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KS3 Science
Organisms 1
Home Learning
Name : _____________________________________Class : ______________________________________
Teacher : ___________________________________
In this topic you will learn about:• How the human body works and interacts• How simple celled organisms develop into
complex multicellular organisms.Practical Skills:• Make predictions and decide variables• Draw conclusions• Create modelsThis topic has links to:• Organisation – GCSE• Bioenergetics – GCSE Maths in science: • Standard form• Converting units
https://www.loom.com/share/e757c22d542e43529d66a390863bb766
Introduction
Booklet expectations:
The booklet is your responsibility to look after and keep tidy.
You are expected to bring the booklet to every lesson with that class teacher.
Any corrections / self assessment to be completed in green pen, as indicated by your class teacher – Or when you see the ‘feedback & assessment’ logo
Any response to marking and literacy codes to be completed in green pen.
Any diagrams are to be drawn in pencil, graphs using a pencil and ruler etc.
All activities are to be completed, including homework, to the best of your ability, and corrected where needed.
When reading through the notes, you are expected to highlight any words you do not understand, then write their definitions on the glossary pages at the back of the booklet.
Lesson 1: Exploring the skeleton
Lesson 2: Joints and Interacting musclesLesson 3: Antagonistic pairs and skeletal problemsLesson 4: Damaging the body systems
Lesson 5: Describing animal and plant cellsLesson 6: Specialised cellsLesson 7: Observing cells
Lesson 8: Unicellular organismsRevision Activities
Contents:
Week commencing 19th October – 30th November2 lessons per week
Glossary
Key term Definition
Skeleton All the bones in the body
Joint Where two bones meet; allows movement
Antagonistic Two muscles that act in unison to create movement
Unicellular Living thing made up of just one cell
Stimulant A drug that raises levels of activity in the body
Depressant A drug that lowers levels of activity in the body
Hallucinogen A drug that can cause hallucinations
Analgesic A drug that acts to relieve pain
Nucleus Part of a cell that contains the genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell’s activities
CytoplasmJelly-like substance in a cell, where most of the chemical reactions occur
Cell membraneLayer around a cell that controls substances entering and leaving the cell
Cell wall Tough outer layer of plant cells, made of cellulose
Mitochondria Structures in a cell where respiration occurs
Ribosomes Structures in a cell where protein synthesis occurs
Vacuole Part of a cell that contains liquid, and can be used by plants to keep the cell rigid and store substances
ChloroplastStructure in plant cells where light is absorbed so that photosynthesis can produce food
Lesson 1: Exploring the Skeleton
Learning outcomes:
• To be able to identify the major bones in the body (3).
• To be able to describe the role of the skeleton (4)• To be able to explain why we have different shaped and sized bones (5).
How many of these labels can you add to your diagram in the correct place?
PatellaTibiaCraniumRadiusRibTarsalsFibularUlnaFemurHumerus
CarpalsMetatarsalsClavicleScapulaPhalanges PelvisSpineSternumMetacarpalsPhalanges
For any you don’t know check at the end of your booklet for the answers.
What is the function of the skeleton?
- Protection- Support- Movement- Produces blood cells- Bones store minerals
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kv6v2lOmhtI
Fill in the missing words to describe the functions of the skeleton:
• Gives the body s______ and s______________
• Allows m_______________
• Protects vital, internal o___________
• Produces b_________ cells
• Stores m______________
What organs do the bones protect?
Protecting Bones
Cranium
Vertebral
Column
Pelvis
Ribs
At the top of each oval below is the name of a protective bone. Add to the ovals the organs that each bone protects. Use the words from the word bank. Each word links with only one of the protecting
Word BankSpinal cord
LiverLungs
Internal reproductive organsBrainHeart
Bladder
The bone marrow is where new _________ cells are made.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrE6Y0Se8bw
What is the job of:
- Red blood cells __________________________________________
- White blood cells __________________________________________
Importance of bone marrow: Joe’s story
Why might people register to be a bone marrow donor?
Why might people choose not to register?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8jU5G5PXQ0
For each bone, think about the following things.
Tennis ball for scale
Bone 1 Bone 2 Bone 3Bone 4
1. Why is this bone the size it is?
2. Which animal might this bone be from?
3. Why does it need a bone like this?
4. Where in the body might you find this bone?
Plenary: How many of these bone anagrams can you solve?
1. Laplatel2. Siradu3. Saltras4. Nual5. Viccalle6. Lanphanges7. Numrets
Lesson 2 – Joints and Muscles
Learning Outcomes:• describe the roles of tendons, ligaments, joints and muscles• Identify the muscles and explain how they make different movements
Identify the following major muscles on the figure below. For any you don’t know check at the end of your booklet for the answers.
latissimus dorsi, deltoid, pectorals, biceps, triceps, abdominals, hamstrings, quadriceps, gastrocnemius, trapezius, gluteus maximus
Muscles are made up of lots of fibre-like tissues, connected together and their function is to bring about movement.
Your heart is basically a giant muscle, contacting and relaxing to pump blood around the body.This movement is involuntarily –you can’t control it.
Hinge Joint:
Allows movement only forwards and backwards, like the hinge in a door
Ball & Socket Joint:
One of the bones in this joint has a spherical end, allowing movement in many directions
Pivot Joint:
Allows rotation around an axis
Use the information above to complete the sentences.
______________ joint = Allows movement only forwards and backwards
_______________________ joint = Allows movement in many directions
_______________ joint = Allows rotation around an axis
Link the type of joint with the movement it allows and an example of that type of joint.
Ball and socket
Hinge
Fixed
None
360°
180°
Skull
Elbow
Hip
Ligaments hold bones together. They prevent movements that are extreme and help to stop dislocation.
This is soft connective tissue, and its role is to reduce friction and act as a shock absorber for joints. It stops bones rubbing together.
Tendons join muscles to bones. When a muscle contracts (shortens), it pulls on tendons, which pulls on the bone and causes movement.
Synovial fluid acts as a lubricant, stopping friction between the bones in the joints so they don’t rub together.It acts as a shock absorber.
Component of the Joint Function
Cartilage
This is soft connective tissue, and its role is to __________ friction and act as a shock __________ for joints.
Ligament
Their role is to help join bone to bone and keep the joints _______ during movement. They prevent _________ that are extreme and help to stop ___________.
Tendon
Their role is to help join _______ to _______. They help to give the power needed to move bones. When a muscle _________ (shortens), it pulls on these, which pulls on the _______ and causes movement.
Protects the heart and lungs
Stops bones rubbing together
Attaches muscle to bone
Attaches bone to bone
Acts as a lubricant in joints
Cartilage
Rib cage
Synovial fluid
Ligament
Tendon
Match up the component of the joint with its function:
Use the information on the bottom of the previous page to complete these tasks.
Plenary - Design a robot
You need to create a robot that does not look human. It needs to have all the different joint types.You will need to label why it has that joint type, e.g. a ball and socket for 360 degree movement, a hinge joint for weight bearing etc.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGSsIF-gfLE
Lesson 3: Antagonistic pairs & skeletal problems
Learning outcomes:
• Describe antagonistic muscles with examples• Explain how some medical conditions affect the skeletal system.
Muscles work in pairs to create movement. These are called antagonistic pairs. This is where one muscle contracts (the agonist) and one muscle relaxes (the antagonist)
Antagonistic MusclesMuscles work in _________ to create movement. These are called antagonistic pairs. This is where one muscle contracts (the a_________) and one muscle relaxes (the a________________)
Flexion at the elbow:Agonist is the ___________Antagonist is the _________
Extension at the elbow:Agonist is the ___________Antagonist is the _________
Agonist
Antagonist
Fixator
The muscle that works to stabilise the prime mover to stop unnecessary movement – it connects to the same bone as the origin
The prime mover – the muscle that contracts and shortens during movement
The end of the muscle that connects to a stable bone (one that doesn’t move)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCminz-X52I
Use the information on the previous page and the links to complete the following tasks. Check your answers at the back of the booklet.
Movement Agonist Antagonist Fixator Joint Type
Flexion at elbow
Bicep Tricep Trapezius Hinge
Extension at elbow
Tricep Bicep Trapezius Hinge
Flexion at knee
Hamstring Quadricep Gluteus Hinge
Extension at knee
Quadricep Hamstring Gluteus Hinge
Raising your arm
horizontally at the shoulder
Deltoid Latissimus Dorsi
Trapezius Ball & Socket
Lowering yourarm at your
shoulder
LatissimusDorsi
Deltoid Trapezius Ball & Socket
Problems with the skeletal system
Use the information on the previous page to help you complete this table and answer the question.
Give a brief summary of some of the problems that can occur with the skeletal system. Include, what it is, how it happens and how it can be treated.
Skeletal
Problem
What went wrong? How is it treated? How is technology
helping?
Breaks and
Fractures
Arthritis
Osteoporosis
Plenary: High five!
Draw around your hand. On each finger, write something you learnt in the past 3 lessons
Task 1:
Cells are
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
A tissue is
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
An organ is
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
An organ system
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Lesson 4: Damaging the body systems
Learning outcomes:
• Define the terms, tissue, organs, systems.• Describe the effects of recreational drugs on the body• Suggest the effects of organ damage on body systems
The human body is amazing
100 trillion cells4 major types of tissues79 organs11 organ systems1 organism
https://www.bbc.co.uk/education/clips/zx8fgk7
Watch the video and write down a definition for the following key terms
Watch the video and Label the body systems. Remember you can check at the back for answers if you are stuck.
Can you remember what part of the body which does each function?
_____________ – pumps blood around the body._____________ – take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide._________ – sends messages around the body to tell it what to do._________ – provide support and structure so a human can move._____________– transport blood around the body._____________ – absorb nutrients from the food we eat._____________– carries impulses sent from the brain to the body._____________ – attach to bones to allow a human to move.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ae4MadKPJC0
Match the correct explanation to the problem below.
• A heart attack
• Punctured lung
• Cut vein
• Brittle bones
• Broken spinal cord
• Removal of part of the intestines
Blood struggles to circulate the body, organs die.
Oxygen cannot be absorbed, organs starved of oxygen
Blood struggles to get to where it’s needed, organs starve
Poor support for the body, breaks are common, low mobility
Messages cannot travel to the body from the brain, paralysis.
Poor absorption of nutrients – frequent toilet visits, risk of lack of vitamins + nutrients.
Legal
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
Put the drugs in 2 columns depending if they are legal or not.
Illegal
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
A drug is defined as: a medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body.
Read the information on the previous page and note down the type of drug, the effects on the body/mind, the body systems affected and examples of each.
Analgesics
Stimulants
Depressants
Hallucinogens
Lesson 5: Describing animal and plant cells
Learning outcomes:
• Describe the structures found in both cell• Explain the functions of these structures• Communicate ideas about cell effectivity
Cells are the basic building blocks of plants and animals.
The cell is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.
A cell is the smallest unit of life.There are many different types of cell, and each have a specific job.
Plants and animals are made up of many different types of cells – we say that they are multicellular
Cells have several components, given the name organelles.
Each cell is slightly different, but there are some key differences between plant and animal cells.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHTvqW7CzXY
Task 1:Label the features of both the animal and plant cells.
Animal cell
Plant cell
MitochondriaRibosomes
Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell membrane Cell WallChloroplast Vacuole
Name of organelle
Function Plant Animal
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3nBtY6LR030
Watch the video and use it to help you complete the table.
Inside the nucleus – genetic information is stored in the form of chromosomes.Human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 in total)
DNA is divided up into smaller sections, called genes.
Inside Mitochondria
Oxygen and glucose (sugar) enter the cell through the cell membrane.
Once inside the mitochondria, a chemical reaction called respiration occurs.
This releases the energy we need for movement, digestion and all other life processes.
Oxygen + Glucose → Carbon Dioxide + Water (+ energy)
Lesson 6 – Specialised cells
Learning outcomes
•To be able to identify various specialised cells.• To be able to describe the role of various cells.• Can explain why the shape and structure of the cell relates to its function
Many cells are specialised so that they can carry out a particular job. This means they have certain adaptations – features that make them good at their jobs.These jobs could include • Movement• Detecting information• Sending impulses
CA B
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/clips/z2xmhyc
Look at the pictures of cells and decide which one is which. Egg cell, sperm cell and red blood cell. What is the job of each cell type?
Many cells are not your typical cells. Many cells are specialised so that they can carry out a particular job. This means they have certain adaptations – features that make them good at their jobs.These jobs could include - Movement- Detecting information- Sending impulses
Ciliated Epithelium Cell
Has hairs (cilia) which 'waft' to trap dirt and germs
Red Blood Cell
Large surface area allows it to carry
more oxygen
Palisade Leaf Cell
Filled with green chloroplasts to absorb maximum
light energy from the Sun
Nerve Cell (Neurone)
long, thin and 'wire-like' to send messages
around the body
Use the information on this page to help you complete the table on the next page. Remember you can check your answers at the back.
Lesson 7: Observing cells
Learning Outcomes:
Can operate and label a microscope to focus an image.Can compare the two types of microscopesCan create detailed cell diagrams
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJyOQmdwHhE
Two types of microscope
Light microscopeElectron microscope
https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/class-clips-video/microscopy/znykmfr
What are the 2 types of microscope called?
1. __________________________________________
2. __________________________________________
Light microscopes…..• Use a light source in order to produce an image.
The light passes through the sample, through the lenses into our eyes.
• Have a magnification power of around x1500 • Have a smaller resolving power than electron
microscopes
Electron microscopes….• Use a beam of electrons to produce an
image. Some electrons pass through the sample but some are absorbed. This creates an image on a screen.
• Have a magnification power of around x10,000,000 (makes it bigger)
• Have a larger resolving power than Light Microscopes (can see more detail)
Feature Light Microscope Electron Microscope
Image made by?
Magnification power
Resolution
Complete the comparison table below:
Label the main parts to a light microscope:
Lesson 8 – Unicellular organisms
Learning Outcomes:
Recognise the different types of unicellular organisms.
Explain how they are adapted.
Compare and contrast features of the different types.
We have already discovered that animals and plants are made of many different types of cells. We say these are multicellular organisms.
But there is also another type of living organism, known as unicellularorganisms. We call these micro-organisms, because they are so small you need a microscope to see them!
2 types of unicellular organisms…. Can you spot the differences?
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
There is an organelle that this type of cell does not have – a nucleus
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQ-SMCmWB1s
Prokaryotes
• First organisms on Earth
• The most ________ type of
organism
• No true ___________
• Very few organelles if any
• Examples: ___________
Eukaryotes
• More _______ organisms
• Have many internal organelles
• 200 times __________ than prokaryotes
• Have a true __________
• Examples: euglena, yeast, amoeba, paramecium
1. What is a unicellular organism
2. Name three different unicellular organisms
3. List 3 ways in which unicellular organisms differ from each other.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pR7TNzJ_pA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sn3MTYNe8mM
http://wn.com/euglena_motion
1. What is a unicellular organism
__________________________________________________________________________
2. Name three different unicellular organisms
__________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the 2 types of unicellular organisms
__________________________________________________________________________
4. Describe how some prokaryotes are adapted to carry out photosynthesis
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
5. Describe how prokaryotes are adapted to absorb nutrients from the environment.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
6. How does a euglena get its food?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
7. Describe 3 ways in which unicellular organisms move.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
8. Summarise the main similarities and differences between the different types of
unicellular organisms. _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
Using some of the features of the unicellular organisms you’ve learned
about, create your own unicellular organism. Remember to label it and
explain what the different parts are used for!
Additional Revision Activities
AnswersLesson 1 – check your answers
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iner
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Plenary Answers
AnswersLesson 2 – check your answers
bicepstriceps
hamstrings
gastrocnemius
quadriceps
latissimus dorsi
deltoidpectoral
abdominals
Gluteus maximus
trapezius
Ball and socket 360° Hip
Hinge 180° Elbow
Fixed None Skull
HingeTibia
Femur
Forwards and backwards180◦
Ball and socket
Femur
Pelvis
Many directions360◦
Hinge Humerus Forwards and backwards180◦
Ball and socket
Humerus Many directions360◦
reduce absorber
togethermovements
dislocation
muscle bone
contractsbone
AnswersLesson 3 – check your answers
Muscles work in pairs to create movement. These are called antagonistic pairs. This is where one muscle contracts (the agonist) and one muscle relaxes (the antagonist)
Flexion at the elbow:Agonist is the bicepAntagonist is the tricep
Extension at the elbow:Agonist is the tricepAntagonist is the bicep
AnswersLesson 4 – check your answers
heart
lungs
brain
bones
Arteries/veins
Small intestine
neurones
muscles
Legal Illegal
Caffeine Cocaine
Tobacco Heroin
Alcohol Anabolic Steroids
Glue LSD
Gas Cannabis
Tranquilisers Ecstasy
Aspirin Crack Cocaine
Paracetamol *Mephadrone*
Type of Drug Effect on the body Organs affected Examples
Analgesics Block pain messages, reduce pain Nervous system (brain) Morphine, paracetamol, codeine, aspirin,
Stimulants Increased alertness and energy, increased brain activity and heartrate. A sense of euphoria and talkativeness.
Nervous and circulatory system (heart)
Cocaine, Ecstasy, M-Cat, Crack, Nicotine, caffeine
Hallucinogens Sense of distorted realitySee and hear things that aren’t there
Nervous system (Brain) LSD, Magic Mushrooms
Depressants Relaxed feelings, sleepiness, decreased heart rate and brain activity.
Nervous system (brain), heart
Heroin, ketamine, alcohol, cannabis
AnswersLesson 5 – check your answers
AnswersLesson 6 – check your answers
They have cell walls or They have vacuoles
A
D
AnswersLesson 7 – check your answers
AnswersLesson 8 – check your answers
A living thing made up of a single cell
Amoeba, Protist, Bacteria
Some have:Tails, cell walls, chloroplasts
1. What is a unicellular organismAn organism that is made from only one type of cell2. Name three different unicellular organismsBacteria, amoeba, euglena3. What are the 2 types of unicellular organisms.Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes4. Describe how some prokaryotes are adapted to carry out photosynthesisSome have chloroplasts5. Describe how prokaryotes are adapted to absorb nutrients from the environment.They have a cell membrane to allow substances to enter and leave the cells6. How does a euglena get its food?Makes food using photosynthesis – converting water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen7. Describe 3 ways in which unicellular organisms move?Flagella, pseudopods, using wind8. Summarise the main similarities and differences between the different types of unicellular organisms.Prokaryotes – no nucleus and Eukaryotes have a nucleus