largest river island Majuli.

ii) The Rivers of south India :ManyriversflowacrosssouthIndia.Theyarealsoknownas‘Peninsularrivers’.MostofthemrisesintheWesternGhats.TheimportantriversofsouthIndiaareMahanadi,Godavari,Krishna,Kaveri,Narmada,Tapiandtheirtributaries.ThesecanbegroupedintoEastflowingandWestflowingrivers.

a) The East flowing rivers

TheMahanadirisesin‘Sihawa’range,flowstowardstheeast(851km)andjoinstheBayofBengal.TheGodavariisthelargestriverinSouthIndia.Itrisesin‘Triambaka’,flowstowardstheeast(1465km)andjoinstheBayofBengal.RiverKrishnarisesnearMahabaleswarathenitflowstowardsthesouth-east(1400km)andjoinstheBayofBengal.ItsmaintributariesareBhima,Tungabhadra,Koyna,GhataprabhaandMalaprabha.RiverKaveririsesatTalakaveri(Kodagu)flowstowardstheeastandjoinstheBayofBengal.TheHemavathi,Simsha,Kapila,Arkavathi,Lakshmanathirtha,SuvarnavathiandBhavaniarethemaintributariesofKaveri.

b) The West flowing rivers

TheNarmadaandTapiaretheimportantwestflowingriversofsouthIndia.RiverNarmada rises inAmarakantakhills and flowswestward(1312km) through anarrow gorge called ‘MarbleGorge’ and joins theArabiansea.TheTapirisesnear ‘Multai’,flowswestward(724km)andjoinstheArabianSea.Manyotherwestflowingriversareshortandswift.ImportantamongthemareSabarmathi,Mandovi,Zuari,Bedti,Sharavathi,Kali,NetravathiandthePeriyar.

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IRRIGATION

Meaning :‘Theartificialsupplyofwaterforthepurposeofagricultureiscalledirrigation.Itreferstothesupplyofwatertoagriculturallandfromrivers,reservoirs,tanksorfromundergroundsources.

The Need of Irrigation : Indiaisanagriculturalcountry.Thereforeit needs a regular and sufficient supply ofwater. Agriculture in Indiadependsmainlyonmonsoonrainfall.Itisseasonal,uncertainandunevenlydistributed.Therearecertaincropswhichrequirealargerandregularwatersupply,suchasRice,Sugarcaneetc.,Besidestoincreasetheyieldandproductionofcropsrequiredregularsupplyofwater.ThiscanbeprovidedonlybyirrigationwhichisveryessentialinIndia.

Types of Irrigations

TheimportanttypesofirrigationsinIndiaarewells,canalsandtanks.Recentlyothertypesofirrigationssuchassprinkleranddripirrigationhavebeenintroduced.

1. Well Irrigation : It is themost important type of irrigation inIndia.Nearly60.7%ofthetotalirrigatedareaisfromwellirrigation.Wellirrigationispossibleeveninareasoflowrainfall,itischeapandeasytodigwellsandtheydonotrequiredsuperiortechnology.Itiseasyevenforsmallfarmerstodigwells.

WellirrigationislargelypracticedintheGangaplainsincludingPunjab,Haryana,Uttar Pradesh,Bihar andWestBengal. In South IndiawellirrigationiswidelypracticedinTamilNadu,AndhraPradesh,KarnatakaandOdisha.

Wellsareoftwotypes,namelyopenwellsandtubewells.TubewellirrigationhasbecomewidespreadinIndia.

2. Canal Irrigation : It has occupies the second place afterwellirrigationandaccountsforabout27%ofthetotalirrigatedarea.Indiahasoneoftheworld’slargestcanalsystems.TheGovernmentisresponsiblefortheconstructionandmaintenanceofcanals.

There are two types of canals – inundation canals and perennialcanals. In inundation canals, water is drawn directly from the riverwithoutbuildingdam.Inperennialcanals,damsareconstructedacross

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theriversandwaterisstoredinthereservoirsandusedforagriculturethroughcanals.

Canal irrigation is extensive in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Bihar,MadhyaPradesh,Rajasthan,Haryana,AndhraPradesh,Gujarat,TamilNadu,Odisha,WestBengalandKarnatakastates.

Do you know this?India has the largest area under irrigation in the world and

China ranks second.

3. Tank Irrigation :Atankisanaturalorman-madehollowontheearth’ssurfaceintowhichrain-wateriscollected.Thiswaterisusedforirrigations.Mostofthetanksarenon-perennial.Inrecentyearstheareaundertankirrigationhasbeendecreased.Nowonly3%ofthetotalirrigatedareaisundertankirrigationinIndia.ItismainlyfoundinTamilNadu,Andhra Pradesh,Maharashtra, Karnataka,Odisha,Madhya Pradesh,RajasthanandUttarPradesh.

Multipurpose River Valley Projects.

The river valleyprojectswhichprovidemultiplebenefitsare called“Multipurposerivervalleyprojects.”Themainaimsoftheseprojectsare:-

i)toprovidewaterforirrigation,

ii)tocontrolthefloods,

iii)togeneratehydro-electricity,

iv)topeventsoilerosion,

v)todevelopinlandwaterwaysandfishing,

vi)toproviderecreationfacilities.

vii)toprovidewaterfordomesticpuposesandindustries,

viii)toreclaimlandforagriculture,

ix)afforestationetc.,

Major Multipurpose Projects

1) Damodar Valley Project :Thisisthefirstmultipurposerivervalleyprojectofthecountry.IthasbeendesignedonthelinesofTennesseeValley

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Authority (TVA) inUSA.RiverDamodarwas called ‘SorrowofBengal’,becauseitwascausingdevastatingfloodsduringtherainyseasonsanddamagedcropsandhumansettlements.Somainaimsoftheprojectaretocontroloffloods,toprovideirrigation,navigation,generationofhydro-electricity, afforestation, control of soil erosion, promotion ofmining,industriesandinlandfishing.

INDIAImportant

Multi Purpose Projects

This project has been jointly understaken by theGovernment ofBihar andWestBengal, across riverDamodar and its tributaries.This

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projectcomprisesof4damsatTilaiya,Konar,MaithonandPanchethill,abarrageDurgapuraand3thermalpowerstations,atBokaro,DurgapurandChandrapura.

2. Bhakra-Nangal Project : It is a joint ventune of the states ofPunjabs,HaryanaandRajasthan.Thisproject comprisesof twodamsatBhakraandNangalacross the riverSutluj (HimachalPradesh)andfourpowerhouses.Floodcontrol,irrigationfacilitiesgenerationofhydro-electricity,preventionofsoilerosionandpromotionafforestationarethemainobjectivesoftheproject.

Bhakradamis226metershighanditisahighestgravitydaminIndia.Thereservoircreatedbythedamiscalled“GobindSagar”.

3. Hirakud Project :ItisthemostimportantmultipurposeprojectofOdisha.Thisprojectcomprisesof thecontructionof threedamsonriverMahanadiatHirakud,TikaraparaandNaraj.Italsohastwohydelpowerstations.HirakudisthelongestdaminIndia.Themainaimsoftheprojectarefloodcontrol,provisionofirrigationfacilitiesandgenerationofhydro-electricity.Italsoprovidestransportbyinlandwaterways,fishingandafforestation

4. Tungabhadra Project :ItisajointventureofKarnatakaandAndhraPradesh.Themainaimsoftheprojectaretoprovideirrigation,generationofhydelpowerandinlandfisheries.Itcomprisesadamandthreehydelpowerhouses.AdamhasbeenconstructedacrossriverTungabhadra,atributaryofKrishna,atMallapuramnearHosapeteinBallaridistrictofKarnataka.Thereservoircreatedbythisdamiscalled“PampaSagara”.

5. Upper Krishna Project :ItisthebiggestmultipurposerivervalleyprojectinNorthKarnatakaacrossriverKrishna.ItcomprisesoftwodamsnamelyAlamattiandNarayanpuraandahydelpowerhouse.Themainaimsoftheprojectaretoprovideirrigation,drinkingwaterandtogeneratehydro-electricity.

The Almatti dam is constructed near Almatti village inBasavanaBagewadi taluk and theNarayanapura dam is locatednear SiddapurvillageinMuddebihaltalukofVijayapuradistrict.Bagalkot,Vijayapura,Kalburgi,YadgirandpartsofBelagavidistrictsbenefitfromthisproject.

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6. The Kosi Project :ItisaninternationalprojectandajointventureofIndiaandNepal.AdamisbuiltacrossriverKosinearHanumanNagarinNepal.Themainobjectivesofthisprojectareirrigation,floodcontrol,hydelpowergenerationandfishing.TheprojecthasbeenexecutedbyIndiabutthebenefitsaresharedbothbyIndiaandNepal.

7. The Rihand Valley Project : ThisisthemostimportantmultipurposerivervalleyprojectofUttarPradesh,builtacrossRihandriver(atributaryof the Son). Flood control, prevention of soil erosion, inland fishing,providesirrigationandpowergenerationarethemainaimsoftheproject.Thereservoircreatedbythisdamiscalled“GobindBallabhPantSagar”.

8. The Nagarjuna Sagar Project :ItisbuiltacrossriverKrishnanearNagarjunakondainTelangana.Irrigationandpowergenerationarethemainaimsoftheproject.

Do you know?River Kosi was called the ‘Sorrow of Bihar’. River Mahanadi was

called the ‘Sorrow of Odisha’. The right bank canal of Nagarjun Sagar project is clalled

‘Jawahar canal’ and left bank canal is called ‘ Lal Bahadur Canal’.

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers.1. RiverIndusrisesnear .

2. ThelongestriverinSouthIndiais .

3. Hirakudprojectisbuiltacross river.

4. IsthelongesttributaryoftheGangais .

5. TheKosiprojectisajointventureof and.

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II. Discuss in groups and answer the following questions.1. ExplaintheBrahmaputrariversystem?

2. Whatisirrigation?MentionitsmaintypesinIndia?

3. WhyisirrigationimportantinIndia?

4. WhatisMultiPurposeRiverValleyProject?

5. WriteanoteonAlmattiRiverValleyProject.

6. Explaintheimportanceanddistributionofwellirrigation.

III. Match the following projects in ‘A’ with states ‘B’. A B1.NagarjunaSagar a.Karnataka2.Bhakra-Nangal b.HimachalPradesh3.Hirakud c.Telangana4.Tungabhadra d.Odisha

IV. Activities :1. Visitairrigationprojectsitenearyourplace.

2. ListoutthemultipurposerivervalleyprojectsinIndia.

V. Project Work :1. DrawanoutlinemapofIndiaandshowthemajorirrigation

projectswiththehelpofyourteacher.

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UNIT – 7INDIAN LAND RESOURCES

We learn about the following in this chapter• Land use pattern of India.• Agriculture in India and its importance.• Types of Agriculture in India.• Crop season and cropping pattern.• Major crops of India.• Role of Horticulture and Floriculture.

Land Use Pattern of India

Meaning :Thedistributionoflandfordifferentusessuchasforestry,cultivation, pastures etc is called ‘Landuse’ or “Land utilization.” Itis determinedby various factors such as relief features, climate, soil,populationdensity,socio-economicandtechnicalfactors.

Landisoneofthemostimportantnaturalresourcesofacountry.Itsproperuseisveryessentialforthegrowthofeconomy.

Classification :InIndia,thelandusepatterncanbeclassifiedintosevencategories;1)Netareasown.2)Forestarea.3)Landnotavailableforcultivation.4)Fallowland.5)Cultivablewaste.6)Permanentpastureandothergrazingland.7)Landundermiscellaneoususes.

1. Net Area Sown :Itincludeslandthatcanbeusedtocultivatecrops.ThiscategoryisveryimportantinanagriculturalcountrylikeIndia.Itaccountsforabout42.42%ofthetotalreportedareaofIndia.Howeveritisnotevenlydistributedalloverthecountry.ThehighestproportionisfoundinthestatesofPunjab,Haryana,WestBengal,UttarPradeshandKerala.Itisleastinthenorth-easternstatesandmediuminotherstates.

2. Forest Area :InIndiaonly22.8%ofthetotalreportedareaisunderforests.ItishighintheAndamanandNicobarislandsandinthenorth-easternstates.ItisleastinthestatesofHaryana,Punjab,RajasthanandGujarat

3. Land Not Available for Cultivation :Landusedfornon-agriculturalpurposes likehumansettlements, roads, railways, canals,mountains,

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sandywaste etc., comeunder this category.Nearly14.1%of the totalreportedareaofthecountrybelongstothiscategory.ItislargelyfoundinAssam,ManipurandSikkim,butinlowproportioninGoa,Kerala,OdishaandMaharashtra.

4. Fallow Land :Itreferstothelandwhichisnotusedforcultivation.Itaccountsto8.2%ofthereportedarea.ItislargelyfoundinMizoram,TamilNaduandMeghalayaand less inTripura,Puduchery,AndamanandNicobarislands.

5. Cultivable Wasteland :Itincludesthelandwhichisnottakenupforcultivationduetocertainsoildeficiencies.ItisextensiveinthestatesofMeghalaya,Goa,NagalandandRajasthan.Itaccountsto4.3%ofthereportedarea.

6. Permanant Pastures and Other Grazing lands :Itaccountsforonly3.4%ofthetotalreportingareainIndia.ItislargelyfoundinHimachalPradesh,GujaratandMadhyaPradesh.

7. Land Under Miscellaneous Uses :Itincludesgardens,orchardsandplantations,whichaccountforonly1.1%oftotalareainthecountry,suchlandismoreinthestatesofAssam,Nagaland,Meghalaya,Kerala,Karnataka,HimachalPradeshetc.

AGRICULTURE

Meaning :Tillingofthesoilforraisingfoodcropsandrawmaterialsneeded byhumanbeings is called ‘Agriculture.”Now the term is alsoextendedtoincludestockraising,poultryfarmingandbeeKeeping.

Importance :Agricultureisoneofthemostimportantandancientoccupationofhumanbeings.Indiaisacountryknownforagriculture.Nearly 65 percent of the people depend on agriculture. The economicprogressofthecountrydependsontheprogressofagriculture.

AgricultureinIndiaisthemainsourceof livelihood.It isthemainsourceoffoodforthepeopleandfodderfordomesticanimals.Itisasourceof national income and revenue. Agriculture supports tertiary sectorsliketrade,transport,banking,insuranceetc.Italsohasinfluenceonthepoliticalandsocialsituationofthecountry.Itsupportsmanyindustries.i.e.cottonandjutetextiles,sugarindustryetc.

Types of agriculture :OnaccountofGeographicalandsocio-economicfactorsvarioustypesoffarmingarepracticedinIndia.Theyareasfollows.

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1. Subsistence Farming :Atypeoffarminginwhichtheproductionofcropsisconsumedalmostbythefarmerandhisfamily,leavingonlyasmallportionforsale.Farmersusedprimitivemethodsofcultivation.ItiswidelypracticedintheNorth-easternstates,OdishaandMadhyaPradesh.

Therearetwotypes.i)Shiftingsubsistencefarmingandii)Sedentarysubsistencefarming.

i) Shifting Farming :Itisatypeofagricultureinwhichapatchofforestisclearedandburnttobecultivatedforafewyearsuntilthefertilityofthesoilisreduced.Thelandisthenabandonedandnewforestareasareclearedandburntforcultivation.Itispracticedbythetribalsintheforestarea. i.e.Assam,Meghalaya,Nagaland,MadhyaPradesh,KeralaandOdisha.

Do you Know ?

The shifting farming is called ‘Jhuming’ in Assam, ‘Ponam, in Kerala,’ ‘Podu’ in Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.

ii) Sedentary Farming :It iscultivationoflandatafixedlocationinstead of shifting from one place to another. The farm land is notabandonedbutcultivatedyearafteryear.

2. Intensive Farming :Amethodoffarminginwhichalargeamountofcapitalandlabourareappliedperunitoflandiscalled‘Intensivefarming’.Underthistypeoffarming,landiscultivatedintensivelythroughouttheyear.Farmerstrytoraisetwoormorecropstogetmaximumproductionfromsmalllandholdings.Itiscommoninthefertileandirrigatedareasofthecountry.

3. Commercial Farming :Asystemof farminginwhichcropsaregrownforthemarketiscalled“commercialfarming.”Underthistypeoffarmingonlycashcropsarecultivatedonalargescale.Usingsmallamountoflabour,machineryandscientificmethodsofcultivation.

4. Mixed Farming : Agricultureinvolvingthecultivationofcropsandlivestockrearingiscalled‘mixedfarming.’Farmersgetincomefromboth.IthasbeenintroducedinIndiasince1951.Nowithasbecomepopularinmanystates.

5. Plantation Farming :Itreferstothecultivationofsinglecroponlarge estates for themarket. It requiresmore labourandcapital.Tea,coffee,rubberandcoconutaretheimportantplantationcropsofIndia.

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6. Dry Farming : Amethod of farming carried on in areaswhichreceivesscantyrainfallandwhere irrigation iseitherabsentor limitediscalled‘dryfarming’.ItismainlypracticedinpeninsularIndiaandinwesternRajasthan.

7. Humid Farming :Itreferstothecultivationofcropsinareaswhichreceivessufficientrainfall,cropsaregrownwithoutthehelpofirrigation.ItisfoundalongtheWestCoastandotherareasreceivessufficientrainfall.

8. Irrigation Farming : Amethod of farming underwhich cropsaregrownwith thehelpof irrigation is called ‘Irrigation farming’. It isexpensive,butessentialinIndiawheretherainfallisseasonal,uncertainandinsufficient.

Crop Season and Cropping PatternCrop Seasons: The proportion of area under different crops at a

particular period of time is called ‘Crop season’. In India there are 3croppingseasons:-TheKharif,theRabiandZaidCropSeason.

i) The Kharif Crop Season :ThecropsgrownduringtherainyseasonarecalledKharifcrops.ThesowingtakesplaceinJune-July,whentheSouth-WestMonsoonstartsandthecropsareharvestedinSeptember-October.Rice,jowar,ragi,cotton,groundnuts,tobaccoetc.,arethemainkharifcrops.

ii) The Rabi Crop Season : The sowing takes place inOctober-Novemberwhen theNorth-EastMonsoonbegins and areharvested inFebruary-March.ThisisknownasRabiseasonandcropsarecalledRabicrops.i.e.Wheat,barley,gram,linseedetc.

iii) Zaid Crop Season :ThecropsaregrowninbetweentheKharifandtheRabicropsareknownaszaidcrops.Theyarewatermelon,cucumber,oilseeds,somepulses,vegetablesetc.

Cropping pattern : The croppingpattern of a region refers to theproportionofanareaunderdifferentcropsatagiventime.ThecroppingpatternofanyregioninIndiachangesfromtimetotime.Itisduetoseveralfactorssuchasrelieffeatures,soil,climate,sizeoffarms,watersupply,incomeoffarmers,technologyetc.

MAJOR CROPS OF INDIAAwidevarietyofcropsaregrownindifferentpartsofIndia.Theycanbe

classifiedasfoodcrops,commercialcrops,oilseedsandplantationcrops.

Food crops :Thecropswhicharegrowntoprovidefoodforpeoplearecalled‘foodcrops’,forexample:Rice,wheat,jowarpulsesetc.,

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RiceAreas

INDIA

Minor

Major

Rice : Riceisthemost

important foodcropof India.It is the staple food of thepeopleintheeastern,southernandsouth-westernpartsofthecountry.Indiahasthelargestareaunderrice intheworld.But it is the second largestproducer of rice, only afterChina.RiceisthemajorKharifcrop of India. It is primarilytropicalcrop,itrequireshightemperature of 180 to 250 cand heavy rainfall of 100-200cmperyear.Alluvial,andclayey loam soils are bestsuitedforitscultivation.Riceneedsstandingwateranditneedslevelland.Irrigationisnecessarywhereverrainfallisless.

Minor

Major

INDIARice is grown in almostall the states of India.WestBengalisthelargestproducerof rice in the country. Theother important producers ofriceareAndhraPradesh,UttarPradesh,Punjab,TamilNadu,OdishaandKarnataka.

Wheat : It is the secondimportantfoodcropandmajorRabicropofIndia.Wheatisanimportant staple food in thenorthern and north westernparts of the country. It is acrop of temperate regions. It

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requiresmoderatetemperatureof100to150candannualrainfallof50to70cmperyear.Heavyloamsandblacksoilsarebestsuitedforwheatcultivation.

Wheat ismainly grown in theNorthern plains including Punjab,Rajasthan,Gujarat,Maharashtra andnorthern part of Karnataka.OfwhichUttarPradeshisthelargestproducerofwheatinIndia.IndiaisthesecondlargestproducerofwheatintheworldnexttoChina.

Commercial crops :Acropthatisgrownforsaleiscalled‘Commercialcrop’.i.e.Sugarcane,cotton,tobacco,oilseedsetc.,

INDIASugarcane Growing

areas

Nepal

Major

Minor

Sugarcane : I tis themost importantcommercialcropofIndia.India has the world’slargest area underSugarcane. It is secondlargest producer ofsugarcane in theworldnext only to Brazil.Sugarcane is thenativeof India. It is themainsourceofsugar,gurandkhandasari.

Sugarcane is anannual crop and it isgrown in i r r igatedareas. It requires hightemperature of 210 to260candheavyrainfallranging from 100 to150cm per annum. Itthrives best in alluvialandloamysoils.ThemostimportantsugarcaneproducingstatesareUttarPradesh,Maharashtra,TamilNadu,Karnataka,GajaratandAndhrapradesh.

Know it!The Scientific name of sugarcane : Saccharum officinarum. The family : Gramineae.

Areas

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Tobacco Growing Areas

Tobacco

Bay of BengalArabian

Sea

INDIA

Tobacco : It is one of theimportant cash crop of India.Tobaccoisusedforsmoking.i.e.Beedi, cigarette, cigar, cheroot,hookahsetc.Verylittle isusedf o r c h ew i n g , s nu f f a ndinsecticides.Itisatropicalcropwhichrequireshightemperatureof 210 to 230 c andmoderaterainfallof50 to100cmayear.Sandy loamy soil is the bestsuitedforit.Itrequireschemicalfertilisers.

Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat,UttarPradesh,Karnataka,TamilNadu,MaharashtraandBihararethe leadingproducersof tobaccoin India.Now India is the thirdlargestproducerandfourthlargestexporteroftobaccointheworld.

Do you Know ?

The scientifie name of Tobacco : Nicotiana tobacum. The Family : Solanaceae. Place of origin : Andes Mountain (South America). Introduced by Jean Nicot in France. Introduced in India by the Portuguese.

Fibre Crops :Thecropswhichproviderawmaterialsfortextilesindustryarecalled“fibrecrops”.CottonandjutearethemostimportantfibrecropsofIndia.

Cotton :Cottonisanimportantindustrialandfibrecrop.ItprovidesrawmaterialforthecottontextileindustryinIndia.Cottonisatropicalandsub-tropicalcrop.Itrequires210to240ctemperatureandrainfallof50-100cminayear.Blackcottonsoilisthebestsuitedforitsgrowth.ItisgrownasaKharifcrop.

Gujarat,Maharashtra,AndhraPradesh,Haryana,MadhyaPradesh,Punjab,KarnatakaandTamilNaduarethemajorproducersofcottoninIndia.Indiahasthelargestcottongrowingareaandisthethirdlargestproducerofrawcottonintheworld.

Beverage crops:Thecropswhichareusedtoproducestimulatingdrinksarecalled‘beveragecrops’.CoffeeandteaarethemostimportantbeveragecropsofIndia.

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Tea : Teaisthemostimportantandcheapestofallthebeverages.IndiaisthesecondlargestproducerofteaintheworldafterChina.Teaisalsoaplantationcrop.Itisatropicalandsub-tropicalcrop.Itrequiresatemperatureof210-300candheavyrainfallof150-250cminayear.Itgrowsbestindeepandfertilesoil,richinhumus.Itrequirehillslopeswithanaltitudeof1200to2400mtsabovesealevel.TeaismainlygrowninAssam,WestBengal,TamilNaduandKerala.

Do you Know ?The scientific name of the Tea plant : Camellia Thea. The Tea contains the ‘Theine’.

Role of Horticulture and FloricultureHorticulture :The intensivecultivationof fruit,vegetables,flower,

medicinalandaromaticplantsiscalledHorticulture.InIndiahorticultureprovides an incentive formaking agriculturemore profitable throughefficientland-use,optimumutilizationofnaturalresourcesandgeneratingskilledemploymentfortheruralmasses.Itenhancesexportsandprovidesnutritionalsecurity.

Indiawithitswidevarietyofclimateandsoilhasgoodpotentialforgrowingavarietyofhorticulturalcrops.Now,Indiahasemergedasanimportantproducerofhorticulturalcrops.ItisthesecondlargestproduceroffruitsandvegetablesintheworldnexttoChina.Itsshareintheglobalproductionoffruitsis11%andthatofvegetablesis7percent.

Horticulture is carried onmainly in Andhra Pradesh, Haryana,HimachalPradesh,JammuandKashmir,Karnataka,TamilNadu,Kerala,MaharashtraandUttarPradesh.

Floriculture:Itisthecultivationofflowersforcommercialpurpose.Indiaisknownfortheartofgrowingflowerssincetimeimmemorial.ItplaysasignificantroleinIndianagriculture.Ithasthepotentialofgeneratingincomeandprovidingemploymentopportunitiesforfarmers,especiallywomenandaddtotheexportofthecounty.

India’sagro-climaticconditionsareverysuitableforthecultivationofavarietyofflowers.Indiaisknownforgrowingtraditionalflowerssuchasjasmine,marigold,rose,crossandraandaster.Cutflowersincludesarchids,gladiolus,carnation,anthuriumandlilies.

FloricultureismainlydevelopedinTamilNadu,Karnataka,AndhraPradesh,Maharashtra,Punjab,Haryana,andWestBengal.

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Do you Know ?

• The term Horticulture is derived from the Latin words ‘Hortus” meaning ‘garden’and ‘colere’ meaning to ‘cultivate’.

• The progress of the horticultural field is called ‘Golden Revolution’.

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers.1. Thelandwhichisnotusedforcultivationiscalled_____2. A systemof farming involving both crops and livestock is

knownas farming.3. ThecropsgrowninbetweentheKharifandRabiseasonare

called crops.4. ThelargestriceproducingstateinIndia .

II. Answer the following after discussing them in groups.1. Whatismeantbylandusepattern?2. Whatisplantationfarming?Giveexamples.3. DistinguishbetweentheKharifandRabicropseason.4. Whataretheconditionsrequiredforsugarcanecultivations?5. Whatarethebeveragecrops?Giveexamples.6. ExplaintheroleofHorticultureinIndia.

III. Activities :1. Collectsamplesofthevariousfoodgrainswhicharegrown

inKarnatakastate.2. DrawanoutlinemapofIndiaandmarkthecottonandtea

growingareas.IV. Project work :

1. Collect pictures and information on crops grown in yourlocality.

2. Conduct a group discussion on floriculture and womenempowerment.

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ECONOMICSUNIT – 1

DEVELOPMENT

After studying this chapter, you will learn about:

• The nature and meaning of development and underdevelopment

• Indicators of human development

• Gender-related development

Everyoneofuscontinuouslystrivestoachieveprogressinourlife.Wewishtoachieveouraimsandsatisfyourwantsonamuchlargerscalethanbefore.Inthesamemanneraneconomyalsocontinuouslyattemptstoprogressprovidingformoreandmorequantitiesofgoodsandservicestothepeopleandimprovingtheirwell-being.Thisprocessofenhancingsociety’scapacitytosatisfyitsneedsonalargerscaleisreferredtoasdevelopment.Economicdevelopmentreferstoincreaseinacountry’scapacitytoservetheeconomicinterestsofitscitizensandovercomingeconomicproblemssuchaspoverty,unemployment,inequality,inflation,etc.

1. Development and Underdevelopment:Development:Weusetheword‘development’ofteninourdailylives

usuallytorefertotheprogressinaparticularfieldorasegmentofpeople,like rural development, social development, educational development,womenandchildrendevelopment,etc.Whenevertheeconomicactivitiesinacountryexpand,itiscalledaseconomicdevelopment.However,theprocessofeconomicdevelopmentisacomplexphenomenonandnoteasytodefine.

According toProf.MeierandBaldwin, “economicdevelopment isaprocesswhereby an economy’s real national income increases over alongperiodoftime”.Thedefinitionhighlightsthreeelementsofeconomicdevelopment,viz.,a)aprocess;b)anincreaseinrealnationalincome;andc)overalongerperiod.Letusdiscussthembriefly.

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a) Process: Theterm‘process’herereferstotheoperationoftheforcesthatbringaboutchangesinsupplyoffactorsofproductionand,inthestructureofdemandfortheproducts.Changesinfactorsupplytakeplaceduetodiscoveryofadditionalresources,educationandskilldevelopment,capitalaccumulation,populationgrowth,adoptionofbettertechniquesofproduction,etc.Demandforproductschangesduetochangeinsizeandcompositionofpopulation; levelanddistributionof income; tastesetc.Thesechangescontributetoanincreaseinnationalincome.

b) Real National Income: National income is the total value ofallgoodsandservicesproduced inacountryduringoneyear. It isanimportantmeasureofdevelopment.Higherthenationalincome,higheristheeconomicdevelopmentandvice-versa.Buttheemphasisisontheword“real”whichreferstothepurchasingpowerofincome.Thepriceshavetendencytoriseovertime.Whenweestimatetheincomebasedontheincreasedprices,thevaluesorincomesareinflated.Weshouldremovethatincreasedpriceeffecttoarriveatthe‘real’increaseinincome.Thispriceadjustedincomereflectsthetruepurchasingpowerofincome.Thisemphasizes the importanceofmaintainingpricestability inpromotingdevelopment.

c) Long Period: The increase in real national income should besustainedoveralongerperiod,sayfor10yearsormore.Shorttermspurtsin income are not considered as development. The changes in supplyof factorsofproductionanddemand forgoodsandservicesshouldbecontinuousinordertobringaboutsustainedincreaseinincomesoverthelongerperiod.

Prof.ColinClarkdefineseconomicdevelopmentas“animprovementineconomicwelfare.”Economicwelfare,inturn,istheavailabilityofallthosegoodsandserviceswhichareusedbytheindividuals.Improvingeconomicwelfareofpeoplealsomeansreducingeconomicillslikepoverty.Hence,wemaydescribeeconomicdevelopmentas“aprocessthatextendsoveralongperiod,thatwhichhelpsinreducingpovertyandtherebyhelpingacountrytoachieveself-sustainedgrowthinincome”.

Overtheperiodoftime,theobjectivesofeconomicdevelopmenthavebeen broadened and nowwe hear about ‘inclusive’ and ‘sustainabledevelopment’.Ensuringthateverypersonisbenefittedbytheprocessof

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developmentisinclusivedevelopment.Preservingnaturalresourcesandtheenvironmentforthebenefitoffuturegenerationsalso,issustainabledevelopment.Thus,theobjectivesofeconomicdevelopmentcanbestatedas:increasingincome;attainingequality;reducingpoverty,unemploymentand inequality;conservingresourcesandenvironment;andenhancingoverallwelfareofall.

WhileUSA,Canada,Japan,Germany,England,Australia,countriesofWesternEuropewitnessed long term rise in incomesbefore 1950s;countries likeSingapore,HongKong,Malaysia,Chinaandmanyothercountrieshavewitnessedlongtermriseinincomesduringpost-1950s.Thesecountriesarecalledasthedevelopedcountriesoftheworld.

Underdevelopment:Theword‘underdevelopment’denotesabackwardandstagnantsituationwherelevelsoflivingofpeoplearelowduetolowerlevelofpercapitaincomeandlowerproductivitylevels,apartfromhighpopulationgrowth.AccordingtotheUnitedNations,anunderdevelopedcountry is onewhose realper capita income is lower than thatof theUSA,Canada,AustraliaandWesternEurope.Emphasishereisonthelowincomelevelrelativetotheadvancedcountries.However,sincetheunderdevelopednationsarecapableofdevelopmentandaremakingseriouseffortstoovercometheirproblemsoflowincomeandpoverty,theyarenowcalledasthe‘developingcountries’.

TheWorld Bank in its ‘WorldDevelopment Report’ classifies thecountriesashigh,mediumandlowincomecountries,andallcountrieswith‘middle’andlowincomearereferredtoasdevelopingcountries.Indiaisaprominentdevelopingcountrythathasrecordedsignificantriseinincomesince1990s.

2. Indicators of DevelopmentHowdowemeasureeconomicdevelopment?Economistshaveadvo-

cateddifferentindicatorsandtheprominentoneisbasedontheincomegeneratedinacountry;andtherestusingindicatorsotherthanincome.

Income Indicator: Incomeusedhereisthenationalincome,whichisdefinedastheincomeofallthepeopleresidinginacountry.Asdescribedearlier,highertheincome,higheristhedevelopment.However,economicprogress in a countrywill be slower, if the population expands alongwiththeincreaseinnationalincome.Therefore,comparisonofeconomicdevelopment between countrieswith different levels of populationwillnotbecorrect.Hence,percapitaincomeisbeingusedasanindicatorofdevelopmentinsteadofnationalincome.Itistheaverageincomeofeachindividualinthecountry,whichiscalculatedasnationalincomedividedbytotalpopulation,inagivenyear.

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The per capita income of India was Rs. 1,21,603 in 2016, which is 15 percent of the world’s average. It is calculated as national income (Rs. 1,47,86,557 Cr) divided by the population (121.6 Cr). India is the seventh largest country in the world in terms of national income, but 143rd in terms of per capita income.

Althoughthisisaverypopularandsimpleindicator,itdoesnotcon-siderthedistributionofincomeamongpeopleaswellastheavailabilityofbasicamenitieslikefood,shelter,education,healthorothersimilarsocialfactors.Hence,attemptsaremadetoextendtheincomemeasurebyin-cludingotherparametersofdevelopment.Thesearecalledas‘alternative’indicators,theprominentofwhichisthehumandevelopmentindex(HDI).

3. Human Development Indicators Itisincreasinglyfeltthattheprimarypurposeofalleconomicprogress

isenhancementofhumanwelfare.Itshouldhelppeopletoenjoyadecentqualityoflife;ensureadequatebasicminimumamenitieslikefood,shel-ter,clothing,education,health,socialsecurity,cleanwater,pureairandunpollutedenvironment.Mereincreaseinincomesmaynotguaranteealltheabovetoallpeople.

MahabubUlHaq,aPakistanieconomist,inspiredbythewritingsofNobellaureate,AmartyaSen,arguedthatthemostimportantrequirementstoenjoyadecentstandardoflivingare:abilitytoleadahealthyandlonglife;beingliterate;andhavingincometopurchasetheminimumameni-ties.Hecalledthisas ‘humandevelopment(HD)’.AmartyaSendefinesHDasexpansionofcapabilitiesofpeople.Thecorecapabilitiesarehealth,educationandpurchasingpower.ButhowdowemeasureHD?

TheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)hasusedtheseideas toconstructan indexknownas the ‘HumanDevelopment Index(HDI)’.Thecorecapabilitiesofacountry’spopulationaredefined,measuredandcombinedtoderivethecompositeHDI.Whilehealthismeasuredintermsoflifeexpectancy;educationismeasuredintermsofliteracyattain-ments;andpurchasingpowerthroughpercapitaincome.Theindicatorsusedareshowninthefigurebelow.

Theagetillwhichthepeopleofacountrycanexpecttosurviveiscalledlifeexpectancy.Availabilityofnutritiousfood,excellenthealthandhygienefacilities,cleanenvironmentetc.enablesustolivelonger.Allthesefac-torsarerepresentedinlifeexpectancy.Astheeducationallevelrises,thecountry’seconomicprogressalsoimproves.Theeducationalachievementofacountryismeasuredonthebasisoftwofactors:theaverageperiodofschoolingcompletedbyindividualsabove25years,andtheexpected

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periodofschooleducationthatthechildrenof5yearsmightreceiveintheirlifetime.Thestandardoflivingismeasuredwiththehelpofpercapitaincome.TheaverageofthesethreeindicatorsistheHDI.

Figure 1: Indicators of Human Development

Health Three dimentions

Four indicatorsLife ex

pectan

cy

at birt

h

Mea

n year

s

of sch

oolin

gExp

ected

year

s

of sch

oolin

g

Gross

nation

al

imco

me per

capita

Educatio

n

Living s

tandar

ds

YoucanmeasurethedevelopmentofeachindividualindicatoraswellastheoverallHDI.Similarly,youcanalsotracethegrowthinthemandcompareourcountrywithothercountriesoftheworld.TheHDIofIndiahasbeenrisingsteadily.In2014,HDIwascalculatedat0.586andrankedat135outof187countries.TheUNDPclassifiesthecountriesintothreecategoriesbasedonHDIashighmediumandlowHDcountries.Indiaisinmiddlegroupofhumandevelopment.

Figure 2: Progress in India’s Human Development

AsFigure2showsHDIofIndiain 2012was calculated at 0.554andplacedat136thrankoutof186countries.ThisHDIvalueof0.554is the result of 65.8 years of lifeexpectancy, $3203 of per capitaincome and 4.4 years of averageyears of schooling.Youmay alsoobserve that, between 1980 and2012, the components have im-proved resulting in improvementofIndia’sHDIfrom0.344to0.554.ButIndia’sHDattainmentisverylowifwecompareittothetop10countries.

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4. Gender Related DevelopmentTheroleofwomeninthedevelopmentalprocessisverysignificant.

Women,who formhalf of the population, have the capability toworkinallfieldsoftheeconomicsystem.Itisthedutyofcivilizedsocietytoprovide social, economic, educational andpolitical equality towomen.After independence, ourConstitutionhas assured equality of freedomandopportunitiestobothmenandwomen.However,significanttypesofdiscriminationcanstillbeseenandviolenceagainstwomenisfrequentlyreported.Thisonlysuggeststhatwomenarenotyetgivenequalityinallspheres,makingthemsecondarypartnersineconomicgrowth.‘If development is not engendered it is endangered’-HumanDevelopmentReport,1994

GenderdiscriminationmaybeseeninvariousdimensionsofIndiansociety,economyandpolity.Sexratio,thenumberoffemalesforevery1000malesisthemostimportantindicatorwhichrevealsthetreatmentmetedouttowomeninasociety.InIndiabecauseofallrounddiscrimi-nationagainstfemalesandpreferenceformalechild,thesexratiowasbarely945in2011.Whatisworseis,itisstilllowerinchild(0to6years)population.

Activity: List out the reasons for adverse male-female ratio in India

Similarly,theliteracyrateamongwomenwas65.46%in2011com-paredto82.14%amongmen.Thisissobecauseeventodaysomepeoplethinkwomendonotneededucationandinsomeplacesadequateschool-ingfacilitiesmaynotbeavailable.Ifyoulookattheworkplace,womenmainlywork inunorganizedactivities (agriculture, construction, smallscaleindustries,etc.)atlowerwagesthanthemen.Itisalsotruethatthewomenarenotfreetospendtheincomethattheyearn.Withaloweducation,notmanyofthemareseeninbetterandhighlypaidpositions.

Inmanyhouseholdswomeneatlastaftertheheadandchildrenhavehadfood.Thismakeshermalnourishedandsusceptibletomanyillnesses.Withlownutritionbutcompelledtodoingheavywork,makeshertofallsickoften,whichisusuallyignoredbythemenfolk.Especially,thehealthofpregnantwomenisverycrucialbecauseitaffectsthebaby’shealthalso.Indiahasveryhighratesofmaternal (mothersdyingduringandafterchilddelivery),infant(childrenbelowoneyear)andchild(childrenbelowfiveyears)deathrates.

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Anevilpracticeofdetectingthegenderofthefoetusanddestroyingitiffoundtobeafemaleone,isgrowing.Thisisoneofthemajorreasonsforloweranddecliningsexratiointhecountry.

Representation of women in political bodies (panchayats, stateassembliesandParliament)islimitedtothereservedstrength.Eveninsessionsandmeetingstheirpresenceisnotfelt.Hence,discriminationisobservedinallfields.

Inordertopromoteparticipationofwomenineconomicactivitiesandtherebyachieveeconomicempowerment,selfhelpgroups(SHGs)arebeingformedinallthevillagesandcities.ASHGisagroupofwomen(usually20)whocometogethertosharetheirmeagreresources,obtainexternalsupport,undertakebusinessjointlyandearnincome.Theyaretrainedinmanagingaccounts,handlingbanktransactionsandskillstotakeupremunerativeincomegeneratingactivities.SHGshavebeeninstrumentalin helpingwomen to earn, save and spend at their willingness. Theirdignityandautonomyhasincreased.

Inrecentyears,manystepsareinitiatedforempowermentofwomen.Empowermentmaybedescribedastheexpansioninpeople’sabilitytomakestrategiclifechoicesinacontextwherethisabilitywaspreviouslydenied to them. Empowerment is a process that infuses people withpoweri.e.accesstoresources;expandsindividual’scapacityandpowerofdecisionmakingi.e.autonomy.Manylawshavebeenenactedtocurbviolenceagainstwomenathomeandatworkplaces;toguaranteeequalwages; providing reservation of seats in elected bodies; etc. All thesemeasureswill certainly help in bringingwomen to themainstream ofdevelopment.

Do you know this?UNDP also calculates Gender Inequality Index (GII) at the international level. The value of the index ranges from 0 to 1, with 0 indicating complete equality and 1 indicating complete inequality. In 2015, India’s GII was 0.563, and it stood at the 130thplace in the list of 188 countries. This means that is India fares very poor in terms of women development and that the gender inequality is high.

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EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers

1. Economicdevelopmentisa__________.

2. Thevalueofgoodsandserviceproducedinayeariscalledas____________.

3. Inanunderdevelopedcountry,basicallythe_________islower.

4. Humandevelopmentindicatesexpansionof_________________.

5. The________isresponsibleforpublishingglobalHumanDevel-opmentReports.

6. Indiaranked_______inHDIin2014.

7. Sexratiowas_______inIndiain2011.

II. Answer the following questions in five to six sentences each.

1. Definedevelopmentandexplaintheprocessofdevelopment.

2. Whatdoyoumeanbyunderdevelopment?Whatareitscauses?

3. WhatisHDI?Howisitcalculated?

4. ExaminethecausesforlowHDIofIndia.

5. Howtoachievegenderequality?

6. ‘‘Womenselfhelpgroupsaresupportivetowomenempowerment”justify.

III. Activity :

Makealistofthewomenempowermentactivitiesundertakenbythegovernmentinrecentdays.

IV. Project :

Conductasurveyinyourvillage/cityandfindoutthedifferencesindevelopmentacrossdifferenttypesofhouseholds.

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UNIT – 2RURAL DEVELOPMENT

In this chapter, you learn about the following:

• Meaning and significance of rural development

• Rural development and decentralization

• Rural development and panchayat raj institutions

• Rural development and women

India is a land of villages. In 2011 census report 68.84% of thepopulationlivedinvillagesandthatiswhy,MahatmaGandhijisaidthatdevelopmentofitsvillagesisthetruedevelopmentofIndia.However,evenafter70yearsofindependence,theruralareasarescenesofdeprivationandbackwardnessasnearlyone-thirdofruralpopulationlivesinabjectpoverty.Thedevelopmentprogrammesandplanshavefailedtoimprovethesocio-economicconditionsofruralareas.

ThereisawidespreadfeelingthatthedevelopmentstrategiesthattheIndiangovernmentadoptedafterindependencepromotedindustrialandurbandevelopment.The rural industrieswhichwerealreadydeclininginimportance,furtherdisintegratedduetothecompetitionfrommodernindustries.With agriculture being non-remunerative and employmentnotbeing regular, the ruralpeople continued tomigrate to cities.Theliberalization and globalization policies deepened these problems bypromotinggrowthinindustrialization,urbanizationandservicesectors.

Consequently, poverty has increased among the rural peoplewhodependmainly on agriculture. Though60%of the peoplework in theprimarysector,thecontributionfromthissectortothenationalincomeisveryless,andisdecliningovertheyears.Duetothis,thegapbetweenurbanandruralareasiswidening.Inordertoovercomethisimbalanceitisnecessarytodevelopruralareas.Inthischapteryouwillstudythemeaningofruraldevelopmentandreviewtheprogrammesinitiatedbythegovernmenttowardsit.

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1. Meaning and ImportanceMeaning of Rural Development: Ruraldevelopmentreferstoaprocess

ofeconomicandsocialupliftmentofruralareas.Itmaybedefinedasoveralldevelopmentofruralareastoimprovethequalityoflifeofruralpeople.Itisanintegratedprocess,whichincludessocial,economic,politicalandspiritualdevelopmentofthepoorersectionsoftheruralsociety.

Stagnationandslowgrowthofagricultureistheprimereasonforruralbackwardnessandconsequentpovertyofruralpeople.Therefore,moreruralnon-farmactivitiesneedtobepromotedwhichrequiresimprovementinliteracyandskills,healthandsanitation,improvementofinfrastructureliketransport,power,communication,markets,credit,etc.Further,foragriculturaldevelopment,expansionofirrigationandlandreformsalsobecomecrucial.Thus,ruraldevelopmentconsistsofabroadsetofactivitiesincluding improvementof literacy,health, infrastructure, landreformsandirrigation,apartfromtakingspecificmeasuresforamelioratingtheconditionsofthedisadvantagedpeopleintheruralareas.Hence,ifwearetomakealistofactivitiesthatareessentialforruraldevelopment,thentheyareasfollows:

1.Developmentofhumanresourcesincluding; i) literacy,especially,femaleliteracy,educationandskill

development; ii) health,addressingbothsanitationandpublichealth;2.Landreforms;3.Developmentoftheproductiveresourcesofeachlocality;4. Infrastructure development like electricity, irrigation, credit,

marketing, transport facilities including construction of village roadsandfeederroads, facilities foragricultureresearchandextension,andinformationdissemination;and

5.SpecificprogrammesofalleviationofpovertyImportance of Rural Development: Sinceruraldevelopmentincludes

agriculturalandnon-agriculturaldevelopmentitcontributesnotonlytoruralbutalsototheoveralldevelopmentofthecountry.Increasedfarmincomeswillcreategreaterdemandforindustrialproductsandservices,therebygeneratingadditionalemploymentandleadingtoanexpansion

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of those sectors also.With increased literacy and skill levels higherproductivitycouldbeachieved.Betterhealthalsoresultsinhigherworkparticipationbythepeopleandincreasedoutput.Agro-processing,smallscaleandcottageindustrieswilldevelopleadingtogradualtransformationof thevillages.With this,migration tocitieswillbe reduced.All thesecontributetowardreductionofpoverty.

2. Decentralization Providingadministrativepowerandtheresponsibilityofdeveloping

thevillagetopeoplethemselvesiscalleddecentralization.Itisaprocessthroughwhichpowersharingoccursandpeopleparticipateindecisionmaking.Itisalsoaprocessthataimsatplanninganddevelopmentfrombelow.Thisprocesswascalledas‘GramaSwarajya’byMahatmaGandhi.Decentralizationreducesvariouskindsofexploitation,upholdshumanindependenceanddignity,andnurtureshumanevalueslikecompassionandco-operation.

ThePanchayatRaj systemhasbeen rejuvenated in India in ordertopromotedecentralization.TheGovernmentofIndiaenactedthe73rdConstitutional Amendment Act in 1993,which established a uniformsystemofPanchayatRaj institutions throughout the country.TheActconferredConstitutional status to the Panchayat institutions. As pertheAct,athree-tiersystemofpanchayatshascomeintoexistence.KeyfeaturesofthePanchayatRajsystemadoptedinIndiaare:

i) a three-tier structure of district, taluk and village panchayats withtheGramSabhaasfoundation;

ii)directandperiodicelections;iii)reservation of seats for scheduled castes (SCs) and scheduled

tribes(STs),backwardclassesandwomen;iv)provisionofmajorfinancialandadministrativeresponsibilities,

budgetandauditrequirements;v) provisionforexecutive/supportstaff;andvi)a strict procedure for dissolution/ suppression of panchayats

andmandatoryelectionswithinsixmonthsofdissolution.Karnatakahas30ZillaPanchayats,176TalukPanchayats,andmore

than6,022GramPanchayats.

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3. Role of Panchayat Raj Institutions in Rural Development Panchayatraj institutions(PRIs)playkeyrole inenablingthe

ruralpeopletoparticipateinruraldevelopment.Theyareresponsibleforimplementingvariousschemesrelatedtopovertyalleviationandlivelihoodsecurity, besides providing public amenities. They provide the ruralcommunitywithbasic facilitiesofroads,drains,drinkingwater,streetlights,toilets,schoolandhospitalbuildings,market-yardsetc.Throughencouragementofprimaryandmiddleschooleducation,adulteducation,technicalandvocationaltraining,andexpansionofhealthandhygienefacilities,panchayatshavealsoattemptedtodevelophumanresources.

The gram sabha is an important body of a grampanchayat. It iscompulsorytoconductgramsabhameetingatleastonceinsixmonths.Alltheadultswhoareinthevoterslistofthevillagearethemembersofthegramsabha.Alldevelopmentalschemesaredecidedinthegramsabhaitself.

The predominant function of PRIs is to engage in local planning.TheGramSabhapreparesvillagedevelopmentschemesduringitsopenmeetings,suchasthoseforschoolfacilities,drinkingwatersupply,primaryhealthcare,veterinarydispensaryoramarketlinkroad,etc.

Programmes like ‘MahatmaGandhi National Rural EmploymentGuarantee Scheme’ (MGNREGS) for generation of employment andalleviationofpovertycanbeimplementedeffectivelythroughpanchayatinstitutions.Housing programmes like ‘PradhanMantri AwasYojana’,‘Ambedkar-ValmikiHousingProgramme’, ‘AshrayaYojana’etc.arealsoimplementedtoprovidesheltertotheshelterlesspeople.

Thepublicdistributionsysteminvillagesisstrengthenedandpoorpeopleareprovidedwiththeessentialfoodgrains.Byidentifyingtheoldpeople, the disabled,widows,mentally retarded people etc., it can beensuredthatallthefacilitiesfromthesocialwelfareprogrammesofthegovernmentreachthempromptly.

Alltheself-helpgroupsofwomencanbebroughttogether,andproperencouragementcanbegiventotheirproductiveactivities. Inthisway,womentoocanbemadetoparticipateinthedevelopmentofthenation.

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Socialandculturalactivitiescanbeencouragedthroughcelebrationof village fairsandfestivals.Throughsuchactivities,villageartsandcraftswillgetanimpetusandtheruralculturewillgetenriched.

More employment opportunities can be provided to the peoplethroughnurturing theruralproductiveactivitiesofagriculture,cattle-rearing,poultry,fishery,socialforestryetc.Irrigationcanbeexpandedbyundertakingconstructionofpondsandtanks,de-siltingthemregularly,maintenanceofminorirrigationworksetc.Ruralandcottageindustriescanbeimproved.

Inalltheaboveactivities,panchayatrajinstitutionsplayasignificantroleandbringaboutanover-alldevelopmentofruralareas.

4. Women and Rural Development Inherlifetime,awomanperformsavarietyofdutiessuchasmother,

wife,daughter-in-lawanddaughter.Aman’slifeisshapedbyawoman.Sheworksnotonlyinsidethehousebutalsooutsideasafarmer,worker,employee,officer,businesswomanandlawmakeratanequallevelwithmen.Henceherroleisdecisiveinthedevelopmentofthecountry,especiallyinruraldevelopment.Asignificantnumberofwomenareworkinginfarming,cattle-rearing,fisheries,silkwormrearing,horticulture,floricultureandpoultry.Womenformthemajorityamongagriculturalworkerstoo.

Educated women are successfully handling a variety of jobs invariousfieldsintheeconomy.Womenarerenderingexceptionalserviceingovernmentoffices,commercialestablishments,educationalinstitutions,hospitals,oldagehomesetc.Inaddition,educatedwomenareplayingaprominentroleinpopulationcontrol.

Womenareestablishingthemselvesinthepoliticalfieldtoo.Startingfrom the gram panchayat to the position of a President, they arehandling various responsibilities as political leaders at various levelsof thegovernment.Asthere isreservationforwomeninpanchayatrajinstitutions,anordinary villagewomanhas theopportunity tohandlepoliticalpowerandworktowardsruraldevelopment.AnotablefeatureinKarnatakaatpresentisthattherearemorethan50%womenamongtheelectedmembersofpanchayatinstitutions.

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‘WomenSelf-HelpGroups’havebeencreatedinallvillagesintheruralsector.Thesehavebeenplayingasignificantroleinorganizingpoorruralwomenandmakingthemfinanciallyindependent.Membersofthesegroupscanavailofloanseasilyandengageinproductiveactivities.Theseassociationshavebeensuccessfulinmobilizingsavingsand inrepaymentof loans.Throughtheself-helpgroups,alertwomenareabletogetridofsocialevilslikechildmarriage,dowry,castesystem,superstitions, exploitation of women and children. They are able tocontributetowardsbuildingacleanandprogressivesociety.

Activity:Visit aWomen’s Self-HelpGroup in your village and know

aboutitsactivities.

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers:

1. The true development of India is the development of itsvillages’.Thiswastoldby_________.

2. After the 73rdAmendment to theConstitution, _________levelsofpanchayatinstitutionshavecomeintoexistence.

3. Panchayatinstitutionsoperateunder__________principles.

4. The ______________have been brought into existence inordertobring togetherpoorruralwomenandmakethemfinanciallyindependent.

II. Answer in a sentence each:

1. Explainthemeaningof‘RuralDevelopment’.

2. Whatismeantbydecentralisation?

3. Namethethreelevelsofpanchayatrajinstitutions.

4. Mentionanytwohousingprogrammes.

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III. Answer the following questions in five to six sentences each:

1. HowistheeconomicsituationintheruralareasofIndia?

2. Explainbrieflythesignificanceofruraldevelopment.

3. ExplainGandhiji’sconceptof‘gramaswarajya’inthelightofdecentralization.

4.What is the role of panchayat raj institutions in ruraldevelopment?

IV. Activities :

1. Visitthenearestgrampanchayatandlisttheworksbeingdoneby ittowardsruraldevelopment.

2.Visitthenearestwomen’sself-helpgroup.Learnabouttheirrole inmakingwomen self-dependent, and discusswithclassmatesintheclass.

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BUSINESS STUDIESUNIT – 1

BANKING TRANSACTIONS

We learn about the following in this chapter :• MeaningofBanks• CharacteristicsofBanks.• BanksandPostOfficesinFinancialTransactionsandTypesofBanks.• DifferentAccountsthatcanbeopenedinaBank.• MethodstoOpenAccountsinBanks.• AdvantagesofBankAccounts.

Banksdevelopedabouttwohundredyearsago.Thenatureofbankshaschangedasthetimehaschanged.Thetermbankisrelatedtofinancialtransactions. Banks are financial institutions which use themoneydepositedbycustomersasinvestmentsandagreedtoreturnwhenevertheyrequire.Banksadvanceloanstothecustomersandchargeinterestonthem.Banksexchangethemoneyofdifferentcountries.Thedevelopmentofanycountrydependsontheefficientbankingsystemofthatcountry.Banksadvancemoney toagriculture, industries, tradersandallothersectionsofthesocietywhicharethemainorgansforthedevelopmentofacountryandacceleratethegrowthofthecountry.WHAT IS A BANK?

ThetermbankisderivedfromItalianword“Banco”orfromaFrenchword“Banque”,bothmeana“Bench”ormoneyexchangetable.

Abankingcompanymaybedefinedasacompanywhichtransactsthebusinesswithfinance.Itacceptsdepositsfromthepublicandlendsittothosewhoneeditintheformofloans.Itreceivesmoneyfromthosewhowanttosavetheirmoneyintheformofdepositsandlendsittothosewhorequireintheformofloans.TheservicesofbanksarecalledBanking.Abankrepaysthedepositsintheformofcheques,draftsorinsomeotherforms.

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Characteristics of Banks

1. Dealing with Money : Banks are financial institutions whichdealwithmoneyofthepublic.

2. Individual/Firm/Company :Bankmaybeaperson,firmoracompany. Banking company means the institution that dealswithmoney.

3. Acceptance of Deposits :Banksacceptdepositsfromthepublic.These deposits are returned whenever the customers demanditorafteraprescribedperiod.Banksprovidesecurity to thesedeposits.Banksactascustodiansofthedepositsofthepublic.

4. Lending Loans : Banks advance loans to Industrial sector,Agriculturalsector,Education,Houseconstructionandforotherpurposes.

5. Payment and Withdrawal : Banks facilitate the customers towithdrawtheirdepositsintheformofchequesordrafts.

6. Agency and Utility Services :Banksprovidevariousbankingfacilities to its customers. They include generalutility servicesandagencyservices.

7. Profit and Service Orientation :Abankisaprofitseekinginstitutionhavingserviceorientedapproach.

8. Ever Increasing Functions :Banks continuously expandanddiversifytheirfunctions,servicesandactivities.

9. Connecting Link : Banks act as connecting link between thedepositors and borrowers.Banks collect surplusmoney of thecustomersandlendthesametothosewhoareinneedofmoney.

10. Banking Business : Themain activity of the bank is bankingbusiness that is accepting deposits from the customers andlendingthesametothosewhoneedmoney.Itisnotasubsidiarytoanyotherbusiness.

11. Name Identity :Banksalwaysadd ‘bank’ to theirnames.Ex:Canara Bank, Vijaya Bank, Corporation Bank, State Bankof India, State Bank of Mysore etc. It enables the customersto know in which bank, they are dealing with money.(NowallStateBanksonemergedwithStateBanksofIndia)

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Functions of Banks

1. Acceptingdepositsfrompublicandothers.2. Lendingmoneytopublic(Loans)andotherinstitutions.3. Transferringmoneyfromoneplacetoanother(Remittances)4. Collectingmoneyoncheques,draftsandbills.5. Discountingofbills.6. Hiringsafedepositlockers.7. Conductingforeignexchangetransactions.8. Keepingvaluablesinsafecustody.9. Issuinglettersofcreditandguarantee.10. Conductinggovernmenttransactions(State&Central).

Relationship between Bankers and customers

Therelationbetweenabankerandcustomersfallsundertwobroadcategories,namely-

1.Generalrelationship 2.Specialrelationship

1. General relationship :

• PrimaryRelationship(Debtorandcreditorrelationship).

• SubsidiaryRelationship(Trusteeandbeneficiaryrelationship).

• AgentandPrincipalRelationship.

2. Special relationship Activity :

Visit a bank and collectinformation about how banklends money for h ighereducation.

• Obligationtohonourcheques.• Obligationtomaintainsecrecyofaccounts.

Services Offered by Banks :

1. DebitCardandCreditCards5. SafeDepositLockers

2. PersonalLoans 6. TrustServices

3. HomeandVehicleLoans 7. SignatureGuarantees

4. MutualFunds 8. E-Banking

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Banking Transactions - Banks and Post Offices :

Activity :VisitaPostofficeandcollect

informationaboutitsbankingoperations.

Anysortofactivityinvolvinginmoneyor exchange ofmoney in an account isviewed as bank transaction.Banks areinstitutionsthatdealwithmoney.Bankskeepmoneyofthecustomersintheformofdepositsandthemoneythuscollectedislenttothecustomerswhoneedmoneyasloans.TheseloansarecalledBankloans.Bankslendmoneyandcollectinterestonloans.Apartofinterestcollectedonloansisgiventothedepositorsasinterest.Thisinterestformstheincometothedepositors.BanksinvestthecustomersmoneyinNationalandInternationalbusinessandincreasetheirfunds.

AllthebankingtransactionsinIndiaarecontrolledbyTheReserveBankofIndia(RBI)whichisknownasMotherofBanksorBankersBankorCentralBankofIndia.RBIformulatesthemonetarypolicywhichshouldbefollowedbyallbanks.TodaywehaveStatebankgroup,20NationalisedBanks,21PrivateBanksand19ForeignBanks.TheNetworkofbanksconsistsof8000bankbranches.ThereareRuralBanks,RegionalBanks,Govt.andPrivateBanksalso.

TherecentdevelopmentinbankingindustryistheinclusionofPostOfficesintoitsfold.TheIndianPostalDepartmentisplanningtostartabanktobetentativelycalledthe“PostalBankofIndia”withthenetworkofpostofficesspreadalloverIndia,90percentofthemareinandaroundsemi-urbanandruralareas.TheDepartmentisalreadyprovidingvariousfinancialservicesincludingaPostOfficeSavingsBank,IssueofNationalSavings Certificate, KissanVikasPatra,Monthly Recurring deposits,PostalLifeInsurance,Pensionpayment,Moneytransferetc.ThePostalDepartment is promoting a capital investment ofRs.1, 000 crores forthebanktransactions.ItwillbesetupasasubsidiarywiththePostalDepartment.

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Types of Banks :

TherearedifferenttypesofBanks.EachtypeofBankisspecializedindifferenttypesofactivities.

TheImportanttypesofBanksare:• CentralBankorReserveBankofIndia• CommercialBanks• IndustrialDevelopmentBanks• LandDevelopmentBanks• IndigenousBanks(MoneylendersorSahukars)• Co-operativeBanks(Thedetailsaboutthesebankshavebeenlearntineconomicssection

ofpreviousclass)

TYPES OF BANK ACCOUNTS

Activity :Know the rate of interest

offered by banks for varioustypesofaccounts.

GenerallyfourkindsofaccountscanbeopenedinaBank.Theyare:1. SavingsBankAccount.2. CurrentAccount.3. RecurringDepositAccount.4. TermorFixedDepositAccount.

1. Savings Bank Account :Thistypeofaccount isgenerallyopened inbanksbysalariedpersonsorby thepersonswhohaveafixedregularincome.Thisfacilityisalsogiventothestudents,seniorcitizens,pensionersetc.,Savingsaccountsareopenedtoencouragepeopletosavemoneyandpooltheirsavings.Thereisnorestrictionon thenumberandamountofdeposits.Themoneycanbewithdrawneitherbychequeorthroughawithdrawalslipavailableintherespectivebank.

2. Current Account :CurrentaccountisopenedbybusinessmenwhohavealargenumberofregulartransactionswiththeBank.Itincludesdeposits,withdrawalsandcontratransactions.Incurrentaccount,amountcanbedepositedorwithdrawnanynumberoftimesinaday.Generallybanksdonotgiveanyinterestonthesedepositsbutcollectservicechargesorbankchargesonsuchaccount.

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3. Recurring Deposit Account :Thesedepositaccountsaregenerallyopenedforapurposetobesavedforafuturedate.Forfuturerequirementsdepositsaremaderegularlyonmonthlybasis(ForthepurposesofWeddingexpensesofchildrentobuycostlyitemslikeland,caretc.,)Aftertheperiodisoverthetotalamountisrepaidwithinterest.

Activity :Findouttheinterestpayable

monthlyonFDof̀ 50,000/- at8%p.a

4. Term or Fixed Deposit Account :Thistypeofaccountisopenedforafixedperiodbydepositingaparticularsumofmoney(thetermofthedepositmaybeamonth,sixmonths,oneyear,fiveyearsorTenyears).TheDepositamountcannotbewithdrawnbeforetheexpiryoftheterm.TheRateofinterestismoredependingupontheterminthisdepositaccount.

Know this :JointAccountisanAccount

whichisopenedandoperatedbytwoormorepersons.

PROCEDURES TO OPEN A BANK ACCOUNT

NowadaysBankshave emergedasimportant financial institutions. Banksprovide a safe environment and helpto manage financial transactions. Toavail professional banking service, it ismandatoryforeveryindividualtoopenabankaccount.Openingabankaccountisnotadifficulttask.Ittakessevenstepstoopenabankaccount.Theyare:

1. Decide the type of account which you want to open :Thereareseveral typesofBankaccounts suchassavingbankaccount, currentaccount, recurringDepositaccountandfixeddeposit orTermDepositaccount.Decidewhichtypeofaccountyouwanttoopeninthebank.

2. Approach the bank of your choice and meet its office :Onceyouhavedecidedtoopenaparticulartypeofaccount,approachthebankofficerandinformhimaboutyourwishtoopentheaccount.TheBankofficerwillgiveyourequiredformsandinstructions.

3. Fill up the Bank account form or proposal form :Fillupthisforminallrespectssuchasyourname,address,occupationandotherdetailsinthespacesprovided.Maketwoorthreespecimensignatureson

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thespecimensignaturecard.Thissignatureshouldnotbechanged.Iftheaccountistobeopenedinjointnames,thentheformmustbesignedjointlyandspecimensignaturesshouldbegiven inseparatespecimensignaturecards.Nowadaysthebanksinsistonsubmittingthepassportsize photographs for the purpose of identification, submit them.NowsubmittingselfattestedcopyofAdharacardismandatory

4. Give reference for opening your Bank account :Banksnormallyrequirereferenceorintroductionoftheprospectiveaccountholderbyanyoftheexistingaccountholderorsomerespectableperson.Theintroducerintroduces the prospective account holder by signing his specimensignature inthecolumnmeant for it.Thisreferenceor introduction isrequiredtosafeguardtheinterestoftheBank.

5. Submit the Bank account form duly filled :Inallrespectsandalongwithrequireddocumentsthatisaddressproof,PANCard,Aadhaarcard,photographsetc.,

6. The officer will verify all the particulars submitted : Hecheckswhethertheformisfilledcompletelyinallrespectsandtheotherdocuments.Ifheissatisfied,thenheclearstheproposalform.

7. Initial Deposit :Aftergettingtheproposalformcleared,theinitialamountisdepositedinthebankthroughchallan.Thenthebankissuesa passbook, a cheque book and a pay-in-slip book in case of savingsaccounts.Incaseoftermdepositorfixeddepositaseparateformhastobefilledinandfixeddepositreceiptisissued.Inthecaseofcurrentaccountachequebookisissued.Forrecurringdepositaccountpassbookandpay-in-slipbookareissued.

Advantages of Opening Bank Account :• Bankaccountfacilitatessafecustodyofmoney.

• Bankaccounthelpsinmakingpayments.

• Bankaccounthelpsincollectionofmoney.

• Bankaccountholdersgetadvancesandloans.

• Bankaccounthelpsinsmoothfinancialtransactions.

• Bankaccountholderscangetsafedepositlockerfacility.

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EXERCISESI. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers:

1. Theword‘Bank’hasbeenderivedfromtheFrenchword__________.

2. TheBanker’sBankis______________.

3. AnexampleforNationalisedbankis______________.

4. TheNationalsavingcertificatesareissuedby______________.

5. The typeofaccountwhereanynumberof transactionscanbemadeinadaywithBankis______________.

6. Thedepositsforafixedtermcanbedepositedin______________account.

II. Answer the following questions after discussion with your friends.

1. Whatisabank?

2. Listoutthecharacteristicsrelatingtobanktransactions.

3. Whatarethefunctionsofabank?

4. Explaintherelationshipbetweenthebankeranditscustomers.

5. “Thenumberofsavingbankaccountholdersisincreasing”-Givereasons.

6. Whataretheadvantagesofopeningabankaccount?

III. Activity :1. MakeaListofthenamesofthebankswhichyouknow.

2. Visitthebranchofabankandcollectinformationregardingget-tingtheperiodicalinterestbanksoffertotermdepositaccount.

IV. Project Work :Prepareareportonhowtoopenabankaccountbyvisitingabank

atyourPlaceandifyouneed,openSavingsBankaccountbyconsulting

bankofficer.

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UNIT - 2ENTREPRENEURSHIP

We learn about the following in this chapter :• MeaningofEntrepreneurandEntrepreneurship• Roleandimportanceofentrepreneurship.• Self-employmentopportunities• Selfemploymentschemes• Profileofafewsuccessfulentrepreneurs

Entrepreneurship constitutes the driving force of to-day’smarketeconomy.Itisoneofthefourmaineconomicfactorsnamelyland,labour,capital and organisation. It is a very powerful factor in changing thebusinessenvironmentofacountryanditsentireindustrialsector.

Meaning of Entrepreneur

ThewordentrepreneurisderivedfromtheFrenchword‘Entreprende’,whichmeanstoundertakesomeactivity.Entrepreneurisaninnovatorofnewideasandbusinessprocesses.Hepossessesmanagementskillsandstrongteambuildingabilitiesandessential leadershipqualitiestomanagethebusiness.He/Sheexercisesinitiativebyorganisingaventureto take the benefit of an opportunity. In business, the entrepreneurdecideswhat,howandhowmuchofgoodsandservicestobeproduced.Hecomesupwithnewideasforproduct’smarketortechniques.Toputitinsimplewordsanentrepreneurissomeonewhoperceivesopportunity,organisesresourcesneededforexploitingtheopportunityandexploitsit.Ex:Computers,mobilephones,washingmachines.ATM’s,courierserviceandinstantfoodsaresomeoftheexamplesofentrepreneur’sideasthatgotconvertedintoproductsorservices.

Entrepreneurship : Entrepreneurshipisaprocessofanactionofanentrepreneurwhoundertakestoestablishhisenterprise.Entrepreneurshipisacreativeactivity.Itistheabilitytocreateandbuildsomething.Itisaknackofsensingtheopportunitywhereothersseechaos,contradictionandconfusion.

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Entrepreneurshipistheattitudeofmindtoseekopportunities,takecalculatedrisksandderivebenefitsbysettingupaventurewhichcomprisesofnumerousactivitiesinvolvedinit.Entrepreneurshipisaphilosophy.Itisthewayonethinks,oneactsandthereforeincanexistinmanysituations,letitbebusinessorgovernmentorinthefieldofeducation,scienceandtechnologyorpovertyalleviationoranyothers.Characteristics of an Entrepreneur :

• Creativity • Innovation

• Dynamism • Leadership

• Teambuilding • Achievementmotivation

• Problemsolving • Goalorientation

• Risktaking • Decisionmaking

• Commitment • SelfConfidence

Functions of Entrepreneur : An entrepreneur has to perceiveopportunities, plan, organise resources and oversee production andmarketing.Heinfusesmotivationamonghisassistants.Mostimportantlyhehastoinnovateandbearrisk.Themainfunctionsofanentrepreneurare:

1. Entrepreneurstartsbusinessactivitybypreparingvariousplansrelatingtobusiness

2. Heorganisesfactorsofproduction.

3. He takes decisions about product, technology,marketing, em-ploymentetc.,

4. Heco-ordinatesthingseffectively.

5. Heintroducesnewmethodsintopractice.

6. Hehandlesbudgetofhisconcern

7. Hebearsriskanduncertainty.

8. Hegivesdirectionstothebusinessfirmandensuresitseffectiveoperation.

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Role of an Entrepreneur

Entrepreneursarethebusinessleaders.Theyaspireforideasandputthemintopracticeinnurturingeconomicgrowthanddevelopment.Theyplaythemost importantrole intheeconomicgrowthanddevelopmentofacountry’seconomy.Entrepreneursplayapivotalrolenotonlyinthedevelopmentofindustrialsectorofacountrybutalsointhedevelopmentofagricultureandservicesector.Themajorroleplayedbytheentrepreneursintheeconomicdevelopmentisasfollows:

1. Entrepreneurspromotecapital formationbymobilizingthe idlesavingsofthecitizens.Theyemployresourcesforsettinguptheirenterprises.

2. Entrepreneursprovidelargescaleemploymenttoartisans,tech-nicallyqualifiedpersonsandprofessionals.

3. EntrepreneurshelpthecountrytoincreasetheGrossDomesticproduct(GDP)andPerCapitaIncome.

4. Entrepreneursencourageeffectivemobilizationofskill,bringinnewproductsandservicesanddevelopmarketforthegrowthoftheeconomy

5. Entrepreneursenablethepeopletoavailbetterqualitygoodsatlowerpriceswhichresultsintheimprovementoftheirstandardofliving.

6. EntrepreneurspromotedevelopmentofIndustries.Theyhelptoremoveregionaldisparitiesbyindustrialisingruralandbackwardareas.

7. Entrepreneurscontributetowardsthedevelopmentofsocietybyreducingconcentrationofincomeandwealth.

8. Entrepreneurspromotecountry’sexporttrade.

9. Entrepreneurswork inanenvironmentof changing technologyandtrytomaximiseprofitsbyinnovations.

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Importance of Entrepreneurs

Entrepreneursoccupyacentralpositioninamarketeconomy.Theyserveasthe“Sparkplug”intheeconomy’sengine,activatingandstimulatingalldynamicactivitiesfortheeconomicprogressofanationandtospreadits activitiesworldwide.So theymustbe encouragedand rewarded.Asocietybecomesprosperousonlywhen it rewardsandencourages theentrepreneurialactivitiesbecausetheyarethecriticaldeterminantsforsuccess,prosperity,growthandopportunityintheeconomy.Themostdynamicsocietiesintheworldarethosethathavemoreentrepreneurs.Entrepreneurspromotecapital formationbymoblisingthe idlesavingsofthepublic.Theyemploytheirownaswellasborrowedresourcesforsettinguptheirenterprises.Suchtypeofentrepreneurialactivitiestendstovalueadditionandcreationofwealth,whichisveryessentialfortheindustrialandeconomicdevelopmentofacountry.Itistheentrepreneurialenergy,creativityandinnovationthattriggertheproductionandsaleofnewproductsandservices.It istheentrepreneur,whoundertakestheriskoftheenterpriseinsearchofprofitandseeksopportunitiestoearnprofitandstriveshardtosatisfytheneeds.

Self-Employment Opportunities for Entrepreneur

Theself-employedarebackboneofanation.Thecornerteashop,mom-and-popgrocery,scrapdealerandtheinternetcybershopsaresomeoftheexamplesofselfemployedentrepreneurship.Encouragementandhelptocompeteintheglobaleconomyisveryessential.TheGovernmentofIndiahasbeenattheforefronttopromoteprivateentrepreneurshipbyprovidingtherightsocio-economiceco-systemforinnovationanddevelopment.Thekeytotransforminganindividualfrombeing“selfemployed”tobecomean“entrepreneur”istheestablishmentofabusinessorganisation.TheMinistryofMicro,SmallandMediumEnterprises(MSMEs)istheoff-beatofthischange.Asmajorityofnewbusinessentitiesare launchedwithminimumcapitalandmaximumvision.

Anyindividualinterestedinsettingupaunit,hasavastopportunitytoselectanyformofbusinesswhichhe/shethinksfeasible.Forexampletheycanselectbusinesssuchas:

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• AdvertisingAgencies

• MarketingConsultancy

• IndustrialConsultancy

• EquipmentRentalandLeasing

• Photocopyingcentres

• IndustrialResearchandDevelopment

• IndustrialTestingLabs.

• InternetBrowsing/SettingupofCyberCafe

• InstallationandOperationofCableandT.VNetwork

• CrecheandBeautyParlours

Self employment Schemes :

Financeisoneoftheessentialrequirementstostartanenterprise.Withoutadequatefunds,nobusinesscanbestartedordeveloped.Tomeetthisrequirement,thegovernmentsbothattheCentralandStatelevelshaveset-upseveralfinancialinstitutions.Thesefinancialinstitutionshelpevensmallscaleindustriesbyprovidingloans.Some of the important financial institutions are :

1) IndustrialDevelopmentBankofIndia(IDBI)

2) NationalBankforAgriculture&RuralDevelopment(NABARD)

3) ExportandImportBank(EXIMBANK)

4) SmallIndustriesDevelopmentBankofIndia(SIDBI)

5) IndustrialFinanceCorporationofIndia(IFCI)

6) IndustrialCredit&investmentCorporationofIndia(ICICI)

7) IndustrialRe-constructionBankofIndia.

8) Commercial&otherBanks

9) StateFinancecorporations.

10)LifeInsuranceCorporationofIndia(LIC)

11)UnitTrustofIndia(UTI)

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Promotional Organisations :

GovernmentatStateandCentrallevelhasintroducedmanymeasurestosupportthegrowthanddevelopmentofentrepreneurs.Anumberofpromotingagenciesand institutionshavebeensetuptohelpemergingentrepreneurstostartespeciallysmall&mediumscaleenterprises.Theseinstitutionssupporttheentrepreneursinrespectoftraining,financingandmarketing.Somesuchinstitutionsare:

1) DistrictIndustrialCentres(DIC’s)2) SmallIndustriesDevelopmentCorporationLtd(SIDC)3) NationalSmallIndustriesCorporation(NSIC)4) SmallScaleIndustriesBoard(SSIB)5) SmallIndustriesServiceInstitutions(SISI)6) IndustrialEstates(KIADB)7) Khadi&VillageIndustriesCorporation(KVIC)8) TechnicalConsultancyOrganisations(TCO)

Profile of some Successful EntrepreneursDr. Pratap Reddy : He developed India’s first

Hospitalgroup,“TheApolloHospitals”.HerevolutionisedIndia’swholehealthcaresectorandto-dayithasover750corporatehospitalsonmodernlinesthroughoutthe country. The idea came toDr. Reddy,when apatient, who could notmake it to go to Texas inAmericaforopenheartsurgery.Dr.ReddycreatedamedicalinfrastructureinIndiawhichmademedicalcaremoreaffordableandaccessibleforeveryone.

Naresh Goyal : Heisthefounderandchairmanof“JetAirways”.ItisIndia’slargestdomesticairlinesunderprivatesector.Afterhisgraduationheworkedinatravelbusiness.By1974Goyalstartedtolookaftersales andmarketing of foreign airlines in India. In1917,Goyal took advantage of the open sky policyof IndianGovernment and set-up. Jet Airways foroperationofscheduledairservicefordomesticflightsinIndia.

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Narayan Murthy :Heisoneofthefoundersof“InfosysTechnologiesLtd.,”in1999.Infosysbecamethe first Indian company to be listed onNASDAQ(NationalAssociationofSecuritiesDealersAutomatedQuotations). By 2006, the company employed over50000 people and had a turnover of two billiondollars.Murthy has always believed that honesty,transparencyandmoralintegrityarethekeyfactorsforthesuccess.

Varghese Kurien :HeistherenownedIndiansocialentrepreneurandisbestknownasthe“FatheroftheWhiteRevolution”forhismillionsof liters ofmilkflow.Kurienwas theleading personality in agricultural developmentprogrmme. Amul milk and milk products is theachievement of Kurian.He established a small scaleAnandmilkdairyinKairadistrictinGujaratstateandNow it is the largest dairy development enterprise inIndia.

Dhirubai Ambani :HewasthemostenterprisingIndianentrepreneur.His life journey is reminiscent of the rags to riches story. He isrememberedastheonewhorewroteIndiancorporateHistoryandbuildatrulyglobalcorporategroup.DhirubhaiAmbanialiasDhiralalHirachandAmbani’sfatherwasaschoolteacher.DhirubaiAmbani startedhis entrepreneurial careerbyselling “Bhajan Books” to pilgrims inMountGirnarduring theweekends.Afterdoinghismatriculationatthe age of 16Dhirubhaimoved to Aden in Africa.HeworkedthereasaGas-stationattendantandasaclerkinanoilcompany.Hereturned to India in1958withRs. 5,0000/- and setup a textile trading company.His businesshaddiversified intoacorespecialisation inpetro-chemicalswithadditionalinterestsintele-communications,informationtechnology,energy,power,retail textiles, infrastructure services, capitalmarkets and logistics.TheRelianceCompanywhichisstartedbyhimisoneoftheimportantentrepreneurshipsintheworld.

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Azim Premji :HeisthechairmanofWiproTechnologies which is one of the largest softwarecompanies in India.When hewas a student Premjiwassummonedhomedue to thedeathofhis father.During theAnnualGeneralBodymeeting,oneof theshareholders advised Premji to sell his shares. ThismadePremjimoredeterminedtomakehiscompanyasuccessfulenterprise.To-dayWiproTechnologiesisthelargestindependentResearchandDevelopment(R&D)provider.

Ekta Kpoor :SheisknownastheQueenofIndianTelevisionsector.SheisthecreativeDirectorof“BalajiTeleFilms”andwasawardedthebestentrepreneurofthe year 2001by theErnest Young.At nineteen sheventuredintoT.V.Productionarena.

Kiran Mazumdar Shah :SheistheChairmanandManaging Director of Biocon Ltd., the largest Bio-technologycompanyinIndia.ShestartedBioconin1978inarentedgarage,facedwithvarietyofproblemsandchallengesbecausebio-technologywasanewfieldandawomanentrepreneurpromotedsuchanenterprisewasveryrare.ShecrossedoverallentrepreneurialbarriersandmadeBioconasuccess.

EXERCISESI. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers:

1. ThewordentrepreneurhascomefromtheFrenchword________.

2. Theprocessofaction,anentrepreneurundertakestoestablishanenterpriseiscalled____________.

3. The person who developed Apollo Group of hospitals was____________.

4. TheChairpersonofWiprois____________.

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II. Discuss the following questions in group and then answer.

1. Whoisanentrepreneur?

2. “Entrepreneurshipisacreativeactivity”.How?

3. WhatarethecharacteristicsofEntrepreneurship?

4. ExplaintheimportanceofanEntrepreneur.

III. Activities :

1. Visitanenterprisenearyourplaceandcollectinformationabouttheworkers.

2. Collect information about various enterprises through varioussources(InternetBooks.)

3. CollectthephotographsoffamousentrepreneursofIndia.

IV. Project Work :

Arrangeforaninterviewwithyournearbyentrepreneurandcollectdetailedinformationabouthowhe/shehasbuiltupthatenterpriseandprepareareport.

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