K÷rpŘ-K÷prŘ - Reading in Azerbaijani Using Turkish as a Bridge

köRpü köPrü

Körpü-Köprü: Reading in Azerbaijani

Using Turkish as a Bridge

by

Suzan Özel

köRpü köPrü April 2008

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Körpü-Köprü:

Reading in Azerbaijani Using Turkish as a Bridge

By Suzan Özel

© 2008 The Trustees of Indiana University

All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval, without permission from the publisher. The contents of this publication may, however, be reproduced if they are intended solely for non-profit education use, except in cases where such reproduction may infringe upon entries protected under their own copyrights. All entries from other sources are so indicated.

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CONTENTS köRpü köPrü

Preface vii

Part 1: Contrasting Azerbaijani and Turkish 2 A- Letters and Sounds 3 The Azerbaijani Alphabet 4 Differences in Alphabetic Signs 4 The apostrophe sign ‘ 4 Letter signs 5 The letters ì and e 5 The letter x 6 The letter q 7 The letter ¤ 8 Common sound and sign correspondences 8 CONSONANTS Azerbaijani d --- Turkish t 8 Azerbaijani t --- Turkish d 9 Azerbaijani b --- Turkish p 9 Azerbaijani m --- Turkish b 9 Azerbaijani p --- Turkish b 10 Azerbaijani k --- Turkish g 10 Azerbaijani g --- Turkish ¤ 10 Azerbaijani y --- Turkish ¤ 11 Azerbaijani h- + vowel --- Turkish initial vowel 11 Metathesis: Azerbaijani -rp- --- Turkish -pr-, etc. 11 Azerbaijani -b, -c, -d, -g --- Turkish -p, -â, - t, -k 12 Consonant reduplication: -dd-, -qq-, -yy-, etc. 13 VOWELS Azerbaijani i- ---Turkish y›-/yi- 14 Azerbaijani initial i- --- Turkish initial ›- 14 Azerbaijani initial vowel -Turkish initial y + vowel 15 Azerbaijani a --- Turkish e 15 Azerbaijani e --- Turkish a 15 Azerbaijani e --- Turkish i 16 Azerbaijani e --- Turkish çy 16 Azerbaijani ì --- Turkish a 17 Azerbaijani ì --- Turkish i 18 Azerbaijani › --- Turkish i 18 Azerbaijani › --- Turkish u 18 Azerbaijani i --- Turkish e 19 Azerbaijani i --- Turkish › 19 Azerbaijani i --- Turkish u 19 Azerbaijani i --- Turkish ê 20 Azerbaijani o --- Turkish a 20 Azerbaijani o --- Turkish ç 20 Azerbaijani o --- Turkish u 20

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Azerbaijani ç --- Turkish a 21 Azerbaijani ç --- Turkish e 21 Azerbaijani ç --- Turkish o 21 Azerbaijani ç --- Turkish u 22 Azerbaijani ç --- Turkish ê 22 Azerbaijani u --- Turkish › 22 Azerbaijani ê --- Turkish › 22 Azerbaijani ê --- Turkish i 23 Azerbaijani ê --- Turkish u 23 B- Orthographic Conventions 24 C- The Lexicon 24 Words of Turkic or Altaic origin 24 Borrowings from Persian 25 Words formed with Persian prefixes and suffixes 26 Words of Arabic origin 29 “False Friends” 30 European borrowings 34 Lists of basic words Numerals 35 Days of the week 36 Months 36 Parts of the body 37 Kinship words 38 Colors 39 Miscallenous words 39 D- Noun inflections and function words Personal pronouns and suffixes 40 Possessives 41 Demonstratives 41 Case 42 Interrogatives 43 E- Various expressions and constructions

in comparison and contrast Time 44 Quantity and degree 45 Comparison and degree 46 The reflexive çz 46 Postpositions 46 Questions 48 Yes-no questions 48 Questions with interrogative pronouns 48 Double questions: “or” and “or not” 49 Possibility 49 Verbs 49 Present progressive 50 Habitual present/Indefinite future 50 Present perfect/Evidential 51 Abilitative mode 53 Temporal subordination

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-dIKdE 54 -(y)EndE 54 Relative constructions -(y)En 55 Relative suffix –kI 55 Conjunction ki 53

Part 2: Readings Chapter 1 59 Samples from Print Publications

Chapter 2 67 Schools and Competitions

Chapter 3 79 Education and History

Chapter 4 95 Molla Nasraddin Stories

Chapter 5 109 Molla Nasraddin: The Magazine

Chapter 6 127 Azerbaijan: Geography

Chapter 7 135 The News: National - International

Chapter 8 143 The News: The Arts

Chapter 9 153 Short Biographies

Chapter 10 159 Azerbaijan’s Oil

Bibliography 167

Sources for Texts and Images 168

Answer Key, Chapters 1-5 173

Appendix: Verb Inflection Tables 179

Azerbaijani-English Glossary 213

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köRpü köPrü Preface vii

Preface

KöRpü-KöPrü: Reading Azerbaijani

Using Turkish as a Bridge

The reader was created to provide a shortcut for those with knowledge of Turkish to develope reading fluency in Azerbaijani. In the following paragraph you will learn more about the contents and approach of “köRpü köPrü” that may help you to make good use of this reader. The sections “How we read” and “Becoming a fluent reader” are meant to help to make this learning process effective and meaningful for you.

WHAT YOU WILL FIND IN THIS READER

This work consists of two main sections: Part 1: Azerbaijani and Turkish in Contrast gives an overview of the main differences between the two languages, based on the perceived needs of those who can read Turkish at the intermediate level. Part 2: Readings offers various types of texts that are topically organized and supplemented by brief grammar explanations, glossaries and graded tasks. AZERBAIJANI AND TURKISH IN CONTRAST Many words and phrases presented in the discussion of lexical, morphological, and syntactical issues are taken from the language of the Readings section. This recycling or repetition of words and forms may help you to better remember the new materials. The Contrast can function as both an introduction to principal grammatical features of Azerbaijani, before embarking on the readings Part 2, and for reference when reading the authentic texts. The Contrast section is supplemented by an Appendix, which contains tables with the inflection of verbs for 30 important tenses in Azerbaijani. The verb forms are listed with Turkish equivalents. READINGS köRpü köPrü consists of ten Chapters.

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The Chapters are organized by topics. The topics are chosen with two main goals in mind: to teach you reading in Azerbaijani and to introduce you to some aspects of the culture, life and history of Azerbaijan. Chapters 1-5 are introductory and present a more guided and gradual approach towards understanding Azerbaijani texts, while at the same time drawing your attention to important lexical and structural differences between Azerbaijani and Turkish. Here, the readings are relatively short. Longer passages are broken up into sections, which are accompanied by series of tasks and language notes. Chapters 6-10 offer longer readings with fewer tasks and grammar explanations. In these chapters, you will still have guidance through glossaries and a small number of tasks; however, you will be more “on your own” to prepare you to read texts in Azerbaijani independently. LANGUAGE AND TEXTS The texts presented here are written in the new Latin alphabet that was declared Azerbaijan’s official alphabet in 1992, one year after Azerbaijan became an independent republic. This script replaced the Azerbaijani modified Cyrillic script, which had been in use since 1940. All texts are authentic and were written for native speakers of Azerbaijani. They are representative of the official written language of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The readings are taken from a variety of sources, including handbooks, school books, newspapers, journals, the Internet, and advertisements. You will find that there is a wealth of current reading material available on the Internet because of numerous online newspapers and other websites as well. GLOSSARIES Readings are generally accompanied by glossaries. The English equivalents listed in the glossaries reflect the meaning of a lexical item in the context in which it appears in the reading. Occasionally, an item will be glossed in Azerbaijani if the gloss is a common vocabulary item; see, for example, barìdì below.

nìzdindì attached to yekun final barìdì = haqq›nda

Please note: Try not to rely too much on the glossary when reading a text for the first time. Start by guessing the meaning of words by using contextual information, instead.

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TASKS The tasks or exercises ask you to approach texts with different strategies in order to prepare you to become a fluent reader in Azerbaijani. These strategies include skimming, scanning, and close reading. A large number of tasks is devoted to vocabulary practice, with the objective to develop your lexicon in Azerbaijani. A few tasks focus on grammar practice. These are mostly chosen when certain forms may appear identical but actually function differently in Azerbaijani and Turkish. LANGUAGE NOTES Language notes in yellow boxes give brief explanations and example of select structural and lexical points. As it is assumed that you are familiar with the essentials of Turkish grammar as well as basic Turkish vocabulary, language notes are generally limited to elements whose meaning or form would not be obvious to a speaker of Turkish. These explanations are meant to draw your attention to specific points, without being exhaustive. You will find more information on these grammar items in the Contrast section of this book, which makes up Part 1. In addition, as in the example below, you can consult Çztopâu’s textbook Elementary Azerbaijani*.

The objective case suffix is: -i/-ê/-›/-u for nouns ending in a consonant, -ni/-nê/-n›/-nu for nouns ending in a vowel.

*To learn more about the vowel system, refer to Kurtulué Çztopâu’s Elementary Azerbaijani (p. 105). ANSWER KEY The answer key provides answers to most tasks, especially those with discrete item answers for Chapters 1-5. For more open questions, answers are generally not provided.

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CUMULATIVE GLOSSARY The cumulative glossary lists all of the vocabulary items that appear in the glossary boxes in Chapters 1-10. Again, English glosses refer to the Azerbaijani word in the specific context in which it appears in the readings. For more detailed lexical information, please use a dictionary.

WHO CAN BENEFIT FROM THIS READER?

This reader is designed to help those with an intermediate-level reading proficiency of Turkish to read texts in Azerbaijani. Azerbaijani and Turkish, both members of the Oghuz group of Turkic languages, share a great deal of common linguistic features. However, there are also numerous elements in written Azerbaijani that can make reading comprehension a challenge to the speaker of Turkish, native or non-native. This is especially true for differences in vocabulary use, such as words of Persian and Ottoman origin that are no longer in use in contemporary Turkish. (Please note that a description of the proficiency guidelines for Turkish can be downloaded from: http://www.princeton.edu/~turkish/aatt/ by clicking on the “Publications” tab.)

RECOMMENDED MATERIALS

The linguistic explanations presented in köRpü köPrü focus primarily on the language used in the readings. These notes can be complemented by using the introductory textbook by K. Çztopâu.* While this textbook is intended for learners with no prior knowledge of a Turkic language, you will find a large number of grammar points addressed here included in köRpü köPrü. In addition, you will probably find it useful to consult with works on various aspects of Azerbaijani culture, i.e., country studies, maps, etc. Having a background knowledge of the subject matter plays an important role in successful reading comprehension. *Çztopâu, Kurtulué (2000) Elementary Azerbaijani, Têrk Dilleri Araét›rmalar› Dizisi, 33, Santa Monica & Istanbul.

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TIPS FOR USING THIS READER

If you are using the reader on a computer, increase the viewing size of the text on screen (to 125% or more) by using the “zoom” feature. This should make the texts more readable. Again, when reading a passage, try first to understand as much as possible without the help of the glossary.

HOW WE READ

Reading is normally motivated by a number of different purposes and, therefore, occurs in different ways: • We read to have a general idea of what the text is about, to identify the main ideas of a text. This type of reading is called skimming. • We read and look for specific, discrete information. This is called scanning. • We also read texts thoroughly, processing nearly every word and sentence. This is called a close reading. Readers normally use any of these reading strategies, often in combination, depending on what they are expecting to learn from a text.

BECOMING A FLUENT READER

When reading in a foreign language, the presence of unknown words, forms and contents can be distracting. These factors may look like obstacles to both enjoying reading and gaining fluency in reading. In foreign language learning reading skills, like speaking, are also developed through practice and meaningful tasks. These include skimming, scanning, and close reading. For these reasons it is important to remember that you don’t necessarily have to understand or analyze every single word to benefit from the reading process. If you begin by looking for main ideas (skimming) or specific points (scanning) and practice reading a large number and variety of texts you will gradually develop your reading fluency.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I express my sincere thanks to all who have helped me with this project. William Fierman, Edward Lazzerini, and Kasia Rydel-Johnston, from the Inner Asian and Uralic National Resource Center at Indiana University, have provided inspiration, critique, and financial support through Title VI funds from the U.S. Department of Education. Bilge Çzel, Kurtulué Çztopâu, Nazire ‹skandarova, and William Dirks have reviewed the manuscript and given me valuable feedback on content and methodology. All errors that still remain are mine. I thank Betty Blair from Azerbaijan International for her gracious help with texts and images. Kristoffer Rees did a remarkable job at preparing the manuscript for publication. Finally, I am very grateful to my family members, Chad and Meryem, for their help and support. Suzan Çzel Evansville, Indiana April, 2008

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Part 1: Contrasting Azerbaijani and Turkish

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Part 1 Contrasting Azerbaijani and Turkish Azerbaijani and Turkish are closely related and to a high degree mutually intelligible. Many features of Azerbaijani discussed here are also found in Central and Eastern Anatolian dialects of Turkey, which are in fact closer to Azerbaijani than to standard literary Turkish. The two idioms contrasted here will be, however, the respective standard literary languages of the Republics of Turkey and Azerbaijan, which possess distinct features that can encumber full comprehension. Key features will be discussed below, from the perspective of the Turkish speaker who is reading texts in contemporary Azerbaijani. Azerbaijani and Turkish both belong to the Southwestern or Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages and form its Western sub-branch. Due to the wealth of shared features between the two languages, speakers of Turkish can generally understand most of what they hear or read in Azerbaijani. There exist, nevertheless, a number of linguistic differences that can pose a challenge to comprehension. For speakers of contemporary standard Turkish, the main source of difficulty in decoding written Azerbaijani stems from the differences in vocabulary. In spite of a large stock of words of Turkic and Altaic origin as well as loanwords from Persian and Arabic shared by both languages, the Azerbaijani lexicon contains a substantial number of words that are not understood by most speakers of Turkish. This pool is comprised mainly of additional borrowings from Persian and Arabic, lexical items of Turkic origin, as well as words borrowed from Russian, which also include words from other European languages that entered Azerbaijani via Russian. The borrowings from Persian and Arabic are normally known to older speakers of Turkish, who are still familiar with the Turkish lexicon prior to the language reform that resulted in the removal or delegation to semi-obsolescence of a large portion of words of Persian and Arabic origin. Thus, with respect to this significant pool of lexical items, reading in Azerbaijani is, for the typical younger and middle-aged Turkish speaker, somewhat comparable to reading Turkish texts dating from the first decades of the 20th century. However, the challenges vis-à-vis comprehending Azerbaijani are further augmented by the presence of a greater number of lexical borrowings from Persian. Furthermore, the Azerbaijani lexicon contains words that look similar or identical to Turkish words but do not share the same meaning (See “False Friends” on p. 27). The section titled “Lexicon” is devoted to illustrating these differences in the vocabulary of the two languages.

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Aside from the lexicon, some structural features of Azerbaijani, mostly due to the form and function of verbs and verb constructions, can make full comprehension of written Azerbaijani difficult. Basic aspects of these issues are addressed in the section titled “Verbs.” In addition, verb inflection tables in the Appendix are provided for further assistance. The contrasting notes and lists presented here cover an essential portion of the elements considered “challenging” when someone with an intermediate-level reading proficiency of Turkish embarks on reading in Azerbaijani. There remain numerous items of distinction between the two languages not covered here. Some of these as well as several items discussed in this “Contrast” section are highlighted in the chapters with the “Readings.” The purpose of the contrasting grammar notes below is to prepare the beginning Azerbaijani reader to facilitate the transition from written Turkish to Azerbaijani. A- Letters and Sounds The alphabets of Turkish and Azerbaijani are nearly identical, and the majority of letter-sound correspondences are as well. However, the Azerbaijani alphabet consists of 32 characters and thus has three signs more than the Turkish alphabet: ì, x and q. In the list of characters below only these additional signs and the letter ¤ are highlighted. Notice also how each of the additional three characters appears in the Azerbaijani alphabet next to a character representing a related sound, i.e., ì follows e, x follows h, and q follows k. More examples contrasting the use of these characters can be found in the section titled “Differences in Alphabetic Signs” (pp. 4).


The Azerbaijani Alphabet

Character

Pronunciation

Azerbaijani Example

Character

a l b m c n â o d ç e English lend ev ‘house’, el ‘people’ p Ì English land evlìnmìk ‘to marry’, ìl ‘hand’ r f s g é ¤ [γ] voiced velar fricative; no English

equivalent; like Arabic “ghayn” o¤lan ‘boy’, sa¤ ‘alive, right’ t

h Turkish haz›r haz›r ‘ready’ u x [x]

Scottish loch, German Bach xan›m ‘lady’ ê

› v i y j z k Turkish kim, karamel kim, karamel q

[g] Turkish gaz ‘gas’ [x]

in initial and medial position: qaya ‘rock’, halq›m›z ‘our people’ in final position: aâmaq ‘to open’ Note also: qorxmaq [gorxmax] ‘to fear’

Differences in Alphabetic Signs The apostrophe sign ‘ Although not officially part of the Latin Azerbaijani alphabet, the apostrophe sign is used in some publications. It usually occurs in the place of the “ayn” or “hamza”signs in Arabic loan words and indicates a pause (glottal stop) when following a consonant. When it appears after a vowel, it marks the lengthening of the vowel (e.g., bì’zi ‘some,’ ée’r ‘poem’). The same word may be spelled with or without the apostrophe. Compare also spellings of hey’ìt and mìsul in exercises 4a-4d in Chapter 1.


Letter signs The notes below explain the main characteristics of the sign and sound correspondences for the letters of ì, x and q. In addition, the occurrence of these letters in Azerbaijani words is contrasted with corresponding spellings in Turkish. Note that the correspondences between Azerbaijani and Turkish given in shaded boxes below represent common but not exclusive correspondences. E.g., a word spelled with ì in Azerbaijani for which there exists a formally similar lexical equivalent in Turkish, will not necessarily always feature an e in its Turkish equivalent. Additional likely correspondences between Azerbaijani and Turkish letters will be shown farther below. The vowel represented by the letter sign ì is pronounced lower than e and occurs far more frequently than e. E cannot appear in suffixes. (See ev vs. evlìnmìk in “The Azerbaijani alphabet” above.) As the examples in the following table show, the letter e in a Turkish word can correspond to either ì or e in Azerbaijani.

Azerbaijani e --- Turkish e Azerbaijani ì --- Turkish e

Azerbaijani English Turkish

ev house ev

yeni new yeni

sevimli nice, likeable sevimli

bìlkì maybe belki

bìri since beri

bìrabìr equal; same; joint; togehter

beraber

âìréìnbì Wednesday Âaréamba

âiâìk flower âiâek

ìl hand el

ìylìncì entertainment e¤lence


gìl- caution, attention

gel-

nì what ne

niyì why niye

sìn you sen

éìkil picture; photo resim

The letter x The letter x represents the fricative [x] and is pronounced like the final sounds in Scottish loch and German Bach. Its Turkish orthographic counterparts are h and k. Azerbaijani x --- Turkish h, k


xalq people halk

xoé pleasant hoé

xìstì sick hasta

âox much, many âok

tox full, satiated tok

ox arrow ok

yox (there is) no(t) yok

yaxa collar yaka

yax›n near yak›n

bax- to look bak-


The letter q The character q is pronounced [g], i.e., as a voiced velar stop, in word-initial position. Therefore, ‘qaya’ is pronounced [gaya]. At the end of a word, q is pronounced as the voiceless velar fricative [x], as seen in the pronunciation [aâmax] for the verb form ‘aâmaq.’ The Azerbaijani letter q often corresponds to the Turkish letters k or g. The varying pronunciations of q in Azerbaijani are given in square brackets in the table below.

Azerbaijani q --- Turkish g, k


baéqa [baéga] different baéka

doqquz [dokguz] nine dokuz

haz›rl›q [haz›rl›x] preparation haz›rl›k

qaé [gaé] eyebrow kaé

qaré› [garé›] against karé›

qìlìm [gìlìm] pen kalem

qìzet [gìzet] newspaper gazete

qorx- [gorx-] to fear kork-

qoyun [goyun] sheep koyun

vaqon [vagon] coach vagon

orqan [organ] organ organ

sayq› [sayg›] respect sayg›


The letter ¤ Unlike in standard Turkish, where ¤ is voiceless, in Azerbaijani the ¤ is realized as a voiced sound [γ]. As in Turkish, ¤ does not occur in word-initial position. It appears in word-final position only with one-syllable words.


a¤ [aγ] white ak

a¤›l [aγ›l] mind ak›l

ba¤âa [baγâa] garden bahâe

dal¤a [dalγa] wave dalga

do¤ru [doγru] true; towards do¤ru [do:ru]

ié¤al [iéγal] occupation iégal

sa¤ [saγ] right; alive sa¤ [sa:]

coé¤un [coéγun] excited coékun

â›l¤›n [â›lγ›n] hot-tempered â›lg›n

qar¤a [garγa] crow karga

Common sound and sign correspondences CONSONANTS The following are examples of differences in the consonants in Azerbaijani in contrast to Turkish. These correspondences, while common, do not manifest themselves in all instances. Thus, they represent possible, yet not always predictable differences for Azerbaijani-Turkish pairs. Azerbaijani d --- Turkish t


daban heel taban

dad taste tat


daé stone taé

Daékìnd Tashkent Taékent

daé›- to carry taé›-

dìrzi tailor terzi

duz salt tuz

Azerbaijani t --- Turkish d


tik- to erect, build; to sew dik-

toxun- to touch dokun-

toxu- to weave doku-

tçk- to pour dçk-

Azerbaijani b --- Turkish p


bazar market pazar

barmaq finger parmak

bahal› expensive pahal›

sìbìt basket sepet

Azerbaijani m --- Turkish b


mìn I ben

min thousand bin


minici rider binici

moncuq bead boncuk

kimi like; as gibi

Azerbaijani p --- Turkish b


poz- to break boz-

Azerbaijani k --- Turkish g


keâir- to pass geâir-

kçâ- to move gçâ-

kçks breast; bosom; chest

gç¤ês

kçlgì shadow gçlge

kçnêl heart, soul gçnêl

kçynìk shirt gçlge

kêyêltê tumult; noise gêrêltê

Azerbaijani g --- Turkish ¤


cigìr lung; liver ci¤er

digìr ither di¤er

ìgìr if e¤er


Azerbaijani y --- Turkish ¤


bìyìn- to like be¤en-

ciyìr lung; liver ci¤er

deyil is not de¤il

dìyié- to change de¤ié-

dêymì button dê¤me

dêyên wedding dê¤ên

ìylìncì entertainment e¤lence

iynì needle i¤ne

iyrìnc disgusting i¤renâ

çyrìn- to learn ç¤ren-

soyuk cold so¤uk

Azerbaijani h-+ vowel --- Turkish initial vowel


heyva quince ayva

hêrk- to be frightened êrk-

hçrêmâìk spider çrêmcek

Azerbaijani -rp-, ... --- Turkish –pr-, … Metathesis, or the occurrence of sounds in a different order within a word, is a distinguishing feature between some Turkish and Azerbaijani pairs:



ìskik missing; lacking Eksik

kçrpê bridge Kçprê

torpaq soil Toprak

têstê smoke Têtsê

yarpaq leaf Yaprak

â›lpaq naked â›plak

çskêr- to cough çksêr-

irìli forward Ileri

Azerbaijani -b, -c, -d, -g --- Turkish -p, -â, -t, -k In many instances words ending in unvoiced stops –p, -â, -t, -k in Turkish, are written with the voiced equivalents in Azerbaijani. They are, however, generally pronounced voiceless, i.e., kita[p], a¤a[â], etc.


corab sock; stocking âorap

kitab book kitap

mìktìb school mektep (okul)*

a¤ac tree a¤aâ

borc debt borâ

âìkic hammer âekiâ

gìnc young genâ

gêc strength gêâ


sêd milk sêt

bulud cloud bulut

rìng color renk

*When a more commonly used word exists in Turkish, as is the case with many words of Arabic and Persian origin, this will be given in parentheses. Consonant reduplication: -dd-, -qq-, -yy-, etc. Some words that have a single consonant in Turkish, feature double consonants in Azerbaijani.


add›m step ad›m

sìkkiz eight sekiz

doqquz nine dokuz

saqqal beard sakal

saqq›z chewing gum sak›z

toqqa belt (Az.); buckle (Tr.)

toka

yeddi seven yedi

eééìk donkey eéek

ìdìbiyyat literature edebiyat

hìdiyye present, gift hediye

nìqliyyat transportation nakliyat


VOWELS The following are examples of common differences in the vowels. These correspondences, while common, do not manifest themselves in all instances. The examples provided below represent, therefore, possible but not always predictable pairs.

Azerbaijani i- --- Turkish y›- / yi- The sequence /y›l-/ in word-initial position in Turkish, does not exist in Azerbaijani.


il year y›l

illik annual y›ll›k

ilan snake y›lan

ild›r›m lightning y›ld›r›m

igid brave yi¤it

itir- to lose yitir-

Azerbaijani initial i- --- Turkish initial ›- In Azerbaijani /›/ does not appear word initially.


il›q warm, temperate

›l›k

ié›q light ›é›k

isin- to warm ›s›n-

islaq wet ›slak


Azerbaijani initial vowel --- Turkish initial y + vowel


iyirmi twenty yirmi

udum gulp yudum

ulduz star y›ld›z

êrìk heart yêrek

êz face yêz

êz-êzì face-to-face yêz yêze

êzêk ring yêzêk

Azerbaijani a --- Turkish e


alma apple elma

cavab answer cevap

maraq intererst merak

piyada on foot (Az.), foot soldier (Tr.) piyade

yaé›l green yeéil

Azerbaijani e --- Turkish a In words of Persian and Arabic origin, an e may appear in Azerbaijani, where the Turkish counterpart has an a.



eyib shame(ful) ay›p

ey’ni same; identical ayn›

heyvan animal hayvan

heyran amazed (Az.); admiring (Tr.) hayran

Azerbaijani e --- Turkish i


elan announcement, advertisement

ilan

elm science ilim (bilim)

emal production imal (êretim)

etibaren since, from itibaren

get- to go git-

geyim clothing giyim

heâ no (ne) hiâ

deyì saying diye

Azerbaijani e --- Turkish çy


elì like that çyle

elìcì (dì) thus; consequently çylece (de)

belì like this, that bçyle


Azerbaijani ì --- Turkish a In words of Persian and Arabic origin, often an ì appears in Azerbaijani, where the Turkish counterpart has an a.


diqqìt caution, attention dikkat

ìlaqì link; connection alaka

ìrìb Arab Arap

ìrìbcì Arabic Arapâa

fìaliyyìt activity faaliyet

fìrq difference fark

hìftì green hafta

xìyat life hayat

xìritì map harita

qìbul elì- to accept kabul et-

qìrar decision karar

qìsìbì town kasaba

mìlumat information malumat

mêsìbiqì competition mêsabaka

sìbir patience sab›r

sìnìt art sanat

sìtir line (of text) sat›r


éìrq east éark (do¤u)

tìhsil education tahsil (ç¤renim; ç¤retim)

tìlìbì student talebe (ç¤renci)

vìtìn homeland vatan

Compare also the following sets of vowel pairs:

Azerbaijani ì --- Turkish i


bìlkì maybe bìlki

ìlac remedy; way out (Az).; medicine (Tr.)

ilaâ

Azerbaijani › --- Turkish i


â›zg› line âizgi

Azerbaijani › --- Turkish u


karp›z watermelon

karpuz

qab›q skin; crust kabuk


Azerbaijani i --- Turkish e


cip pocket cep

nifrìt disgust; hate nefret

riâal jam reâel

Azerbaijani i --- Turkish › Similarly, Azerbaijani may have an e where the Turkish counterpart has an a.


civì mercury c›va

civilti chirp; twittle c›v›lt›

âinar plane tree â›nar

xatirì memory hat›ra

qiymìtli precious k›ymetli

sifìt adjective s›fat

sinif class s›n›f

sirr secret, mystery

s›r

Azerbaijani i --- Turkish u


divar wall duvar


Azerbaijani i --- Turkish ê


kiâik small kêâêk

âênki because âênkê

Azerbaijani o --- Turkish a


hovuz pool havuz

ovâu hunter avc›

dovéan rabbit tavéan

toyuq chicken tavuk

Azerbaijani o --- Turkish ç


kosa beardless, thin-bearded man

kçse

Azerbaijani o --- Turkish u


dodaq lip dudak

oyanmaq to wake up uyanmak


Azerbaijani ç --- Turkish a


hçvzì basin havza

\tçvsiyì recommendation

tavsiye

Azerbaijani ç --- Turkish e


dçvlìt state devlet

lçvhì sign levha

mçvcud present, existing

mevcut

mçvsêm season mevsim

mçvzu subject, topic mevzu

çvlad child evlat

zçvq pleasure zevk

Azerbaijani ç --- Turkish o


nçqsan deficiency noksan


Azerbaijani ç --- Turkish u


mçhtìéìm grand; magnificent muhteéem

éçbì section (Az.); branch (Tr.)

éube

Azerbaijani ç --- Turkish ê


bçyêk big bêyêk

gçyìrâin dove gêvercin

gçzìl beautiful gêzel

hçkmdar ruler hêkêmdar

hçrmìt respect hêrmet

çgey step (child, etc.) êvey

Azerbaijani u --- Turkish ›


buraxmaq let; permit b›rakmak

Azerbaijani ê --- Turkish ›


fêrsìt opportunity f›rsat


Azerbaijani ê --- Turkish i


éêéì glass (Az.); bottle (Tr.)

éiée

têlkê fox tilki

tìhlêkì danger tehlike

êâên for iâin

êsyan rebellion isyan

Azerbaijani ê --- Turkish u


hêdud border hudut

hêquq law; right hukuk

mêavin assistant muavin

mêìllim teacher muallim (ç¤retmen)

mêqayisì comparison mukayese (karé›laét›rma)

mêqìddìs sacred mukaddes

êfêq horizon ufuk

êmum general; public umum


B- Orthographic Conventions Languages and nationalities are not capitalized. Suffixes added to proper nouns are not separated by an apostrophe. The interrogative particle mI is attached to the predicate. The abilitative marker and personal endings are written separately. Azìrbaycanca Têrkâe Mìn amerikal›yam. Ben Amerikal›’y›m. Dostum iranl›d›r. Arkadaé›m ‹ranl›. (/ ‹ranl›’d›r.) Biz ingiliscì dan›é›r›q. Biz ‹ngilizce konuéuyoruz. Bak› Azìrbaycandad›r. Bakê Azerbaycan’dad›r. Bak›da dostunuz varm›? Bakê’de arkadaé›n›z var m›? Gìlì bildik. Gelebildik. Yaza bilìrìm. Yazabilirim. C- The Lexicon Azerbaijani and Turkish share a large vocabulary formed primarily from Turkic, other Altaic, Arabic, Persian and European elements. However, there are also many words that Azerbaijani does not have in common with Turkish. Moreover, similar looking words often have different meanings or are used with different connotations or belong to different registers, i.e., variations in word choice speakers make due to language use in different styles and contexts. Words of Turkic or Altaic origin In the Azerbaijani lexicon there exist words from Turkic or Altaic stock that are either not part of the standard Turkish lexicon or have only limited and specialized use in Turkish.


bala small child (bebek)*

uéaq child, baby uéak: male servant; (âocuk)

otaq room ota¤: large traditional tent; (oda)

od fire od: (poet. ‘fire’); (ateé)

*Words in parenthesis represent the modern Turkish equivalent of the Azerbaijani entry, i.e., where Azerbaijani uses “bala,” Turkish would use “bebek.”


yaxé› good (iyi)

tap- to find to worship; (bul-)

tapé›r- to assign; charge (yêkle-; havale et-)

çzgì (an)other çzge (arch.); (baéka)

sar› towards; yellow sar›: yellow

kêlìk wind (rêzgar; yel)

hêndêr high (yêksek)

Borrowings from Persian Azerbaijani possesses a far larger number of words of Persian origin than Turkish in its basic lexicon. The Turkish equivalents in parentheses underscore the lexical differences here.


bìli yes; sure (tamam; tabii)

azad free (çzgêr; hêr)

bìdii art; artistic (sanat; sanatsal)

zìng et-/vur- to make a phone call

(telefon et-)

dìrc et- to publish (yay›nla-/yay›mla-)

kçmìk help (yard›m)

xahié et- to ask, request (iste-, talep et-)

tamaéa performance; show (gçsteri)

éagird pupil, student (ç¤renci)

kêâì street (sokak)


Words formed with Persian prefixes and suffixes Words bearing affixes borrowed from Persian further enlarge the pool of borrowings. They are normally attached to other words from Persian or Arabic. bi- ‘without’; ‘-less’ In Turkish, the words formed with bi- often have a similar meaning as their Azerbaijani counterparts but are not as commonly used in everyday speech due to the prevalence of the suffix –sIz. In Azerbaijani, in contrast, both types, derivations with bi- and –sIz, are used with the same frequency. bi- ‘without’; ‘-less’

Azerbaijani English

biâarì poor; unhappy

bifayda useless; in vain

biiman without faith

bikar unemployed; free

biqêsur flawless

biqìrar impatient; restless

-dar ‘holding, administering’

Azerbaijani English

ìmìkdar honored

hìbìrdar well-informed

hçkmdar ruler

icarìdar leaseholder

maldar cattle breeder

mìhsuldar productive

sìhmdar joint-stock company


-daé ‘fellow, participant’

Azerbaijani English

ìmìkdaé colleague; co-worker

hìm- ‘same’

Azerbaijani English

hìmdin co-religionist

hìmkar co-worker; colleague

hìmmìna synonymous

hìmrìng of the same color

hìmsìrhìd sharing a border

hìmyaé of the same age

-xana ‘house’ Azerbaijani English

âayxana teahouse

hìbsxana prison

xìstìxana hospital

kitabxana library

mehmanxana hotel

-kar ‘doing’ Azerbaijani English

hevìskar amateur; enthusiast

gênahkar guilty


pìrìstiékar admirer; fan

sahibkar owner; entrepreneur

kem- ‘little Azerbaijani English

keméirin half-sweet

kemiétaha little appetite

-keé ‘pulling; bearing’ Azerbaijani English

zìhmìtkeé (hard)working

na- ‘not, un-‘ Azerbaijani English

naêmid hopeless

namêmkên impossible

narahat worried; uneasy

natamam unfinished; inconmplete

naxoé not well; sick

-pìrìst ‘venerating; adhering to’ Azerbaijani English

xìyalpìrìst dreamer

qanunpìrìst keeping to the letter of the law


-éinas/-éênas ‘knowing” Azerbaijani English

éìrqéênas student/expert of the Middle East

diléênas linguist

xalqéênas ethnographer

Words of Arabic origin While borrowings from Arabic play an important role in both languages, they are used in far greater number in Azerbaijani than in Turkish. The following table shows words of daily use in Azerbaijani that originate from the Arabic language. The more commonly used word in modern Turkish appears in parentheses.


beynìlxalq,

beynìlmilìl international

(uluslararas›; milletleraras›)

hadisì event (olay)

ictimai social (toplumsal)

iétirak participation (kat›l›m)

mìlumat information (bilgi)

mêavin assistant muavin (yard›mc›)

mêìllim teacher (ç¤retmen)

mìqsìd purpose; intention

(amaâ; maksat)

nìér publication (yay›n)

nìticì result (sonuâ; netice)


sual question (soru)

xêsusilì especially (çzellikle)

A frequent composition occurs with the Arabic word qeyri meaning ‘other’ that negates the second element of the compound.

Azerbaijani English

qeyri-dçzêmlê impatient

qeyri-elmi unscientific

qeyri-ixtiyari instinctively

qeyri-tabii unnatural

qeyri-memnun dissatisfied

qeyri-ciddi not serious

“False Friends” Numerous words in Azerbaijani and Turkish look similar but have a markedly different meaning and can be a source of confusion. Some pairs show a recognizable relationship but only overlap partially in meaning and use.

Azerbaijani English Turkish English

qonaq guest konak mansion

sa¤ olun thank you; goodbye

sa¤ olun thank you

tìzì new taze fresh

maraql› interesting merakl› curious

dan›é- to speak dan›é- to consult; ask advice

gçzlì- to wait gçzle- to observe

bazarl›q elì- to shop pazarl›k et- to bargain


tap- to find tap- to worship

qurtar- to finish kurtar- to rescue

âat- to arrive, reach; to gain; to accomplish

âat- to attach, fasten; to attack, scold

çt- to pass çt- to chirp

çtêé- to race çtêé- to chirp, sing together (birds)

cêcì chick; poultry cêce dwarf

hìyìcan alarm; anxiety heyecan excitement

canavar wolf canavar monster, beast

q›â leg k›â behind (body part)

sìmt direction, orientation; region

semt neighborhood; district

kìnd village kent city

Some words in Azerbaijani are formed by such familiar elements as the –lI, -âI or –(y)Ié suffixes, yet the same are not used in Turkish to convey the concept in question. Or, as in ayaqyal›n and yal›nayak (see below), the members of a compound appear in reverse order. In other cases, Azerbaijani may use components that exist in Turkish as well. However, these can form compositions in Azerbaijani that either do not exist in Turkish in the same form (e.g. baéa dêé-, see below) or are not used as commonly. Forming words with the help of suffixes often yields words with different notions. Compare some examplescontaining the root “do¤-“ in the following list. In the table below, you will find the Azerbaijani and Turkish equivalents, respectively, of the English items in the center column.


aâar key anahtar

aileli married evli (aileli: ‘with family’)

dçrdadaml›q (for) four people dçrt kiéilik


sorué- to ask sor- (sorué-‘investigate’)

fikirlìé- to ponder, think dêéên-

â›x›é performance, presentation; exit

gçsteri; sunum

baéa dêé- to understand anla-

haz›rlaé- to get ready haz›rlan-

itìlì- to push it-

gçzlì- to wait bekle-

yaz›â›* writer; author yazar (yaz›c›: ‘printer’)

do¤- to give birth do¤ur-**

do¤ur- to cause; to raise; to provoke

to cause; to raise; to provoke

do¤ulma gênê birthday do¤um gênê, yaé gênê

anadan ol-, do¤ul- to be born do¤-, dênyaya gel-

ayaqyal›n barefoot yal›nayak

qìlbitemiz good-hearted temizkalpli

tan›é ol- to meet; to get to know

tan›é-

êzêgêlìr cheerful; joyous; friendly

gêleryêzlê

orta hesabla on average ortalama (olarak)

*Note that the equivalent of the Turkish suffix –cI, is –âI in Azerbaijani, producing nouns as: yalanâ› (‘lier’), âçrìkâi (‘baker’), and denizâi (‘sailor; seaman’). **Do¤urmaq means, in Azerbaijani: “to cause; to raise; to provoke,” not to give birth to a human or animal. In Turkish, this verb’s meanings encompass both the notion of giving birth and those figurative meanings listed for Azerbaijani.


Other similar looking forms have significantly different meanings and thus can be counted with the group of “False friends” mentioned above (see page 30). For some items, there is a distinct semantic overlap, i.e., some meanings are shared, yet, it is not always the primary meaning of a word that is common to both languages.

Azerbaijani English Turkish English

bìrabìr equal; same; joint; together; near

beraber together

dêé- to fall; get off (a bus, etc.); land (for a plane, etc.)

dêé- to fall

doland›r- to turn over; take care of; provide

doland›r- to cheat, swindle

dêz straight; correct (dêz cavab = correct answer)

dêz straight; even; flat

kêpì jug; pitcher kêpe earring

sêmêk bone sêmêk mucus (of the nose)

sêmêklê bony sêmêklê snotty

ênvan address ênvan title

ìrik apricot erik plum (apricot = kay›s›)

dal back; hind part dal branch

daldan-dala later; afterwards daldan dala from branch to branch

ax›r end ah›r stable (for animals)

qabaq pumpkin; front kabak pumpkin, gourd

sar› yellow; toward sar› yellow

âirk dirt âirkin ugly


European borrowings The Azerbaijani lexicon contains Russian words, as well as words from other European languages that have entered through Russian, most notably from German. While both languages have loanwords from French, in the Azerbaijani lexicon, the same French word was often assimilated differently (e.g., see éofer below). Examples of words of European origin in Azerbaijani.


état state eyalet

Kaliforniya état›

the State of California

Kaliforniya Eyaleti

maé›n car araba

marafon marathon maraton

noyabr November Kas›m

avtobus bus otobês

simvol symbol sembol

obyekt object obje

kostyum costume kostêm

stol table masa

élyapa hat éapka

éofer chauffeur; driver

éofçr

poâtxana post office postane

konsulxana consulate konsolosluk

valyuta foreign currency dçviz

alkoqol alcohol alkol


butulka bottle éiée

kvadrat square kare

abzas paragraph paragraf

qalstuk necktie kravat

In addition, the number of borrowings from English have rapidly increased in recent times: e.g., klip, kompêter, mobil telefon, summit/sammit, éou-program, web sayt›. Lists of basic words Numerals The table lists those numerals which are different in spelling or otherwise from the Turkish equivalents.

Azerbaijani Numeral Turkish

dçrd 4 dçrt

yeddi 7 yedi

sìkkiz 8 sekiz

doqquz 9 dokuz

iyirmi 20 yirmi

q›rx 40 k›rk

ìlli 50 elli

sìksìn, hìétad 80 seksen

doxsan 90 doksan

min 1000 bin

More about numbers: 125 yêz iyirmi beé 1997 min doqquz yêz doxsan yeddi

The combination of “half” with a number is expressed as follows:


beé yar›m (Az.), beé buâuk (Tr.), “five and a half” Az. Tr. Engl.

Ordinal numbers: Neâìnâi? Kaâ›nc›? Which? (What?) - Dçrdêncê. - Dçrdêncê. - The fourth.

20 sayl› 20 numara (with the) number 20

ikiillik iki y›ll›k; iki yaé›nda two-year; two years old

minillik biny›l millennium

beéyaél› beé yaé›nda five-year old Days of the week


birinci gên, bazar ertìsi Monday Pazartesi ikinci gên, âìréìnbì axéam› Tuesday Sal› êâêncê gên, âìréìnbì Wednesday Âaréamba dçrdêncê gên, cêmì axéam› Thursday Peréembe beéinci gên, cêmì Friday Cuma alt›nc› gên, éìnbì

Saturday Cumartesi

bazar

Sunday Pazar

Months


yanvar January Ocak

fevral February Éubat

mart March Mart

aprel April Nisan


may May May›s

iyun June Haziran

iyul July Temmuz

avqust August A¤ustos

sentyabr September Eylêl

oktyabr October Ekim

noyabr November Kas›m

dekabr December Aral›k

Parts of the body


baé head baé

gçz eye gçz

burun nose burun

a¤›z mouth a¤›z

dil tongue dil

dodaq lip dudak

qulaq ear kulak

êz face yêz

yanaq cheek yanak

b›q mustache b›y›k

saqqal beard sakal

bìdìn body vêcut; beden

qol arm kol

âiyin shoulder omuz

dçé; sinì; kçks chest gç¤ês


ìl hand el

barmaq finger parmak

q›â leg bacak

ayaq foot ayak

sêmêk bone kemik

kêrìk back s›rt

mìdì stomach mi¤de

êrìk heart kalp; yêrek

Kinship words


ana mother anne

ata father baba

arvad wife kar›; eé

ìr husband koca; eé

yoldaé spouse eé

qardaé brother erkek kardeé

bac› sister k›z kardeé

k›z daughter k›z

o¤ul son o¤ul

xala maternal aunt teyze

bibi paternal aunt hala

day› maternal uncle day›

ìmi paternal uncle amca

nìnì grandmother anneanne; babaanne; bêyêk anne; nine

baba grandfather dede; bêyêk baba


See also: uéaq child; baby bala baby; infant; child qad›n woman adam; kiéi man q›z girl o¤lan boy ailì family qohum relative qohum-qardaé relatives adam; éìxs; nìfìr

person

Colors Azerbaijani English Turkish

a¤ white beyaz; ak

qara black siyah; kara

q›rm›z› red k›rm›z›

yaé›l green yeéil

gçy blue mavi

sar› yellow sar›

âìhray› pink pembe

grey grey gri

Miscallenous words


it dog kçpek

piéik cat kedi

âçrìk bread ekmek

istiot pepper biber

âax›r; éìrab wine éarap


pivì beer bira

stìkan glass bardak

eynìk eye glasses gçzlêk

âìtir umbrella éemsiye

mìnzil apartment daire

kìndli villager; peasant kçylê; âiftâi

pul money para

D-Noun inflections and function words Personal pronouns and suffixes

Azerbaijani examples

mìn -(y)Em: -(y)ìm, -(y)am azìriyìm yor¤unam

sìn -sEn: -sìn, -san azìrisìn yor¤unsan

o -dIr: -dir, -d›r, -dur, -dêr azìridir yor¤undur

biz -(y)IK: -(y)ik, -(y)›q, -(y)êk, -(y)uq azìriyik yor¤unuq

siz -sInIz: -siniz-, -s›n›z, -sênêz, -sunuz azìrisiniz yor¤unsunuz

onlar -dIrlEr: -dirlìr, -d›rlar, -dêrlìr, -durlar azìridirlìr yor¤undurlar

Turkish Examples

ben -(y)Im Azeriyim yorgunum

sen -sIn Azerisin yorgunsun

o (-DIr) Azeri(dir) yorgun

biz -(y)Iz Azeriyiz yorgunuz

siz -sInIz Azerisiniz yorgunsunuz

onlar -(DIr)(lEr) Azeri(dir)(ler) yorgun(dur)(lar)


Note: The plural suffix is –lìr or –lar. The first person plural ending alternates between a final –k and –q,

i.e., tìlìbìyik, ‘ we are students,’ and azadaq,‘we are free,’ yor¤unuq, ‘we are tired.’

Negation uses deyil: tìlìbì deyilìm ‘I am not a student’ The symbol E, used to indicate the 2-way vowel harmony in

Azerbaijani, represents the vowels ì and a. Various tenses are formed with the verbal stem i-: Bçyêk imié; bural›

deyil imié; hava gênìéli idi; orada hìkim yox idi; mìktìbdì deyil idim. In Turkish, the contracted forms are normally used: bêyêkmêé; de¤ilmié; gêneéliydi, yoktu, etc.

Possessives Azerbaijani has the same possessive suffixes and possessive construction as Turkish. mìnim evim, sìnin dostun, bizim evlìrimiz, onlar›n dostlar›, etc. Demonstratives Azerbaijani and Turkish demonstrative pronouns are identical.


bu this bu

o that o

bunlar these bunlar

onlar those onlar


Case Azerbaijani uses mostly the same case endings as Turkish. However, there are some differences in ‘buffer’ consonants and consonant assimilation. Compare the highlighted letters with the Turkish equivalents.

Azerbaijani examples

Nominative __ mektub âanta çrdìk

Genitive -(n)In mektubun âantan›n çrdìyin

Dative -(y)E mektuba âantaya çrdìyì

Objective -(n)I mektubu âantan› çrdìyi

Locative -dE mektubda âantada çrdìkdì

Ablative -dEn mektubdan âantadan çrdìkdìn

Turkish examples

Nominative __ mektup âanta çrdek

Genitive -(n)In mektubun âantan›n çrde¤in

Dative -(y)E mektuba âantaya çrde¤e

Objective -(y)I mektubu âantay› çrde¤i

Locative -DE mektupta âantada çrdekte

Ablative -DEn mektuptan âantadan çrdekten

Personal pronouns in the dative case Note that in Azerbaijani the front vowel is retained mìn and sìn are used in the dative.

Azerbaijani (dative case)

Turkish (dative case)

mìn mìnì ben bana

sìn sìnì sen sana


Interrogatives


kim who kim

nì what ne

hans› which hangi

haâan when ne zaman

harada where nerede

necì how nas›l

neâì how much,

many ne kadar, kaâ

neâìnâi which, what kaâ›nc›

Mìnim on bir yaé›m var. I am eleven years old. O balan›n neâì yaé› var? How old is that child? - Sìkkiz yaé› var. - It is eight years old.

Notice the declension of hara ‘where’

Azerbaijani Turkish

Nominative hara nere

Genitive haran›n nerenin

Dative hara(ya) nereye

Objective haran› nerenin

Locative har(a)da ner(e)de

Ablative har(a)dan ner(e)den


more question forms haral› from where nereli

neâìyì for how much kaâa

ne qìdìr how much ne kadar

ne cêr what kind ne biâim, ne têr

nì êâên why niâin

niyì why niye

nìâi what (for occupation)

neci

nì zaman when ne zaman

E- Various expressions and constructions in comparison and contrast

time Azerbaijani English Turkish

dên; dênìn yesterday dên

sra¤agên the day before

yesterday (bir) çnceki gên

hìr gên every day her gên

bêtên gênê all day bêtên gên (boyunca)

indi now éimdi

hìmiéì always hep

sabah tomorrow yar›n

sìhìr; sabah morning sabah

tìz-tìz often s›k s›k

tìzliklì soon yak›nda

gìlìn dìfì next time gelecek sefer

ax›r›nc› dìfì the last time son defa


indiyìdìk until now éimdiye kadar

iyirmi dìqiqìyì for twenty minutes yirmi dakikal›¤›na

iki saatdan sonra in two hours iki saat sonra

quantity and degree Azerbaijani Example English

hìr hìr gên every day

hìr yerdìn from everywhere

ham› ham› all; everybody

evlìrin ham›s› all houses

ham›s›ndan from all

ham›s›n› sevirìm I like them all

hìrì hìrì everyone

evlìrin hìrìsi each of the houses

hìrìni gçrdêm I saw each one

heâ heâ

heâ zad; heâ nì;

heâ bir éey

never, nothing, not at all

anything, nothing

heâ kim(sì); heâ (bir) kìs anybody; no one, nobody

heâ yerdì nowhere

bìzi bìzi adamlar some people

art›q art›q vaxt more time

hìmin hìmin the very same; exactly

hìmin çlkìlìrdì in the same/those countries

o biri o biri tìrìfdì on the other side


comparison and degree

Example English

kimi ‘like’ éêéì kimi bir éey something like glass

onun kimi like her/him

daha bu daha yaxé› this is better

-- onun ota¤› seninkindìn bçyêkdêr

his/her room is bigger than yours

ìn o alma ìn éirindir that apple is the sweetest

lap Ìli lap gêclêdêr Ali is very strong

the reflexive öz Azerbaijani Example English

çz self, own

çzêm gçrdêm I saw it myself

o çzê mêìllimdir he (emphatic) is a teacher

sìn çzên onlara zìng vur call them yourself

çz maé›n› ilì gìlib she came with her own car

çz-çzêmì dedim I said to myself

Note: Azerbaijani uses çz where mostly kendi would be used in Turkish.

postpositions Azerbaijani and Turkish have many postpositions in common. However, some are unique to Azerbaijani and some that will look familiar can behave differently with regard to sentence structure and meaning. barìdì ‘about’ Bìlkì bu barìdì sìn mìnì kçmìk edìsìn? Maybe you could help me with this? Éìrifov 2002-2003 tìdris ilindì mìktìbdì gçrêlmêé iélìr, tìdrisin keyfiyyìti barìdì mìlumat verib. Éarifov gave information about the work accomplished at the school during the 2002-2003 school year and the quality of the instruction.


Kìndlilìrdìn kartoflar›n harada yetidédirilmìsi barìdì soruéur. S/he is asking the villagers where the potatos are grown. kimi ‘like, as’ O deyìn kimi edìk. Let’s do as s/he said. Ìli mìni gçrìn kimi gêldê. Ali laughed as soon as he saw me. / Ali saw me and laughed. Tehran Bak›n› Avropa mallar›n›n ‹raqa daé›nmas›nda tranzit çlkì kimi iétirìkì dìvìt edir. Tehran is inviting Baku to participate in the transportation of European goods to Iraq as country of transit. ---Also: ‘towards, up to, until’ Axéama kimi towards/until the evening gçrì ‘according to, thanks to, since, because’ «Ata yurdu» tìkcì mìzmununa gçrì deyil, quruluéca da sìnin ìvvìllìr oxudu¤un dìrsliklìrdìn fìrqlìnir. Ata yurdu differs from textbooks you have read earlier, not only because of its contents but also because of its structure. Diqqìtinizì gçrì sa¤ olun. Thank you for your attention. sar› ‘towards’ Aybìnizin evinì sar› gedir. S/he is going towards Aybeniz’ house. êâên ‘for’ Maraql› maé›n› gçrmìk êâên tez-tez kêâìyì â›xd›m. I quickly went out to the street to see the interesting. ---êâên can be attached to the preceding noun and thus can appear as follows: Birinci sinif éagirdlìrinin mìktìb, dìrsliklìr, mêìllimlìri barìdìki tììssêrat› bizimâên hìmiéì maraql› olub. The impressions of the first-year students about the school, the textbooks, and their teachers has always been interesting for us. Kiminâên? For whom?


Questions Yes-no questions Yes-no questions can be formed with or without the question particle in Azerbaijani. When m› is not used, the question is asked with rising intonation.


Vaxt›n var? Do you have time? __

Vaxt›n varm›? Do you have time? Vaktin var m›?

Bu yaponcad›r? Is this Japanese? __

Bu yaponcad›rm›? Is this Japanese? Bu Japonca m›(d›r)?

O iédìdir? Is s/he at work? __

O iédìdirmi? Is s/he at work? O iéte mi(dir)?

Kamal bìy getmié? Has Kemal Bey gone? __

Kamal bìy getmiémi? Has Kemal Bey gone? Kemal Bey gitmié mi?

Siz tìlìbìsiniz? Are you a student? __

Siz tìlìbìsinizmi? Are you a student? Siz talebe misiniz?

Siz tìlìbì deyilsiniz? Are you not a student? __

Siz tìlìbì deyilsinizmi? Are you not a student? Siz talebe de¤il misiniz?

Hava istidirmi? Is the weather warm? Hava s›cak m›(d›r)?

Kitabxana buradan uzaqd›rm›?

Is the library far from here?

Kêtêphane buradan uzak m›(d›r)?

Baxabilìrsìnmi? Could you look? Bakabilir misin?

Âçrìk almaq êâên tez gedìcìyikmi?

Will you go early to get bread?

Ekmek almak iâin erken gidecek miyiz?

Bak›n› bìyìndiniz? Did you like Baku? __

Questions with interrogative pronouns

Nìdìndir? ‘Why (is that)?’ Niyì belìdir? ‘Why is it so?’


Neâìyìdir? ‘How much is it/does it cost?’ Film nì vaxt qurtar›r? ‘When is the film ending?’ Siz xarada iélìyirsiniz? ‘Where do you work?’ O xaradad›r? ‘Where is s/he?’ İl hardan gəldi, hara getdi, ‘Where did the year come from, where did it heâ bilmədik. go, we have no idea.’ (Said at the beginning of a new year.)

Double questions, i.e., questions with “or”

“or” questions Siz Bak›da yaéay›rs›z, ya Gìncìdì? Do you live in Baku or in Ganja? Hìsìn bizì gelìcìk, ya Éirin? Will Hasan visit us or Shirin? Sìn ikinci s›n›fta oxuyursan, ya êâêncê? Are you in second or third grade? “or not” questions Bu sìnin kitab›nd›r, yoxsa yox? Is this your book or not? Q›z›n›z mêxìndisdir, yoxsa yox? Is your daughter an engineer or not? Bizimlì gìlìcìksìn, yoxsa yox? You will come with us or won’t you?

Possibility Bugên muzeyì getmìk mêmkêndêr? Is it possible to go to the museum today? Operaya necì getmìk olar? How can I go to the opera? Sìnì sabah zìng etmìk olarm›? Can I call you tomorrow? Misal olarak bu sçzê gçstìrmìk olar. As an example, this word can be shown. Buradan indi keâmìk olmaz. You cannot pass through here now. / It is

impossible to get through here now. Verbs Please refer to the verb inflection tables in the Appendix for a listing of major verbal paradigms. The structure and functions of verb forms is largely identical in the two languages. However, differences exist. From among the numerous paradigms two basic tense forms are important to distinguish: the present progressive and the habitual present/indefinite future (or aorist).


The present progressive The Present Progressive is formed with the marker –(y)Ir- followed by the basic personal endings, except for the 3rd person singular and plural Present progressive endings:

Azerbaijani

mìn -Ir + -(y)ìm, -(y)am

sìn -Ir + -sìn, -san

o -Ir

biz -Ir + -(y)ik, -(y)›q, -(y)êk, -(y)uq

siz -Ir + -siniz-, -s›n›z, -sênêz, -sunuz,

onlar -Ir + -lìr, -lar

Compare the resulting forms with those in Turkish.


gedirìm / oxuyuram I am going / reading gidiyorum / okuyorum

gedirik / oxuyuruq we are going / reading gidiyoruz / okuyoruz

getmirìm / oxumuram I am not going / reading gitmiyorum / okumuyorum

getmirik / oxumuruq we are not going / reading gitmiyoruz / okumuyoruz

The habitual present/indefinite future The verbs in the habitual present/indefinite future are distinguished from the forms above by one single vowel in the tense marker, for both the affirmative and negative (see green highlights).


gedìrìm I go; I will (probably) go giderim

oxuyaram I read; I will (probably) read okurum

getmìrìm I don’t go: I (probably) won’t go gitmem

oxumaram I don’t read: I (probably) won’t read okumam


Habitual Present / Indefinite Future endings

Azerbaijani

mìn -Er + -(y)ìm, -(y)am

sìn -Er + -sìn, -san

o -Er

biz -Er + -(y)ik, -(y)›q

siz -Er + -siniz-, -s›n›z

onlar -Er + -lìr, -lar

The present perfect / Evidential The present perfect/evidential, in Turkish often referred to as the –mIé past, occurs in two sets of forms for the second and third persons. Even though the form in –mIé is considered more formal, verbs in the –(y)Ib perfect are found in the written language as well.


o alm›éd›r / o al›bd›r s/he has taken, appears to have taken o alm›é(t›r)

mìni gçrêb s/he has seen me beni gçrmêé

Ìli mìni gçrmìyib Ali has not seen me Ali beni gçrmemié

siz alm›(é)s›n›z* you have taken, appear to have taken alm›és›n›z

onlar gçrmêélìr / onlar gçrêblìr

they have seen, seem to have seen gçrmêé(ler)

* The é is dropped in oral and written speech. Note: While verbs ending in –mIé and –(y)Ib are normally used to report past events that the speaker has not witnessed, in Azerbaijani, this verb form can also occur when Turkish would use the definite or –DI past. This is an issue of choosing a certain ‘narrative perspective’ that is related to the aspect of definiteness and second-hand evidence as expressed in a speaker’s/writer’s reporting of events. For instance, Azerbaijani newspapers often use “reported” or


“unwitnessed” speech, where Turkish would use the definite past tense, -DI. (For examples, see Chapter 2: 2.a.-d.) Éagirdlìrì vì onlar›n mêìllimlìrinì diplomlar tìqdim edilib. Diplomas were presented to the students and their teachers.

(A. Kamalo¤lu, Zaman, 20-21, May 2003: 10) Sonra éagirdlìrin ifalar› dinlìnib. Later the audience listened to the students’ performances/recitals. (Xatirì Sìlimova, Zaman, 20-21 May 2003: 10) [In a Turkish newspaper the verb forms edildi/edilmiétir and dinlendi / dinlenmiétir, respectively, would be used instead.] See also: Maéta¤ada anadan olmuéam. Ailìmizdì savada, biliyì bçyêk diqqìt gçstìrirdilìr. I was born in Maéta¤a. In my family much attention was paid to education and learning. (N. Ìbxêlrìhmanl› (2003) Qobustan, s. 17)

[A speaker of Turkish would use the simple past here: … do¤dum.]

Finally, remember that verbs ending in –(y)Ib that you know from Turkish as converbs that are used to link two actions can function in Azerbaijani sentences either as converb or as finite verbs, when they appear at the end of a sentence. a) Converb Turkish:

Eve gidip hemen televizyonu aât›m. I went home and turned on the television right away.

Azerbaijani:

Mollan›n yan›na bir éair gìlib deyir: — Molla, neâì vaxtd›r ki, êrìyimdì bir a¤r› hiss edirìm, elì bil êrìyimdì bir éey qalm›éd›r. A poet approaches the Molla and says: - Molla, for some time now I have been feeling a pain in my heart, it seems that something is stuck in my heart.

b) Finite verb:

Mollan›n yan›na bir éair gìlib. A poet approached the Molla. Compare the Azerbaijani above sentence with the Turkish sentence below:

Molla’n›n (Hoca’n›n) yan›na bir éair gelmié. A poet approached the Molla (Hoja).


Below you will find more examples of the finite verb in –(y)Ib: Mìhié Mìhìmmìd o¤lu Dìmirov 1895-ci ildì anadan olub. (…was born in 1895.) Sovet hakimiyyìtini gìnc ikìn qaré›lay›b. (…experienced Soviet dominance while s/he was young.) Bìs yêkê at›n êstênì kim qoyubdur? – Éeytan qoyubdur, mìnim ondan hìbìrim yoxdur. (But who put the load on the back of the horse? - The devil did, I have nothing to do with it.) (M. F. Axundov. 2001. Ìsìrleri, Bak›, p. 69) Âak Norris Azìrbaycana dìvìt olunub. (Chuck Norris has been invited to Azerbaijan.) http://www.525.az/new/2008/02/01/read=25043 Azərbaycanda "quş qripi" tap›lmay›b. (The “bird flu” has not been found in Azerbaijan.) http://www.525.az/new/2008/02/01/ Note how, in the following example from a journal, a clause ending in –(y)Ib is connected with the conjunction vì. This construction would be ungrammatical in Turkish. Compare the Azerbaijani and Turkish equivalents.

“NEÉ”dì sìhifìlìnib vì âap olunmuédur.

Qobustan (2003) Azìrbaycan Yaz›â›lar Birliyinin Nìéri, 1 (121), Bak›.

“NEÉ”te dêzenlenip yay›nlanm›ét›r. (The journal) was designed and published at “NEÉ.” The abilitative mode The negation of the verbs in the abilitative mode (“to be able”) is constructed differently than in Turkish. (See also the section on “Possibility,” on page 46 above.)


Sìni gçrì bilmirìm. I can’t see you. Seni gçremiyorum.

Kitab› tapa bilmìdim. I wasn’t able to find the book.

Kitab› bulamad›m.


Kinoya gidì bilmìyìcìksìnmi? Won’t you be able to go

the movie theater? Sinemaya gidemeyecek misin?

Mektubu oxuya bilmìmiélìr. They could not read the letter.

Mektubu okuyamam›élar.

Temporal subordination -dIKdE To render the meaning of ‘when’ or ‘as’ when linking two actions, Azerbaijani uses the suffixes -dikdì–d›qda, -dêkdì, -duqda.

Éìhìrin bazar›n› gìzdikdì birisi ondan soruéur: Éehrin pazar›n› gezerken/gezdi¤inde birisi ona sorar: When visiting the city’s market, somebody asks him: Bak›ya getdikdì Éirini de gçrdêm. Bakê’ye gitti¤imde Éirin’i de gçrdêm. When I went to Baku I also saw Shirin.

–(y)EndE The gerundial form –(y)EndE serves as another means to join actions by subordinating one action to a main action, a construction that is close in meaning to –dIKdE constructions (see above).

Onu gçrìndì âox sevindik. Onu gçrênce/gçrdê¤êmêzde âok sevindik. We were very happy when we saw him/her. Éìfiqì xan›m Bostona gìlìndì bizim ilì gçrêéìcìkmi? Éefika Han›m Boston’a geldi¤inde/gelince bizimle gçrêéecekmi? Is Éafika Han›m going to see us when we are in Boston? Real həyatda bunlar› tapa bilməyəndə kitablara s›ğ›n›r›q. Gerâek hayatta bunlar› bulamad›¤›m›z zaman kitaplara s›¤›n›r›z. When we don’t find these in real life we escape into/find shelter in books.


Relative constructions –(y)En In Azerbaijani the participle ending in –(y)En works as a modifier like in Turkish. âay iâìn kiéi the person drinking tea oxunmayan kitab the book that is not read/has not been read o¤lu mêìllim olan yaz›â› the writer whose son is a teacher However, unlike Turkish, Azerbaijani makes use of this participle also in the following type of relative clause: Maryam evlìnìn kiéi Gìncìlidir.

Meryem’in evlendi¤i kiéi Genceli’dir. The man Maryam is marrying/has married is from Ganja.

Sizin gìlìn saatda o da gìlìcìk.

Sizin gelece¤iniz saatte o da gelecek. At the time you are coming, s/he is also coming.

Mìn anadan olan kìnd âox kiâik idi.

Benim do¤du¤um kçy âok kêâêktê. The village where I was born was very small.

Mìn deyìn kimi

Benim dedi¤im gibi As I am saying/said

The relative suffix -kI

In Azerbaijani, this suffix follows the 4-way vowel harmony:

Bak›dak› universitetlìr the universities in Ankara Aéa¤›dak› cêmlìlìr the sentences below stoldak› karandaélar the pencils on the table mìnimki mine mìnimkindìn from mine dênìnki (the one’s) from yesterday (Turkish: dênkê) builki this year’s; from this year (Turkish: by y›lki) onunku his/hers


The conjunction ki

A borrowing from Persian, this conjunction is frequently used in Turkish for subordination without the use of a Turkic participial construction: Korkar›m ki gidemeyecekler. I am afraid they won’t be able to go. Bakt›m ki ya¤mur ya¤ayacak, éemsiyemi ald›m. I saw that it would rain and took my umbrella. Babam dedi ki yar›n gelece¤iz. My father said we would come tomorrow. In Azerbaijani, ki is used in the same type of sentences, as those provided above for Turkish, but more frequently and with a greater range of means to connect clauses. Study the final two examples below. Çyrìndim ki Leyla ilì gçrêéêbsìn. I have learned that you met with Leyla. “Molla, necì olur ki, sìn hìmiéì suala sualla cavab verirsìn?” Molla, how is it that you always answer a question with a question?

(“Molla Nìsrìddin: Ìsrlìrin Gêlêé Dêhas›,”Azerbaijan International, Autumn 1996, p. 20)

Âox ehtimal ki …. It is very likely that …. O kiéi ki, qìhvì iâir rusdur. The person drinking coffee is Russian. Oqtay yeganì qardaéd›r ki, kìnddì yaéay›b-iélìyir. Oktay is the only brother who is living and working in the village.

(Yìhya Paéazadì, 525-ci qìzet, 1 sentyabr 2005)

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Part 2: Readings

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58 Chapter 1 köRpü köPrü

köRpü köPrü Chapter 1 59

Chapter 1

Samples from Print Publications

111...aaa... The items numbered 1–16 are taken from different types of publications and belong to different topics. Fill in the table with item numbers, assigning each of the items to the topic to which it most likely belongs. Some items may belong to more than one topic. Use the glossary below if needed. Misal: 5 Arts/Culture/Entertainment 6 Azerbaijan or regional/neighboring countries

Publication/Editorial Information

Azerbaijan or regional/neighboring countries

6

World

Arts/Culture/ Entertainment

5

Sports

Health

1. Su iâmìk êâên 40 sìbìb 2. Azìrbaycan Yaz›â›lar Birliyinin nìéri 3. Âak Norris Azìrbaycana dìvìt olunub 4. Azìrbaycan ‹rana qaz satacaq 5. “Kitab-› Dede Qorqud”un Avropa sìfìri


6. ‹randan Azìrbaycana yeni tìklif 7. Bak›da gêl bayram› 8. Klintonla Obama bar›éd›lar 9. 31 aile Azìrbaycandan Gêrcêstana kçâdê 10. Mingìâevirì q›z›l medal gìldi 11. 21-ci ìsrdì siqaret 1 milyard insan›n çlêmênì sìbìb ola bilìr 12. Azìrbaycanda “qué qripi” tap›lmay›b 13. Ermìniler yenì atìékìsi pozublar 14. Azìrbaycan Respublikas›n›n Prezidenti zati-alilìri Heydìr Ìliyev …. 15. Tehranda aâ›lm›é Beynìlxalq kitab sìrgisindì …. 16. “Shell” saatda $3.2 milyon qazan›b

atìékìs truce; cease-fire âatd›raq let us bring dìvìt invitation ìsr century Gêrcêstan Georgia (country) ìmìkdaél›q collaboration kçâ- to move qazan›b has earned q›z›l gold qr›p flu misal example Mingìâevir city in Azerbaijan nìér publication poz- to violate; disturb redaktor editor sìbìb reason sìfìr trip; tour tap›lmay›b was not found


111...bbb... Answer the questions based on the information provided in items 1.-16. above. - What is said about the bird flu? - What event took place in Tehran? - What do you know about “Qitab-› Dede Qorqud?” - Look at the proper names appearing in items 1.-16. above. What can you

observe about the orthographic rule that governs the addition of a suffix to a proper name?

222...aaa... This information is printed on a box for an Azerbaijani dish called dêébìrì. Write the number of the best English equivalent next to each item on the left. Pay attention to distractors, i.e., deliberately incorrect choices. Misal: 5 Nué olsun

----- Xan dêébìrìsi 1. Manufacturing date ----- Unudulmué reseptin unudulmaz

dad› 2. Weight

----- Nué olsun 3. Product name ----- Evlìrì xidmìt 4. Use by/Expiration date ----- Emal tarixi: 29 YAN 2001 5. Bon appetit ----- ‹stifadì tarixi: Emal tarixdìn

etibarìn 20 gên 6. Home delivery

7. Marketing slogan

222...bbb... Take a look at the plural suffix in the noun evlìr above.

Language Note: The plural suffix has the form –lìr / -lar. evlìr – sçzlìr – gênlìr - dìftìrlìr - dillìr da¤lar - q›zlar - dostlar – oyunlar - fincanlar The letter ì appears also in other suffixes: evì – evdì - evdìn – Têrkiyìdì - Gìncìdìn

To learn more about the plural, refer to Kurtulué Çztopâu’s Elementary Azerbaijani (p. 33).


222...ccc... Add the plural suffix to the following nouns. baé – gêl – jurnal – tarix – q›é - ev – xidmìt – dêébìrì – kino – ìl

333...aaa... Make two word lists: (1) list the Azerbaijani words you did not know before;

(2) list the words you knew from Turkish that have either the same or a different spelling in Azerbaijani.

333...bbb... Study the words and write down the vowel letters in the Azerbaijani alphabet. What do you notice?

Language Note: Azerbaijani has the following nine vowels: /a/, /›/, /o/, /u/ and /e/, /ì/, /i/, /ç/, /ê/.

To learn more about the vowel system, refer to Kurtulué Çztopâu’s Elementary Azerbaijani (pp. 2-3; 7; 11-12).

(AzerNews.com)


444...aaa... These words and phrases appeared on the title page of a journal. Write the number of the best English equivalent next to each item on the left. Pay attention to distractors. Misal: 9 Publishers

----- Ìdìbiyyat vì gçzel sìnìtlìr jurnal› 2 Art editor ----- Say› 5 Year ----- Yaé› 9 Publishers ----- Korrektor 8 Literature and fine arts

journal ----- Baé redaktor 1 Editor-in-chief ----- Bìdii redaktor 7 Compiler ----- Redaksiya heyìti 4 Proof-reader ----- Tìsisâilìr 3 Issue 6 Editorial board

444...bbb... Now study the editorial information of the newspaper “Zaman.” ZAMAN

TÌSiSÂi Zaman ‹dhalat - ‹xracat Firmas› SAY› 56/1938 BAÉ DiREKTOR Enes Cansever REDAKTOR Êrfan Mìmmìdli MÌSUL KATiB Sìmìd Mìlikzadì REDAKTOR MÊAViNi Ayd›n Ucal KOMERSiYA DiREKTORU Osman Uâak MÌTBAA MÊDiRi ‹brahim Eker REKLAM MÊDiRi Arif Keysan DiZAYNERLÌR Kamandar Hêseynov, Hikmìt Rzayev NÇVBÌTÂi REDAKTOR Ayd›n Ucal ÊNVANIMIZ Bak›, Atatêrk Prospekti. 28.

(Zaman, 20-21 may 2003, s. 2)

444...ccc... Please answer. - Where is this paper published and by whom? - What is the word for “address?” - Mêavin and nçvbìtâi both mean “assistant,” “deputy.”

Who, then, is the editor-in-chief of Zaman? - What types of ‘directors’ are listed?

444...ddd... The following information appeared on the title page of a journal.


Gçzìl sìnìtlìr toplusu

1 2003 QOBUSTAN 121

Azerbaycan Yaz›â›lar Birliyinin nìéri YARADICI HEY’ÌT Fikrìt QOC Baé redaktor Maarif SOLTAN Baé redaktor mêavini Tofiq ABD‹N Mìs’ul katib Esmira NÌZÌRL‹ Éç’bì mêdiri Ayxan RÌSULOV Bìdii redaktor Zêlfiyyì Kompêter y›¤›c›s›

“Qobustan”

1969-cu ildìn â›x›r

Azerbaycan Yaz›â›lar Birliyinin nìéri Qiymìti 5000 manat

Redaksiyan›n ênvan›: Bak›, Xaqani kêâìsi 25

4-cê mìrtìbì Telefon: 93-68-01

“NEÉ”dì sìhifìlìnib vì âap olunmuédur.

Bak›, Tramvay dçngìsi, 2/6.

Qobustan (2003) Azìrbaycan Yaz›â›lar Birliyinin Nìéri, 1 (121), Bak›.


Language Note: The sign “ ‘ “, as in hì’yìt and mì’sul, is used to indicate a brief pause between the two sounds between which it appears. While it was part of the Azerbaijani Cyrillic alphabet, it does not officially belong in the new Latin alphabet.

444...eee... Please answer. - What is the name of this publication? - In which year did the journal appear? - How much does it cost? - Which organization publishes this journal? - Name the functions of Maarif Soltan and Ayxan Rìsulov. - Make a guess as to which of these words mean floor, print, and street, respectively? kêâì – mìrtìbì – ênvan - âap



Chapter 2

Schools and Competitions 111...aaa... This is the beginning of a brief news item.

Ìlifba bayram› ham›n› sevindirdi Ìli Bayraml› éìhìrindìki Mìftun Osmanov ad›na 20 sayl› orta mìktìbdì ìlifba bayram› keâirilmiédir. Tìdbirdì birinci sinif éagirdlìrilì birlikdì mêìllimlìr ve valideynlìr dì iétirak etmiélìr.

(Sìrraf Nìzìr, Zaman, 20-21 May 2003: 10)

éagird student mêìllim teacher valideyn parent

111...bbb... Please answer. - What do you know about school number 20? - Who participated in the alphabet holiday celebrations?

222...aaa... This news item reports on the results of the science olympics in the province of Nakhchivan.

Qaliblìrì diplomlar tìqdim edilib Bu gênlìrdì Naxâ›van Têrk Liseyindì Azìrbaycanda keâirilìn fìnn olimpiadalar›nda yer tutmué éagirdlìrì diplomlar›n tìqdimetmì mìrasimi keâirilib.


Tìdbirdì Naxâ›van MR tìhsil naziri Hìmzì Cìfìrov, Naxâ›van Têrk liseylìri genìl koordinatoru Muammer Têrk, têrk ié adamlar›, liseylìrin mêdirlìri, valideynlìr vì éagirdlìr iétirak ediblìr.

(Aqéin Kamalo¤lu, Zaman, 20-21 May 2003: s. 10)

222...bbb... Please answer. - Qalib means victor, winner. Based on this information in the header, tell

who received diplomas in this special ceremony. - Guess the meaning of tìdbir in the second paragraph. - Who were the individuals and groups that participated in the event?

222...ccc... Look at the verb forms keâirilib and iétirak ediblìr. Compare their use with the forms keâirilmiédir and iétirak etmiélìr in 1.a. above.

There exist two distinct verb forms to describe past events with the present perfect tense. The form with the marker –mIé is considered more formal than the present perfect tense verb formed with –(y)Ib. However, both can occur, interchangeably, within the same passage. 3.pers. singular 3.pers. plural a) in formal use: etmiédir etmié(dir)lìr yazm›éd›r yazm›é(d›r)lar b) in less formal use: edib(dir) edib(dir)lìr yaz›b(d›r) yaz›b(d›r)lar

To learn more about the present perfect tense, refer to Kurtulué Çztopâu’s Elementary Azerbaijani (pp. 235f. and and 331).

Both forms (e.g., etmiédir/edib(dir)) convey that the narrator is distancing him or herself from the reported event and is not likely to have witnessed it. Note that this unwitnessed voice can be used in Azerbaijani for headlines, whereas, in Turkish, the ‘witnessed’ voices –DI or –mIéDIr are used. For examples, in Azerbaijani, see the headlines in 1.a. and 2.a. above.


222...ddd... Summarize the information provided in the final paragraph of this article.

Sonra yêksìk nìticìlìr ìldì etmié éagirdlìrì vì onlar›n mêìllimlìrinì diplomlar tìqdim edilib. Qeyd edìk ki, fìnn olimpiadalar›nda Naxâ›van› 101 nìfìr éagird tìmsil etmié, onlardan 72 nìfìri yer tutmuédur. Bu 72 nìfìrin 34-ê isì Naxâ›van têrk liseylìrinin pay›na dêéêb. Ayr›ca qazan›lan 9 birincilikdìn 6-s›n› Naxâ›van têrk liseylìrinin éagirdlìri qazan›blar.

(A. Kamalo¤lu, Zaman, 20-21, May 2003: 10)

nìticì result qeyd et- to note tìmsil et- to represent

222...eee... Underline the verbs in the past tense. Notice how the formal present perfect (-mIé) is used in alternation with its informal counterpart –(y)Ib.

333...aaa... This short article about Elvis Presley appeared under the heading ‘“Internet” pìncìrìsindìn baxd›qda.’ Find the missing words from the list below. Pay attention to distractors.

Kraldan daha âox kral olan Rok-n-rolun ìfsanìvi qìhrìman› Elvis Preslinin __1. __ dekabr ay›n›n 8-nì dêéêr hìr il. Bu tarix 2003-cê ildì bêtên __2. __ qeyd olunacaq. Heâ éêbhìsiz bêtên dênyan›n bir parâas› olan Azìrbaycanda da bu tarix sìssiz keâmìyìcìk ve 60-lar›n ìfsanìvi __3. __ Elvis Presli bir âox musiqi tìékilatlar› tìrìfindìn an›lacaq. Elvis Presli yaéay›r!!! Rok-o-nrol musiqisinì bçyêk bir âevrilié gìtirìn vì onun tarixinì çz __4. __ atan Elvis Presli 1977-ci ildì çldêyênì baxmayaraq xêsusilì Amerikada onun yaéad›¤›na inanan bir âox insan var. Bìs baéqa çlkìlìrdì necì? Tìbii ki, __5. __ bu qìdìr heyranl›q olmaz, amma Elvisin musiqisini a¤›ll› baéla vì heyranl›qla dinlìmìk istìyìnlìr hìlì dì yaéamaqdad›r. Amerikada Elvis Fan klub deyilìn bir klub var vì bu klubun , __6. __ bir âox yerlìrinì dì bu éçbìlìri yarad›lm›éd›r.

(Qobustan (2003) 1 (121): 27)


Misal: 1. do¤um gênê

----- insan› ----- dênyan›n ----- bizim çlkìdì ----- dênyada ----- dênyadan ----- do¤um gênê ----- hìr ay ----- imzas›n›

ìfsanìvi legendary qeyd olun- to be remembered,

noted tìékilat organization an- to commemorate xêsusilì especially heyranl›q admiration; pleasure éçbì branch

333...bbb... Mark if the following is true (D = Dêz) or false (S = Sìhv). According to what is said in this text ….. ----- Elvis Presley’s birthday is likely to receive some attention in Azerbaijan. ----- Elvis Presley brought about a revolution in rock’n’roll music. ----- In Azerbaijan, no fans of Elvis Presley exist in the 21st century.


444...aaa... This short article appeared under the heading ‘“Internet” pìncìrìsindìn baxd›qda.’

2002-ci ilin éanss›z ulduzlar› Pop musiqinin Prensesi êâên a¤›r il Pop musiqinin prensesi kimi bir ad alan 21 yaél› Britney Spears keâdiyimiz ilin ulduzu idi. Ancaq 2003-cê il onun êâên âox a¤›r baélad›. Niéanl›s› Justin Timberlakedìn ayr›lan ulduz, tìsìllini Nyu-Yorkda Nêla adl› bir restoran aâmaqda tapd›. Ancaq ié bacarmamaq êzêndìn zìrìrì u¤rayan restoran q›sa mêddìtdì iflas etdi vì qapand›. 2003-cê ildì onun ailìsindì dì hìr éey qaydas›nda olmad› vì anas› atas›ndan boéand›. Reklam›n› elìdiyi Pepsi firmas›nda koka-kola iâìrkìn onu âìkdilìr vì firma sçzlìémìni gìrìksiz bildi.

(Qobustan (2003) 1 (121): 27)

tìsìlli consolation tap- to find zìrìr loss mêddìt period of time iflas failure; bankruptcy qaydas›nda in order elì- = et- sçzlìémì contract gìrìksiz bil- to cancel

444...bbb... Take a close look at this sentence. Then try to answer the questions. Reklam›n› elìdiyi Pepsi firmas›nda koka-kola iâìrkìn onu

âìkdilìr vì firma sçzlìémìni gìrìksiz bildi. What is Britney Spears’ relation to the Pepsi company? Who drank Coca Cola and where? -- Name the words that belong to the subject of ‘family.’ -- List the reasons why the year 2003 was a difficult one for Britney Spears. -- Find the words that mean father and star, respectively.


Notice the spelling of the words: il year, ulduz star, êz face, and êzênden because of, due to.

What other words that you know from Turkish might have the same difference in spelling?

444...ccc... What do you notice about the endings in tìsìlli and sçzlìémì in these sentences?

Ulduz, tìsìllini Nyu-Yorkda Nêla adl› bir restoran aâmaqda

tapd›. Firma sçzlìémìni gìrìksiz bildi.

The objective case suffix is: -i/-ê/-›/-u for nouns ending in a consonant, -ni/-nê/-n›/-nu for nouns ending in a vowel. a¤ac-› gçrdêm ‘I saw the tree’ tìhlêkì-ni gçrdêm ‘I saw the danger’

To learn more about the vowel system, refer to Kurtulué Çztopâu’s Elementary Azerbaijani (p. 105).


555...aaa... This news article is about end-of-year activities at a school in the city of Shaki.

Musiqi mìktìbi hesabat verdi

Éìki Éìhìr Mìdìniyyìt Éçbìsi nìzdindì fìaliyyìt gçstìrìn 3 sayl›

Uéaq Musiqi Mìktìbinin M. F. Axundov ad›na Mìdìniyyìt

Evindì yekun-hesabat konserti (1) keâirilib. (2) Tìdbiri mìktìbin

direktoru Sìrdar Éìrifov aâ›b. Éìrifov 2002-2003 (3) tìdris ilindì

mìktìbdì gçrêlmêé iélìr, tìdrisin (4) keyfiyyìti barìdì mìlumat

verib. Sonra Éìki Éìhìr Mìdìniyyìt Éçbìsinin mêdiri ‹brahim

Rìsulov (5) â›x›é edìrìk, konsert proqram›n›n hçrmìtli

prezidentimiz Heydìr Ìliyevin anadan olmas›n›n 80 illik

yubileyinì musiqisevìrlìrin hìdiyyìsi oldu¤unu bildirib. Éçbì

mêdiri (6) may ay›n›n ìvvìllìrindì Éìki musiqi mìktìblìri

aras›nda tìdrisin keyfiyyìtini (7) yaxé›laéd›rmaq vì hìmâinin

éagirdlìrin bìdii estetik zçvqênê inkiéaf etdirmìk mìqsìdi ilì

mêsabiqì keâirildiyini dì qeyd edib. 3 sayl› Uéaq Musiqi

Mìktìbindìn hìmin mêsabiqìdì iétirak etmié 10 nìfìr éagirdì

mêxtìlif nominasyalar êzrì diplomlar tìqdim edilib. Sonra

éagirdlìrin (8) ifalar› dinlìnib. 3 saata yax›n davam edìn

konsertdì mìktìbin xoru, na¤araâalanlar, xalq âal¤› alìtlìri

ansambllar› solo ifaâ›lar tamaéaâ›lar tìrìfindìn alq›élarla

qaré›lan›b.

(Xatirì Sìlimova, Zaman, 20-21 May 2003: 10)


555...bbb... Use the context to find the meaning of the underlined items. Write the number of the item next to the best English equivalent. Pay attention to distractors. Misal: 2 the event

----- began ----- performances ----- before May ----- audiences ----- the quality of ----- appeared on the platform/gave a

speech and ----- applauded and ----- to improve ----- the event ----- to compete ----- took place ----- the length ----- at the beginning of May ----- in the academic year ----- awarded prizes

hesabat report nìzdindì attached to yekun final barìdì = haqq›nda mìlumat ver- to give informationhìmâinin also; as well zçvq taste inkiéaf etdir- to develop mìqsìdi ilì with the purpose ofmêsabiqì competition hìmâinin also; as well qeyd et- to say; to state hìmin same xor choir na¤araâalan drummer ifa performance; recitaltamaéaâ›lar viewers; audience


555...ccc... Please answer. --- Why was a citywide competition held at schools of music

in Éìqi in early May? --- What is said about Heydìr Ìliyev? Who is he? --- Who received diplomas during this event? - How long did the event last?

666...aaa... This news story is about a different kind of contest.

‹ki uéaq anas› "Missis Amerika-2005" oldu Palm-Sprinqs éìhìrindì keâirilìn "Missis Amerika-2005" gçzìllik mêsabiqìsindì Andrea Proyss qalib gìlib. Kaliforniya état›n› tìmsil edìn 32 yaél› Andrea iki uéaq anas›d›r. Yeni gçzìllik kraliâas› çlkìdìki iri farmasevtika éirkìtlìrindìn birindì sat›é bçlmìsinin rìhbìridir. Andrean›n dediyinì gçrì, o ailìsinì iéindìn daha âox çnìm verir. Mêsabiqìdì ikinci yeri 35 yaél› "Missis Nyu-York" Stefani Tsarsi, êâênâê yeri isì 27 yaél› "Missis Vaéinqton" Cennifer Tapanq tutub.

(ekspress.com.az, 22 Sentyabr 2005)

666...bbb... Read the story and report what you understood.


777...aaa... This information appeared on the website of a private school named after Azerbaijan’s former president, called Heydìr Ìliyev ad›na Mêasir Tìhsil Kompleksi. (I)

09 yanvar 2005-ci il tarixdì Nìsimi rayon tìhsil éçbìsi tìrìfindìn respublika fìnn olimpiadalar›n›n éìhìr turunun ikinci mìrhìlìsi keâirilmiédir. Heydìr Ìliyev ad›na Mêasir Tìhsil Kompleksinin v-xi sinif éagirdlìri bu olimpiadalarda Azìrbaycan dili vì ìdìbiyyat, Azìrbaycan tarixi, riyaziyyat, biologiya, kimya, rus dili, ingilis dili, co¤rafiya fìnlìri êzrì çz biliklìrini s›naqdan keâirmiélìr. Olimpiadalarda 60 nìfìr iétirakâ› ilì tìmsil olunan MTK nurlu nìticìlìr ìldì etmiédir. Belì ki, 18 nìfìr ›, 11 nìfìr ››, 9 nìfìr ›››, 5 nìfìr ›v yerlìri tutmuélar. Onlardan 8 nìfìri Azìrbaycan dili vì ìdìbiyyat, Azìrbaycan tarixi, kimya, biologiya vì riyaziyyatdan olimpiadalar›n respublika turunda iétirak etmìk hêququ qazanm›élar. U¤ur qazanm›é bêtên éagirdlìrimizi tìbrik edir vì onlar›n nìticìlìrini dìrc edirik.

http://www.mtk.edu.az/

(II) Diqqìt! Valideynlìrin nìzìrinì! Ovladlar›n›z haqq›nda mêìllimlìrin qeydlìrini, arzu vì tìkliflìrini çyrìnmìk istìyirsinizsì bura daxil olun. Loqin vì Parol Sizì mobil telefonunuza gçndìrilmiédir. Ìlavì mìlumatlar almaq êâên zìng edin: 499-71-73.



(III)

Heydìr Ìliyev ad›na Muasir Tìhsil Kompleksi Bak›n›n Nìsimi rayonunun ìrazisindì ( S. Vur¤un kêâìsi, 1006-c› mìhìllì, Zorge park› ilì êzbìêz) yerlìéir vì Azìrbaycanda oxéar› olmayan, beynìlxalq standartlara cavab verìn ilk tìhsil kompleksidir. Kompleksdì mìktìbìqìdìr tìrbiyì mêìssisìsi, êmumtìhsil orta vì 39 sayl› musiqi mìktìbi fìaliyyìt gçstìrir. Bundan ìlavì, kompleksin tìrkibinì idman zal›, stadion, êzgêâêlêk hovuzu, qonaq evi vì yemìkxana daxildir. Kompleks 2001-ci il sentyabr›n 1-dì aâ›lm›éd›r. Aâ›l›éda Azìrbaycan Respublikas›n›n prezidenti cìnab Heydìr Ìliyev iétirak etmiédir.


(IV)

Heydìr Ìliyev ad›na Mêasir Tìhsil Kompleksi 2005/2006-ci tìdris ili êâên › sinifdìn x› sinfì qìdìr boé qalan yerlìrì mêsabiqì yolu ilì éagird qìbulu elan edir. Mìktìbdì dìrslìr Azìrbaycan dilindì tìdris edilir, xarici dillìrin - ingilis, rus, ìrìb, alman vì frans›z dillìrinin çyrìnilmìsinì genié yer verilir. Siniflìr mêasir tìdris-texniki vasitìlìrlì tìchiz edilmié vì dìrslìr fìrdi yanaéma êsulu ilì yêksìk elmi-pedaqoji sìviyyìdì apar›l›r. Éagirdlìrimizin ixtiyar›na kompêter vì idman zallar›, tennis kortu, êzgêâêlêk hovuzu verilmiédir. Kompleksin nìzdindì uéaq ba¤âas› vì musiqi mìktìbi fìaliyyìt gçstìrir. Valideynlìrin arzusu ilì éagirdlìrì nìqliyyat-servis xidmìti gçstìrilir. Tìhsil çdìniélidir.

http://www.mtk.edu.az/xeber.html


777...ccc... Choose for each passage above, (I)-(IV), the best heading from the selections provided below. a. Enrollment announcement b. General information about the school c. Results of a recent competition d. How to access academic information about your child

777...ddd... Please answer. - Where is the school located? - Which foreign languages are taught? - What amenities are offered at the school?

777...eee... Guess the meaning of the underlined words.

Azìrbaycanda oxéar› olmayan, beynìlxalq standartlara cavab verìn ilk tìhsil kompleksidir. (III) Ìlavì mìlumatlar almaq êâên zìng edin: 499-71-73. (II) Heydìr Ìliyev ad›na Mêasir Tìhsil Kompleksi éagird qìbulu elan edir. (IV) Kompleksin nìzdindì uéaq ba¤âas› vì musiqi mìktìbi fìaliyyìt gçstìrir. (IV) Tìhsil çdìniélidir. (IV)


Chapter 3

Education and History 111...aaa... The passages presented in exercises 1.a.-2.d. are taken form a history textbook for 5th graders that was published in 1998. These three paragraphs are part of the authors’ preface.

Mìktìbli Dost! Sìn art›q 5-ci sinif éagirdisìn. ‹lk dìfìdir ìlinì ìvvìlkilìrdìn tamamilì fìrqlìnìn yeni bir dìrslik al›rsan. «Ata Yurdu» adlan›r bu dìrslik. Candan art›q sevdiyimiz Azìrbaycan›m›z›n-mêqìddìs Vìtìnimizin tarixidir «Ata Yurdu»! Ìziz dost, unutma ki, sìn Vìtìnin xoébìxt çvlad›san! Âênki cìmi 7-8 il bundan ìvvìlki beéincilìrdìn fìrqli olaraq azad, mêstìqil bir çlkìdì yaéay›rsan. Azìrbaycan Respublikas›d›r bu çlkìnin ad›. Azadl›¤›m›z›, gìnc dçvlìtimizi qoruyub saxlamaq, namus-qeyrìtimizin keéiyindì durmaq, 21-ci yêzillikdì êârìngli, ay-ulduzlu bayra¤›m›z› gçylìrì ucaltmaq xoébìxtliyi dì sìnin pay›na dêéêb! «Ata yurdu»nun ilk sìhifìlìrindìn baélayaraq mêqìddìs sìfìrì â›xarsan, ìziz dost! Bu sìfìr zaman› sìn xalq›m›z›n éanl› tarixi keâmiéinì sìyahat edìcìk, ulular›m›z›n bugênkê nìsillìrì ìmanìt qoyub getdiklìri mêqìddìs Vìtìn torpa¤›n› qar›é-qar›é gìzib dolanacaqsan. Bu sìfìrdì «Ata Yurdu» sìnin e’tibarl› yol yoldaé›n, bìlìdâin olacaqd›r. Yolun nurlu, sìfìrin u¤urlu olsun, mìktìbli dost! (Y. Mahmudlu & als. (1998) Ata Yurdu: 5-ci sinif êâên dìrslik, s. 3)

mêqìddìs sacred namus-qeyrìt pride and honor keéiyindì dur- to protect, watch over xoébìxtlik fortune pay›na dêé- to be one’s duty; to fall on one’s share ìmanìt qoy- to entrust with qar›é-qar›é inch by inch e’tibarl› faithful bìlìdâi guide


111...bbb... Read the three paragraphs and for each write a sentence that summarizes it.

111...ccc... Look at the highlighted endings of the verb to be in the present tense. How do you translate these sentences?

Sìn art›q 5-ci sinif éagirdisìn. Sìn Vìtìnin xoébìxt çvlad›san!

The suffix –sìn/-san, when added to the noun or adjective, forms the present tense of the verb to be. sìn evdìsìn acsan mêdirsìn vatan›n çvlad›san bçyêksìn redaktorsan ulduzsan Turkish: evdesin; mêdêrsên; y›ld›zs›n, etc.

To learn more about the verb to be, refer to Kurtulué Çztopâu’s Elementary Azerbaijani (pp. 17f.).

111...ddd... Add the proper suffix to create forms that mean you are… . éagird - tìlìbì - koordinator - prezident - sat›c› - evdì –

yaxé› - diplomat - diplomat deyil - dostum - amerikal› - mêìllim - burada - bêlbêl kimi - yor¤un - yaz›â› - gçzìl deyil - direktor - Bak›da - universitetdì - xoébìxt- azìrbaycanl› - amerikal› - têrk - rus


111...eee... The verb forms al›rsan and yaéay›rsan from the reading in 1.a. above are both in the present progressive tense.

The marker for the present progressive tense is –(y)›r / –(y)ir / –(y)ur / –(y)êr . The personal ending for the second person singular (sìn ‘you’ ) is -sìn / -san: sìn gedirsìn you are going; you go sìn gçrêrsìn you see sìn al›rsan you are taking; you take sìn oxuyursan you are reading; you read Misal: sìn verirsìn sìn gçrêrsìn sìn yaéay›rsan sìn tìbrik edirsìn For other persons: mìn gedirìm I am going; I go o gedir s/he is going; s/he goes biz oxuyuraq we are reading; we read siz oxuyursan›z you are reading; you read onlar gçrêrlìr they see Turkish: sen gidiyorsun; al›yorsun, gçrêyorsun, okuyorsun, ben gidiyorum, siz okuyorsunuz, etc.

To learn more about the present progressive tense, refer to Kurtulué Çztopâu’s Elementary Azerbaijani (pp. 78f. and 331).


Remember that Az. al›rsan should not be confused with the Turkish conditional, al›rsan ‘if you take,’ etc. Compare these verb forms: Az.: Tr.:

present progressive sìn al›rsan sen al›yorsun you are taking; you take you are taking; you take sìn verirsìn sen veriyorsun you are giving; you give you are giving; you give - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Az.: Tr.:

conditional: indefinite future sìn alarsansa sen al›rsan if you take if you take sìn verìrsìnsì sen verirsen if you give if you give - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Compare also: Az.: Tr.:

habitual present/indefinite future sìn alarsan sen al›rs›n you take; you will probably take you take; you will probably take

111...fff... Form the present progressive form of the verbs for the second person singular, sìn. Misal: âa¤›r-: sìn âa¤›r›rsan qazan- / baéla- / gçndìr- / dur- / bil- / sevin- / gêl- / gçstìr- / yaz- / gçtêr-/ al›é- / doldur- / âa¤›r- / tìkrar et- / ba¤la- / tut- / dêéên- / â›x- /

* * *


222...aaa... The next six paragraphs form the latter part of the preface to the history textbook Ata Yurdu.

Mìktìbli Dost! (cont.) (I) «Ata yurdu» tìkcì mìzmununa gçrì deyil, quruluéca da sìnin ìvvìllìr oxudu¤un dìrsliklìrdìn fìrqlìnir. Ayr›-ayr› baél›qlarda vìrilìn materiallar iki hissìyì ayr›l›r: ìsas material; ìlavì material. (II) Baél›qlardak› bì’zi abzaslar›n qaré›s›na kvadrat iéarìsi qoyulmuédur. Bu, hìmin material›n ìlavì material oldu¤unu bildirir. Bu materiallar Vìtìnimizin tarixinì nisbìtìn daha âox maraq gçstìrìn éagirdlìr êâên nìzìrdì tutulmuédur. (III) Bì’zi materiallar isì mavi rìngdì verilmiédir. Bunlar da ìlavì materiallard›r. Lakin, hìmin materiallar tariximizì xêsusi mara¤› olan, onu daha dìrindìn çyrìnmìyì âal›éan, yurdumuzun éanl› keâmiéi barìdì ìlavì mì’lumatlar ìldì etmìyì sì’y gçstìrìn éagirdlìr êâêndêr.

(Y. Mahmudlu & als. (1998) Ata Yurdu: 5-ci sinif êâên dìrslik, s. 4)

222...bbb... Read through paragraphs (I) and (III) above, and answer the questions. - How would you describe the function of this section? - Based on what is said in paragraph II, explain for which students the

materials bearing a blue square mark are intended.

222...ccc... Read and answer the questions following each paragraph.

Mìktìbli Dost! (cont.) (IV) Ìziz dost! Dìrsì haz›rlaé›rkìn tapé›r›lan hekayìni tìlìsmìdìn, dêéênì-dêéênì oxu! Ìzbìrâiliyì uyma! Oxudu¤un cêmlìdìki, abszasdak› ìsas fikri baéa dêémìyì âal›é. Bir abzas› çyrìnmìden o birisinì keâmì. Oxudu¤un abzas›n qaré›s›ndak› suala cavab tapma¤a âal›é. Cavab tapmad›qda hìmin abzas› daha diqqìtlì oxu. Cavab› tapd›qdan sonra isì onu çz sçzlìrinlì dan›é vì yadda saxla.


(IV) - What are the authors asking the student to do, and what not to do?

* (V) Hekayìni çyrìnib qurtard›qdan sonra ax›rda verilìn sual vì tapé›r›qlara da tam vì ìtrafl› cavab tap. Tapd›¤›n cavablar› abzaslar›n qaré›s›ndak› suallar›n cavablar› ilì ìlaqìlìndir vì mêqayisì et. Sonra isì çz sçzlìrinlì dan›é. Bêtên bunlardan sonra hekayìnin ìsas mìzmununu kitaba baxmadan sçylì.

(V) - Where do the questions and tasks that are mentioned in the first sentence of paragraph IV appear?

- What are students asked to do as a final step?

* (VI) Kitabdak› éìkillìr, sxemlìr ve xìritìlìr sìnì ìlavì mì’lumatlar verìcìkdir. Onlar› diqqìtlì nìzìrdìn keâir, hekayìnin mìzmunu ilì tutuédur. Ad› âìkilìn yerlìri hìmin hekayìyì aid xìritìdì tap. Éìkil, sxem ve xìritìlìrdìn ald›¤›n yeni mì’lumatlar› çz naqlinì daxil et.

(VI) - How do the authors relate maps to the reading and studying process?

\ (VII) Dìrslikdì xêsusi ìhìmiyyìti olan mì’lumatlar, adlar, fikirlìr, ìn mêhêm tarixi hadisìlìr vì onlar›n baé verdiyi illìr qara hìrflìrlì verilmiédir. Vìtìnimizin tarixindì mêstìsna rol oynam›é hadisìlìrin, nìticìlìrin vì s. qaré›s›nda nida iéarìsi (!) qoyulmuédur. Bunlar› hçkmìn yadda saxlamaq laz›md›r.

Mêìlliflìr

(VII) - What parts of the textbook, according to the authors, are printed in bold (dark) face? What type of contents is accompanied by an exclamation mark?

tìkcì … deyil not only …


mìzmun contents hissì part ìsas main ìlavì supplementalabzas paragraph kvadrat square nisbìtìn towards; with regard tonìzìrdì tut- to mean; to intendsì’y gçstìr- to make an efforttapé›r- to assign ìzbìrâilik rote memorizationtìlìs- to hurry baéa dêé- to understand, comprehendsual question yad memory qurtar- to finish ax›r end tapé›r›q task ìtrafl› in detail ìlaqìlìndir- to relate mêqayisì et- to compare nìzìrdìn keâir- to look overçz own; self naqil report; narrationdaxil et- to include ìhìmiyyìt importance mì’lumatlar informationmêhêm important hadisì event baé ver- to take place, happenhçkmìn certainly mêìllif author

222...ddd... Make two word lists, using vocabulary you saw in the reading above. (1) List words that are used to describe parts of books or texts.

(2) List words that belong to the topics of “studying” and “learning.”


333...aaa... This table of historical events appeared in the textbook “Ata Yurdu.” Students are asked to remember when these events took place. BU HAD‹SÌLÌR‹N BAÉ VERD‹⁄‹ TAR‹X‹ YADDA SAXLA! 300-400 min il bundan

ìvvìl

Az›x adam›

2300-2400 il bundan ìvvìl Albaniya dçvlìtinin yaranmas›

816-837-ci illìr Babìkin baéâ›l›¤› alt›nda azadl›q

mêbarizìsi

1136-c› il Azìrbaycan Atabìylìr dçvlìtinin

yaranmas›

1501-ci il Azìrbaycan Sìfìvi dçvlìtinin

yaranmas›

1813-cê il Gêlêstan mêqavilìsi

1828-ci il Têrkmìnâay mêqavilìsi

1837-ci il Quba êsyan›

22 ‹yul 1875-ci il «Ìkinâi» qìzetinin âapdan â›xmas›

31 Mart 1918-ci il Azìrbaycanl›lara qaré› soyq›r›m›

gênê

28 May 1918-ci il Azìrbaycan Demokratik

Respublikas›n›n yaranmas›

28 Aprel 1920-ci il Azìrbaycan Demokratik

Respublikas›n›n devrilmìsi

9 May 1945-ci il Faéist Almaniyas› êzìrindì qìlìbì

17 Noyabr 1988-ci il Dirâìlié gênê

20 Yanvar 1990-c› il Qanl› Yanvar

18 Oktyabr 1991-ci il Azìrbaycan Respublikas›n›n dçvlìt

mêstìqilliyinin e’lan olunmas›

26 Fevral 1992-ci il Xocal› soyq›r›m›

15 ‹yun 1993-cê il Qurtulué gênê

12 Noyabr 1995-ci il Konstitusiya gênê

(Y. Mahmudlu & als. (1998) Ata Yurdu: 5-ci sinif êâên dìrslik, s. 392-396)


333...aaa... (cont.)

yaran- to be created; to emerge azadl›q freedom mêbarizì struggle mêqavilì treaty êsyan uprising âapdan â›xma publication soyq›r›m genocide qìlìbì victory dirâìlié revival mêstìqillik independence e’lan olunma declaration

333...bbb... Which of the historical events listed here are unfamiliar to you? Look them up in an encyclopedia, the internet, or other reference. [For example, for information on the Caucasian Albanian state, you can consult: http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai113_folder/113 articles/113_zaza_quick_facts.html]


444...aaa... This table of recent events in the history of Azerbaijan appeared in a history textbook for eleventh graders. The list below is from the 2001 edition. XRONOLOG‹YA 1991-sentyabr Qondarma “Da¤l›q Qaraba¤ Respublikas›”n›n

yaranmas›

1991 - 18 oktyabr Azìrbaycan Respublikas›n›n Dçvlìt Mêstìqilliyi

haqq›nda Konstitusiya Akt›n›n qìbul edilmìsi

1991 – 26 noyabr DQMV statusunun lì¤v edilmìsi

1991 – 26 noyabr Milli Éuran›n yarad›lmas›

1992 – 25-26 fevral Xocal› faciìsi

1992 – 8 may Éuéan›n ié¤al edilmìsi

1992 – 17 may Laâ›n›n dêémìn ìlinì keâmìsi

1992 – 7 iyun Ìbêlfìz Elâibìyin Respublika Prezidenti seâilmìsi

1992 – 21 noyabr Yeni Azìrbaycan Partiyas›n›n yaranmas›

1993 – 3-4 aprel Gìncì qiyam›

1993 – 4 iyun 1993 – 9 iyun H. Ìliyevin Bak›ya gìlmìsi

1993 – 15 iyun “Qurtulué” gênê

1993 – 24 sentyabr Azìrbaycan›n MDB-yì daxil olmas›

1993 – 3 oktyabr H. Ìliyevin Prezident seâilmìsi

1995 – 12 noyabr Azìrbaycan Respublikas›n›n Konstitusiyas›n›n qìbul

edilmìsi vì ilk demokratik parlament seâkilìrinin

keâirilmìsi

1998 – sentyabr Tarixi ‹pìk yolunun bìrpas› êzrì Beynìlxalq Bak›

Konfrans›

1998 – 11 oktyabr H. Ìliyevin ikinci dìfì respublika prezidenti seâilmìsi

1999 noyabr ATÌT-in ‹stanbul sammitti

1999 12 dekabr Azìrbaycanda ilk bìlìdiyyì seâkilìri

2000 7 sentyabr H. Ìliyevin minilliyin sammitindì â›x›é›

2000 5 noyabr Respublikada Milli Mìclisì nçvbìti seâkilìr

2000 9 noyabr Azìrbaycan Avropa Éuras›n›n tam hêquqlu êzvlêyênì

qìbul edildi

(S. Qìndilov & al. (2001) Azìrbaycan Tarixi, s. 345-6, with some omissions)


444...aaa... (cont.)

qondarma fictitious mêstìqil independent DQMV = Da¤l›q Qaraba¤ Muxtar Vilayìti

(Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region)

lì¤v edil- to be abolished éura council faciì tragedy ié¤al et- to occupy qiyam revolt MDB = Mêstìqil Dçvlìtlìr Birliyi (The

Commonwealth of Independent States)

bìrpa restoration; rebuilding beynìlxalq international ATÌT = Avropada tìhlêkìsizlik ve

ìmìkdaél›q tìékilat› (Organization for Co-operation and Security in Europe)

minillik millennium êzvlêk membership

444...bbb... Compare this presentation of landmark events with that from the 1998 edition of the same textbook, listed in 3.a. above. How is it the same, and how is it different from the 2001 edition?


555...aaa... This article appeared in an Azerbaijani daily newpaper. Scan the text to find the information requested in 5.b. and 5.c. below.

Mìktìb zaman› gìldi, dur, yaraé›ql› o¤lum"... Âantas› kêrìyindì, gêl dìstìsi ìlindì Ax›r ki, mìktìblì bir neâì ay sêrìn ayr›l›¤a da son qoyuldu. Hìmin gênê ilk dìfì mìktìbì qìdìm basanlar›n daha intizarla gçzlìdiyini qeyd etsìk, heâ sìhv etmìrik. Ìgìr bçyêklìrin onlar› mêéahidìdì nì dêéêndêyênê sçylìsìk, do¤rusu, birinci sinif éagirdlìrinin mìktìb, dìrsliklìr, mêìllimlìri barìdìki tììssêrat› bizimâên hìmiéì maraql› olub. Bu tììssêrat ilk nçvbìdì sinif ota¤›n›n quruluéundan tutmué parta yoldaé›n›n kim olmas›na qìdìrki mìsafìdìn ibarìtdir. Do¤rudur, ibtidai sinifì gedìnlìr yuxar› pillìlìrì yêksìldikcì bu illìrdì gçrêb-gçtêrdêklìri "dìrs" daha hìyati olur - tìkcì mìktìbdìki dìrslìrlì kifayìtlìnmìk olmaz ax›. Bìlkì dì, mêìyyìn zaman âìrâivìsindì tìkcì orta mìktìbdì keâilìn dìrslìrlì mìhdudlaémaq olard›, amma... Sçzêmêzên "amma"s› budur ki, mìktìbli balalar tìkcì qìdìm qoyacaqlar› yeni alìmin qeyri-mêìyyìn tìsirini, hìmâinin valideynlìrinin bu ìrìfìdì uéaqlar›na nì vì necì alaca¤› sual› qaré›s›nda dêédêyê vìziyyìtin dì narahatl›¤›n› hiss etmìmié deyillìr. Âênki yeni dìrs ili yax›nlaéd›qca ìksìr evlìrdì mìktìb lìvazimat› almaq barìdì sçhbìtlìr gedir. Bu sçhbìt dì bir éagirdì mìktìb êâên laz›m olanlardan baélay›b bunun nì qìdìr vìsaitì baéa gìlìcìyi mìqam›nda bitir. Do¤rudan da, haz›rk› mìqamda bir éagird êâên orta hesabla 250 min manat (bu rìqìm mìktìbli formas›na bìnzìr paltardan tutmué âanta vì mêxtìlif tìdris lìvazimatlar›n› ìhatì edir) gìrìkirsì, onda bir evdìn mìktìbì yollanan bir neâì uéaql› ailìlìrin vìziyyìtini tìsvir etmìk olar. Ìgìr yerindìcì qeyd etsìk ki, haz›rda minimum ìmìkhaqq›n›n mìblì¤i 125 min manatdan ibarìtdirsì. Bu mìqamda âoxuéaql› ailìlìrdì az tìminatla yaéama¤› kiâik yaé›ndan çyrìnìn balacalar›n éagird statusu qaré›s›nda yuxar›da qeyd etdiyimiz narahatl›¤›n› anlamaq olur...

(Nigar Vaqifq›z›, Azadl›q, 16 Sentyabr 2005)


ax›r ki at last intizar anxiety sìhv et- to be mistaken mêéahidì observation tììssêrat impression maraql› interesting ibtidai primary tìkcì only kifayìtlìn- to be satisfied ax› well; you knowalìm world tìsir effect ìksìr most mêxtìlif various tìdris lìvazimatlar› school supplies vìsait cost barìdì = haqq›nda paltar clothes ìhatì et- to include vìziyyìt situation tìsvir et- to describe yerindìcì just on the spot ìmìkhaqq› wage mìblì¤ total; sum ibarìt ol- to consist of tìminat means balaca small, little; baby narahatl›q anxiety

555...bbb... Please answer. - During which part of the school year do you think this article was

published? Why? - In the title, who is carrying a bouquet of flowers? 555...ccc... Choose the best completion. The beginning of this article is about ….

(a) the difficulties middle-school students face in higher classes. (b) the anxieties and impressions that those entering school may have. (c) the lack of parental attention to the special needs of their school-aged

children.


The second paragraph focuses on ….

(a) the high cost of school supplies. (b) the new school uniforms. (c) the minimum wage in Azerbaijan.

666...aaa... The highlighted part of this sentences is translated as we probably won’t be mistaken. The verb is in the habitual present/ indefinite future tense. Hìmin gênê ilk dìfì mìktìbì qìdìm basanlar›n daha intizarla gçzlìdiyini qeyd etsìk, heâ sìhv etmìrik. (5.a., above, paragraph 1)

The marker for the habitual present/ indefinite future tense is –(y)ìr / -(y)ar. This results in the following form for the third person singular: o gedìr s/he goes; s/he will probably go o alar s/he takes; s/he will probably take mìn alaram I take; I will probably take biz gçrìrik we see; we will probably see sìn yadda saxlayarsan you remember; you will probably remember Turkish: o gider, o al›r, ben al›rm, biz gçrêrêz, sen saklars›n


The personal ending for the first person plural (biz) is : –›q / –ik /–uq /–êk . This results in the following form for the present progressive tense verb for the first person plural: biz gedirik we are going biz al›r›q we are taking biz gçrêrêk we see oxuyuruq we are reading Turkish: biz gidiyoruz; al›yoruz; gçrêyoruz; okuyoruz

The negative of the indefinite future tense verb is formed with the affix –mìr / –mar . biz getmìrik we don’t go; we will probably not go biz almar›q we don’t take; we will probably not take Misal: biz getmìrik biz almar›q biz gçrmìrik biz yaéamar›q biz tìbrik etmìrik biz oxumar›q Turkish: biz gitmeyiz; gçrmeyiz; okumay›z, almay›z, yaéamay›z, tebrik etmeyiz

To learn more about the indefinite future tense, refer to Kurtulué Çztopâu’s Elementary Azerbaijani (pp. 204f. and 331).


666...bbb... Put these verbs in the indefinite future tense. Misal: o gçstìr- : o gçstìrìr biz qazan- (neg.): biz qazanmar›q / o yaz- / o yaz- (neg.) / biz gêl- / biz gêl- (neg.) / o qazan- / o qazan- (neg.); biz qazan- / biz qazan- / / biz gçtêr- (neg.) / biz gçtêr- / o gçstìr- / / o gçstìr- (neg.)/ / o baéla- / / biz baéla- (neg.) / biz baéla- (neg.) / o baéla– (neg.) /


Chapter 4

Molla Nasraddin Stories 111...aaa... Molla Nasraddin stories can often be more properly called “anecdotes” or “jokes.” This character is called Nasrettin Hoca in Turkish.

Uzunçmêrlêlêyên Sirri Bir gên Molladan uzunçmêrlêlêyên sirrini soruéanda o deyir: “Aya¤›n› isti saxla, baé›n› sìrin, Yemì¤inì diqqìt et, dêéênmì dìrin.”

(“Molla Nìsrìddin: Ìsrlìrin Gêlêé Dêhas›,” Azerbaijan

International (10.3), Autumn 1996, p. 20)

(“Molla Nìsrìddin: Ìsrlìrin Gêlêé Dêhas›,” Azerbaijan

International (10.3), Autumn 1996, p. 18)


Buraya tìzì gìlmiéìm Molla çzgì bir éìhìrì gìlir. Éìhìrin bazar›n› gìzdikdì birisi ondan soruéur: — Bu gên nì gênêdêr? — O¤lum, mìn buraya bu gên gìlmiéìm. Hìlì buran›n gênlìrini çyrìnmìmiéìm; sìn onu yerli adamlardan birindìn sorué.

(http://molla-nesreddin.iatp.az/molla-nesreddin/azerb/elm.htm)

isti warm çzgì another yerli local

111...bbb... How do you understand this highlighted part from the joke «Buraya tìzì gìlmiéìm» above?

Molla çzgì bir éìhìrì gìlir. Éìhìrin bazar›n› gìzdikdì birisi ondan soruéur:

The temporal conjunction when can be expressed with the help of a participial form in the locative case:

-dikdì / -dêkdì / -d›qda / -duqda. Éìhìrin bazar›n› gìzdikdì birisi ondan soruéur: When visiting the city’s market, somebody asked him: Turkish: Éehrin pazar›n› gezdi¤inde birisi ona sorar:

To learn more about this construction, refer to Kurtulué Çztopâu’s Elementary Azerbaijani (p. 242).

111...ccc... Translate what Molla Nasraddin says.

O¤lum, mìn buraya bu gên gìlmiéìm. Hìlì buran›n gênlìrini çyrìnmìmiéìm;


-mié marks the present perfect tense or evidential. This verb form is used to say that something happened (not witnessed or realized by the speaker) or has happened very recently. The verb has the following ending for the first person singular:

-miéìm / -mêéìm / -m›éam / -muéam O¤lum, mìn buraya bu gên gìlmiéìm. Hìlì buran›n gênlìrini çyrìnmìmiéìm. I just came here my son. I haven’t learned the days here yet. Maéta¤ada anadan olmuéam. Ailìmizdì savada, biliyì bçyêk diqqìt gçstìrirdilìr.* I was born in Maéta¤a. In my family much attention was paid to education and learning. See also 1.h. below for an alternative form for the present perfect verb.

* (N. Ìbxêlrìhmanl› (2003) Qobustan, s. 17)

To learn more about the present perfect tense, refer to Kurtulué Çztopâu’s Elementary Azerbaijani (pp. 235f. and 331). 111...ddd...

Sual vì Cavab Bir gên Molladan soruéurlar: “Molla, necì olur ki, sìn hìmiéì suala sualla cavab verirsìn?” “Do¤rudan?” deyì Molla cavab verir.

(“Molla Nìsrìddin: Ìsrlìrin Gêlêé Dêhas›,” Azerbaijan International (10.3), Autumn 1996, p. 20f.)

* * *


Dié A¤r›s› Molla êzênê yayl›qla ba¤lay›r. Kêâì ilì gedìrkìn dostlar›ndan biri onu gçrêb soruéur: —Molla, olmas›n azar, nìyindirì? Molla ufuldayaraq deyir: — Can›na sa¤l›q, qardaé, dçrd gêndêr ki, bu dié a¤r›s› mìni ìldìn sal›b. — Ìgìr sìnin diéin mìnim a¤z›mda olsayd›, indiyì kimi onu yêz dìfì âìkdirmiédim. — Do¤rudur, ìgìr sìnin a¤z›nda olsayd›, mìn dì âìkdirmiédim.


yayl›q handkerchief; scarf azar illness nìyindir what’s wrong with you ufulda- to moan; to sigh dçrd gêndêr ki for four days now indiyì kimi by now ìldìn sal- to wear out

111...eee... What do you think makes the stories «Sual vì Cavab» and «Dié A¤r›s›» funny? Or, why do you think they are not funny?


111...fff... Éìfa Mollan›n yan›na bir éair gìlib deyir: — Molla, neâì vaxtd›r ki, êrìyimdì bir a¤r› hiss edirìm, elì bil êrìyimdì bir éey qalm›éd›r. Molla, éairin bu sçzênê diqqìtlì dinlìyib soruéur: — Tìzìlikcì elì bir ée'r yaz›bsanm› ki, kimsìyì oxumam›é olasan? — Bìli, yazm›éam. — Elì isì, onu bir mìnim êâên oxu. Éair Mollaya âox uzun, mì'nas›z bir ée'r oxuyur. Molla bu ée'ri ìvvìldìn ax›ra qìdìr dinlìyib deyir: — Âox ehtimal ki, êrìyini boéaltd›¤›ndan daha bu azardan qurtar›b éìfa tapasan; âênki êrìyinì a¤›rl›q elìyìn hìmin bu ée'r idi.


êrìk heart neâì vaxtd›r ki for some time elì bil it is possible; as if tìzìlikcì recently elì bir ée'r such kind of poem bìli yes; sure mì'nas›z meaningless ax›r end âox ehtimal ki it is very likely that daha now azar illness qurtar- to be freed from éìfa recovery tap- to find hìmin bu exactly this


111...ggg... Please answer. - Why is the poet complaining? - What kind of poem is the poet asked to recite? - Does Molla Nasraddin listen to the entire poem? - What does the Molla think about the poem?

111...hhh... This sentence illustrates the use of the less formal version of the present perfect tense. (See also Chapter 2: 2.c.) How do you translate this sentence?

Tìzìlikcì elì bir ée'r yaz›bsanm› ki, kimsìyì oxumam›é olasan?

The less formal version of the present perfect tense takes the following form:

-(y)ibsìn / -(y)êbsìn / -(y)›bsan / -(y)ubsan sìn edibsìn sìn oxuyubsan sìn yaz›bsan sìn istìyibsìn gçrêbsìn baélay›bsan Turkish: sen gitmiésin; yazm›és›n, okumuésun, etc.

Tìzìlikcì elì bir ée'r yaz›bsanm› ki, kimsìyì oxumam›é olasan? Have you recently written a poem that you have not read to anyone?

To learn more about the present perfect tense, refer to Kurtulué Çztopâu’s Elementary Azerbaijani (pp. 235f. and 331). Also, refer to Chapter 2: 2.c. in this work.


111...iii... Compare these two sentences:

Tìzìlikcì elì bir ée'r yaz›bsan. Tìzìlikcì elì bir ée'r yaz›bsanm›?

Note that the question particle is attached directly to the preceding word -- unlike in Turkish.

yaz›bsanm›

Siz mêìllimsinizmi? Qìhvì varm›? Sìn gìdirsìnmi? Elì deyilmi?

To learn more about yes-no questions, refer to Kurtulué Çztopâu’s Elementary Azerbaijani (p. 35).

* * * 222...aaa... This passage summarizes what the figure of Molla Nasraddin and the stories ascribed to him mean to Azerbaijanis. Azìrbaycan xalq›n›n Molla Nìsrìddinì, 13-cê ìsrdì yaéam›é bu mìéhur komik obraza olan mìhìbbìti têkìnmìzdir. Molla Nìsrìddin lìtifìlìrinin çmrê ìbìdidir. Bu lìtifìlìr sosial vì sinfi ìdalìtsizlik, kimi ictimai problemlìrì toxunur, çzêndìn mêétìbehlik, qorxaql›k, tìnbìllik, bacar›s›zl›q, dardêéêncìlik kimi insana xas olan mìnfi xêsusiyyìtlìri tìnqid edir.

(“Molla Nìsrìddin: Ìsrlìrin Gêlêé Dêhas›,” Azerbaijan International, (10.3), Autumn 1996, p. 20)

obraz figure mìhìbbìt affection lìtifì joke; anecdote ìbìdi eternal ìdalìtsizlik injustice ictimai = sosial çzêndìn mêétìbehlik self-doubt xas olan that are characteristic mìnfi negative xêsusiyyìtlìr qualities tìnqid et- to criticize


222...bbb... Why is it said that the stories of Molla Nasraddin are timeless? What examples are given?

222...ccc...

Sìn Êzì Bilirsìn Qìdim zamanlarda (1) bir kiéinin bir neâì arvad› (1) ola bilìrdi. Mollan›n da iki arvad› var idi vì ikinci arvad birinci arvaddan cavan idi. Bir axéam Molla evì gìlìrkìn gçrêr ki, arvadlar bir-biri ilì mêbahisì edirlìr. Biri deyir ki, Molla mìni âox istìyir, o biri deyir, yox, mìni istìyir. Ìvvìlcì Molla arvadlar›na onlar›n hìr ikisini âox istìdiyini deyir. Lakin onlar bu cavabla raz›laém›rlar. Sonra arvadlar›n daha yaél›s› soruéur: “Tutaq ki, hìr êâêmêz qay›qday›q. (2) Qay›q batma¤a baélayanda sìn hans›m›z› xilas edìrsìn? Molla bir an fikirlìédiktìn sonra êzênê daha yaél› arvad›na tutub deyir: “Sen êzì bilirsìn, elì deyilmi?”

(“Molla Nìsrìddin: Ìsrlìrin Gêlêé Dêhas›,” Azerbaijan International, Autumn 1996, p. 20)

bir neâì several arvad wife, woman cavan young mêbìhisì et- to argue raz›laé- to agree tutaq ki let’s imagine, assumehans› which one xilas et- to rescue elì deyilmi isn’t it so


222...ddd... Use the context to find the meaning of the underlined items. Write the number of the item next to the best English equivalent.

----- if we tried to sink the boat ----- if I were to sink the boat ----- when the boat begins to sink ----- when we are in the boat ----- women had several husbands ----- a man could have several wives ----- there were many wives ----- a man could also be a woman

222...eee... Take a look at the highlighted elements. Try to say A person could be in a boat, and, The woman can swim.

Qìdim zamanlarda bir kiéinin bir neâì arvad› ola bilìrdi.

The abilitative (“to be able to”) is formed by means of the auxiliary verb bil- , which follows a verb that is bearing the affix - (y)ì / -(y)a.

gedì bil- oxuya bil- ala bil-

The auxiliary bil- receives the tense and person markers that are necessary to complete the verb form: E.g.: Present progressive: (Turkish: mìn gedì bilirìm I can go ben gidebiliyorum mìn gedì bilmirìm I cannot go ben gidemiyorum mìn baélaya bilirìm I can begin ben baélayabiliyorum sìn êzì bilirsìn you can swim sen yêzebiliyorsun)

Habitual Past: mìn gedì bilìrdim I could go; I used to be able to go (Tr.: gidebilirdim)

onun bir neâì arvad› he could have several (Tr.: olabilirdi) ola bilìrdi wives

To learn more about the abilitative, refer to Kurtulué Çztopâu’s Elementary Azerbaijani (pp. 266f. and 334f).


222...fff... How would you translate the highlighted verb?

Ìvvìlcì Molla arvadlar›na onlar›n hìr ikisini âox istìdiyini deyir. Lakin onlar bu cavabla raz›laém›rlar.

When the present progressive tense marker: –(y)›r / –(y)ir / –(y)ur / –(y)êr is preceded by the marker for negation, the results are verbs of the form: onlar raz›laém›rlar they don’t agree arvad soruémur the wife is not asking o gçrmêr s/he doesn’t see onlar gçrmêrlìr they don’t see onlar sçylìmirlìr they do not say Turkish: o gçrmêyor, onlar sçylemiyorlar

To learn more about the negation and the present progressive tense, refer to Kurtulué Çztopâu’s Elementary Azerbaijani (pp. 79f. and 331).

* * * 222...ggg...

Aparmaz Ki?! Mollla Nìsrìddin arvad› ilì birlikdì gçlì paltar yuma¤a gedir. Bunlar›n baé› paltar yuma¤a qar›é›r; bir qar¤a sabunu a¤z›na al›b uâur. Bunu gçrìn arvad kêy-kìlìk sal›b q›éq›r›r: — Ay kiéi, qoyma, qar¤a sabunu apard›! Molla, qar¤an›n uâub xeyli uzaqlaéd›¤›n› gçrìrìk deyir: — Daha niyì q›éq›r›rsan, gçrmêrsìnmi ki, yaz›¤›n êst-baé› bizimkindìn kirlidir. Qar¤a fìrasìtli quédur. Sabun laz›m olmasa aparmaz ki?!

http://molla-nesreddin.iatp.az/molla-nesreddin/azerb/evde.htm


222...ggg... (cont.)

paltar clothes baé› qar›é- to be busy; to be engrossed kêy-kêlìk sal›b in panic; creating a fussq›éq›r- to shout apar- to carry awayxeyli very; muchgçrmêrsìnmi don’t you seefìrasìtli smart; shrewd

222...hhh... Mark if the following is true (D = Dêz) or false (S = Sìhv). ----- Only Molla Nìsrìddin‘s wife was washing clothes. ----- They observed the crow as it approached them and ended up flying away with the soap. ----- Molla Nìsrìddin reacted more calmly than his wife. ----- He said that the crow probably did not need the soap.

333...aaa...

Camaat›n A¤z›ndan Qurtara Bilmìrik Bir gên Molla o¤lu ilì sìfìrì â›x›r. Molla o¤lunu eééìyì mindirir, çzê isì onlar›n yan› ilì gedir. Yoldan keâìn bir neâì adam onlar› gçrêb deyir: “Bu da indiki cavanlar. Heâ bçyêyì hçrmìt etmirlìr. O boyda sa¤lam o¤lan eééìyì minib, yaz›q qoca kiéi piyada gedir.” Bu sçzlìrdìn utanan Mollan›n o¤lu atas›n› eééìyì minmìyì mìcbur edir, çzê isì eééìkdìn dêéêb piyada gedir. Bu dìfì onlar›n qaré›s›na baéqa adamlar â›x›rlar. “Bunlara bir bax›n. O boyda kiéi eééìyì minib, yaz›q uéaq piyada gedir,” deyì hìmin adamlar onlara sçz at›rlar. Bu dìfì Molla çzê dì o¤lu ilì birlikdì eééìyì minir. Yenì onlar›n qaré›s›na bir neâì adam â›x›r vì deyir: “Bura bax ey… ‹ki-iki adam minib eééìyì, yaz›q heyvan nìfìs ala bilmir.”


Molla eééekdìn dêéêr, o¤lunu da dêéêrdêrêr vì deyir: “Gìl ikimiz dì piyada gedìk. Onda camaat bizì heâ nì demìz.” Yenì dì onlar›n qaré›s›na bir neâì adam â›x›r. “Bu axmaqlara bax›n. Gênên alt›nda piyada gedirlìr, at›la-at›la gedìn eééìyì minmir-lìr,” deyì adamlar onlar› tìnbeh edirlìr. Adamlar›n sçzêndìn tìngì gìlmié Molla eééìyi qald›r›b dal›na al›r vì deyir: “Gìl, bala. Belì elìmìsìk, camaat›n a¤z›ndan qurtara bilmìrik.”

(“Molla Nìsrìddin: Ìsrlìrin Gêlêé Dêhas›,” Azerbaijan International (10.3), Autumn 1996, p. 20)

sìfìr trip min- to get on; to rideçzê himself bir neâì a couple of indiki today’s hçrmìt et- to show respectpiyada on foot mìcbur et- to force dêé- to get off nìfìs al- to breathe gedìk let us go camaat people heâ nì anything; nothingaxmaq idiot at›la-at›la skipping and jumpingtìnbìh et- to reproach tìngì gel- to be exhausted, exasperateddal back bala child belì (like) this; this way


333...bbb... These words are taken from the story «Camaat›n A¤z›ndan Qurtara

Bilmìrik». Write the number of the best English equivalent next to each item on the left. Pay attention to distractors.

1. poor ----- cavan 2. old ----- sa¤lam 3. handsome ----- qoca 4. on foot ----- piyada 5. young ----- yaz›q 6. idiot ----- axmaq 7. weak 8. healthy

333...ccc... How do you translate this sentence?

Gênên alt›nda piyada gedirlìr, at›la-at›la gedìn eééìyì minmir-lìr.

333...ddd... Look at the abilitative form below. Identify the tense and person.

“Gìl, bala. Belì elìmìsìk, camaat›n a¤z›ndan qurtara bilmìrik.”

Verbs in the indefinite future tense that are in the abilitative mode have the form: mìn gedì bilmìrìm I cannot go, I won’t be able to go sìn gedì bilmìzsìn biz gedì bilmìrik biz oxuya bilmìrik

Gìl, bala. Belì elìmìsìk, camaat›n a¤z›ndan qurtara bilmìrik. Come on, child. If we don’t do so, we probably won’t be able to save ourselves from what the people have to say.

Turkish: ben gidemem; sen gidemezsin; biz gidemeyiz; biz okuyamay›z

To learn more about the abilitative, refer to Kurtulué Çztopâu’s Elementary Azerbaijani (pp. 266f. and 334f). To learn more about the indefinite future tense, refer to pp. 204f. and 331. See also Chapter 3: 6.b. in this work.

* * * * *



Chapter 5

Molla Nìsrìddin - The Magazine

111...aaa... The following passage is the beginning of a chapter on the famous satiric magazine Molla Nasraddin that was published in Baku in the early 20th century. The chapter is part of a history textbook for 5th graders. «MOLLA NÌSRÌDD‹N» (I) Bak› éìhìri… ‹l›q bir yaz sìhìri idi. Ìlindì ìsa, baé›nda élyapa olan, sìliqì ilì geyinmié ortayaél› bir kiéi Balaxan› kêâìsi1 ilì Quba meydan›na2 do¤ru irìlilìyirdi. ‹lk bax›édan hiss olunurdu ki, ziyal› adamd›r, çzê dì heâ yana tìlìsmir. Dal¤›n gçrkìmi fikirdìn, qay¤›lardan ìzab âìkdiyini sçylìyirdi. O, kêâìnin meydanla kìsiédiyi yerdì, sa¤ tìrìfdì ayaq saxlad›. Quba meydan› yenì adamla dolu idi.


sìhìr morning ìsa walking stick; cane élyapa hat sìliqì ile neatly ziyal› educated; member of intelligentsia heâ yana nowhere tìlìs- to rush, hurry dal¤›n thoughtful; pensive gçrkìm look; appearance qay¤› concern; worry ìzab âìk- to agonize; to be troubled, upset ayaq saxla- to pause yenì again

1 Balaxan› kêâìsi - ‹ndiki Fêzuli kêâìsi (Ata Yurdu, s. 223) 2 Quba meydan› - ‹ndiki Fêzuli meydan› (ibid.)


111...bbb... Write the number of the best English equivalent next to each item on the left. Pay attention to distractors.

1. educated ----- il›q 2. summer ----- sìliqì ilì 3. to hurry ----- ziyal› 4. street ----- tìlìsmìk 5. to be concerned ----- ayaq saxlamaq 6. warm ----- kêâì 7. to pause 8. neatly

"The First Day of School at a Muslim School" as depicted in the satiric magazine "Molla Nasraddin" (1908). The librarian had fallen asleep on the job because there were no requests for books. The Azeri book titles in the official Arabic script include "Vìtìn Dili" (Native Language), "Ana Dili" (Mother Tongue) and primers for 1st and 2nd years. The sketch criticized the fact that few Azerbaijanis wanted an education in the Azeri language (Photo: Molla Nasraddin Magazine, 1908).

(“Language Transitions: Why I don’t know Azeri”), Azerbaijan International (10.4) Winter 2002, p. 22.)

222...aaa... In this passage, the middle-aged man introduced above purchases a magazine. (II) Burada kimì desìn rast gìlmìk olard›. Kiéi meydan›n mìrkìzinì do¤ru add›mlama¤a baélad›. Beé-on metr getmiédi ki, bir uéa¤›n - «Molla Nìsrìddin», «Molla Nìsrìddin», tìzì jurnal, tìzì jurnal, al›n, lap az qal›b! – dìyì q›éq›rd›¤›n› eéitdi vì o tìrìfì __1. __ . Uéaq éìkillli bir jurnal› baé› êstêndì yellìdìrìk cìld add›mlarla meydan› __2. __ . Kiéi uéa¤› sìslìdi vì çzê dì add›mlar›n› sêr’ìtlìndirib ona do¤ru getdi. Uéa¤›n qoltu¤unda bir neâì jurnal __3. __ . O, uéa¤a âatan kimi cibindìn pul â›xar›b jurnaldan birini __4. __ . Hçvsìlìsi âatmad›, kìnara âìkilib tez jurnal› vìrìqlìmìyì baélad›. Jurnal›n êz qab›¤›ndak› éìkil diqqìtini daha âox cìlb etdi. Éìkildì âoxlu yatm›é adam __5. __ . Dìrin yuxuda olan bu adamlar›n bì’zilìri art›q oyanmaqda, gìrnìémìkdì, baélar›n› yerlìrindìn qald›rmaqda idilìr. Âoxu


dìrin yuxuda, bì’zilìri isì yar›yuxulu, yar› oyanmaqda olan bu adamlar›n qaba¤›nda ìli ìsal› molla ayaq êstì __6. __ . O, bu adamlara mêraciìtlì deyirdi; «Sizi deyib gìlmiéìm, ey mìnim mêsìlman qardaélar›m!»


222...bbb... Find the missing words from the selections below. Pay attention to distractors.

Misal: 5. tìsvir edilmiédi ----- qalm›éd› ----- ald› ----- baélad› ----- baxd› ----- dayanm›éd› ----- gêldê ----- dolaé›rd› ----- tìsvir edilmiédi

rast gìl- to see; to meetuéaq child lap very éìkil pictureyellìt- to wavecìld quicksêr’ìt speed; paceuéa¤a âatan kimi as soon as he reached the boyhçvsìlì patienceâat- to be enough, sufficevìrìq page êz front; facecìlb et- to draw, attracttìsvir et- to depictyuxu sleep gìrnìé- to stretchqald›rmaqda idilìr they were raising, … in the process of

raising adamlar›n qaba¤›nda before the menayaq êstì dayan- to stand on one’s feetmêraciìtlì by appealing to, addressing


222...ccc... How do you understand the highlighted verb?

Uéaq éìkillli bir jurnal› baé› êstêndì yellìdìrìk cìld add›mlarla meydan› dolaé›rd›.

Note that the marker for the progressive tense is –(y)›r / –(y)ir /–(y)ur /–(y)êr. Therefore, the past progressive verb has the form: dolaé›rd› was walking deyirdi was saying sçylìyirdi was telling Turkish: dolaé›yordu, diyordu, sçylêyordu

To learn more about the past progressive tense, refer to Kurtulué Çztopâu’s Elementary Azerbaijani (pp. 274f. and 332).

333...aaa... The middle-aged man is now reading the journal. (III) Kiéi éìkli o saatdaca baéa dêédê. Tez jurnal› qoltu¤una vurub tindìki âayxanaya tìlìsdi. ‹âìri girìn kimi boé stullardan birindì oturub âay sifarié verdi. Gçzlêyênê tax›b, jurnal› acgçzlêklì oxuma¤a baélad›. O hìr bir yaz›n› oxuduqca baé›n›n hìrìkìti ilì raz› qald›¤›n› bildirir, çzênê gêlmìkdìn saxlaya bilmirdi. Kiéi âox qiymìtli bir éey tapm›é, olduqca xoé bir xìbìr eéitmié adamlar kimi sevincini gizlìdì bilmìdi. Qeyri-ixtiyari olaraq p›â›ldad›: «Nìhayìt ki, bu gênê dì gçrdêm!»…


o saatdaca at that very momentbaéa dêé- to understand; to realizetin cornerqeyri-ixtiyari instinctivelynìhayìt finally


333...bbb... Please answer. - Where did the man read the magazine? - What was his reaction to what he read and saw?

333...ccc... How do you understand the verbs in the abilitative?

Çzênê gêlmìkdìn saxlaya bilmirdi. Olduqca xoé bir xìbìr eéitmié adamlar kimi sevincini gizlìdì bilmìdi.

These verbs are both in the abilitative and past tense. saxlaya bilmirdi he could not keep (himself from laughing) bilmirdi: past progressive

Turkish: saklayam›yordu gizlìdì bilmìdi he was unable to hide (his joy) bilmìdi: simple past

Turkish: gizleyemedi

To learn more about these tenses, refer to Kurtulué Çztopâu’s Elementary Azerbaijani (pp. 331f.).

444...aaa... This passage describes the appearance of the magazine. (IV) Kiéinin sevincinì sìbìb olan bu jurnal mìéhur «Molla Nìsrìddin» jurnal› idi. «Molla Nìsrìddin» jurnal›n›n ilk nçmrìsi 1906-c› il aprel ay›n›n 7-dì âapdan â›xm›éd›r. Jurnal›n redaktoru bçyêk Azìrbaycan yaz›â›s› Cìlil Mìmmìdquluzadì idi.


Cìlil Mìmmìdquluzadì (1866-1932) Naxâ›vanda anadan olmué, ilk tìhsilini dì burada alm›éd›. Sonra o, Qori mêìllimlìr seminariyas›n› bitirmié, bir mêddìt kìnd mìktìblìrindì mêìllimlik etmiédi. Do¤ma xalq›n›n gêzìran›, dìrdlìri ilì yax›ndan tan›é olan Cìlil Mìmmìdquluzadì 1906-c› ildì «Molla Nìsrìddin» jurnal›n› nìér etdirmìyì baélay›r. Jurnal q›sa fasilìlìrlì 25 il (1906-1931-ci illìr) nìér olunur. «Molla Nìsrìddin» jurnal› Tiflisdì, Tìbrizdì vì Bak›da nìér edilmiédi.

(Y. Mahmudlu & als. (1998) Ata Yurdu: 5-ci sinif êâên dìrslik, s. 224f.)

âapdan â›x- to be published gêzìran life fasilì interval; pause

444...bbb... Please answer. - What is said about the editor of Molla Nasraddin? - What are important dates in the history of the journal?

444...ccc... Revisit passages (I)-(IV) above and underline all place names.

555...aaa... The significance of Molla Nasraddin. (V) «Molla Nìsrìddin» hìyatdak› bêtên nçqsanlar›, mìnfi cìhìtlìri ac› gêlêélì tìnqid edìn, gêldêrì-gêldêrì dêéêndêrmìyì, dêéêndêre-dêéêndêre silkìlìyib oyatma¤a âal›éan, ié gçrmìyì âa¤›ran bir jurnal idi. Onun gêlêéê oyanmaqda olan, ìtraf›n› gçrìn, yaxé›n› pisdìn, dostu dêémìndìn seâìn bir adam›n gêlêéê idi. «Molla Nìsrìddin» jurnal› çz dçvrênên gêzgêsê idi. Buna gçrì dì Cìlil Mìmmìdquluzadì deyirdi ki, «Molla Nìsrìddin»i zìmìnì çzê yetirdi.



555...bbb... Write the number of the best English equivalent next to each item on the left. Pay attention to distractors.

1. satire ----- nçqsan 2. mirror ----- tìnqid etmìk 3. to embellish ----- silkìlìmìk 4. shortcoming ----- oyanmaq 5. to wake up ----- gêzgê 6. to shake up 7. to criticize

555...ccc... Take a close look at the quote by C. Mammadkhuluzade:

Buna gçrì dì Cìlil Mìmmìdquluzadì deyirdi ki, «Molla Nìsrìddin»i zìmìnì çzê yetirdi.

Accordingly, Cìlil Mìmmìdquluzadì used to say that Molla Nasraddin was produced by the era itself.

What did Mammadkhuluzade mean?

666...aaa... The fame and importance of Molla Nasraddin: (VI) Âox keâmìdìn «Molla Nìsrìddin» jurnal› da Molla Nìsrìddin’in çzê kimi bêtên Éarqdì mìéhurlaéd›, sevilì-sevilì oxundu, ìldìn-ìlì, dildìn dilì gìzdi. Onun Tiflisdì, ‹rìvanda, Da¤›standa, Tìbrizdì, Çzbìkistanda, Têrkmìnistanda, Kr›mda, Kazanda, Ufada, Hìétìrxanda, ‹stanbulda, Qahirìdì, Bombeydì vì sair yerlìrdì âoxlu oxucusu vard›. Jurnal Avropan›n vì Amerikan›n da bir âox çlkìlìrindì genié éçhrìt qazanm›éd›.


(VII) «Molla Nìsrìddin» jurnal› xalq›m›z›n çz azadl›¤› u¤runda mêbarizìsinì hìmiéì xêsusi diqqìt yetirmiédi. Jurnal mêxtìlif yollarla, êsullarla Rusiya, ‹ran, Têrkiyì vì Almaniya hçkmdarlar›n› iféa etmiédi. (VIII) Jurnal›n sìhifìlìrindì tez-tez xalq›m›z›n Cìnubi Azìrbaycanda yaéayan hissìsinin azadl›q mêbarizìsindìn bìhs edìn yaz›lar âap olunurdu. Jurnalda xalq azadl›q hìrìkat›n›n baéâ›lar› Sìttarxan, Ba¤›rxan haqq›nda yaz›lm›é, onlar›n éìkillìri verilmiédi. «Molla Nìsrìddin» jurnal› belì yaz›lar› ilì, xalq qìhrìmanlar›n›n éìkillìrini vermìklì bçyêk cìsarìt, vìtìnpìrvìrlik nêmunìsi gçstìrmiédi.

(IX) Jurnalda Orta Asiya, ‹ran, Têrkiyì, Hindistan vì baéqa çlkìlìrin hìyat›na aid yaz›lar, éìkillìr verilirdi. Bunlar hìmin çlkìlìrdì yaéayan têrk-mêsìlman qardaélar›m›z›n dìrdlìrini, arzu vì istìklìrini dêzgên ìks etdirirdi. Bu mollanìsrìddinâilìrin-jurnal›n ìmìkdaélar›n›n, têrk-mêsìlman çlkìlìrinin tarixinì, gêndìlik hìyat›na yaxé› bìlìd olduqlar›n› gçstìrirdi. (X) «Molla Nìsrìddin» jurnal› qad›n azadl›¤› mìsìlìlìrinì dì xêsusi fikir verir, qad›nlar›n mêdafiìâisi kimi â›x›é edirdi. O, q›zlar›n tìhsili qay¤›s›na qal›rd›. Onlar›n savadlanmas›na, oxumas›na âal›é›rd›.

(Y. Mahmudlu & als. (1998) Ata Yurdu: 5-ci sinif êâên dìrslik, s. 226.)


666...bbb... The table below lists some the main topics of the passages you just read, i.e., texts (VI)-(X). Enter the text numbers (VI)-(X) under the suitable topics headings.

The aspirations of Turkic-Muslim peoples

Molla Nasraddin’s reach beyond Azerbaijan

The education of women

Azerbaijan’s struggle for freedom

666...ccc... Circle, in texts (VI)-(X) above, all proper names.

In contrast to the Muslim school, this sketch emphasizes the popularity and prestige of a Russian-language education in Azerbaijan. From "Molla Nasraddin" satiric magazine, 1908.

(“Language Transitions: Why I don’t know Azeri”), AzerbaijanInternational (10.4) Winter 2002, p. 22.)

777...aaa... The topic of national language has played an important role for Azerbaijanis. These paragraphs touch upon the treatment of this topic in the early 20th century.


(XI) «Molla Nìsrìddin» jurnal› hìmiéì dilimizin varl›¤›, tìmizliyi u¤runda mêbarizì aparm›éd›. «Molla Nìsrìddin» çz halq›na hìmiéì sadì, éirin, duzlu-mìzìli el sçzlìri ilì mêraciìt edirdi. Do¤ma ana dilini unudanlara gêlêrdê. Jurnal›n «Mêsìlman oxumuélar›» éìkli elì bu mìsìlìyì hìsr edilmiédi. Éìklin alt›nda bir-birini anlamayan iki ziyal›n›n sçhbìti verilmiédir. Yad dildì tìhsil alan bu adamlar ana dilini unutduqlar›ndan indi bir-biri ilì dan›éa, bir-birini baéa dêéì bilmirlìr. «Molla Nìsrìddin» jurnal› do¤ma dilimizi yad sçzlìrlì zìhìrlìyìnlìri, onu zorla xarici dillìrlì ìvìz etmìyì âal›éanlar› da hìmiéì tìnqid etmiédir. Mìsìlìn, jurnal›n nçmrìlìrinin birindì verilmié éìkildì bir neâì nìfìr bir azìrbaycanl›n›-azìri têrkênê yerì y›x›b, onun dilini kìsib, zorla çzgì dillìri onun a¤z›na soxma¤a âal›é›r. Éeklin alt›nda yaz›lm›éd›r: «Ay qardaélar, mìn dilsiz yaranmam›éam. Çz dilim var. Niyì a¤z›mda çz dilim ola-ola çzgì dillìri soxursunuz a¤z›ma?» «Molla Nìsrìddin» Azìrbaycanda, elìcì dì bêtên qonéu çlkìlìrdì nìér olunan ilk tìnqidi jurnal idi. Âox keâmìdìn onun tì’siri ilì Orta Asiya, Tatar›stan vì bir s›ra baéqa têrk-mêsìlman çlkìlìrindì dì belì tìnqidi jurnallar â›xma¤a baélad›.

(Y. Mahmudlu & als. (1998) Ata Yurdu:

5-ci sinif êâên dìrslik, s. 226f.)

hìmiéì alwaysmêbìrizì apar- to fightduzlu-mìzìli pleasant and wittyel sçzlìri popular, folk expressionsmêraciìt et- to addressmìsìlì problemhìsr et- to devoteyad foreignxarici = yadìvìz et- to replaceçzgì otheryaran- to be createdtìsir influence; effect


777...bbb... Circle, in text (XI), words and phrases that broadly belong to the subject of “language” and “language use.”

777...ccc... Underline words and phrases that describe the role the magazine Molla Nasraddin played with regard to the issue of language.

777...ddd... Please answer. - What is the position taken in this text with respect to the language used in Azerbaijan? - What do you know about the state of the language in Azerbaijan during the 20th century?

In the history textbook for 5th graders, there are references to the school and language situation in the late 19th century. They appear in the chapter on Hasan bey Zardabi, the publisher of the first national newspaper of Azerbaijan.

Hìsìn bìy Zìrdabi 1842-ci ildì Gçyâay qìzas›n›n Zìrdab kìndindì ziyal›, bìy ailìsindì anadan olmuétur. 10 yaé› tamam olanda atas› onu oxumaq êâên Éamax› éìhìr mìktìbinì qoyur. Bu mìktìbi bitirdikdìn sonra Tiflis qìzì gimnaziyas›na daxil olur. Gimnaziyada oxuyarkìn çz âal›éqanl›¤› vì biliyi ilì yoldaélar›ndan fìrqlìnir. Moskva universtitetinì onu imtahans›z qìbul edirlìr. [….]

Bak› quberniyas›nda tìkcì Bak›da gimnaziya mìktìbi vard›. Burada da dìrslìr rus dilindì keâilirdi. Odur ki, mìktìbì, hìtta onun haz›rl›q siniflìrinì rus dilindì yaz›b-oxuma¤› bilìn adamlar› gçtêrêrdêlìr. Azìrbaycan dilindì mìktìb yox idi. [….]

Kìndlilìr rus dilini bilmìdiklìrindìn vìziyyìtlìri daha a¤›r idi. Savads›z kìndli yeni qanunlar›, çz hêquqlar›n› baéa dêémêrdê.


5-ci sinif êâên dìrslik, s. 217f.)


888...aaa... The following was said by the former president of Azerbaijan, Heydar Aliyev, in a televised forum on "Youth" in Baku in 1996.

"I would encourage our youth to learn as many foreign languages as possible. But prior to that ambitious goal, they all should know their own language - Azeri. They should feel it as a mother language and be able to think in it. I wish for the day when our youth can read Shakespeare in English, Pushkin in Russian, and our own Azerbaijani poets - Nizami, Fuzuli and Nasimi - in Azerbaijani."

(Heydar Aliyev, President of Azerbaijan, in a televised forum on "Youth" in Baku on February 2, 1996, from Azerbaijan International (4.4) Winter 1996, p. 25.)

888...bbb... What does Heydar Aliyev’s statement indicate about the state of the national language debate at the end of the 20th century? For more on contemporary language issues see “Why I don't know Azeri,” by Natasha Trishkova and “Why I had to learn Russian,” by Azar Mammad, and “Alphabet Changes,” by Betty Blair, in: (“Language Transitions: Why I don’t know Azeri”), Azerbaijan International (10.4) Winter 2002, pp. 22f. and 26.


999...aaa... Consider also the following quote by literary critic Kamal Abdullayev, as you discuss the topic of ‘language in Azerbaijan’s past and present.’

Alphabet Reversals "All of my books have been published in Cyrillic. I know that within five years or so, the younger generations will not be able to read them. Sometimes I think: 'What a pity! I've been serving this society as a scholar for 55 years but no one will be able to read my books in the future.'

"But that's all right. It's important for us to use the Latin alphabet. A common alphabet will bring us together with the other Turkic peoples and will give us a national identity. The Cyrillic alphabet was imposed upon us by Soviet totalitarianism and it was necessary to rid ourselves of it. The Latin alphabet will return us to the direction in history that we want to go."

(Kamal Abdullayev, in an interview with Azerbaijan International, in late 1999, from Azerbaijan International (8.1), Spring 2000, p 25.) For more on the language debate, refer to reading number 111111 at the end of this chapter.


111000...aaa... Read these questions which accompanied the text on the magazine Molla Nasraddin provided in tasks 1.-7. above. Note that the newspaper Ìkinâi (Farmer) appeared in 1875 and was the first national newspaper of Azerbaijan.

Sual vì tapé›r›qlar: Jurnal›n êz qab›¤›ndak› éìkildì nì tìsvir edilmiédi? Hesablay›n: «Molla Nìsrìddin» jurnal› «Ìkinâi» qìzetindìn neâì il sonra âapdan â›xma¤a baélad›? Cìlil Mìmmìdquluzadìnin «Molla Nìsrìddin» jurnal›n› 25 il nìér etdirmìsi, sizcì, nìyi gçstìrir? Nì êâên «Molla Nìsrìddin» jurnal› çz dçvrênên gêzgêsê idi? Jurnal hans› çlkìlìrdì bçyêk éçhrìt qazanm›éd›? «Molla Nìsrìddin»in halq›m›z›n azadl›q mêbarizìsinì rì¤bìtini nìdìn gçrêrsênêz? Jurnalda hans› çlkìlìrin hìyat›na aid yaz› vì éìkillìr verilirdi? Bu nìyi gçstìrirdi? «Molla Nìsrìddin» «gêldêrmìklì dêéêndêrêrdê» ifadìsini necì baéa dêéêrsênêz? Sìttarxan, Ba¤›rxan adlar› sizì tan›éd›rm›? Bu xalq qìhrìmanlar› haqq›nda nì bilirsiniz? Jurnalda onlar›n éìkillìrini vìrmìk nì êâên bçyêk cìsarìt hesab edilirdi? Sizcì, niyì oxucular «Molla Nìsrìddin»i âox sevirdilìr?


5-ci sinif êâên dìrslik, s. 223-228.)

rì¤bìt sympathy cìsarìt courage hesab et- to consider


111000...bbb... How do you understand the highlighted elements?

«Molla Nìsrìddin» «gêldêrmìklì dêéêndêrêrdê» ifadìsini necì baéa dêéêrsênêz?

Note that necì means how and baéa dêémìk means to understand.

111000...ccc... The adjective tan›é means familiar, known. How do you understand the highlighted form?

Sìttarxan, Ba¤›rxan adlar› sizì tan›éd›rm›?

The personal suffix for the verb to be, for the third person in the present tense is: -dir / -d›r / -dêr / -dur. tan›éd›r is familiar yaxé›d›r is good gçzìldir is beautiful mìktìbdìdir is in the school When used in a yes-no question with the question particle, the order of suffixes will be as follows … sizì tan›éd›rm› Is … familiar to you? gçzìldirmi is beautiful? mìktìbdìdirmi is at school? Note also: tan›é deyil is not familiar mìktìbdì deyil is not in the school

To learn more about “present tense statements with the verb to be,” refer to Kurtulué Çztopâu’s Elementary Azerbaijani (pp. 17f., and p. 15 for examples).


111000...ddd... Add the necessary suffixes to create predicates that have the form tan›éd›rm›. Misal: Bak›da: Bak›dad›rm›?

/ cavan / ziyal› / mêìllim / redaktor / yaz›â› / amerikal› / êmidli / Bak›da / Azìrbaycanda / kêâìdì / ortayaél› / dolu /

Also note: In Azerbaijani, yes-no questions can also be asked without the question particle. When speaking, the question is then marked by rising intonation. Bu kitab yaxé›d›r? Turkish: Bu kitap iyi mi?

To learn more about forming questions, refer to Kurtulué Çztopâu’s Elementary Azerbaijani (pp. 36 and 86).

111000...eee... Below you will find a list of interrogative pronouns or question words. Write the number of the best English equivalent next to each item on the left. Note that the same number can be used more than once. Also, pay attention to distractors. Misal: 8 nì

----- hans› 1. who ----- nì 3. which ----- nì êâên 4. how ----- nìdìn 5. where ----- necì 6. why ----- niyì 8. what ----- neâì 9. how many

For more on question words, refer to Kurtulué Çztopâu’s Elementary Azerbaijani (pp. 167f).


111000...fff... Translate the following short questions. Evdìdirmi? - ‹édìdirmi? - Niyì belìdir? - Neâìyìdir? - Bu hans›d›r? – Uéaqd›rm›?

111111... For a more recent opinion on the role of the Azerbaijani language, read the excerpts from Ayéì Kìrimova’s piece, published in 525-ci Qìzet below. Dil kompleksi A. Kərimova Son zamanlar rusdilli mətbuatla azərbaycandilli mətbuat aras›nda baş verən âəkişmələr hər kəsin diqqətini âəkdi. Bundan əlavə "rus dili və ya Têrkiyə têrkcəsi təhlêkədi" kimi diskussiyalar da aâ›ld›. Bir dil kompleksi var millətimizdə. İllərdi bu kompleksdən xilas ola bilmirik, digər komplekslərimiz kimi. Kinoşênas Ayaz Salayev mêsahibələrindən birində rus dilindən âox, têrk dilinin Azərbaycan êâên bçyêk təhlêkə olduğunu deyir. Başqa birisinə gçrə isə əksinə, rus dili gənc nəsil êâên təhlêkədir. Mənim fikrimcə, AZƏRBAYCAN DİLİNDƏN başqa bêtên dillər təhlêkədi. [….] Azərbaycanl›lar Azərbaycan dilində yazmal› və oxumal›d›rlar. Dêşênêrəm ki, dillə bağl› âox kəskin tədbirlərə əl at›lmal›d›r. Hələ də rus dili kompleksindən can›m›z› qurtara bilməmişik. Son zamanlar buna têrk dili də əlavə olunub. Rayonlarda balaca uşaqlar Têrkiyə têrkcəsi ilə dan›ş›r. Bir problem â›xan kimi aram›zda "gênahkar keâini" axtarmağa başlay›r›q. Əslində, birinci çzêmêzêk gênahkar. O dəqiqə "çzêmêz"dən â›x›r›q. Və əcaib bir şeyə dçnêrêk. Dirənə bilmirik. Çzêmêzdən sonra, KİV-dir gênahkar, sonra ziyal›lar və s. S›ran› art›rmaq da olar. Ana dilini bilməyən, milləti ilə onun dilində dan›şmayan jurnalisti jurnalist, ziyal›n› ziyal›, siyasətâini də siyasətâi kimi qəbul edə bilmirəm. Rus dilli olmalar› ucbat›ndan ziyal›lar›m›zla millətimiz aras›nda uâurum yarand› və o "ziyal›lar" ziyanl› oldular. Hələ də bu insanlardan qurtula bilmirik. Nə qədər ki, rusdilli təhsil qalmaqdad›r, bu problem həll edilməyəcək. Azərbaycan›n Konstitusiyas› var və ona bêtên bəndləri ilə əməl olunmal›d›r. Zəhmət âəkib Azərbaycanda yaşayan ruslar da Azərbaycan dilini çyrənsinlər. Necə ki, Têrkiyədəki əcnəbilər têrk dilini çyrənirlər.


Rusdilli məktəblərdə oxuyan şagirdlər doğru-dêrêst azərbaycanca nə dan›şa bilir, nə də savadl› yaza bilirlər. Belə bir şey hans› dçvlətdə var, gçrəsən› Rus, ingilis, alman, hətta erməni dilini də çyrənmək laz›md›r. Amma bunlardan əvvəl doğma dildə dan›şmağ›, yazmağ› bacarmal›y›q. Hələ də bir qisim insan anlam›r ki, dçvlət sənə ruscan› (və ya başqa bir dili) millətinlə həmin dildə dan›şasan deyə çyrətmir. Ona gçrə çyrədir ki, yeri dêşəndə bu dillərdən istifadə edəsən. Və ya rusca qəzet, jurnal â›xarasan deyə də çyrətmir. "Biz rusca ona gçrə yaz›r›q ki, xaricdə yaşayan çlkə haqq›nda xəbəri olsun". Âox gêlməli və əsass›z səbəb. Birincisi, xaricdə yaşayan azərbaycanl›lar›n ad›ndan dan›şmay›n, ikincisi, azərbaycandilli xəbər portallar› kifayət qədərdir ki, oradan xəbər almaq istəyənlər yararlana bilərlər. "Tak âto" əziz dostlar vaxt itirmədən azərbaycanca savadl› yazmağ› və təmiz dan›şmağ› çyrənin. Uşaqlar›n›z› da rus dilli deyil, Azərbaycan dilli məktəblərdə oxudun. Başqa yolunuz yoxdur. Yetər, rus beyniylə dêşênêb, rus beyniylə hərəkət etdiyimiz. (http://www.525.az/new/2008/02/02/read=25185)

* * *


Chapter 6

Azerbaijan: Geography

(www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/azerbaij.pdf)


111...aaa... Read and translate the overview over the geographic features of Azerbaijan.

(I.) Azìrbaycan Respublikas› Zaqafqaziyan›n éìrqindì yerlìéir. Onun ìrazisi éimaldan Baé Qafqaz s›ra da¤lar›ndan Kiâik Qafqaz vì Tal›é da¤lar›na qìdìr uzan›r. Éimalda Azìrbaycan Rusiya Federasiyas› ilì, qìrbdì Ermìnistan vì Gêrcêstan ilì, cìnubda ‹ran vì Têrkiye ilì hìmsìrhìddir. Respublika éìrqdìn Xìzìr dìnizi ilì ìhatì olunur.

Zaqafqaziya Transcaucasus éìrq east ìrazi territory éimal north qìrb west cìnub south hìmsìrhìd sharing a border,

neighboring (countries) Xìzìr denizi Caspian Sea ìhatì olun- to be surrounded

(II.) Azìrbaycan ìrazisi 86,6 min kv. km-dir. Materik hissìsindìn ìlavì onun tìrkibindì Xìzìr dìnizdìki sahilboyu adalar da daxildir. Respublika ìrazisinin tìbiìti son dìrìcì rìngarìng vì gçzìl olub, yêksìk da¤ silsilìlìri vì dêzìnliklìrindìn ibarìtdir. Ìrazisinin mêtlìq hêndêrlêyê dìniz sìviyyìsindìn - 27,0 m-dìn 4666 m-ì qìdìrdir.

materik continental ìlavì in addition tìrkib structure;

composition son dìrìcì exceedingly silsilì chain dêzìnlik plains ibarìt to consist of mêtlìq absolute hêndêrlêq height sìviyyì level


(III.) Azìrbaycan ìsasìn da¤l›q çlkìdir. Onun ìrazisinin 2/3 hissìsini Bçyêk vì Kiâik Qafqaz›n da¤ sistemlìri, Qaraba¤ vulkanik yaylas› vì Tal›é da¤lar› tutur. Bçyêk vì Kiâik Qafqaz silsilìlìri aras›nda maili dêzìnliklìri vì alâaq da¤l›q tirìlìrlì haéiyìlìnmié genié Kêr-Araz oval›¤› uzan›r. Tal›é da¤ìtìklìri boyunca cìnuba do¤ru daralan Lìnkìran oval›¤› Naxâ›van âçkìkliyindì isì Arazboyu dêzìnlik yerlìéir.

hissì part, portion yayla plateau maili sloping dêzìnlik flat land tirì ridge haéiyìlìnmié flanked âçkìklik depression

(IV.) Azìrbaycan faydal› qaz›nt›larla zìngindir: dìmir vì polimetal filizlìri, tikinti materiallar› (ìhìngdaé›, mergel, qranit, mìrmìr vì s.). Faydal› qaz›nt›lar iâìrisindì art›q 100 ildìn âox istismar olunan neft vì qaz ìsas yer tutur. Respublika çzênên mineral sular› ilì mìéhurdur, bunlar›n aras›nda ‹stisu, elìcì dì Sirab, Badaml›, Dar›da¤ vì digìrlìri xêsusi éçhrìtì malikdir.

filiz ore tikinti construction neft petroleum; oil xêsusi special éçhrìt fame malikdir has/have; own(s)

(V.) Azìrbaycan›n âay éìbìkìsinì 1250-dìk âay daxildir, bunlardan yaln›z 29-nun uzunlu¤u 100 km-dìn art›qd›r. Da¤l›q sahìlìr âay éìbìkìsinin daha âox s›xl›¤› ilì fìrqlìnir, quraq da¤ìtìyi yerlìrdì vì dêzìnliklìrdì âaylar›n miqdar› vì onlar›n sululu¤u kìskin azal›r. Bêtên âaylar Xìzìr dìnizi hçvzìsinì aiddir.

âay river; stream éìbìkì network art›q more s›xl›q density miqdar number hçvzì basin


(VI.) Kêr Azìrbaycan›n ìn bçyêk âay›d›r. Onun uzunlu¤u respublikan›n hêdudlar›nda 900 km-dir. Kêrên aéa¤› axar›ndan yerli gìmiâilikdì istifadì olunur. Daha iri qollar› Araz, Qan›x vì Qab›rr› âaylar›d›r. Éimal-éìrqi Azìrbaycan›n vì Lìnkìran zonas›n›n âaylar› bilavasitì Xìzìr dìnizinì tçkêlêr.

hêdud border axar stream, current gìmiâilik shipping istifadì use bilavasitì directly

(VII.) Azìrbaycanda iri gçllìr yoxdur, lakin x›rda gçllìrin say› 250-yì âat›r. Da¤l›q rayonlarda tektonik, bìnd vì buzlaq mìnéìli gçllìr var. Bunlar›n iâìrisindì daha mìéhur olan Gçygçl (1556 m. hêndêrlêkdì), Bçyêk vì Kiâik Alagçldêr (2730 m. hêndêrlêkdì).

x›rda small âat- to reach bìnd dam, reservoir mìnéì origin


(VIII.) Azìrbaycan›n torpaq çrtêyê xeyli rìngarìngdir: yêksìk da¤l›¤›n da¤-âìmìn torpaqlar›ndan tutmué yar›msìhralar›n boz torpaqlar›na vì Lìnkìran subtropiklìrinin sar› torpaqlar›na qìdìr yay›l›b. Yer sìthinin mêtlìq hêndêrlêyênên bçyêk tìrìddêdê ilì ìlaqìdìr olaraq torpaq vì bitki çrtêyê quréaqlar boyunca uzan›r. Ìsas torpaq-bitki quréaqlar›, oval›qlar›n yar›msìhra quréa¤›, da¤ìtìyi yar›m-gçl, da¤-meéì (alâaq vì orta da¤lar), yêksìk da¤l›¤›n alp, subalp vì nival quréaqlar›ndan ibarìtdir.

âìmìn meadow, grassland tutmué from: -dEn tutmué … -(y)E qìdìr: from … to yar›msìhra semi-desert boz grey sìth surface tìrìddêd variation, inconsistency ìlaqìdìr related quréaq zone oval›q lowlands meéì wood, forest

(IX.) Azìrbaycanda 4100-dìn âox bitki nçvê mêìyyìn olunub, bunlardan 9%-ì yax›n› endemikdir. Azìrbaycan›n ìrazisindì çz xarakterik fauna kompleksi olan bir neâì zooco¤rafi ìyalìt mçvcuddur. Dêzìnliklìrdì gìmiricilìr, sêrênìnlìr son dìrìcì âoxdur. ‹ri heyvanlardan ceyran yaéay›r. Bçyêk Qafqaz›n yamaclar›nda meéì heyvanlar›ndan canavar, ay›, vaéaq, âçl donuzu, maral yaéay›r. Burada Da¤›stan qayakeâisinì dì rast gìlinir. Xìzìr kçrfìzindì quélar alìmi zìngin vì rìngarìngdir.

nçv species; kind mêìyyìn established, defined ìyalìt district, province mçvcud present, in existence gìmirici rodent sêrênìn reptile ceyran gazelle yamac slope canavar wolf vaéaq lynx maral deer qayakeâisi mountain goat alìm world; kingdom


(IX.) Azìrbaycan tìbii komplekslìrinin qorunmas› vì bìrpas›nda respublikada yarad›lm›é qoruqlar vì yasaqlar›n bçyêk ìhìmiyyìti var. Bunlardan ìn bçyêklìri Q›z›la¤ac vì Zaqatala qoruqlar›d›r.

bìrpa restoration qoruq preserve yasaq prohibition, ban ìhìmiyyìt importance

(X.) Mêasir Azìrbaycan inkiéaf etmié âoxsahìli kìnd tìsìrrêfat› vì sìnayì çlkìsidir. Zìngin tìbii ehtiyatlar ìsas›nda mêasir sìnayì- neftâ›xarma, neft emal›, maé›nqay›rma, metallurgiya, energetika, kimya, yêngêl, yeyinti vì s. sìnayì sahìlìri inkiéaf etmiédir. Kìnd tìsìrrêfat› respublikan›n iqtisadiyyat›nda mêhêm yer tutur. Onun ìsas istiqamìtlìri pamb›qâ›l›q, êzêmâêlêk, tìrìvìzâilik, meyvìâilik, tax›lâ›l›q vì heyvandarl›qd›r.

mêasir modern, contemporary inkiéaf et- to develop sahì area kìnd rural; village tìsìrrêfat agriculture sìnayì industry ehtiyat reserve; resource neft petroleum, oil emal production qay›r- to make, build yêngêl light yeyinti food iqtisadiyyat economy mêhêm important istiqamìt direction; orientation; area pamb›q cotton tìrìvìz vegetable tax›l grain


(XI.) Azìrbaycan›n zìngin tìbiìti, tarixi arxitektura abidìlìri vì qìdim éìrq mìdìniyyìti ìnìnìlìri buraya turistlìri cìlb edir. ‹qlim éìraitinin mêxtìlifliyi, mêalicìvi mineral sular›n âoxlu¤u, Xìzìr dìnizinin qumluq âimìrliklìri kurort vì istirahìt zonalar›n›n inkiéaf›na sìbìb olmuédur. Naftalan, ‹stisu, Éuéa, Mìrdìkan, Bilgìh, Abéeron sa¤laml›q zonalar› ìn mìéhur kurortlard›r.

abidì monument ìnìnì tradition cìlb attract éìrait conditions mêxtìliflik diversity; richness mêalicìvi healing âimìrlik beach kurort health resort

(Text adapted from http://www.azerbaycan.ru/azerb/cografiya/index.php)



Chapter 7

The News: National - International

111...aaa... Match each news item, numbered (I)-(VI), with its appropriate header. Choose from the selections provided in the box below. Pay attention to distractors.

11 sentyabr terroru yad edilib

Azìrbaycan Prezidenti Âinì sìfìr edìcìk

Azìrbaycan turizm sektorunun bçyêk potensial› var

Daha dçrd çlkìdì sìfirliyimiz aâ›lacaq

Pentaqonun ‹rakdak› itkilìri art›r

Prezident Bìrdìyì gedib

Qaraba¤ mìsìlìsi Romada diqqìtì al›nacaq

Tìbii fìlakìtlìrdìn 600 milyon nìfìr ziyan gçrêb

X‹N baéâ›lar› Nyu-Yorkda gçrêéìcìk

(I) Dênìn axéam Prezident ‹lham Ìliyev Bìrdì rayonuna yola dêéêb. Mìlumatl› mìnbìlìrdìn bìlli olub ki, Bìrdìdì dçvlìt baéâ›s› bir s›ra sosial-iqtisadi obyektlìrin aâ›l›é›nda iétirak edìcìk, yerli ìhali vì mìcburi kçâkênlìrlì gçrêélìr keâirìcìk.

(II) Azìrbaycan Prezidenti ‹lham Ìliyev 2005-ci ilin ìvvìllìrindì Âin Xalq Respublikas›na (ÂXR) rìsmi sìfìrì gedìcìk. Bu barìdì ÂXR-in Azìrbaycandak› sìfiri Âjan Siyun mìlumat verib. Sìfir vur¤ulay›b ki, "bu sìfìri haz›rlamaq, onu maksimum u¤urlu vì mìhsuldar etmìk êâên bçyêk ié aparmaq laz›md›r. Bu zìmindì yax›n vaxtlarda biz iki çlkìnin xarici iélìr nazirliklìri aras›nda mìslìhìtlìri nizama salma¤› planlaéd›r›r›q".


(III) Azìrbaycan, Têrkiyì vì Ermìnistan›n xarici iélìr nazirlìri BMT Baé Mìclisinin sentyabr›n 21-dì Nyu-Yorkda keâirilìcìk illik toplant›s› zaman› gçrêéìcìklìr. Azìrbaycan›n xarici iélìr naziri Elmar Mìmmìdyarov deyib ki, gçrêédì Ermìnistan-Azìrbaycan, Da¤l›q Qaraba¤ mênaqiéìsinin hìlli yollar›, Têrkiyìnin bu mìsìlìdì rolu vì digìr mìsìlìlìr mêzakirì olunacaq. Azìrbaycan›n xarici siyasìt idarìsinin baéâ›s› digìr çlkìlìrin xarici iélìr nazirlìri ilì dì gçrêélìr keâirìcìk.

(IV) Dênìn ABÉ sìfirliyindì 2001-ci ilin 11 sentyabr terror qurbanlar›n›n an›m gênê keâirilib. Sìfirliyin ìmìkdaélar› vì onlar›n ailì êzvlìri hìlak olanlar›n xatirìsini bir dìqiqìlik sêkutla yad edib. Sìfir Rino Harnié â›x›é›nda bildirib ki, Amerika Azìrbaycan kimi dost vì mêttìfiq çlkìlìrì arxalanaraq beynìlxalq terrorizmlì mêbarizìni davam etdirir. (V) Yax›n aylarda Latviya, Belarus, Bolqar›stan vì ‹ndoneziyada Azìrbaycan›n diplomatik korpuslar› fìaliyyìtì baélayacaq. Bu fikri xarici iélìr nazirinin mêavini Vaqif Sad›qov bildirib. Onun sçzlìrinì gçrì, sadalanan çlkìlìrdì Azìrbaycan sìfirliklìrinin aâ›lmas› haqda Milli Mìclisin qìbul etdiyi qìrar dçvlìt baéâ›s› tìrìfindìn tìsdiq olunub vì haz›rda bu mìqsìdlì laz›mi haz›rl›q iélìri apar›l›r. Yeni sìfirlìrin tìyin olunmas›n›n yaln›z prezidentin sìlahiyyìtindì oldu¤unu xat›rladan V.Sad›qov, aqremanlar (gìlìcìk sìfir haqda hìmin çlkìyì gçndìrilmié tìqdimat) tìsdiqlìnìndìn sonra bu haqda mìtbuata aâ›qlama verilìcìyini bildirib. O, hìmâinin, yax›n vaxtlarda Azìrbaycan›n Avstriyaya da yeni sìfirinin tìyin edilìcìyini bildirib. (VI) 2003-cê ildì planet sakinlìrindìn 600 milyon nìfìri bu vì ya digìr dìrìcìdì tìbii fìlakìtlìrin qurban› olub. Hìmin mìlumat› BMT Baé Katibi Kofi Annan çz hesabat›nda verib. BMT-nin hesabat›nda hìmâinin bildirilir ki, mêxtìlif tìbii fìlakìtlìr nìticìsindì dìyìn maddi ziyan›n hìcmi 65 milyard dollar tìékil edib. Çtìn il ìrzindì baé vermié 700 tìbii fìlakìt nìticìsindì 75 min nìfìrdìn art›q adam hìlak olub. Bunlar›n aras›nda ‹ran vì Ìlcìzairdì baé vermié dìhéìtli zìlzìlìnin qurbanlar› da yer al›r.

(http://bizimasr.media-az.com/arxiv_2004/36/xeberxet.html#21)


111...bbb... (cont.)

mìcburi kçâkên forced refugee sìfir ambassador mìhsuldar productive zìmin basis nazirlik ministry mìslìhìt council nizama sal- to put in order xarici foreign hìll solution mêzakirì discussion; debate aile êzvlìri family members hìlak ol- to die sêkut silence arxalan- to be supported fìaliyyìt activity; work mêavin deputy sadalan- to be named, listed tìsdiq olun- to be confirmed sìlahiyyìtindì power; authority dìyìn maddi ziyan the economic damage which

caused çtìn il ìrzindì in the course of the past year

111...bbb... Go back to texts (I)-(VI) and do the following:

- Circle all place names mentioned.

- Name the main points, for each section, in one or two sentences.


222...aaa... Entrance examinations Sabah orta ixtisas tìdris mêìssisìlìrinì qìbul imtahanlar› keâirilir Sentyabr›n 12-dì Bak›, Sumqay›t, Naxâ›van, Gìncì, Lìnkìran,

Mingìâevir, Éìki vì A¤daéda 2004/2005-ci tìdris ili êâên orta

ixtisas tìdris mêìssisìlìrinì tìlìbì qìbulunun II turunun qìbul

imtahanlar› keâirilìcìk. Tìlìbì Qìbulu êzrì Dçvlìt

Komissiyas›ndan (TQDK) verilìn mìlumata gçrì, imtahanlar›n

keâirilmìsi êâên 20 bina ayr›l›b, bunun 9-u Bak›da, 11-i isì

regionlardad›r. Abituriyentlìr sìnìdlìrini tìhvil verdiklìri sìnìd

qìbulu komissiyalar›ndan abituriyent vìsiqìsi vì imtahana

burax›l›é vìrìqìsi almal›d›rlar. ‹mtahan keâirildiyi bina, onun

ênvan› vì imtahan baéland›¤› vaxt burax›l›é vìrìqindì gçstìrilib.


222...bbb... Please answer. - It is said that a certain number of buildings have been reserved. What is the purpose of reserving buildings in Baku and other places? - The admission form (burax›l›é vìrìqi) is said to bear certain pieces of information. What is this information?


333...aaa... Heart operation Klintonun êrìyindì cìrrahiyyì ìmìliyyat› apar›l›b

ABÉ-›n keâmié prezidenti 58 yaél› Bill Klintonun êrìyindì cìrrahiyyì

ìmìliyyat› __1. __ . Êrìkdì qan dçvran›n›n yaxé›laéd›r›lmas› êâên eks-

prezidentin êrìyinì 4 éunt __2. __. Klintonun hìkimi, Nyu-Yorkdak›

Kolumbiya universitetinin kardioloq qrupunun rìhbìri doktor Kreyq Smit

bildirib ki, tacvari aortada apar›lan ìmìliyyat 4 saat __3. __. Bill Klinton

ìmìliyyat› rahat __4. __. Eks-prezident 2-3 gên intensiv terapiya ota¤›nda

qal›b vì onun tìnìffês sistemi sêni nìfìsvermì cihaz›na qoéulub.


êrìk heart apar- to perform tacvari coronary tìnìffês breathing

333...bbb... Find the missing words from the selections below. Pay attention to distractors.

----- âìkib ----- keâirib ----- apar›l›b ----- soruéub ----- gçstìrilib ----- qoyulub


444...aaa... The “Azerbaycan” Hotel "Azìrbaycan" mehmanxanas›na 15 milyon dollar yat›r›lacaq ‹qtisadi ‹nkiéaf Nazirliyinin (‹‹N) Dçvlìt ìmlak›n›n ‹darìetmìsi vì Çzìllìédirilmìsi Departamenti (DÌ‹ÇD) "Azìrbaycan" mehmanxanas›n›n ikinci korpusunun icarìyì verilmìsi êzrì Bçyêk Britaniyan›n "Global Investment ltd." éirkìti ilì sazié ba¤lay›b. Sazié 1 illiyì ba¤lan›b vì yerinì yetirilmìsindìn as›l› olaraq uzad›la bilìr. "Global Investment ltd." éirkìtinin baé direktoru Zìfìr Tanqilin sçzlìrinì gçrì, 200 nçmrìsi olan doqquz mìrtìbìli mehmanxana korpusu vì iki restoran ("Laila" vì "‹nturist") bir ilì tam yenidìn qurulacaq. Burada "dçrdulduz"lu "Radisson SAS" oteli yerlìéìcìk. Mehmanxanan›n modernlìédirilmìsi 15 milyon dollara baéa gìlìcìk. Mehmanxana korpusu icarìyì verildiyindìn, "Azìrbaycan"›n balans›ndan â›xar›l›b. Mehmanxanan›n yenidìn qurulmas›na art›q start verilib. ‹élìr Têrkiyìnin "Eren Port Construction" tikinti éirkìti tìrìfindìn apar›l›r.


mehmanxana hotel yat›r- to invest ìmlak realty çzìllìédir- to privatize korpus = bina icarì lease sazié agreement as›l› olaraq depending on nçmrì room mìrtìbì floors baéa gìl- to cost balans›ndan â›xar- to remove from the balance sheets tikinti construction

444...bbb... Mark if the following is true (D = Dêz) or false (S = Sìhv). ----- The agreement is made for one year but may be extended. ----- Two more floors will be added onto the hotel. ----- The construction will be carried out by a British firm.


555...bbb... Wind energy Abéeronda 3 min kêlìk qur¤usu yerlìédirmìk olar Abéeron yar›madas›nda sahil zola¤›n›n uzunlu¤u boyunca 180 kvadrat kilometr yararl› sahìdì toplam gêcê 1980 MVt olan 3 min ìdìd kêlìk qur¤usu yerlìédirmìk mêmkêndêr. Bu barìdì Energetika vì Energetik Layihìlìédirmì Elmi Tìdqiqat ‹nstitutundan bildiriblìr. 2010-2015-ci illìrdì kêlìk elektrik stansiyalar›n›n birlìémié gêcê Azìrbaycan›n enerji sisteminin indiki 5 min MVt-yì bìrabìr olan toplam gêcênên 35 faizini tìékil edì bilìr. Qeyd edìk ki, Azìrbaycan ìrazisindì kêlìk enerjisi kadastr› yar›m il çncì tìrtib olunub. Çlkìnin bu sar›dan ìn perspektivli bçlgìsi olan Abéeronun dìnizkìnar› vì ona yax›n yerlìrindì kêlìyin sêrìti çyrìnilib. Ìn çtìri bax›éa gçrì, burada kêlìk qur¤ular› yerlìédirilì bilìcìk dìnizkìnar› zola¤›n uzunlu¤u 120 kilometrdir.


zolaq strip sahì area kêlìk qur¤usu wind turbines faiz percent bu sar›dan in this regard çtìri cursory; superficial

555...bbb... Please answer. - By when can wind energy account for over thirty percent of Azerbaijan’s energy production? - What is the expected role of the Absheron peninsula?


666...aaa... President traveling abroad ‹LHAM ÌL‹YEV ABÉ-a SÌFÌR EDÌCÌK Prezident ‹lham Ìliyev sentyabr›n ortalar›nda ABÉ-a sìfìr etmìk niyyìtindìdir. Sìfìrin mìqsìdi sentyabr›n 14-16-da BMT-nin Baé Assambleyas›n›n 60-c› sessiyas› âìrâivìsindì Nyu-Yorkda keâirilìcìk yêksìk sìviyyìli êmumdênya gçrêéêndì iétirak etmìkdir. Sammitdì ìsas mêzakirì mçvzusu BMT-nin baé katibi Kofi Annan›n beynìlxalq tìhlêkìsizlik sisteminin dìyiédirilmìsi, terrorâuluqa mêbarizì, BMT-nin tìhlêkìsizlik éuras›nda islahat›n apar›lmas› vì insan haqlar› êzrì daimi éuran›n yarad›lmas› ilì ba¤l› konkret tìdbirlìrin gçrêlmìsi nìzìrdì tutan mìruzìsi olacaq. Gçrêédì Azìrbaycan prezidentinin dì â›x›é› planlaéd›r›l›r. Sìfìr âìrâivìsindì ‹. Ìliyevin digìr çlkìlìrdìn olan hìmkarlar›, beynìlxalq tìékilatlar vì éirkìtlìrin nêmayìndìlìri ilì gçrêélìr, hìmâinin bir s›ra tìdbirlìrdì iétirak› da gçzlìnilir.

(Ìdalìt, 2 Snetyabr 2005, http://www.adalet-az.com/2005/09/02/read.phpìm=2&id=14299)

tìhlêkìsizlik security éura council islahat reform tìdbir measure; step mìruzì address; report

666...bbb... --- What is the purpose of Aliyev’s trip? Which principal event is he planning to attend? - Name the two councils mentioned in this piece. What is being discussed with respect to these two councils?


Chapter 8

The News: The Arts

111...aaa... Exhibition

Xan›mlar›n ìl iélìri nêmayié etdirilìcìk Sentyabr›n 14-dì Misir ìrìb Respublikas›n›n çlkìmizdìki sìfirliyinin mìdìniyyìt mìrkìzindì Nìcib Xan›mlar ‹ncìsìnìt Birliyi êzvlìrinin ìl iélìrindìn ibarìt sìrgi aâ›lacaq. Sìrgidì istedadl› xan›mlar›n haz›rlad›qlar› bìzìk nêmunìlìri vì digìr ìl iélìri nêmayié etdirilìcìk. Tìdbirdì tan›nm›é mìdìniyyìt vì incìsìnìt xadimlìri, xarici çlkìlìrin Azìrbaycandak› sìfirliklìrinin nêmayìndìlìri dì iétirak edìcìklìr.


sìfirlik embassyêzv memberistedadl› talentedbìzìk ornament; decorationincìsìnìt xadimlìri those engaged in the fine artsnêmayìndì representative

111...bbb... Please say what specific event is announced and who will participate in it.


222...aaa... Two Events Soltan Soltanl›n›n veb sìhifìsi aâ›lacaq Karikaturaâ›-rìssam Soltan Soltanl› sentyabr›n 15-dì Azìrbaycan Karikatura Evindì aâ›lacaq ‹ran rìssamlar›n›n sìrgisi ilì ba¤l› tìékilat› iélìrlì mìé¤uldur. Onun sçzlìrinì gçrì, 80 ìsìrdìn ibarìt sìrgi êâ gên davam edìcìk. Sìrgidìn sonra rìssam çz yarad›c›l›q iélìrinì qay›dacaq. O, bir neâì beynìlxalq mêsabiqìyì ìsìr gçndìrmìk istìyir. Rìssam›n fikrincì, milli karikatura sìnìtini dênyada tan›tmaq êâên hìmin mêsabiqìlìrdì iétirak etmìk vacibdir. Daha bir xìbìr bundan ibarìtdir ki, bu yax›nlarda karikaturaâ›-rìssam›n elektron sìhifìsi aâ›lacaq. Sayt›n "Sìrgilìr", "Kitablar", "Azìrbaycan Karikatura Evi" vì s. bçlmìlìrindì onun yarad›c›l›¤› barìdì genié mìlumat çz ìksini tapacaq. Saytda 150 karikatura yerlìédirilìcìk.


222...bbb... Identify the two events associated with the artist Soltan Soltanl›. Provide details about the events.

333...aaa... Work by M. F. Axundov “Hekayìti-x›rs quldurbasan” Kamera Teatr›nda Bu gênlerdì Bak› Kamera Teatr›nda M. F. Axundovun “Hekayìti-x›rs quldurbasan” pyesi yeni quruluéda teatrsevìrlìrì tìqdim olundu. Tamaéaya qurulué vermié rejissor Cìnnìt Sìlimovan›n bu iéi dì çz bìnzìrsizliyi ilì seâilir. Q›saca desìk, tamaéa sìnìt ìsìri kimi âox u¤urlu iédir. Ìn az› hìzz almaq êâên baxma¤a dìyìr.

(Teymur Maqsudov, Mìdìniyyìt ve ‹ncìsìnìt Universiteti sìnìtéênasl›q fakêltìsinin

tìlìbìsi.) (Zaman, 20-21 May 2003: 10)

pyes play seâilir excels; stands out qurulué production u¤urlu successful tìqdim olun- to be presented hazz pleasure tamaéa performance sìnìtéênasl›q arts (as an academic subject)


333...bbb... Please answer. - What was Cìnnìt Sìlimova’s role in the staging of this play? - Does the reviewer think it is worth seeing the play?

- In the sentence below, how does the reviewer compare the play with the play on which it is based? Q›saca desìk, tamaéa sìnìt ìsìri kimi âox u¤urlu iédir.

444...aaa... Guests from Great Britain ‹ngilis roku Bak›ya gìlir Oktyabr›n 2-dì Bak› daha bir musiqili qona¤›n› qìbul edìcìk. Bçyêk Britaniyan›n "Goldrush" rok qrupu hìmin gên Heydìr Ìliyev ad›na sarayda solo konsertlì â›x›é etmìk niyyìtindìdir. Gìnc olmas›na baxmayaraq, q›sa zamanda mìéhurlaéan qrup tamaéaâ›lara dinamik Britaniya roku, canl› ritmlìr vìd edir. Bu konsert Azìrbaycan musiqiâilìri ilì ingilis musiqiâilìrin birgì layihìsinin davam› olacaq. Xat›rlay›rs›n›zsa, çtìn il "Neftâi" ansambl› ilì ingilis zìrbâisi Pit Loketin ifas›nda bir-birinì yad olan iki milli musiqinin sintezi bçyêk u¤urla qaré›lanm›éd›. Bu dìfì isì "Goldrush"-dan sonra sìhnìyì gìnc azìrbaycanl› reperlìr â›xacaq. Biletlìrin qiymìti 10000 - 50000 manat aras›ndad›r. "Goldrush" qrupu 2001-ci ildì yaran›b vì haz›rda Bçyêk Britaniyan›n tan›nm›é "Truck Records" sìsyazma studiyas›n›n nìzdindì fìaliyyìt gçstìrir. Qrup hìr il êâ mindìn art›q rok musiqisi hìvìskar›n› bir araya toplayan "Truck" festival›n›n tìékilatâ›s›d›r. Qrupun birinci "Love is Nere" adl› albomu 2001-ci ildì, "Pioneers" 2002-ci ildì vì bçyêk éçhrìt qazanm›é "Same Picture" adl› êâêncê albomu 2003-cê ildì ié›q êzê gçrêb. Builki albom isì "Ozona" adlan›r. Qrup bu yax›nlarda Daékìnddì keâirilmié Alternativ Musiqi Festival›nda u¤urla â›x›é edib.

(http://bizimasr.media-az.com/arxiv_2004/36/xeberxet.html#21) 444...bbb... Use the context to identify the meaning of the highlighted elements.


555...aaa... Film Festivals Please read and answer the questions under each item. Gìncìdì yapon filmlìri hìftìsi Dekabr›n 14-dìk Gìncì éìhìrindì yapon filmlìri hìftìsi keâirilir. Yaponiya sìfirliyinin dìstìyi ilì reallaéan tìdbirdì 4 bìdii, 2 sìnìdli vì 2 cizgi filmi nêmayié etdirilir. Kinofilmlìrdì Yaponiyan›n milli xêsusiyyìtlìri, gêndìlik hìyat›, tarixi vì adìt-ìnìnìlìri tamaéaâ›lara âatd›r›l›r. Gìlìcìkdì bu cêr yapon filmi hìftìlìrinin çlkìmizin digìr rayonlar›nda da keâirilmìsi nìzìrdì tutulur.

(Azerbaijan, 2003-12-13)

555...bbb... --- What types of films will be shown? - What is considered for the future?

Yeni filmlìr festival› Azìrbaycanda ‹srail filmlìrinin festival› baélad›. "Azìrbaycan" kinoteatr›nda festival›n aâ›l›é› oldu. ‹srailin Azìrbaycandak› fçvqìladì vì sìlahiyyìtli sìfiri Eytan Naye sçylìyir ki, ilk dìfìdir ki, ‹srail filmlìri Azìrbaycanda bu éìkildì nêmayié etdirilir. Festivalda yìhudi xalq›n›n mìdìniyyìtini, adìt-ìnìnìsini ìks etdirìn filmlìr nêmayié olunur. Bêtên filmlìrin nêmayiéi pulsuz olacaq vì hìr il Azìrbaycanda yìhudi filmlìri festival› keâirilìcìkdir. (Azerbaijan, 2004-03-13)

555...ccc... --- What does E. Naye say is unique about this festival? - How much will be charged for entrance? - What is planned for future years?


Azìrbaycanda macar filmlìri hìftìsi Azìrbaycan Respublikas› Mìdìniyyìt Nazirliyi vì Éìrqi Avropa filmlìrinin MDB dçvlìtlìri êzrì koordinatoru Mixail Alekseyevin tìéìbbêsê ilì Bak›da macar filmlìri kino hìftìsi baélan›r. Kino filmlìrin nêmayiéindì mìqsìd iki çlkì aras›nda mìdìni ìlaqìlìrin geniélìndirilmìsindìn vì yeni macar filmlìri haqq›nda Azìrbaycan tamaéaâ›lar›nda dol¤un tìsìvvêr yaratmaqdan ibarìtdir. Aprelin 21-dìn 25-dìk davam edìcìk kino hìftìsindì filmlìr "Araz" kinoteatr›nda nêmayié olunacaq. Layihì âìrâivìsindì beé film gçstìrilìcìk.


555...ddd... This festival has two goals: The second goal is to give Azerbaijani viewers a sound impression of Hungarian films. What is the first goal mentioned?

Kazanda mêsìlman kinofestival›nda 18 çlkìnin 70-dìn âox filmi iétirak edìcìk Tatar›stan›n paytaxt› Kazan›n 1000 illiyi mênasibìtilì keâirilìcìk Q›z›l minbìr Beynìlxalq mêsìlman kinosu festival›n›n (BMKF) mêsabiqì seâiminì 18 çlkì êâ nominasiya bìdii, sìnìdli, âizgi filmlìri nominasiyalar› êzrì 72-dìn âox film gçndìrmiédir. Bu, Moskvada keâirilìn mìtbuat konfrans›nda bildirilmiédir.


555...eee... --- What types of films will be shown in Kazan? - What is the significance of the year 1000 for the city of Kazan? - How many countries have sent in films? - What kind of conference took place in Moscow?


Kino sìnìtâimiz Berlindì sìnìdli filmlìrini tìqdim etmiédir Avqustun 3-dì Berlindì Azìrbaycan›n sìnìdli filmlìr rejissoru Cahangir Zeynall›n›n "Ìsrin mêqavilìsi", "Qaâq›nlar" vì "Vìtìnì qay›tmaq istìyirik" filmlìrinin tìqdimat mìrasimi keâirilmiédir. Filmlìrlì "Azìrbaycana sìyahìt edìk devizi" alt›nda keâirilìn mìrasim kino sìnìtâimizin haz›rda Almaniyada ìmìkdaél›q etdiyi "‹nterkontakt" yarad›c›l›q birliyinin kçmìyi, habelì Roza Lêksemburq Fondunun dìstìyi ilì tìékil olunmuédur. Berlin ictimaiyyìtinin nêmayìndìlìri, universitetlìrin qafqazéênas alim vì tìlìbìlìri, Ermìnistan-Azìrbaycan, Da¤l›q Qaraba¤ mênaqiéìsi ilì maraqlanan siyasìtâilìr, Almaniya paytaxt›ndak› mêxtìlif milli icmalar›n nêmayìndìlìri mìrasimdì iétirak etmiélìr. Filmlìrin nêmayiéindìn çncì azìrbaycanl› kino sìnìtâisini tamaéaâ›lara tìqdim edìn "‹nterkontakt"›n redaktoru Anne-Marie Lorents hìmyerlimizin yarad›c›l›¤›n› yêksìk qiymìtlìndirìrìk xêsusi vur¤ulam›éd›r ki, Azìrbaycan rejissorunun filmlìrinin burada gçstìrilmìsi vì onun almaniyal› hìmkarlar› ilì yarad›c›l›q ìlaqìlìri çlkìlìrimiz vì xalqlar›m›z aras›nda dostluq mênasibìtlìrinin vì ìmìkdaél›¤›n inkiéaf›n›, mìdìniyyìtlìrin qaynay›b-qar›émas›n› bir daha sêbut edìn ìlamìtdar hadisìdir. Filmlìrin tìqdimat›ndan sonra onlar›n ìtraf›nda mêzakirìlìr olmué, tamaéaâ›lar›n Qaraba¤ mênaqiéìsi, Xocal› faciìsi, suveren respublikam›z haqq›nda, o cêmlìdìn çlkìmizdìki milli azl›qlar vì dini konfessiyalarla ba¤l› suallar›na ìtrafl› cavablar verilmiédir. Avqustun 4-dì C. Zeynall›n›n "‹nterkontinental" studiyas›nda fìaliyyìt gçstìrìn beynìlmilìl qrupla birgì ìmìkdaél›q âìrâivìsindì yaratd›¤› "Berlinli qad›n", "Berlin lçvhìlìri" vì "Canl› ekran" sìnìdli filmlìrinin tìqdimat mìrasimi keâirilmiédir.

Yusif Xìlilov, AzìrTAc-›n xêsusi mêxbiri Berlin (Azerbaijan, 2004-08-05)

555...fff... Match each highlighted element above with its English equivalent.

•with the international group •after the films were shown •his German colleagues •documentary films •before the films were shown •researchers and students of the Caucasus •emphasized in particular •politicians interested in the debate over

Nagorno-Karabagh


666...aaa FFFilms in progress Identify, for each of the films discussed below, the purpose of the filming and where the filming is taking place. In addition, answer the questions that follow each of these news stories.

Qubada film âìkilir Gçz oxéayan tìbiìti olan Quba hìmiéì istedadl› fotoqraflar›n, gçrkìmli f›râa ustalar›n›n, rejissorlar›n, operatorlar›n diqqìtini çzênì cìlb edib. Bu gênlìrdì Azìrbaycan kinosunun yarad›c›lar›ndan ibarìt bçyêk bir kollektiv yenì dì ba¤lar diyar› Qubaya gìliblìr. Ssenarisi Natiq Rìsulzadì vì Eldar Quliyev tìrìfindìn yaz›lm›é "Girov" adl› bìdii filmin rejissoru Akif Rêstìmov Quban›n fêsunkar bir guéìsindì - axar-baxarl› Amsar kìndindì âìkiliéì baélam›éd›r. Baé rollar› gìnc aktyorlar Gêlìr Nìbiyeva vì Qurban ‹smay›lov ifa edirlìr. Hìrbi-vìtìnpìrvìrlik mçvzusuna hìsr olunmué tammetrajl›, bir seriyal› bìdii filmin âìkiliéi gìlìn il baéa âatacaq. Filmin yarad›c› kollektivi onlar›n sìmìrìli iélìmìsi êâên hìr cêr éìrait yaradan Quba Rayon ‹cra Hakimiyyìtinin rìhbìrliyinì vì Amsar kìndinin sakinlìrinì minnìtdarl›qlar›n› bildirirlìr.


666...bbb... --- Name some of the positive qualities of the region of Quba mentioned here. - Circle all words that you recognize as belonging to the topics of “film” and/or “cinematography.” - Match each highlighted element above with its English equivalent.

•feature •talented •efficient •creative (force) •charming •full length


Karvansaralar haqq›nda sìnìdli film âìkilìcìk Film, êmumilikdì 18 karvansaradan bìhs edìcìk "Azìrbaycantelefilm" Yarad›c›l›q Birliyindì Azìrbaycan ìrazisindì yerlìéìn karvansaralar haqq›nda sìnìdli filmin âìkiliélìrinì baélan›l›b. Bu barìdì APA-ya birliyin direktoru Vêqar Tapd›ql› mìlumat verib. O bildirib ki, çtìn hìftì âìkiliélìrinì baélanan sìnìdli filmin rejissoru Miri Rzayev, ssenari mêìllifi Camal Yusifzadì, operatoru Adil Abbasovdur: "Bu, olduqca bçyêk layihìdir. Âênki Azìrbaycan›n hìr yerindì yerlìéìn bu tarixi abidìlìri lentì almaq az mêddìt tìlìb etmir. Biz, tìkcì Azìrbaycan›n éimal›nda yerlìéìn 11 karvansara haqq›nda deyil, hìm dì cìnubunda yerlìéìn abidìlìri lentì almaq fikrindìyik. Film, êmumilikdì 18 karvansaradan bìhs edìcìk". V.Tapd›ql› bildirib ki, "Karvansara" ad› alt›nda haz›rlanacaq sìnìdli filmin Bak› vì Beébarmaq âìkiliélìri baéa âat›b: "Karvansaralar Azìrbaycan dçvlìtâiliyinin qìdimliyindìn xìbìr verir. Bu tarixi abidìlìr, eyni zamanda ‹pìk yolu êzìrindì yerlìédiklìrinì gçrì qiymìtlidir". Qeyd edìk ki, filmin âìkiliélìrinin oktyabr ay› êâên yekunlaémas› nìzìrdì tutulub. Bundan ìlavì, birlik sentyabr›n sonlar›nda Nìsimi haqda filmi dì tìqdim etmìyi planlaéd›r›r. Haz›rda êzìrindì montaj iélìri apar›lan film rejissor Tahir Ìliyevin quruluéunda haz›rlan›b.

(Azadl›q, 1 Sentyabr 2005)

666...ccc... --- What information does this article reveal about the number and location of caravanserais in Azerbaijan? - Why is the Silk Road mentioned in connection with this production?


Leonardo Di Kaprio Ruzvelti oynayacaq Leonardo Di Kaprio Martin Skorsezenin yeni filmindì Teodor Ruzveltin obraz›n› yaradacaq. Ekran iéindì ABÉ-›n 26-c› prezidentinin siyasi fìaliyyìtindìn bìhs edilìcìk. Edmund Morrisin "Teodor Ruzveltin yêksìliéi" siyasi bioqrafiyas› ìsas›nda âìkilìcìk film "Paramount Pictures" kinokompaniyas›nda ìrsìyì gìtirilìcìk. Sçzêgedìn layihìdì Skorseze ìsasìn Ruzveltin gìnclik illìrini onun Harvard universitetinin mìzunu, Nyu-York polis idarìsinin rìisi, daha sonra nazir mêavini oldu¤u zamanlar› - diqqìt mìrkìzinì âìkmìk istìyir. Ruzveltin Amerika-Ìspan mêharibìsindì iétirak› sonralar onun Nyu-Yorkun qubernator seâkilìrindì qalibiyyìtinì imkan yaratm›éd›. 1901-ci ilin yanvar›nda Ruzvelt ABÉ-›n vitse-prezidenti, elì hìmin ilin sentyabr›nda isì Makkinlinin qìtlindìn sonra prezidenti olmuédu. Skorsezeylì Di Kaprio mafiyaya iélìyìn polislìr vì Boston hêquq-mêhafizì orqanlar›nda âal›éan cinayìtkarlardan bìhs edìn "The Departed" filmini bitirdikdìn sonra Ruzveltin hìyat›n› ìks etdirìcìk ekran iéinin âìkiliélìrinì start verilìcìk. Mìlumat êâên deyìk ki, rejissorla aktyor bundan ìvvìl "Nyu-York bandalar›" vì "Aviator" filmlìrindì ìmìkdaél›q ediblìr.

`(http://www.azadliq.az/2005/09/16/anons.php?m=4)

666...ddd... --- Who is Edmund Morris and why is he mentioned in connection with this movie? - Name the offices held by Theodore Roosevelt that are listed here. - What is said about the films on which Di Caprio and Scorsese have collaborated?

ìrsìyì gìtir- to create sçzêgedìn aforementioned layihì project nazir secretary mêavin deputy



Chapter 9

Short Biographies

111...aaa... This is the biography of one of the early woman poets and educators of Azerbaijan. ASYA HANIM AXUNDZADÌ (XIX ìsrin sonu – XX ìsrin ìvvìlleri, Gìncì). Éairì vì mêìllimì. 1905-ci il inqilab›n›n demokratik ab-havas› çlkìyì yay›landa qìdim Gìncìdì azìrbaycanl› k›zlar êâên mìktìb aâ›lm›éd›. Burada Asya xan›m Axundzadì adl› bir qad›n ana dilindìn dìrs deyirdi. Têrkcì, ìrìbcì, farsca savad› olan bu maarifpìrvìr qad›n›n atas› Mirzì Cabbar, day›s› Mìhìmmìd Yusif o¤lu dçvrênên aâ›q fikirli, tìhsil gçrmêé ziyal›lar›ndan idilìr. Onlar Asya xan›ma evdì mêkìmmìl bilik vermié, qìlbindì xalqa, vìtìnì mìhìbbìt oyatm›éd›lar. Asya xan›m Axundzadì mêtaliìni sevìn, éerì, sìnìtì rì¤bìti olan bir qad›n idi. O, “‹qbal”, “‹réad”, “Fiyuzat”, “Ar›”, “‹é›q”, “Molla Nìsrìddin”, “Zìnbur”, “Dìbistan”, “Mìtìb”, “Tìrcêman”, “Alimi nisvan” vì s. qìzet vì mìcmuìlìri mêntìzìm oxuyurdu. Bu iédì mollanìsrìddinâi Ìli Razi Éìmizad›n ona bçyêk tìsiri olmuédu. Bu kiâik demokratik mêhêt Asya xan›m›n dênyagçrêéêndì intibah yaratm›é, onda bìdii yarad›c›l›¤a meyl oyatm›éd›. Maarifâilik hìrìkat›n›n vì milli mìdìniyyìtin tìrìqqisi u¤runda mêbarizìnin geniélìndiyi bir vaxtda Asya xan›m›n sìsi tìkcì mìktìb divarlar› aras›ndan deyil, mìtbuat sìhifìlìrindìn dì eéidilmìyì baélad›. Yazd›¤› éerlìr, mìqalìlìr êrìklìrdì vìtìndaél›q qeyrìtini art›rd›. Maarif, elm, tìlim-tìrbiyì éerlìrinin leytmotivini tìékil edirdi. Onun ilk qad›n jurnal›m›z olan “‹é›q”da dìrc olunmué “Ìdìbiyyat”, “Mìktìb q›zlar›”, “Vìtìn nalìsi”, “A¤lama”, “Ìfqanlar›m“ vì s. éìrlìri bu cìhìtdìn maraql›d›r. Hìmin éerlìrdì qad›nlar›n hêquqsuzlu¤u, ac›naql› hayat› tìsvir olunurdu. Eyni zamanda hìmin éerlìrindì Azìrbaycan qad›nlar›n›,


q›zlar›n› elmì, mìdìniyyìtì yiyìlìnmìyì âa¤›r›rd›. Qad›n›n tìhsilli, elmli olmas›n›n vacibliliyini, ìhìmiyyìtini o, “Vìtìn nalìsi” éerindì belì tìsvir edirdi:

Vìtìn çvlad›n› tadib elìyìn madir olar, Analar elmi hênìr kìsb elìsì, rìhbìr olar, Vìtìn imdad›na tìéviq elìyìn nur olar. Nì vìtìn ya¤›lar› bizlìr êâên rìhbìr olar, Kìr vìtìn aéi¤isiz, sadiq olub qeyrìt edin! Vìtìnì xidmìt edin!

(….) Asya xan›m Axundzadì çmrênên ax›r›na – 1927-ci ilì qìdìr maarif sahìsindì âal›ém›é, milli mìdìniyyìtimizdì çzênìmìxsus iz qoymuédur.

(S. Gìncìli (2001) Qad›n, gçzìllik vì êlviyyìt (Women, beauty and sanctity), Bak› nìériyyat›: Bak›: 90-91.)

inqilab revolution bu cìhìtdìn in this regardqìdim old vaciblik necessitymêtaliì reading hênìr skillrì¤bìt liking kìsb gainmìcmuì magazine imdad rescuemêntìzìm regularly tìéviq elì- to promote; to assist intibah renaissance nur lightbìdii artistic vìtìn ya¤›lar› enemies of the nation, countrymìyl inclination; leaning sadiq faithful; loyaltìrìqqi progress qeyrìt et- make an effort; strive tìlim-tìrbiyyì education çzênìmìxsus of her own; special dìrc olun- to be published

111...aaa... What factors played an important role in Asya Han›m’s education?

111...bbb... What does this text reveal about the general state of education of Azerbaijani women at the beginning of the 20th century?


222...aaa... Professor Irene Melikof ‹RENE MEL‹KOF (1917) Strasburq Universitetinin professoru, Avropan›n ìn mìéhur Azìrbaycanéênas alimi. Bu nìcabìtli qad›n›n ad›, taleyi, fìaliyyìti son illìrdì bizì mìlum olmuédur. O, 1987-ci ildì M. F. Axundovun yubileyi éìnliklìrindì respublikam›za gìlmié, mìclisin baé›nda oturmué, êrìk sçzlìrini demié, haqq›nda mìtbuatda yaz›lm›éd›. ‹rene xan›m neft sahibkar› ‹skìndìr bìy Melikovun q›z›d›r. ‹skìndìr bìy 1905-ci il inqilab›ndan sonra mìdìnlìrini Nobelì sat›b Peterburqa kçâmêé, Yevgeniyya adl› bir rus q›z› ilì ailì qurmuédur. 1917-ci il oktyabr›n 25-dì inqilab gecìsindì bu ailìdì bir q›z uéa¤› gçzlìrini dênyaya aâd›. ‹nqilab mìéìlindìn qorxuya dêéìn ‹skìndìr bìy ailìsini gçtêrêb xaricì êz tutdu. Bu mêhacirìtin yolu Helsinfordan baélad›, Avropan›n éìhìrlìrindìn keâdi, Parisdì qìrar tutdu. Hìmin q›z bçyêdê, frans›z uéaqlar›na qoéulub mìktìbì getdi, oxudu, çyrìndi, elmì maraq gçstìrdi. Yaéa dolduqca vìtìn hìsrìti êrìyini gçynìtdi. Vìtìn mìhìbbìti, vìtìnì xidmìt etmìk, Azìrbaycan› Avropaya tan›tmaq arzusu qìlbini isindirdi, ruhland›rd›. O, Paris Universitetini bitirdi. Têrkcìni, farscan›, ìrìbcìni çyrìndi. Sonra Sarbonda tìhsilini davam etdirdi. Elmi-tìdqiqat iéinì baélad›. Azìrbaycan›n qìdim tarixi, ìdìbiyyat› ona qolqanad verdi. 1957-ci ildì doktorluq dissertsiyas› yaz›b mêdafiì etdi. “Daniémìnd dastan›”, “Ìbu Mêslêm Xorasani”, “Umur Paéa dastan›” adl› kitablar› â›xd›. 1957-ci ildìn 1964-cê ilìcìn Parisdì elmi araéd›rmalar milli mìrkìzinin éìrqéênasl›q bçlmìsindì âal›éd›. Sonra çzênên dediyi kimi Strasburq Hêmanitar Elmlìr Universitetindì iélìdi, bu mìéhur tìhsil oca¤›n›n professoru oldu. Têrk dillìri vì ìdìbiyyatlar› sahìsindì elmi mìrkìz yaratmaq mìqsìdilì bçyêk sìy gçstìrdi. Bu, indi, Avropada ìn nêfuzlu têrkoloji mìrkìzlìrdìn olan Têrkiyat Araéd›rmalar› ‹nstitutudur. Bu elm oca¤›nda ‹rene xan›m›n tìéìbbêsê ilì 1984-cê ildì “Azìrbaycan mìdìniyyìti vì sivilizasiyas›n› çyrìdìn mìrkìz” yarad›ld›. Mìrkìzin prezidenti dì ‹rene xan›m seâildi. ‹rene xan›m belìcì Azìrbaycan ruhu ilì yaéay›b yarad›r, Strasburq Universitetindì dil vì ìdìbiyyatdan dìrs deyir.


‹rene xan›m dçrdêncê dìfì Azìrbaycana M. Ì. Rìsulzadì ad›na Bak› Dçvlìt Universitetinin dìvìtilì gìlmié, tarix fakultìsindì bir silsilì mêhazirìlìr oxumué, alimlìrlì gçrêélìri olmué. Azìrbaycan Milli Yarad›c›l›q Qurumunun fìxri doktoru seâilmié, bu mênasibìtlì Azìrbaycan Ziyal›lar ‹ttifaq›nda onun éìrìfinì ziyafìt dêzìldilmiétir.

(S. Gìncìli (2001) Qad›n, gçzìllik vì êlviyyìt (Women, beauty and sanctity), Bak› nìériyyat›: Bak›: 162-3.)

nìcabìtli noble tale destiny fìaliyyìt activity mìlum ol- to become known mìtbuat press neft sahibkar› oil industrialist inqilab revolution mêhacirìt migration qoéul- to join hìsrìt longing êrìk heart yaéa dolduqca as she grew older elmi-tìdqiqat scientific research qolqanad ver- to inspire ilìcìn until the year éìrqéênasl›q Near Eastern studies;

Oriental studies mìqsìd intention; goal sìy gçster- to make an effort, strive nêfuzlu strong tìéìbbês initiative mêhazirì lecture fìxri honorary ziyal›lar intelligentsia ziyafìt banquet

222...bbb... List the main points of Irene’s Melikoff’s life.


333...aaa... Read the following biographical sketch, then answer the questions below. ‹ki ìsri yola salan insane 110 YAÉLI Q‹YAMADINLI KÌND SAK‹N‹ MÌH‹É DÌM‹ROV ÇMRÊNÊN XXI YÊZ‹LL‹YÌ DÊÉÌN H‹SSÌS‹N‹ ‹NAMLA YAÉAYIR Mìhié Mìhìmmìd o¤lu Dìmirov 1895-ci ildì anadan olub. Dênyan›n âox keémìkeélìrini gçrêb. Âar dçvrêndì heyvandarl›q iélìrindì atas›na kçmìk edib. Sovet hakimiyyìtini gìnc ikìn qaré›lay›b. Kolxoz quruculu¤unda fìal iétirak edib. Onun 80 yaél› hìyat yoldaé› Têkìzban nìnì dì o dçvrdì qabaqc›l tax›lâ› kimi tan›n›b, zìrbìâi olub. Mìhié kiéi 1942-ci ildì ‹kinci Cahan mêharibìsinì gedib. Sovet ordusu s›ralar›nda alman faéizminì qaré› mêbarizì apar›b. Cìbhìdì igidliklìr gçstìrib. Ukrayna, Belarusiya cìbhìlìrindì vuruéan ordular›n tìrkibindì dêémìnì qaré› keâirilìn u¤urlu ìmìliyyatlarda fìal iétirak edib. M.Dìmirov Varéavan›n azad edilmìsindì, Berlinin al›nmas›nda xêsusilì fìrqlìnib. Qìlìbìdìn sonra do¤ma Qiyamad›nl› kìndinì qay›d›b, tìsìrrêfatda âal›émaqda davam edib. Mìhié baba vì Têkìzban nìnìnin 7 çvlad› olub. Onlar›n ikisi dênyas›n› dìyiéib. Gçzìl ailì baéâ›s› olan Mìhié kiéi camaat›n bçyêk hçrmìt vì mìhìbbìtini qazan›b. Onu ehtiramla elin babas› adland›r›rlar.

(Yìhya Paéazadì , 525-ci qìzet, 1 sentyabr 2005)

keémìkeé struggle; war ìmìliyyat operation kçmìk help azad free hakimiyyìt domination xêsusilì especially fìal active fìrqlìn- to distinguish oneself qabaqc›l tax›lâ› progressive (grain) farmer qìlìbì victory zìrbìâi (socialist) shock worker qay›t- to return igidlik bravery tìsìrrêfat agriculture cahan world hçrmìt respect mêharibì war mìhìbbìt affection; love mêbarizì fight ehtiram respect u¤urlu successful

333...bbb... Name the historical events that played a prominent role in M. Damirov’s life.

333...ccc... To whom or what do these names refer?

Têkìzban – Qiyamad›n – Mìhié baba


444...aaa... Read the passage about Oqtay Aliyev, then answer the questions below. "Zìhmìti sevìn kìs heâ vaxt acl›q âìkmìz"

TÌCRÊBÌL‹ TÌSÌRRÊFAT RÌHBÌR‹ OQTAY ALIYEV ‹ÉGÊZARLI⁄I GÊZÌRANIN BAÉLICA ÉÌRT‹ HESAB ED‹R

Qiyamad›nl› kìndindì ham› Al›yev qardaélar›n› zìhmìtsevìr, iégêzar insanlar kimi tan›y›r. Bçyêk qardaé Vaqif Al›yev Sovet dçvrêndì qabaqc›l pamb›qâ›lar briqadiri, mìntìqì mêdiri, kolxoz sìdri olub. Digìr qardaélar ‹smìt, ‹lham, Vasif bizneslì mìé¤uldurlar. Qardaélardan biri dì Oqtay Al›yevdir. Oqtay yeganì qardaéd›r ki, kìnddì yaéay›b-iélìyir. O, A¤dam mexaniklìédirmì texnikumunu bitirib. Uzun illìr kolxozda traktor, pamb›qâ›l›q briqadiri iélìyib, 3 il sìrbìst icarì ilì mìé¤ul olub. Kolxoz da¤›ld›qdan sonra 8 hektar pay torpa¤›n› ìkib-becìrmìklì mìé¤uldur. Bu il hìmin torpaqlar›n 2 hektar›nda tax›l, 2 hektar›nda pamb›q ìkib. 4 hektar yonca sahìsi isì heyvandarl›q êâên nìzìrdì tutulub. Tìdarêk olunan yoncan›n hesab›na 6 baé qaramal, xeyli qoyun-quzu bìslìnilir. Bu il O. Al›yev hìr hektardan 35 sentner tax›l gçtêrêb. Pamb›¤›n hìr hektar›ndan 30-35 sentner mìhsul gçzlìyir. Oqtay ticarìtlì dì mìé¤uldur. Hìyìtindì aâd›¤› ma¤azada gêndìlik tìlìbat mallar› sat›l›r. Çz dolan›é›¤›ndan raz›d›r. Onun pay torpa¤›ndan, ticarìtdìn gçtêrdêyê qazanc ailìsini gen-bol tìmin edir. Bu iégêzar insan belì qìnaìtdìdir ki, zìhmìti sevìn, ìziyyìtì qatlaéan kìs heâ vaxt acl›q âìkmìz. (Yìhya Paéazadì , 525-ci qìzet, 1 sentyabr 2005)

gêzìran life kìnd village zìhmìtsevìr hard-working iégêzar industriouskolxoz sìdri leader of kolkhoz (collective farm)icarì rental; leasebecìr- to cultivatetìdarêk olun- to be procuredqaramal cattle sentner 100 kg tìlìbat need; necessitydolan›é›q making a living; incomegen-bol comfortablytìmin et- to provideìziyyìt hardship kìs one, person

444...bbb... How many siblings of the Aliyev family are mentioned?

444...ccc... List all of Oqtay Aliyev’s activities.

* * *


Chapter 10

Azerbaijan’s Oil

111...aaa... This reading on the Azerbaijani oil industry features excerpts from an article that appeared in an academic journal published in Baku. (Ìrestun Mehdiyev (1997) “Azìrbaycan nefti,” in Altay Dênyas›, 1-2: 95-104.)

The article focuses on the beginnings of the oil industry and addresses the questions:

-- When and how did Azerbaijan’s oil industry develop? When did it emerge on the global oil market?

-- Who were the principal agents in the development of the oil industry?

-- What was the role of native Azerbaijanis in the establishment of the oil industry?

Azìrbaycan nefti (I) XX ìsrin sonunda dçvlìt mêstìqilliyini bìrpa etmié Azìrbaycan azad bazar iqtisadiyyat›na ìsaslanan demokratik, hêququ dçvlìt quruculu¤u yoluna qìdìm qoymuédur. Bu yolda mêrìkkìb siyasi vì sosial-iqtisadi problemlìrlì êzlìéìn Azìrbaycan Respublikas›n›n hìyat›nda “neft amili” yenidìn çn plana â›xm›éd›r.


mêstìqillik independence bìrpa et- to restore azad free iqtisadiyyat economy azad bazar iqtisadiyyat› free market economy qìdìm qoy- to make a step towards mêrìkkìb complex; complicated êzlìé- (ilì) to be faced (with) amil factor

111...bbb... Please answer. - During which phase of Azerbaijan’s history did the “oil factor” reemerge as an important issue?

222...aaa... Read through paragraphs (II) and (XI) below, then answer the questions following each paragraph. (II) Mêas›r Azìrbaycan cìmiyyìtinin iqtisadi, siyasi, sosial vì mìdìni-mì’nìvi sahìlìrindì çzênìmìxsus âalarlar› ilì tìzahêr edìn “neft amili” nêfuzedici tì’sir gêcênì malik apar›c› qêvvì kimi dìrin tarixi kçklìrì sçykìnir. Bu mìqalìdì mìhz hìmin mìsìlìlìrdìn, daha do¤rusu, Azìrbaycanda neft eras›n›n baélanmas›ndan bìhs olunacaq.

sahì area âalar shade, tinge tìzahêr appearance nêfuzedici powerful tì’sir gêcê influence malik ol- to have, own, possess apar›c› qêvvì main force sçykìn- to rest; to lean mìqalì article mìhz just; exactly; specifically

(II)-- Which points does the author list in his summary of the main topics of this article?


(III) Azìrbaycan›n neft sìnayìsi hìlì XIX ìsrin 70-ci illìrindìn tìéìkkêl etmìyì baélam›é, yeni texnologiya ìsas›nda yêksìlié dçvrênì qìdìm qoymuédur. Mìhz hìmin vaxtdan Azìrbaycan nefti tìdriclì qlobal siyasi maraqlar dairìsinì daxil olmué vì sonrak› dçvrdì bçlgìdì cìrìyan edìn proseslìrin tìnzimlìnmìsindì xêsusi ìhìmiyyìtì malik olan ìsas amillìrdìn birinì âevrilmiédir.

tìéìkkêl et- to come into being, be created ìsas›nda based on dçvr era; period tìdriclì gradually maraqlar interests cìrìyan et- to take place tìnzim organization xêsusi special ìhìmiyyìt importance ìsas main; principal

(III)- When was Azerbaijan’s oil industry drawn into the domain of global political interests? (IV) Azìrbaycanda neft qìdim zamanlardan â›xar›lsa da, yaln›z 1872-ci ildì iltizam sisteminin3 lì¤vi ilì kapital qoyuluéunun gêclìnmìsinì genié imkanlar aâ›lm›é vì neft sìnayìsi sêr’ìtlì inkiéaf etmìyì baélam›éd›r. 1872-ci ilin dekabr ay›nda keâirilìn neft sahìlìrinin ilk hìrrac› bu sahìdì gêclê rìqabìt oldu¤unu gçstìrdi. Qiymìtlìrin kìskin éìkildì qalxmas› nìticìsindì âar xìzinìsi hìrracdan mêìyyìn edilmié 552.221 rubl ìvìzinì 2.980.307 rubl ìldì etdi.

iltizam (land) contract lì¤v abolishment inkiéaf et- to develop, grow neft sahìlìri oil fields âar czar xìzinì treasury rìqabìt competition hìrrac auction mêìyyìn et- to allocate ìvìzinì in return for

3 Azìrbaycan›n neft yataqlar› Rusiya ié¤al›n›n illìrindìn baélayaraq, daha do¤rusu hìlì ié¤al baéa âatmam›é (1807-ci ildìn !) âar hçkêmìti tìrìfindìn mêxtìlif éìxslìrì 4 il mêddìtinì mêqavilì (iltizam) ìsas›nda icarìyì verilirdi.(….)


(IV)- What was the result of the influx of private capital, a process that began in 1872? - What was sold by means of auctions?

(V) ‹lk hìrracda Azìrbaycan da daxil olmaqla Rusiya imperiyas›n›n Cìnubi Qafqaz, hìmâinin bir s›ra mìrkìzi quberniyalar›n›n nêmayìndìlìri iétirak etdilìr. Eyni hêquqlara malik olmalar›na baxmayaraq, xarici kapitalistlìr o zaman perspektivi haqq›nda hìlì heâ bir tì’minat olmayan Azìrbaycan›n neft sìnayìsinì kapital qoyma¤a cìsarìt etmirdilìr.

hìmâinin also, as well quberniya province nêmayìndì representative iétirak et- to participate hêquq right baxmayaraq despite tì’minat guarantee cìsarìt et- to dare, have courage

(V)- Who did not dare investing in the Azerbaijani oil industry during the time of the first auctioning off of oil fields? (VI) Azìrbaycanda milli burjuaziyan›n formalaémas›na yol vermìk

istìmìyìn vì Bak›n›n neft yataqlar›n› tamamilì çz inhisar›na keâirmìyì âal›éan rus kapital› yerli – azìrbaycanl› sahibkarlar› mêxtìlif yollarla s›x›éd›r›r, neft sìnayesinì yax›n buraxmama¤a âal›é›rd›. Rus kapital› bu mìsìlìdì ermìni sahibkarlar› ilì ittifaqda hìrìkìt edirdi. Mìhz bunun nìticìsidir ki, 1872-ci ildì hìrrac yolu ilì icarìyì verilìn ilk neftli torpaqlar ìsasìn rus vì ermìni

kapitalistlìrinin ìlindì cìmlìndi. Neft e’mal› zavodunun sahiblìri V. A. Kokorev, P. ‹. Qubonin vì keâmié iltizamâ› ‹. M. Mirzoyev daha âox torpaq sahìsi ìlì keâirdilìr. ‹lk hìrrac›n yekunlar›na gçrì azìrbaycanl› sahibkarlardan yaln›z iki nìfìr – H. Z. Ta¤›yev vì A. Sìlimxanov icarìdarlar s›ras›na daxil oldular. Onlar ayr›l›qda hìrìsi ancaq bir neftli torpaq sahìsi icarìyì gçtêrì bilmiédilìr. Bununla yanaé›, H. Z. Ta¤›yevin dì tì’sisâilìrindìn biri oldu¤u “Éìriklìr” firmas› daha iki torpaq sahìsi ìlde etmiédi. (….)


inhisar monopoly sahibkar owner; entrepreneur mêxtìlif different s›x›éd›r- to keep out, drive out ittifaq alliance mìhz just; exactly icarìyì veril- to be leased cìmlìn- to gather, accumulate e’mal processing zavod factory keâmié iltizamâ› past recipient of a contract yekun end; completion icarìdar leaseholder ayr›l›qda hìrìsi each one individually tì’sisâi founder

(VI)- What is given as a motivation for the Russian investments or investors to exclude the local Azerbaijani owners and entrepreneurs? - List all parties that were involved in procuring land for oil extraction.

(VII) XIX ìsrin 70-ci illìrindì neft sìnayìsinin inkiéaf› Rusiya sahibkarlar›n›n, o cêmlìdìn azìrbaycanl›lar›n fìaliyyìtinì ìsaslan›rd›. 1875-ci ildì neft hasilat› ilì mìé¤ul olan 26 éirkìt s›ras›nda xarici sahibkarlara mìxsus mêìssisì yox idi. Hìmin ildì Bak›da kiâik torpaq sahìsi vì zavod alan ‹sveâ mìnéìli Nobel qardaélar› 1879-cu ildì “Nobel qardaélar›” birliyi sìhmdar cìmiyyìti yaradaraq, sonrak› dçvrdì neft sìnayesindì apar›c› mçvqì tutdular. 1879-cu ildì Bak›da nìft hasilat› (s. 98--) sahìsindì fìaliyyìt gçstìrìn 39 éirkìt aras›nda Nobel qardaélar›na vì Avstriyal› E. Doâara mìxsus mêìssisìlìr dì var idi.

o cêmlìdìn including mìxsus belonging to mêìssisì establishment mìnéì origin sìhmdar joint-stock company apar›c› mçvqì leading position

(VII)- What did the Nobel brothers purchase in 1875? - What was founded, in 1879, under the name of “Nobel Brothers?”


(VIII) Belìliklì, Azìrbaycan neft sìnayìsinin genié perspektivlìrì malik oldu¤unu dìrk edìn xarici kapital nêmayìndìlìri tìdriclì çz diqqìtlìrini bu sahìyì yçnìldirlìr. Âoxsay›l› x›rda sahibkarlar s›ras›na daxil olan E. Doâardan fìrqli olaraq (o, A. Sìlimxanovun neftli torpaq sahìsini icarìyì gotêrmêédê), Nobel qardaélar› coéqun fìaliyyìtlìri vì texniki yeniliklìrin tìtbiqi sayìsindì neft sìnayesinin inkiéaf›nda mêhêm rol oynad›lar.

coéqun fìaliyyìt tireless activity tìtbiq application

(VIII)- What characteristics made the Nobel brothers stand out in the Azerbaijani oil industry?

(IX) Qìrbi Avropa kapital›n›n tìdriclì Azìrbaycan neft sìnayìsinì nêfuz etmìsinì baxmayaraq, XIX ìsrin 70-ci illìrindì vì 80-ci illìrindì ìvvìlìrindì Rusiya sahibkarlar› ìsas mçvqìlìri çz ìllìrindì saxlay›rd›lar. 1880-ci ildì illik hasilat gêcê 1 mln. puddan âox olan 11 éirkìtin ham›s› yaln›z Rusiya vì yerli kapital nêmayìndìlìrini tìmsil edirdi. Onlar›n s›ras›nda “Bak› neft cìmiyyìti (V. Kokorev vì P. Qubonin), “Éìriklìr” birliyi, “H. Z. Ta¤›yev vì Sarkisov qardaélar›” ticarìt evi vì s. éirkìtlìr var idi. Gçsterilìn faktlar Rusiya éirkìtlìrinin neft hasilat› sahìsindì ìsasl› éìkildì mçhkìmlìndiyini tìsdiq edir. 1884-cê ildì bu sahìdì fìaliyyìt gçstìrìn 19 iri neft éirkìtinin 18-i mìhz onlar›n tìmsilâisi idi. Ìn iri éirkìtlìr s›ras›nda mçhkìm yer tumué digìr mêìssisì isì getdikcì êstênlêyê ìlì alan “Nobel qardaélar›” birliyi idi. 1884-cê ildì Azìrbaycanda hasil edilmié 89,2 mln. pud neftin 74,6 mln. pudu, yì’ni 83,6%-i Rusiya (o cêmlìdìn qismìn azìrbaycanl› neft sahibkarlar›n›n) éirkìtlìrinin pay›na dêéêrdê. (….) (IX)- What was the role of Russian companies in the oil industry during the 1870s and early 1880s? - How much oil was extracted in Azerbaijan in 1884?


(X) Gçrêndêyê kimi, XIX ìsrin 70-ci illìrindì vì 80-ci illìrinin I yar›s›nda Azìrbaycan neft sìnayìsinin tìéìkkêlê prosesindì Rusiya sahibkarlar›, ìsasìn rus vì ermìni (azìrbaycanl› sahibkarlar›n mçvqeyi âox zìif idi) kapital›n›n nêmayìndìlìri hìlledici rol oynam›élar. Ìsas neft yataqlar›n› ìlì keâirìrìk, onlar neft hasilat› (83,6%) vì e’mal› sahìlìrindì (65,5%) mçhkìmlìndilìr. Lakin torpaqlar›n icarìyì gçtêrêlmìsinì vì istehsal›n tìékilinì bçyêk kapital sìrf etmié sahibkarlar sat›é bazarlar›na â›xmaq êâên nìqletmì sistemini yarada bilmìdilìr. Vìziyyìtin belì xarakter almas›na tì’sir gçstìrìn ìsas amillìrdìn biri ondan ibarìt idi ki, XIX ìsrin II yar›s›nda êmumi iqtisadi dìyiéikliklìr yolu tutmué âar hçkêmìti neft sìnayesindì konkret fìaliyyìt proqram› haz›rlamadan kçhnì iltizam sistemini lì¤v etmiédi. Neftli torpaqlar›n hìrrac yolu ilì icarìyì verilmesi vì inkiéaf›n ilk mìrhìlìsindì neft sìnayìsinì maliyyì yard›m› gçstìrmìyì xidmìt edìn nizamlanm›é bank sisteminin olmamas› Rusiya vì yerli neft sìnayìâilìrini âìtin maliyyì problemlìri ilì êzlìédirir, yeni sìnaye sahìsinin çzêlênê zìiflìdirdi. Bununla yanaé›, onlar›n yeni fìaliyyìt sahìsindì kifayet qìdìr tìcrêbìyì vì iégêzarl›q keyfiyyìtlìrinì malik olmamalar› da iélìrin gediéinì çz mìnfi tì’sirini gçstìrdi. Bêtên bu amillìr xarici kapital› ax›n› êâên ìlveriéli éìrait yarad›rd›. Mìhz yêksìk iégêzarl›q keyfiyyìtlìrinì vì kifayìt qìdìr maliyyì vìsaitinì malik olan, hìm dì Avropa vì Rusiya kapital›n›n ìlbir fìaliyyìt gçstìrdiyi “Nobel qardaélar›” éirkìti 80-ci illìrin ortalar›nda neft sìnayìsindì apar›c› mçvqe tutma¤a nail oldu. (X)- This passage lists a number of reasons for why the conditions became ripe for foreign capital to flow into the Azerbaijani oil industry, as expressed in the sentence “Bêtên bu amillìr xarici kapital› ax›n› êâên ìlveriéli éìrait yarad›rd›.” The factors that led to this development are underlined and highlighted. Please explain these factors.

iégêzarl›q efficiency keyfiyyìt quality; characteristic


(XI) 1886-ci ildì isì Paris bankiri Rotéildin Abéeron neft yataqlar›na kapital qoymas› ilì Azìrbaycan nefti u¤runda mêbarizìnin yeni mìrhìlìsi baéland›. Belìliklì, XIX ìsrin 70-80-ci illìrindì âarizmin milli-mêstìmlìkì siyasìti nìticìsindì Bak› nefti rus-ermìni vì Avropa kapital›n›n inhisar› alt›na dêédê. Azìrbaycan xalq› çzênên ìn mêhêm milli sìrvìtindìn mìhrum oldu.

mêbarizì struggle mêstìmlìkì colonial inhisar monopoly mìhrum deprived

(XI)- What happened during the 1870’s and 1880’s? - What did the history of the oil industry mean to the Azerbaijani people and their economy?

köRpü köPrü Bibliography 167

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168 Bibliography köRpü köPrü

SOURCES FOR TEXTS Sources are listed in the order in which the materials (texts, pictures) appear in the reader. The location of materials in the text is specifically identified by the chapter and the exercise(s) where the materials have been used. CHAPTER 1: Qobustan (2003) Azìrbaycan Yaz›â›lar Birliyinin Nìéri, 1 (121), Bak›.

-----headlines, s. 96 & 76 (Ch. 1: 1.a.); editorial information, s. 1 (Ch. 1: 4.d.). -----headlines, (Ch. 1: 1.a.); (Yeni Zaman, 20-21 may 2003, s. 1) (Zaman, 20-21 may 2003, s. 2) (Ìdìbiyyat Qìzeti, 16 may 2003, s. 1) (Azerb intl/ spring 2001 s. 6) (Azerb intl/ spring 2001 s. 3) (Ar› Satirik qìzet 20 may 2003, s. 8) (Ìdìbiyyat Qìzeti, 16 may 2003, s. 1) (Ìdìbiyyat Qìzeti, 16 may 2003, s. 1) (Yeni Zaman, 20-21 may 2003, s. 1) (Azìrbaycanca-‹ngiliscì Lu¤ìt, 1998, Azìrbaycan Dçvlìt Dillìr ‹nstitutu, Bak›., s. iii)

Editorial page information, Ulduz, Ìdìbiyyat vì Gçzìl Sìnìtlìr Jurnal› 2003 (4) say 389 s. 1. ---- Ch. 1: 4.a. Editorial page information, : Zaman, 20-21 may 2003, s. 2. ---- Ch. 1: 4. Image (newspapers00.jpg), from http://www.azernews.net/cat.php?h=2. CHAPTER 2: Sìrraf Nìzìr, “Ìlifba bayram› ham›n› sevindirdi,” Zaman, 20-21 May 2003: s. 10.

-----(Ch. 2: 1.a.) Aqéin Kamalo¤lu, “Qaliblìrì diplomlar tìqdim edilib,” Zaman, 20-21 May 2003: s. 10. -----(Ch. 2: a. & d.) Xatirì Sìlimova, “Musiqi mìktìbi hesabat verdi,” Zaman, 20-21 May 2003: s. 10. -----(Ch. 2: 5.a.) “Kraldan daha âox kral olan,” Qobustan (2003) 1 (121): 27. ----(Ch. 2: 3.a.). “2002-ci ilin éans›z ulduzlar›: Pop musiqinin Prensesi êâên a¤›r il ,” Qobustan (2003) 1 (121): 27. ----(Ch. 2: 4.a.). “‹ki uéaq anas› "Missis Amerika-2005" oldu ,” ekspress.com.az, 22 Sentyabr 2005, http://www.express.com.az/second.aspìid=54198. -----(Ch. 2: 5.a.)


CHAPTER 3: Yaqub Mahmudlu & R. Xìlilov & S. A¤ayev (1998) Ata Yurdu: 5-ci sinif êâên dìrslik, «Tìhsil Nìériyyat›»: Bak›. -----s. 3f. (Ch. 3: 1.a.-2.c.); s. 392-6 (Ch. 3: 3.a.). (S. Qìndilov & ‹saq Mìmìdov (2001) Azìrbaycan Tarixi: Umumtìhsil mìktìblìrinin 11-ci sinifi êâên DÌRSL‹K, ‹kinci nìéri, Âaé›o¤lu: Bak›. ----s. 345f. (Ch. 3: 4.a.); Nigar Vaqifq›z›, "Mìktìb zaman› gìldi, dur, yaraé›ql› o¤lum,"Azadl›q, 16 Sentyabr 2005, http://www.azadliq.az/2005/09/16/anons.php?m=1. CHAPTER 4: Image (AI-mollacolor.jpg), Azerbaijan International (4.3), Autumn 1996, p. 18. ----(Ch. 5: 6.c.-7.a.) “Molla Nìsrìddin: Ìsrlìrin Gêlêé Dêhas›, Azerbaijan Intrernational (4.3), Autumn 1996, pp. 20f. ----(Ch. 4: 1.a.; 1.d; 2a.; 2.c.; 3.a.) http://molla-nesreddin.iatp.az/molla-nesreddin/azerb/elm.htm ----(Ch. 4: 1.a.; 1.d.; 1.f.; ) http://molla-nesreddin.iatp.az/molla-nesreddin/azerb/evde.htm ----(Ch. 4: 2.g.) Nìriman Ìbxêlrìhmanl›, “A¤-qara dênyan›n sultan›” (2003) Qobustan, Azìrbaycan Yaz›â›lar Birliyinin Nìéri, 1 (121), Bak›, s. 17. ----(Ch. 4: 1.c.); CHAPTER 5: Yaqub Mahmudlu & R. Xìlilov & S. A¤ayev (1998) Ata Yurdu: 5-ci sinif êâên dìrslik, «Tìhsil Nìériyyat›»: Bak›. ----s. 223-227. (Ch. 5: 1.a.; 2a.; 3.a.; 4a.; 5.a.; 6a.; 7.a.) “Language Transitions: Why I don’t know Azeri”, Azerbaijan International (10.4), Winter 2002, p. 22. ----(Ch. 5: 1.b.-2.a.) Heydar Aliyev, Azerbaijan's President, in a televised forum on "Youth" in Baku on February 2, 1996, from Azerbaijan International (4.4) Winter 1996, p. 25. -----(Ch. 5: 8.a.) Kamal Abdullayev, in an interview with Azerbaijan International, late 1999, from Azerbaijan International (8.1), Spring 2000, p 25.

-----(Ch. 5: 9.a.)


Yaqub Mahmudlu & R. Xìlilov & S. A¤ayev (1998) Ata Yurdu: 5-ci sinif êâên dìrslik, «Tìhsil Nìériyyat›»: Bak›. ----s. 217f (Ch. 5: 7.d.-8.a.) ----s. 223-228 (Ch. 5: 10.a.) “Language Transitions: Why I don’t know Azeri”), Azerbaijan International (10.4), Winter 2002, p. 22. ----(Ch. 5: 6.c.-7.a.) Text: http://www.525.az/new/2008/02/01/ ----(Ch. 5: 11.) CHAPTER 6: Image, www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/azerbaij.pdf Text: http://www.azerbaycan.ru/azerb/cografiya/index.php CHAPTER 7: http://bizimasr.media-az.com/arxiv_2004/36/xeberxet.html#21 ----(Ch. 7: 1.-5.) Ìdalìt, 2 Senstyabr 2005, http://www.adalet-az.com/2005/09/02/read.phpìm=2&id=14299 ----(Ch. 7: 6.a.) CHAPTER 8: http://bizimasr.media-az.com/arxiv_2004/36/xeberxet.html#21 ----(Ch. 8: 1.a.; 2.a.; 4.a.) Maqsudov, Teymur, Zaman, 20-21 may 2003, s. 2. ----(Ch. 8: 3.a.) Azìrbaycan, Rìsmi dçvlìt qìzeti, retrieved from: http://azerbaijan.news.az/cgi-bin/azerbaijan.cgiìaxtarish=film&bir=Bashliq&iki=Arxiv&axtar=axtar ----2003-12-13: (Ch. 8: 5.b.) ----2004-03-13: (Ch. 8: 5.c.) ----2005-04-21: (Ch. 8: 5.d.) ----2005-07-13: (Ch. 8: 5.e.) ----2004-08-05: (Ch. 8: 5.f.) ----2004-02-19: (Ch. 8: 6.b.) ----: (Ch. 8: 6.d.) Azadl›q, Gêndìlik Qìzet, 1 Sentyabr 2005, retrieved from: http://www.azadliq.az/2005/09/01/anons.php?m=4. (Ch. 8: 6.c.) Azìrbaycan, Rìsmi dçvlìt qìzeti, 2003-12-13, retrieved from: http://azerbaijan.news.az/cgi-bin/azerbaijan.cgiìaxtarish=film&bir=Bashliq&iki=Arxiv&axtar=axtar ----(Ch. 8: 8.a.)


CHAPTER 9: Sabir Gìncìli (2001) Qad›n, gçzìllik vì êlviyyìt (Women, beauty and sanctity), Bak› nìériyyat›: Bak›. ----s. 90-91: (Ch. 9: 1.a.) ----s. 162-163: (Ch. 9: 2.a.) Paéazadì , Yìhya, 525-ci qìzet, 1 sentyabr 2005, retrieved from: http://www.525ci.com/2005/09/01/get.php?d=po&m=428. ----(Ch. 9: 3.a.; 3.b.) CHAPTER 10: Mehdiyev, Ìrestun (1997) “Azìrbaycan nefti,” in Altay Dênyas›, 1-2: 95-104. Image (power_statin_new.jpg) from http://www.azernews.net/cat.php?h=4.

---Chapter 10: 1.a. Image (caspian_sea_New.jpg) from http://www.azernews.net/cat.php?h=8. ---Chapter 10: 1.a. VI


köRpü köPrü Answer Key 173

Answer Key

CHAPTER 1 1.a.

Publication/Editorial

Information

2

Azerbaijan or

regional/neighboring countries

4; 6; 9; 13; 14; 15

World

8; 16

Arts/Culture/ Entertainment

3; 5; 7; 15

Sports

10

Health

1; 11; 12

2.a.

3. Xan dêébìrìsi 7. Unudulmué reseptin unudulmaz dad› 5. Nué olsun 6. Evlìrì xidmìt 1. Emal tarixi: 29 JAN 2001 4. ‹stifadì tarixi: Emal tarixdìn etibarìn

20 gên 2.c. baélar – gêllìr– jurnallar – tarixlìr – q›élar - evlìr – xidmìtlìr – dêébìrìlìr – kinolar - ìllìr 4.a.

8 Ìdìbiyyat vì gçzel sìnìtlìr jurnal› 3 Say› 5 Yaé› 4 Korrektor 1 Baé redaktor 2 Bìdii redaktor 6 Redaksiya heyìti 9 Tìsisâilìr

174 Answer Key köRpü köPrü

4.c. - Where is this paper published and by whom? - In Baku, by the Zaman Import –Export

firm - What is the word for “address?” - ênvan - Mêavin and nçvbìtâi both mean “assistant,” “deputy.”

Who, then, is “the editor” of Zaman? - Êrfan Mìmmìdli - What types of ‘directors’ are listed? – Baé direktor (General director); Komersiya

direktoru (Director of marketing); Matbaa mêdiri (Director of printing); Reklam mêdiri (Director of advertising)

4.e. - What is the name of this publication? - Qobustan - In which year did the journal appear? - 1969 - How much does it cost? – 5000 manat - Which organization is publishing this journal? – The Azerbaijani Writers Union - Name the functions of Maarif Soltan and Ayxan Rìsulov. - M. Soltan: editor-in-chief; A.

Rìsulov: art editor - Which of these words mean floor, print, and street, respectively? Kêâì (street) – mìrtìbì (floor) – ênvan – âap (print) CHAPTER 2 2.b. - Those students from the Turkish high schools of Nakhchivan who won in the

Azerbaijan science olympics - “event” - the Nakhchivan minister of education, the general coordinator of the Turkish

high schools of Nakhchivan, Turkish businessmen, the schools’ principals, parents and students

3.a. 1. do¤um gênê 2. dênyada 3. insan› 4. imzas›n› 5. bizim çlkìdì 6. dênyan›n 3.b. D; D; Y 4.b. She was doing advertising for Pepsi. B. Spears drank Coca Cola at the Pepsi company. 5.b.

8 performances 4 the quality of 5 gave a speech and 7 to improve


1 the event 2 took place 6 at the beginning of May 3 in the academic year

5.c. Please answer. --- to improve the quality of instruction among the schools of music at Éìqi and to

develop the students’ aesthetic tastes --- he was the country’s president, who celebrated his 80th birthday in 2002 --- those 10 students from the U. M. school of music that took part in the

competition and received various nominations - nearly 3 hours 7.c. (I) – c; (II) - d ; (III) - b; (IV) – a 7.e. - that is unequaled, unique - call - announces - kindergarten - a school fee is charged CHAPTER 3 1.c. You are now a fifth grader. You are your country’s fortunate child. 1.d. éagirdsìn - tìlìbìsìn - koordinatorsan - prezidentsìn - sat›c›san - evdìsìn – yaxé›san - diplomatsan - diplomat deyilsìn - dostumsan - amerikal›san - mêìllimsìn - buradasan - bêlbêl kimisìn - yor¤unsan - yaz›â›san - gçzìl deyilsìn - direktorsan - Bak›dasan - universitetdìsìn - xoébìxtsìn - azìrbaycanl›san - amerikal›san - têrksìn - russan 1.f. / qazan›rsan / baélay›rsan / gçndìrirsìn / durursan / bilirsìn / sevinirsìn / gêlêrsìn / gçstìrirsìn / yaz›rsan / gçtêrêrsìn / al›é›rsan / doldurursan / âa¤›r›rsan / tìkrar edirsìn / ba¤lay›rsan / tutursan / dêéênêrsìn / â›x›rsan / 2.b. - It explains the contents and structure of the textbook. - Those materials are intended for students who show a greater interest in the country’s history.


5.b. - The article appeared at the beginning of the new school year. It is said that the summer vacation is finally ending. - The school children are carrying school bags and bouquets. 5.c. (b); (a). 6. b. / o yazar / o yazmaz / biz gêlìrik / biz gêlmìrik / o qazanar / o qazanmaz / biz qazanar›q / biz qazanmar›q / / biz gçtêrmìrik / biz gçtêrìrik / o gçstìrìr / o gçstìrmìz / / o baélayar / / biz baélamar›q / biz baélayar›q- / o baélamaz CHAPTER 4 1.g. - His heart feels heavy. - A poem that he has not yet read to anyone. - Yes. - He thinks it is long and lacking meaning, nonsensical. 2.b. They are timeless because they focus on common human problems and foibles like

social justice and narrowmindedness. 2.d. (1) a man could have several wives (2) when the boat begins to sink 2.e. Bir kiéi qay›qda ola bilìrdi. Arvad› êzì bilir. 2.h. Y; Y; D; Y. 3.b.

5 cavan 8 sa¤lam 2 qoca 4 piyada 1 yaz›q 6 axmaq

3.c. In the middle of the day they go on foot, they don’t ride the donkey that is skipping and hopping. (Affirmative: minirler)


CHAPTER 5 1.b.

6. il›q 8. sìliqì ilì 1. ziyal› 3. tìlìsmìk 7. ayaq saxlamaq 4. kêâì

2.b. 1. baxd› 2. dolaé›rd› 3. qalm›éd› 4. ald› 5. tìsvir edilmiédi 6. dayanm›éd› 5.b.

4. nçqsan 7. tìnqid etmìk 6. silkìlìmìk 5. oyanmaq 2. gêzgê

6.b.

The aspirations of Turkic-Muslim peoples IX

Molla Nasraddin’s reach beyond Azerbaijan IX, VII

The education of women X

Azerbaijan’s struggle for freedom VIII, VII

10.b. How do you understand the expression “Molla Nasraddin” made people think by making them laugh (“caused thinking through laughing”) 10.c. Are the names Sìttarxan, Ba¤›rxan familiar to you?


10.d. /cavand›rm› / ziyal›d›rm› / mêìllimdirmi / redaktordurmu / yaz›â›d›rm› / amerikal›d›rm› / êmidlidirmi / Bak›dad›rm› / Azìrbaycandad›rm› / kêâìdìdirmi / ortayaél›d›rm› / doludurmu / 10.e.

3. hans› 8. nì 6. nì êâên 6. nìdìn 4. necì 6. niyì 9. neâì

*********************************************************************************************

köRpü köPrü Verb Inflection Tables 179

Verb Inflection Tables 1 Present progressive verirìm ‘I am giving’ [Tr. veriyorum] yaéam›r›q ‘we are not living’ [Tr. yaéam›yoruz] AZERI affirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

verirìm

vermirìm

yaéay›ram

yaéam›ram

sìn verirsìn vermirsìn yaéay›rsan yaéam›rsan o verir vermir yaéay›r yaéam›r biz veririk vermirik yaéay›r›q yaéam›r›q siz verirsiniz vermirsiniz yaéay›rs›n›z yaéam›rs›n›z onlar

verirlìr vermirlìr yaéay›rlar yaéam›rlar

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben veriyorum vermiyorum yaé›yorum yaéam›yorumsen veriyorsun vermiyorsun yaé›yorsun yaéam›yorsun o veriyor vermiyor yaé›yor yaéam›yor biz veriyoruz vermiyoruz yaé›yoruz yaéam›yoruz siz veriyorsunuz vermiyorsunuz yaé›yorsunuz yaéam›yorsunuz onlar

veriyorlar vermiyorlar yaé›yorlar yaéam›yorlar

180 Verb Inflection Tables köRpü köPrü

2 Habitual present / Indefinite future verìrìm ‘I will probably give; I (usually) give’ [Tr. veririm] yaéamar›q ‘we probably will not live; we (usually) don’t live’ [Tr. yaéamay›z] AZERI affirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

verìrìm

vermìrìm*

yaéayaram

yaéamaram*

sìn verìrsìn vermìzsìn yaéayarsan yaéamazsan o verìr vermìz yaéayar yaéamaz biz verìrik vermìrik** yaéayar›q** yaéamar›q siz verìrsiniz vermìzsiniz yaéayars›n›z yaéamazs›n›z onlar

verìrlìr vermìzlìr yaéayarlar yaéamazlar

*also: vermìzìm, yaéamazam ** also: vermìzik, yaéamaz›q TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben veririm vermem yaéar›m yaéamam sen verirsin vermezsin yaéars›n yaéamazs›n o verir vermez yaéar yaéamaz biz veririz vermeyiz yaéar›z yaéamay›z siz verirsiniz vermezsiniz yaéars›n›z yaéamazs›n›z onlar

verirler vermezler yaéarlar yaéamazlar


3 Definite future verìcìyìm ‘I will (definitely) give’ [Tr. verece¤im] yaéamayaca¤›q ‘we will (definitely) not live’ [Tr. yaéamayaca¤›z] AZERI affirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

verìcìyìm

vermìyìcìyìm

yaéayaca¤am

yaéamayaca¤am

sìn verìcìksìn vermìyìcìksìn yaéayacaqsan yaéamayacaqsan o verìcìk vermìyìcìk yaéayacaq yaéamayacaq biz verìcìyik vermìyìcìyik yaéayaca¤›q yaéamayaca¤›q siz verìcìksiniz vermìyìcìksiniz yaéayacaqs›n›z yaéamayacaqs›n›z onlar

verìcìklìr vermìyìcìklìr yaéayacaqlar yaéamayacaqlar

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben verece¤im vermeyece¤im yaéayaca¤›m yaéamayaca¤›m sen vereceksin vermeyeceksin yaéayacaks›n yaéamayacaks›n o verecek vermeyecek yaéayacak yaéamayacak biz verece¤iz vermeyece¤iz yaéayaca¤›z yaéamayaca¤›z siz vereceksiniz vermeyeceksiniz yaéayacaks›n›z yaéamayacaks›n›z onlar

verecekler vermeyecekler yaéayacaklar yaéamayacaklar


4 Definite past verdim ‘I gave’ [Tr. verdim] yaéamad›q ‘we did not live’ [Tr. yaéamad›k] AZERI affirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

verdim

vermìdim

yaéad›m

yaéamad›m

sìn verdin vermìdin yaéad›n yaéamad›n o verdi vermìdi yaéad› yaéamad› biz verdik vermìdik yaéad›q yaéamad›q siz verdiniz vermìdiniz yaéad›n›z yaéamad›n›z onlar

verdilìr vermìdilìr yaéad›lar yaéamad›lar

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben verdim vermedim yaéad›m yaéamad›m sen verdin vermedin yaéad›n yaéamad›n o verdi vermedi yaéad› yaéamad› biz verdik vermedik yaéad›k yaéamad›k siz verdiniz vermediniz yaéad›n›z yaéamad›n›z onlar

verdiler vermediler yaéad›lar yaéamad›lar


5 Present perfect / Evidential vermiéìm ‘I have given (it seems, apparently)’ [Tr. vermiéim] yaéamam›é›q ‘we have not lived (allegedly, reportedly)’ [Tr. yaéamam›é›z] AZERI affirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

vermiéìm

vermìmiéìm

yaéam›éam

yaéamam›éam

sìn vermi(é)sìn/ vermìmi(é)sìn/ yaéam›(é)san/ yaéamam›(é)san/ veribsìn vermìyibsìn yaéay›bsan yaéamay›bsan o vermiédir/ vermìmiédir/ yaéam›éd›r/ yaéamam›éd›r/ verib(dir) vermìyib(dir) yaéay›b(d›r) yaéamay›b(d›r) biz vermiéik vermìmiéik yaéam›é›q yaéamam›é›q siz vermi(é)siniz/ vermìmi(é)siniz/ yaéam›(é)s›n›z/ yaéamam›(é)s›n›z/ veribsiniz vermìyibsiniz yaéay›bs›n›z yaéamay›bs›n›z onlar vermiélìr/ vermìmiélìr/ yaéam›élar/ yaéamam›élar/ veriblìr vermìyiblìr yaéay›blar yaéamay›blar TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negative

ben vermiéim vermemiéim yaéam›é›m yaéamam›é›m sen vermiésin vermemiésin yaéam›és›n yaéamam›és›n o vermié vermemié yaéam›é yaéamam›é biz vermiéiz vermemiéiz yaéam›é›z yaéamam›é›z siz vermiésiniz vermemiésiniz yaéam›és›n›z yaéamam›és›n›z onlar vermiéler vermemiéler yaéam›élar yaéamam›élar


6 Past Progressive verirdim ‘I was giving’ [Tr. veriyordum] yaéam›rd›q ‘we were not living’ [Tr. yaéam›yorduk] AZERI affirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

verirdim

vermirdim

yaéay›rd›m

yaéam›rd›m

sìn verirdin vermirdin yaéay›rd›n yaéam›rd›n o verirdi vermirdi yaéay›rd› yaéam›rd› biz verirdik vermirdik yaéay›rd›q yaéam›rd›q siz verirdiniz vermirdiniz yaéay›rd›n›z yaéam›rd›n›z onlar

verirdilìr vermirdilìr yaéay›rd›lar yaéam›rd›lar

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben veriyordum vermiyordum yaé›yordum yaéam›yordum sen veriyordun vermiyordun yaé›yordun yaéam›yordun o veriyordu vermiyordu yaé›yordu yaéam›yordu biz veriyorduk vermiyorduk yaé›yorduk yaéam›yorduk siz veriyordunuz vermiyordunuz yaé›yordunuz yaéam›yordunuz onlar

veriyordular/ veriyorlard›

vermiyordular/ vermiyorlard›

yaé›yordular/yaé›yorlard›

yaéam›yordular/ yaéam›yorlard›


7 Indefinite future in the past / Habitual past verìrdim ‘I used to give; I would give’ [Tr. verirdim] yaéamazd›q ‘we did not use to live; we would not have lived’ [Tr. yaéamazd›k] AZERI affirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

verìrdim

vermìzdim

yaéayard›m

yaéamazd›m

sìn verìrdin vermìzdin yaéayard›n yaéamazd›n o verìrdi vermìzdi yaéayard› yaéamazd› biz verìrdik vermìzdik yaéayard›q yaéamazd›q siz verìrdiniz vermìzdiniz yaéayard›n›z yaéamazd›n›z onlar

verìrdilìr vermìzdilìr yaéayard›lar yaéamazd›lar

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben verirdim vermezdim yaéard›m yaéamazd›m sen verirdin vermezdin yaéard›n yaéamazd›n o verirdi vermez yaéard› yaéamazd› biz verirdik vermezdik yaéard›k yaéamazd›k siz verirdiniz vermezdiniz yaéard›n›z yaéamazd›n›z onlar

verirlerdi/ verirdiler

vermezlerdi/ vermezdiler

yaéarlard›/ yaéard›lar

yaéamazlard›/ yaéamazd›lar


8 Past perfect vermiédim ‘I had given’ [Tr. vermiétim] yaéamam›éd›q ‘we had not lived’ [Tr. yaéamam›ét›k] AZERI affirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

vermiédim

vermìmiédim

yaéam›éd›m

yaéamam›éd›m

sìn vermiédin vermìmiédin yaéam›éd›n yaéamam›éd›n o vermiédi vermìmiédi yaéam›éd› yaéamam›éd› biz vermiédik vermìmiédik yaéam›éd›k yaéamam›éd›k siz vermiédiniz vermìmiédiniz yaéam›éd›n›z yaéamam›éd›n›z onlar vermiédilìr vermìmiédilìr yaéam›éd›lar yaéamam›éd›lar TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben vermiétim vermemiétim yaéam›ét›m yaéamam›ét›m sen vermiétin vermemiétin yaéam›ét›n yaéamam›ét›n o vermiéti vermemiéti yaéam›ét› yaéamam›ét› biz vermiétik vermemiétik yaéam›ét›k yaéamam›ét›n›z siz vermiétiniz vermemiétiniz yaéam›ét›n›z yaéamam›ét›n›z onlar

vermiétiler/ vermiélerdi

vermemiétiler/ vermemiélerdi

yaéam›ét›lar/ yaéam›élard›

yaéamam›ét›lar/yaéamam›élard›


9 Future in the past verìcìkdim ‘I was going to give, I should give/have given’ [Tr. verecektim] yaéamayacaqd›q ‘we were not going to live, we should not live/have lived’ [Tr. yaéamayacakt›k] AZERI affirmative negative affirmative negative

mìn

verìcìkdim

vermìyìcìktim

yaéayacaqd›m

yaéamayacaqd›m

sìn verìcìkdin vermìyìcìkdin yaéayacaqd›n yaéamayacaqd›n o verìcìkdi vermìyìcìkdi yaéayacaqd› yaéamayacaqd› biz verìcìkdik vermìyìcìkdik yaéayacaqd›q yaéamayacaqd›q siz verìcìkdiniz vermìyìcìkdiniz yaéayacaqd›n›z yaéamayacaqd›n›z onlar

verìcìkdilìr vermìyìcìkdilìr yaéayacaqd›lar yaéamayacaqd›lar

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben verecektim vermeyecektim yaéayacakt›m yaéamayacakt›m sen verecektin vermeyecektin yaéayacakt›n yaéamayacakt›n o verecekti vermeyecekti yaéayacakt› yaéamayacakt› biz verecektik vermeyecektik yaéayacakt›k yaéamayacakt› siz verecektiniz vermeyecektiniz yaéayacakt›n›z yaéamayacakt›n›z onlar

vereceklerdi/ verecektiler

vermeyeceklerdi/ vermeyecektiler

yaéayacaklard›/ yaéayacakt›laryaéamayacaklard›/ yaéamyacakt›lar


10 Imperative verim ‘let me give’ [Tr. vereyim] yaéamayaq ‘let’s not live’ [Tr. yaéamayal›m] AZERI aaffirmative negative affirmative negative

mìn

verim

vermìyim

yaéay›m

yaéamay›m

sìn ver vermì yaéa yaéama o versin vermìsin yaéas›n yaéamas›n biz verìk vermìyìk yaéayaq yaéamayaq siz verin vermìyin yaéay›n yaéamay›n onlar

versinlìr vermìsinlìr yaéas›nlar yaéamas›nlar

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben vereyim vermeyeyim yaéayay›m yaéamayay›m sen ver verme yaéa yaéama o versin vermesin yaéas›n yaéamas›n biz verelim vermeyelim yaéayal›m yaéamayal›m siz verin(iz) vermeyin(iz) yaéay›n(›z) yaéamay›n(›z) onlar versinler vermesinler yaéas›nlar yaéamas›nlar


11 Optative: Future and Present verìm ‘I wish, may give’ [Tr. vereyim] yaéamayaq ‘I wish we did not live; may we not live’ [Tr. yaéamayal›m] AZERI affirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

verìm

vermìyìm

yaéayam

yaéamayam

sìn verìsìn vermìyìsìn yaéayasan yaéamayasan o verì vermìyì yaéaya yaéamaya biz verìk vermìyìk yaéayaq yaéamayaq siz verìsiniz vermìyìsiniz yaéayas›n›z yaéamayas›n›z onlar

verìlìr vermìyìlìr yaéayalar yaéamayalar

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben vereyim vermeyeyim yaéayay›m yaéamayay›m sen veresin vermeyesin yaéayas›n yaéamayas›n o vere vermeye yaéaya yaéamaya biz verelim vermeyelim yaéayal›m yaéamayal›m siz veresin(iz) vermeyesin(iz) yaéayas›n(›z) yaéamayas›n(›z) onlar vereler vermeyeler yaéayalar yaéamayalar


12 Optative: Past verì idim ‘I wish I gave; I should have given’ [Tr. vereydim] yaéamaya idik ‘we wished we had not lived; we should not have lived’ [Tr. yaéamayayd›k] (rare) AZERI affirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

verì idim

vermìyì idim

yaéaya idim

yaéamaya idim

sìn verì idin vermìyì idin yaéaya idin yaéamaya idin o verì idi vermìyì idi yaéaya idi yaéamaya idi biz verì idik vermìyì idik yaéaya idik yaéamaya idik siz verì idiniz vermìyì idiniz yaéaya idiniz yaéamaya idiniz onlar

verì idilìr vermìyì idilìr yaéaya idilìr yaéamaya idilìr

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben vereydim vermeyeydim yaéayayd›m yaéamayayd›m sen vereydin vermeyeydin yaéayayd›n yaéamayayd›n o vereydi vermeyeydi yaéayayd› yaéamayayd› biz vereydik vermeyeydik yaéayayd›k yaéamayayd›k siz vereydiniz vermeyeydiniz yaéayayd›n›z yaéamayayd›n›z onlar vereydiler vermeyeydiler yaéayayd›lar yaéamayayd›lar


13 Necessitative: Present vermìliyìm ‘I have to give; should give’ [Tr. vermeliyim] yaéamamal›y›q ‘we should not live’ [Tr. yaéamamal›y›z] AZERI a affirmative negative affirmative negative

mìn

vermìliyìm

vermìmìliyìm

yaéamal›yam

yaéamamal›yam

sìn vermìlisìn vermìmìlisìn yaéamal›san yaéamamal›san o vermìlidir vermìmìlidir yaéamal›d›r yaéamamal›d›r biz vermìliyik vermìmìliyik yaéamal›y›q yaéamamal›y›q siz vermìlisiniz vermìmìlisiniz yaéamal›s›n›z yaéamamal›s›n›z onlar

vermìlidirlìr vermìmìlidirlìr yaéamal›d›rlar yaéamamal›d›rlar

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben vermeliyim vermemeliyim yaéamal›y›m yaéamamal›y›m sen vermelisin vermemelisin yaéamal›s›n yaéamamal›s›n o vermeli(dir) vermemeli(dir) yaéamal›(d›r) yaéamamal›(d›r) biz vermeliyiz vermemeliyiz yaéamal›y›z yaéamamal›y›z siz vermelisiniz vermemelisiniz yaéamal›s›n›z yaéamamal›s›n›z onlar vermeli(dir)ler vermemeli(dir)ler yaéamal›(d›r)lar yaéamamal›(d›r)lar


14 Necessitative: Past vermìli idim ‘I should have given’ [Tr. vermeliydim] yaéamamal› idik ‘we should not have lived’ [Tr. yaéamamal›yd›k] AZERI aaffirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

vermìli idim

vermìmìli idim

yaéamal› idim

yaéamamal› idim

sìn vermìli idin vermìmìli idin yaéamal› idin yaéamamal› idin o vermìli idi vermìmìli idi yaéamal› idi yaéamamal› idi biz vermìli idik vermìmìli idik yaéamal› idik yaéamamal› idik siz vermìli idiniz vermìmìli idiniz yaéamal› idiniz yaéamamal› idiniz onlar

vermìli idilìr vermìmìli idilìr yaéamal› idilìr yaéamamal› idilìr

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben vermeliydim vermemeliydim yaéamal›yd›m yaéamamal›yd›m sen vermeliydin vermemeliydin yaéamal›yd›n yaéamamal›yd›n o vermeliydi vermemeliydi yaéamal›yd› yaéamamal›yd› biz vermeliydik vermemeliydik yaéamal›yd›k yaéamamal›yd›k siz vermeliydiniz vermemeliydiniz yaéamal›yd›n›z yaéamamal›yd›n›z onlar

vermeliydiler/ vermelilerdi

vermemeliydiler/ vermemelilerdi

yaéamal›yd›lar/ yaéamal›lard›

yaéamamal›yd›lar/yaéamamal›lard›


15 Voluntative verìsiyìm ‘I should give’ [Tr. --] yaéayas› deyilik ‘we should not live’ [Tr. --] AZERI aaffirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

verìsiyìm

verìsi deyilìm

yaéayas›yam

yaéayas› deyilìm

sìn verìsisìn verìsi deyilsìn yaéayas›san yaéayas› deyilsìn o verìsidir verìsi deyildir yaéayas›d›r yaéayas› deyildir biz verìsiyik verìsi deyilik yaéayas›y›q yaéayas› deyilik siz verìsisiniz verìsi deyilsiniz yaéayas›s›n›z yaéayas› deyilsiniz onlar

verìsidirlìr verìsi deyildirlìr yaéayas›d›rlar yaéayas› deyildirlìr

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben vermeliyim vermemeliyim yaéamal›y›m yaéamamal›y›m sen vermelisin vermemelisin yaéamal›s›n yaéamamal›s›n o vermeli(dir) vermemeli(dir) yaéamal›(d›r) yaéamamal›(d›r) biz vermeliyiz vermemeliyiz yaéamal›y›z yaéamamal›y›z siz vermelisiniz vermemelisiniz yaéamal›s›n›z yaéamamal›s›n›z onlar vermeli(dir)ler vermemeli(dir)ler yaéamal›(d›r)lar yaéamamal›(d›r)lar


16 Abilitative: Present Progressive verì bilirìm ‘I am able to give’ [Tr. verebiliyorum] yaéaya bilmirik ‘we are not able to live [Tr. yaéayam›yoruz] AZERI aaffirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

verì bilirìm

verì bilmirìm

yaéaya bilirìm

yaéaya bilmirìm

sìn verì bilirsìn verì bilmirsìn yaéaya bilirsìn yaéaya bilmirsìn o verì bilir verì bilmir yaéaya bilir yaéaya bilmir biz verì bilirik verì bilmirik yaéaya bilirik yaéaya bilmirik siz verì bilirsiniz verì bilmirsiniz yaéaya bilirsiniz yaéaya bilmirsiniz onlar

verì bilirlìr verì bilmirlìr yaéaya bilirlìr yaéaya bilmirlìr

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben verebiliyorum veremiyorum yaéayabiliyorum yaéayam›yorum sen verebiliyorsun veremiyorsun yaéayabiliyorsun yaéayam›yorsun o verebiliyor veremiyor yaéayabiliyor yaéayam›yor biz verebiliyoruz veremiyoruz yaéayabiliyoruz yaéayam›yoruz siz verebiliyorsunuz veremiyorsunuz yaéayabiliyorsunuz yaéayam›yorsunuz onlar verebiliyorlar veremiyorlar yaéayabiliyorlar yaéayam›yorlar


17 Abilitative: Past Progressive verì bilirdim ‘I was able to give’ [Tr. verebiliyordum] yaéaya bilmirdik ‘we were not able to live’ [Tr. yaéayam›yorduk] AZERI affirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

verì bilirdim

verì bilmirdim

yaéaya bilirdim

yaéaya bilmirdim

sìn verì bilirdin verì bilmirdin yaéaya bilirdin yaéaya bilmirdin o verì bilirdi verì bilmirdi yaéaya bilirdi yaéaya bilmirdi biz verì bilirdik verì bilmirdik yaéaya bilirdik yaéaya bilmirdik siz verì bilirdiniz verì bilmirdiniz yaéaya bilirdiniz yaéaya bilmirdiniz onlar

verì bilirdilìr verì bilmirdilìr yaéaya bilirdilìr yaéaya bilmirdilìr

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben verebiliyordum veremiyordum yaéayabiliyordum yaéayam›yordum sen verebiliyordun veremiyordun yaéayabiliyordun yaéayam›yordun o verebiliyordu veremiyordu yaéayabiliyordu yaéayam›yordu biz verebiliyorduk veremiyorduk yaéayabiliyorduk yaéayam›yorduk siz verebiliyordunuz veremiyordunuz yaéayabiliyordunuz yaéayam›yordunuz onlar

verebiliyordular/ verebiliyorlard›

veremiyordular/veremiyorlard›

yaéayabiliyordular/ yaéayabiliyorlard›

yaéayam›yordular/ yaéayam›yorlardu


18 Abilitative: Indefinite future / Habitual present verì bilìrìm ‘I will probably be able to give’ [Tr. verebilirim] yaéaya bilmìrik ‘we probably won’t be able to live’ [Tr. yaéayamay›z] AZERI affirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

verì bilìrìm

verì bilmìrìm

yaéaya bilìrìm

yaéaya bilmìrìm

sìn verì bilìrsìn verì bilmìzsìn yaéaya bilìrsìn yaéaya bilmìzsìn o verì bilìr verì bilmìz yaéaya bilìr yaéaya bilmìz biz verì bilìrik verì bilmìrik yaéaya bilìrik yaéaya bilmìrik siz verì bilìrsiniz verì bilmìzsiniz yaéaya bilìrsiniz yaéaya bilmìzsiniz onlar

verì bilìrlìr verì bilmìzlìr yaéaya bilìrlìr yaéaya bilmìzlìr

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben verebilirim veremem yaéayabilirim yaéayamam sen verebilirsin veremezsin yaéayabilirsin yaéayamazs›n o verebilir veremez yaéayabilir yaéayamaz biz verebiliriz veremeyiz yaéayabiliriz yaéayamay›z siz verebilirsiniz veremezsiniz yaéayabilirsiniz yaéayamazs›n›z onlar verebilirler veremezler yaéayabilirler yaéayamazlar


19 Abilitative: Indefinite future in the past / Habitual past verì bilìrdim ‘I could give; could have given’ [Tr. verebilirdim] yaéaya bilmìzdik ‘we could not live; could not have lived’ [Tr. yaéayamazd›k] AZERI affirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

verì bilìrdim

verì bilmìzdim

yaéaya bilìrdim

yaéaya bilmìzdim

sìn verì bilìrdin verì bilmìzdin yaéaya bilìrdin yaéaya bilmìzdin o verì bilìrdi verì bilmìzdi yaéaya bilìrdi yaéaya bilmìzdi biz verì bilìrdik verì bilmìzdik yaéaya bilìrdik yaéaya bilmìzdik siz verì bilìrdiniz verì bilmìzdiniz yaéaya bilìrdiniz yaéaya bilmìzdiniz onlar

verì bilìrdilìr verì bilmìzdilìr yaéaya bilìrdilìr yaéaya bilmìzdilìr

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben verebilirdim veremezdim yaéayabilirdim yaéayamazd›m sen verebilirdin veremezdin yaéayabilirdin yaéayamazd›n o verebilirdi veremezdi yaéayabilirdi yaéayamazd› biz verebilirdik veremezdik yaéayabilirdik yaéayamazd›k siz verebilirdiniz veremezdiniz yaéayabilirdiniz yaéayamazd›n›z onlar

verebilirdiler/ verebilirlerdi

veremezdiler/ veremezlerdi

yaéayabilirdiler/ yaéayabilirlerdi

yaéayamazd›lar/ yaéayamazlard›


20 Abilitative: Definite Future verì bilìcìyìm ‘I will be able to give’ [Tr. verebilece¤im] yaéaya bilmìyìcìyik ‘we will not be able to live’ [Tr. yaéayamayaca¤›z] AZERI affirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

verì bilìcìyìm

verì bilmìyìcìyìm

yaéaya bilìcìyìm

yaéaya bilmìyìcìyìm

sìn verì bilìcìksìn verì bilmìyìcìksìn yaéaya bilìcìksìn yaéaya bilmìyìcìksìn o verì bilìcìk verì bilmìyìcìk yaéaya bilìcìk yaéaya bilmìyìcìk biz verì bilìcìyik verì bilmìyìcìyik yaéaya bilìcìyik yaéaya bilmìyìcìyik siz verì bilìcìksiniz verì bilmìyìcìksiniz yaéaya bilìcìksiniz yaéaya bilmìyìcìksiniz onlar

verì bilìcìklìr verì bilmìyìcìklìr yaéaya bilìcìklìr verì bilmìyìcìklìr

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben verebilece¤im veremeyece¤im yaéayabilece¤im yaéayamayaca¤›m sen verebileceksin veremeyeceksin yaéayabileceksin yaéayamayacaks›n o verebilecek veremeyecek yaéayabilecek yaéayamayacak biz verebilece¤iz veremeyece¤iz yaéayabilece¤iz yaéayamayaca¤›z siz verebileceksiniz veremeyeceksiniz yaéayabileceksiniz yaéayamayacaks›n›z onlar

verebilecekler veremeyecekler yaéayabilecekler yaéayamayacaklar


21 Abilitative: Definite future in the past verì bilìcìkdim ‘I was going to be able to give’ [Tr. verebilecektim] yaéaya bilmìyìcìkdik ‘we were not going to be able to live’ [Tr. yaéayamayacakt›k] AZERI affirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

verì bilìcìkdim

verì bilmìyìcìkdim

yaéaya bilìcìkdim

yaéaya bilmìyìcìkdim

sìn verì bilìcìkdin verì bilmìyìcìkdin yaéaya bilìcìkdin yaéaya bilmìyìcìkdin o verì bilìcìkdi verì bilmìyìcìkdi yaéaya bilìcìkdi yaéaya bilmìyìcìkdi biz verì bilìcìkdik verì bilmìyìcìkdik yaéaya bilìcìkdik yaéaya bilmìyìcìkdik siz verì bilìcìkdiniz verì bilmìyìcìkdiniz yaéaya bilìcìkdiniz yaéaya bilmìyìcìkdiniz onlar

verì bilìcìkdilìr verì bilmìyìcìkdilìr yaéaya bilìcìkdilìr yaéaya bilmìyìcìkdilìr

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben verebilecektim veremeyecektim yaéayabilecektim yaéayamayacakt›m sen verebilecektin veremeyecektin yaéayabilecektin yaéayamayacakt›n o verebilecekti veremeyecekti yaéayabilecekti yaéayamayacakt› biz verebilecektik veremeyecektik yaéayabilecektik yaéayamayacakt›k siz verebilecektiniz veremeyecektiniz yaéayabilecektiniz yaéayamayacakt›n›z onlar

verebileceklerdi/ verebilecektiler

veremeyeceklerdi/ veremeyecektiler

yaéayabileceklerdi/ yaéayabilecektiler

yaéayamayacaklard›/ yaéayamayacakt›lar


22 Abilitative: Present perfect / Evidential verì bilmiéìm ‘I have been able to give; it is said/it seems that I have been able to give’ [Tr. verebilmiéim] yaéaya bilmìmiéik ‘we have not been able to live; apparently we were unable to live’ [Tr. yaéayamam›é›z] AZERI affirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

verì bilmiéìm

verì bilmìmiéìm

yaéaya bilmiéìm

yaéaya bilmìmiéìm

sìn verì bilmi(é)sìn verì bilmìmi(é)sìn yaéaya bilmi(é)sìn yaéaya bilmìmi(é)sìn o verì bilmiédir verì bilmìmiédir yaéaya bilmiédir yaéaya bilmìmiédir biz verì bilmiéik verì bilmìmiéik yaéaya bilmiéik yaéaya bilmìmiéik siz verì bilmi(é)siniz verì bilmìmi(é)siniz yaéaya bilmi(é)siniz yaéaya bilmìmi(é)siniz onlar

verì bilmiélìr verì bilmìmiélìr yaéaya bilmiélìr yaéaya bilmìmiélìr

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben verebilmiéim verememiéim yaéayabilmiéim yaéayamam›é›m sen verebilmiésin verememiésin yaéayabilmiésin yaéayamam›és›n o verebilmié verememié yaéayabilmié yaéayamam›é biz verebilmiéiz verememiéiz yaéayabilmiéiz yaéayamam›é›z siz verebilmiésiniz verememiésiniz yaéayabilmiésiniz yaéayamam›és›n›z onlar verebilmiéler verememiéler yaéayabilmiéler yaéayamam›éler


23 Abilitative: Definite past verì bildim ‘I was able to give’ [Tr. verebildim] yaéaya bilmìdik ‘we were not able to live’ [Tr. yaéayamad›k] AZERI a affirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

verì bildim

verì bilmìdim

yaéaya bildim

yaéaya bilmìdim

sìn verì bildin verì bilmìdin yaéaya bildin yaéaya bilmìdin o verì bildi verì bilmìdi yaéaya bildi yaéaya bilmìdi biz verì bildik verì bilmìdik yaéaya bildik yaéaya bilmìdik siz verì bildiniz verì bilmìdiniz yaéaya bildiniz yaéaya bilmìdiniz onlar

verì bildilìr verì bilmìdilìr yaéaya bildilìr yaéaya bilmìdilìr

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben verebildim veremedim yaéayabildim yaéayamad›m sen verebildin veremedin yaéayabildin yaéayamad›n o verebildi veremedi yaéayabildi yaéayamad› biz verebildik veremedik yaéayabildik yaéayamad›k siz verebildiniz veremediniz yaéayabildiniz yaéayamad›n›z onlar verebildiler veremediler yaéayabildiler yaéayamad›lar


24 Conditional: Present progressive verirìmsì ‘if I am giving’ [Tr. veriyorsam] yaéam›r›qsa ‘if we are not living’ [Tr. yaéam›yorsak] AZERI affirmative negative affirmative negative

mìn

verirìmsì

vermirìmsì

yaéay›ramsa

yaéam›ramsa

sìn verirsìnsì vermirsìnsì yaéay›rsansa yaéam›rsansa o verirsì vermirsì yaéay›rsa yaéam›rsa biz veririksì vermiriksì yaéay›r›qsa yaéam›r›qsa siz verirsinizsì vermirsinizsì yaéay›rs›n›zsa yaéam›rs›n›zsa onlar

verirlìrsì vermirlìrsì yaéay›rlarsa yaéam›rlarsa

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben veriyorsam vermiyorsam yaé›yorsam yaéam›yorsam sen veriyorsan vermiyorsan yaé›yorsan yaéam›yorsan o veriyorsa vermiyorsa yaé›yorsa yaéam›yorsa biz veriyorsak vermiyorsak yaé›yorsak yaéam›yorsak siz veriyorsan›z vermiyorsan›z yaé›yorsan›z yaéam›yorsan›z onlar

veriyorlarsa/ veriyorsalar

vermiyorlarsa/ vermiyorsalar

yaé›yorlarsa/ yaé›yorsalar

yaéam›yorlarsa/ yaéam›yorsalar


25 Conditional: Indefinite future verìrìmsì ‘if I give’ [Tr. verirsem] yaéamar›qsa ‘if we do not live’ [Tr. yaéamazsak] AZERI affirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

verìrìmsì

vermìrìmsì

yaéayaramsa

yaéamaramsa

sìn verìrsìnsì vermìzsìnsì yaéayarsansa yaéamazsansa o verìrsì vermìzsì yaéayarsa yaéamazsa biz verìriksì vermìriksì yaéayar›qsa yaéamar›qsa siz verìrsinizsì vermìzsinizsì yaéayars›n›zsa yaéamazs›n›zsa onlar

verìrlìrsì vermìzlìrsì yaéayarlarsa yaéamazlarsa

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben verirsem vermezsem yaéarsam yaéamazsam sen verirsen vermezsen yaéarsan yaéamazsan o verirse vermezse yaéarsa yaéamazsa biz verirsek vermezsek yaéarsak yaéamazsak siz verirseniz vermezseniz yaéarsan›z yaéamazsan›z onlar verirlerse/ verirseler vermezlerse/ vermezseler yaéarlarsa/ yaéarsalar yaéamazlarsa/ yaéamazsalar


26 Conditinal: Definite future verìcìyìmsì ‘if I will (certainly give)’ [Tr. vereceksem] yaéamayaca¤›qsa ‘if we will (certainly) not live’ [Tr. yaéamayacaksak] AZERI affirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

verìcìyìmsì

vermìyìcìyìmsì

yaéayaca¤amsa

yaéamayaca¤amsa

sìn verìcìksìnsì vermìyìcìksìnsì yaéayacaqsansa yaéamayacaqsansa o verìcìksì vermìyìcìksì yaéayacaqsa yaéamayacaqsa biz verìcìyiksì vermìyìcìyiksì yaéayaca¤›qsa yaéamayaca¤›qsa siz verìcìksinizsì vermìyìcìksinizsì yaéayacaqs›n›zsa yaéamayacaqs›n›zsa onlar

verìcìklìrsì vermìyìcìklìrsì yaéayacaqlarsa yaéamayacaqlarsa

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben vereceksem vermeyeceksem yaéayacaksam yaéamayacaksam sen vereceksen vermeyeceksen yaéayacaksan yaéamayacaksan o verecekse vermeyecekse yaéayacaksa yaéamayacaksa biz vereceksek vermeyeceksek yaéayacaksak yaéamayacaksak siz verecekseniz vermeyecekseniz yaéayacaksan›z yaéamayacaksan›z onlar

vereceklerse/ verecekseler

vermeyeceklerse/ vermeyecekseler

yaéayacaklarsa/ yaéayacaksalar

yaéamayacaklarsa/ yaéamayacaksalar


27 Conditional: Present perfect vermiéìmsì ‘if I have given (as is being said)’ [Tr. vermiésem] yaéamam›é›qsa ‘if we have not lived (as is being said) [Tr. yaéamam›ésak] AZERI affirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

vermiéìmsì

vermìmiéìmsì

yaéam›éamsa

yaéamam›éamsa

sìn vermi(é)sìnsì/ vermìmi(é)sìnsì/ yaéam›(é)sansa/ yaéamam›(é)sansa/ veribsìnsì vermìyibsìnsì yaéay›bsansa yaéamay›bsansa o vermiédirsì/ vermìmiédirsì/ yaéam›éd›rsa/ yaéamam›éd›rsa/ veribsì vermìyibsì yaéay›bsa yaéamay›bsa biz vermiéiksì vermìmiéiksì yaéam›é›qsa yaéamam›é›qsa siz vermi(é)sinizsì/ vermìmi(é)sinizsì/ yaéam›(é)s›n›zsa/ yaéamam›(é)s›n›zsa/ veribsinizsì vermìyibsì yaéay›bs›n›zsa yaéamay›bs›n›zsa onlar vermiélìrsì/ vermìmiélìrsì/ yaéam›élarsa/ yaéamam›élarsa/ veriblìrsì vermìyiblìrsì yaéay›blarsa yaéamay›blarsa TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben vermiésem vermemiésem yaéam›ésam yaéamam›ésam sen vermiésen vermemiésen yaéam›ésan yaéamam›ésan o vermiése vermemiése yaéam›ésa yaéamam›ésa biz vermiések vermemiések yaéam›ésak yaéamam›ésak siz vermiéseniz vermemiéseniz yaéam›ésan›z yaéamam›ésan›z onlar vermiéseler / vermiélerse vermemiéseler / vermemiélerse yaéam›ésalar / yaéam›élarsa yaéamam›ésalar/ yaéamam›élarsa


28 Conditional: Definite past verdimsì ‘if I gave’ [Tr. verdimse/verdiysem] yaéamad›qsa ‘if we did not live’ [Tr. yaéamad›ksa/yaéamad›ysak] AZERI affirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

verdimsì

vermìdimsì

yaéad›msa

yaéamad›msa

sìn verdinsì vermìdinsì yaéad›nsa yaéamad›nsa o verdiysì vermìdiysì yaéad›ysa yaéamad›ysa biz verdiksì vermìdiksì yaéad›qsa yaéamad›qsa siz verdinizsì vermìdinizsì yaéad›n›zsa yaéamad›n›zsa onlar

verdilìrsì vermìdilìrsì yaéad›larsa yaéamad›larsa

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negative

ben verdimse/verdiysem vermedimse/vermediysem yaéad›msa/yaşad›ysam yaéamad›msa/yaéamad›ysamsen verdinse/ verdiysen vermedinse/vermediysen yaéad›nsa/yaşad›ysan yaéamad›nsa/yaéamad›ysano verdiyse vermediyse yaéad›ysa yaéamad›ysabiz verdikse/verdiysek vermedikse/vermediysek yaéad›ksa/yaşad›ysak yaéamad›ksa/yaéamad›ysaksiz verdinizse/verdiyseniz vermedinizse/vermediyseniz yaéad›n›zsa/yaşad›ysan›z yaéamad›n›zsa/yaéamad›ysan›z

onlar verdilerse/verdiyseler vermedilerse/vermediyseler yaéad›larsa/yaéad›ysalar yaéamad›larsa/yaéamad›ysalar


29 Potential-Conditional versìm ‘if I gave’ [Tr. versem] yaéamasaq ‘if we did not live’ [Tr. yaéamasak] AZERI aaffirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

versìm

vermìsìm

yaéasam

yaéamasam

sìn versìn vermìsìn yaéasan yaéamasan o versì vermìsì yaéasa yaéamasa biz versìk vermìsìk yaéasaq yaéamasaq siz versìniz vermìsìniz yaéasan›z yaéamasan›z onlar

versìlìr vermìsìlìr yaéasalar yaéamasalar

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben versem vermesem yaéasam yaéamasam sen versen vermesen yaéasan yaéamasan o verse vermese yaéasa yaéamasa biz versek vermesek yaéasak yaéamasak siz verseniz vermeseniz yaéasan›z yaéamasan›z onlar verseler vermeseler yaéasalar yaéamasalar


30 Impossible-Conditional versìydim ‘if I gave; if I had given’ [Tr. verseydim] yaéamasayd›q ‘if we did not live; if we had not lived’ [Tr. yaéamasayd›k] AZERI affirmative negative affirmative negative mìn

versìydim

vermìsìydim

yaéasayd›m

yaéamasayd›m

sìn versìydin vermìsìydin yaéasayd›n yaéamasayd›n o versìydi vermìsìydi yaéasayd› yaéamasayd› biz versìydik vermìsìydik yaéasayd›q yaéamasayd›q siz versìydiniz vermìsìydiniz yaéasayd›n›z yaéamasayd›n›z onlar

versìydilìr vermìsìydilìr yaéasayd›lar yaéamasayd›lar

TURKISH affirmative negative affirmative negativeben verseydim vermeseydim yaéasayd›m yaéamasayd›m sen verseydin vermeseydin yaéasayd›n yaéamasayd›n o verseydi vermeseydi yaéasayd› yaéamasayd› biz verseydik vermeseydik yaéasayd›k yaéamasayd›k siz verseydiniz vermeseydiniz yaéasayd›n›z yaéamasayd›n›z onlar

verseydiler/ verselerdi

vermeseydiler/vermeselerdi

yaéasayd›lar/ yaéasalard›

yaéamasayd›lar/yaéamasalard›

köRpü köPrü Index 209

köRpü köPrü TOPICS INDEX

Abilitative mode 53 › --- i 18 › --- u 18 a --- e 15 b --- p 9 -b, -c, -d, -g --- -p, -â, - t, -k 12 ç --- a 21 ç --- e 21 ç --- ê 22 ç --- o 21 ç --- u 22 d --- t 8 ê --- › 22 e --- a 15 e --- çy 16 ê --- i 23 e --- i 16 ê --- u 23 g --- ¤ 10 h- + vowel --- initial vowel 11 i- --- y›-/yi- 14 i --- › 19 ì --- a 17 i --- e 19 i --- ê 20 ì --- i 18 i --- u 19 initial i- --- initial ›- 14 initial vowel --- initial y + vowel 15 k --- g 10 m --- b 9 o --- ç 20 o --- a 20 o --- u 20 p --- b 10

210 Index köRpü köPrü

t --- d 9 u --- › 22 y --- ¤ 11 Alphabet 4 Apostrophe sign ‘ 4 Arabic origin 29 Borrowings from Persian 25 Case 42 Colors 39 Common sound and sign correspondences 8 Comparison and degree 46 Conjunction ki 53 Consonant reduplication: -dd-, -qq-, -yy-, etc. 13 Days of the week 36 Demonstratives 41 Differences in Alphabetic Signs 4 -dIKdE 54 Double questions: “or” and “or not” 49 European borrowings 34 “False Friends” 30 Habitual present/Indefinite future 50 Interrogatives 43 Kinship words 38 Letter x 6 Letter ¤ 8 Letter q 7 Letter signs 5 Letters ì and e 5 Letters and Sounds 3 Lexicon 24 Metathesis: -rp- --- -pr-, etc. 11 Miscallenous words 39 Months 36 Numerals 35 Orthographic Conventions 24 Parts of the body 37 Persian prefixes and suffixes 26

köRpü köPrü Index 211

Personal pronouns and suffixes 40 Possessives 41 Possibility 49 Postpositions 46 Present perfect/Evidential 51 Present progressive 50 Quantity and degree 45 Questions 48 Questions with interrogative pronouns 48 Reflexive çz 46 Relative suffix –kI 55 Time 44 Turkic or Altaic origin 24 Verb inflections

Abilitative: Definite Future 200 Abilitative: Definite future in the past 201 Abilitative: Definite past 203 Abilitative: Indefinite future / Habitual present 198 Abilitative: Indefinite future in the past / Habitual past 199 Abilitative: Past Progressive 197 Abilitative: Present perfect / Evidential 202 Abilitative: Present Progressive 196 Conditinal: Definite future 206 Conditional: Present progressive 204 Conditional: Definite past 208 Conditional: Indefinite future 205 Conditional: Present perfect 207 Definite future 183 Definite past 184 Future in the past 189 Habitual present / Indefinite future 182 Imperative 190 Impossible-Conditional 210 Indefinite future in the past / Habitual past 187 Necessitative: Past 194 Necessitative: Present 193 Optative: Future and Present 191 Optative: Past 192

212 Index köRpü köPrü

Past perfect 188 Past Progressive 186 Potential-Conditional 209 Present perfect / Evidential 185 Present progressive 181 Voluntative 195

Verbs 49 -(y)En 55 -(y)EndE 54 Yes-no questions 48

köRpü köPrü Glossary 213

Cumulative

Azerbaijani – English Glossary

This Cumulative Glossary contains all words that are listed in the yellow glossary boxes in Chapters 1-5 of the Reader. To make locating a word somewhat easier, words appear here in different colors. The color-coding scheme will allow you to know in which chapter of kˆRp¸ kˆPr¸ you can find an item listed below. If an item is glossed in more than one color, the different colors correspond to the itemís occurrence in different chapters.

Please note that the English equivalent for an entry does not necessarily provide the entire range of meanings it may have in Azeri, but rather the meaning of this item in the specific context in which it appears in the reading(s). Chapter 1 Glossary Chapter 2 Glossary Chapter 3 Glossary Chapter 4 Glossary Chapter 5 Glossary Chapter 6 Glossary Chapter 7 Glossary Chapter 8 Glossary Chapter 9 Glossary Chapter 10 Glossary

A

abidì monument abzas paragraph axar current, stream ax› well; you knowax›r end ax›r ki at last aile êzvlìri family members alìm world; kingdom amil factor an- to commemorate apar- to carry away; to perform apar›c› qêvvì main force

214 Glossary köRpü köPrü

apar›c› mçvqì leading position arxalan- to be supported art›q more atìékìs truce; cease-fire arvad wife; woman as›l› olaraq depending on at›la-at›la skipping and jumping ayaq saxla- to pause ayaq êstì dayan- to stand on one’s feet ayr›l›qda hìrìsi each one individually azad free azadl›q freedom azar illness ATÌT = Avropada tìhlêkìsizlik ve ìmìkdaél›q tìékilat›

Organization for Co-operation and Security in Europe

B

baxmayaraq despite bala child balaca small, little; baby balans›ndan â›xar- to remove from the balance sheets barìdì = haqq›nda baé ver- to take place, happen baéa dêé- to understand, comprehend; realize baéa gìl- to cost baé› qar›é- to be busy; to be engrossed becìr- to cultivate belì (like) this; this way beynìlxalq international bìdii artistic bìlìdâi guide bìli yes; sure bìnd dam, reservoir bìrpa restoration; rebuilding bìrpa et- to restore bìzìk ornament; decoration bilavasitì directly bir neâì a couple of, several boz grey bu cìhìtdìn in this regard bu sar›dan in this regard C

cahan world camaat people


canavar wolf cavan young cìnub south ceyran gazelle cìlb et- to draw, attract cìld quick cìmlìn- to gather, accumulate cìrìyan et- to take place cìsarìt courage cìsarìt et- to dare, have courage coéqun fìaliyyìt tireless activity cêmlìdìn o cêmlìdìn: including Â

âalar shade, tingeâap olun- to be publishedâapdan â›x- to be published âapdan â›xma publication âar czar âat- to be enough, suffice; to reach âatd›raq let us bring âay river; stream âìmìn meadow, grassland âimìrlik beach âox ehtimal ki it is very likely that âçkìklik depression D

dad taste daha now daxil et- to include dal back dal¤›n thoughtful; pensive dìrc olun- to be published dìvìt invitation dìyìn maddi ziyan the economic damage caused dirâìlié revival dolan›é›q making a living; income dçrd gêndêr ki for four days now dçvr era; period duzlu-mìzìli pleasant and witty dêé- to get off dêébìrì Azerbaijani dumpling dêzìnlik plains


DQMV = Da¤l›q Qaraba¤ Muxtar Vilayìti

Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region

E

ehtiram respect ehtiyat reserve; resource el sçzlìri popular, folk expressions e’lan olunma declaration elì- = et- elì bil it is possible; as if elì bir ée'r such kind of poem elì deyilmi isn’t it so elmi-tìdqiqat scientific research emal, e’mal production, processing e’tibarl› faithful Ì

ìbìdi eternal ìdalìtsizlik injustice ìfsanìvi legendary ìhatì et- to include ìhatì olun- to be surrounded ìhìmiyyìt importance ìksìr most ìlaqìdar related ìlaqìlìndir- to relate ìlavì supplemental; in addition ìldìn sal- to wear out ìmanìt goy- to entrust ìmìkdaél›q collaboration ìmìkhaqq› wage ìmìliyyat operation ìmlak realty ìnìnì tradition ìrazi territory ìrsìyì gìtir- to create ìsa walking stick, cane ìsas main; principal ìsas›nda based on ìsr century ìtrafl› in detail ìvìz et- to replace ìvìzinì in return for ìyalìt district, province


ìzab âìk- to agonize; to be troubled, upset ìzbìrâilik rote memorization ìziyyìt hardship F

faciì tragedy faiz percent fasilì interval; pause fìal active fìaliyyìt activity; work fìxri honorary fìrasìtli smart; shrewd fìrqlìn- to distinguish oneself filiz ore G

gedìk let us go gen-bol comfortably gìmiâilik shipping gìmirici rodent gìrìksiz bil- to cancel gìrnìé- to stretch gçrkìm look; appearance gçrmêrsìnmi don’t you see Gêrcêstan Georgia (country) gêzìran life H

hadisì event hakimiyyìt domination hans› which one haéiyìlìnmié flanked hazz pleasure heâ nì anything; nothing heâ yana nowhere hesab et- to consider hesabat report heyìt staff heyranl›q admiration; pleasure hìlak ol- to die hìll solution hìmâinin also; as well (as) hìmin same hìmin bu exactly thishìmiéì always


hìmsìrhìd sharing a border, neighboring (countries) hìrrac auction hìsr et- to devote hìsrìt longing hissì part; portion hçkmìn certainly hçrmìt respect hçrmìt et- to show respect hçvsìlì patience hçvzì basin hêdud border hêquq right hêndêrlêq height hênìr skill

X

xarici foreign= ya xas olan that are characteristic xeyli very; much Xìzìr denizi Caspian Sea xìzinì treasury x›rda small xidmìt service xilas et- to rescue xor choir xoébìxtlik fortune xêsusi special xêsusilì especially xêsusiyyìtlìr qualities ‹

ibarìt ol- to consist of ibtidai primary icarì lease; rental icarìdar leaseholder icarìyì veril- to be leased ictimai = sosial ifa performance; recital iflas failure igidlik bravery iqtisadiyyat economy il year ilìcìn until the year iltizam (land) contract


imdad rescue incìsìnìt xadimlìri those engaged in the fine arts indiki today’s indiyì kimi by now inhisar monopoly inkiéaf et- to develop inqilab revolution intibah renaissance intizar anxiety islahat reform istedadl› talented isti warm istifadì use; consumption iégêzar industrious iégêzarl›q efficiency ié¤al et- to occupy iétirak participation iétirak et- to participate ittifaq alliance K

keâmié iltizamâ› past recipient of a contract keéiyindì dur- to protect, watch over keémìkeé struggle; war keyfiyyìt quality; characteristic kìnd village; rural kìs one; person kìsb gain kimi until; like kifayìtlìn- to be satisfied kolxoz sìdri kolkhoz leader korpus = bina kurort health resort kçâ- to move kçmìk help kêâì street kêlìk qur¤usu wind turbines kêy-kêlìk sal›b in panic; creating a fuss kvadrat square Q

qaba¤›nda adamlar›n qaba¤›nda: before the men qabaqc›l tax›lâ› progressive (grain) farmer qald›rmaqda idilìr they were raising, … in the process of

raising


qalib victor qaramal cattle qar›é-qar›é inch by inch qayakeâisi mountain goatqaydas›nda in order qay¤› concern; worry qay›d- to return qay›r- to make, build qeyd et- to note; to say; to state qeyd olun- to be remembered, noted qeyri-ixtiyari instinctively qeyrìt et- make an effort; strive qìdìm qoy- to make a step towards qìdim old qìlìbì victory qìrb west q›éq›r- to shout q›z›l gold qiyam revolt qolqanad ver- to inspire qondarma fictitious qoruq preserve qoéul- to join qr›p flu quberniya province quréaq zone qurtar- to finish; to be saved, freed from qurulué production L

lap very layihì project lì¤v abolishment lì¤v edil- to be abolished lìtifì joke; anecdote M

maili sloping malik ol- to have, own, possess malikdir has/have; own(s) manat currency of Azerbaijan maraql› interesting maraqlar interests maral deer materik continental


MDB = Mêstìqil Dçvlìtlìr Birliyi

The Commonwealth of Independent States

mehmanxana hotel meéì wood, forest mìblì¤ total; sum mìcbur et- to force mìcburi kçâkên forced refugee mìcmuì magazine mìhìbbìt affection; love mìhrum deprived mìhsuldar productive mìhz just; exactly; specifically mìxsus belonging to mìqalì article mìqsìd intention; goal mìqsìdi ilì with the purpose of mìlum ol- to become known mìlumat ver- to give information mì’lumatlar information mì'nas›z meaningless mìnfi negative mìnéì origin mìrtìbì floor (storey in a building) mìruzì address; report mìsìlì problem mìslìhìt council mìtbuat press mìyl inclination; leaning mìzmun contents misal example miqdar number min- to get on; to ride Mingìâevir city in Azerbaijan minillik millennium mçvcud present, in existence mêalicìvi healing mêavin deputy mêas›r modern, contemporary mêbìhisì et- to argue mêbarizì struggle; fight mêbìrizì apar- to fight mêddìt period of time mêìllif author mêìllim teacher mêìssisì establishment mêìyyìn et- to allocate


mêhacirìt migration mêharibì war mêhazirì lecture mêhêm important mêxtìlif various; different mêxtìliflik diversity; richnessmêqavilì treaty mêqayisì et- to compare mêqìddìs sacred mêntìzìm regularly mêraciìt et- to address mêraciìtlì by appealing to, addressing mêrìkkìb complex; complicated mêsabiqì competition mêstìqil independent mêstìqillik independence mêstìmlìkì colonial mêéahidì observation mêtaliì reading mêtlìq absolute mêzakirì discussion; debate N

na¤araâalan drummer naqil report; narration namus-qeyrìt pride and honor narahatl›q anxiety nazir secretary nazirlik ministry neâì vaxtd›r ki for some time neft petroleum, oil neft sahìlìri oil fields neft sahibkar› oil industrialist nìcabìtli noble nìfìs al- to breathe nìhayìt finally nìér publication nìticì result nìyindir what’s wrong with you nìzdindì attached to nìzìrdì tut- to mean; to intend nìzìrdìn keâir- to look over nisbìtìn towards; with regard to nizama sal- to put in order nçmrì room nçv species, kind


nur light nué olsun bon appetit nêfuzedici powerful nêfuzlu strong nêmayìndì representative O

obraz figure oval›q lowlands Ç

çtìn il ìrzindì in the course of the past year çtìri cursory; superficial çz own; self çzgì another; other çzê himself çzêndìn mêétìbehlik self-doubt çzênìmìxsus of her own; special P

paltar clothes pamb›q cotton pay›na dêé- to be one’s duty; to fall on one’s share piyada on foot poz- to violate; disturb pyes play R

rast gìl- to see; to meet redaksiya editorial office redaktor editor rì¤bìt sympathy; liking rìqabìt competition S

saatdaca at that very moment sadalan- to be named, listed sadiq faithful; loyal sahì area sahibkar owner; entrepreneur sazié agreement seâilir excels; stands out sentner 100 kg sìfìr trip; tour sìfir ambassador


sìfirlik embassy sìhìr morning sìhmdar joint-stock company sìhv et- to be mistaken sìlahiyyìtindì power; authority sìliqì ile neatly sìltìnìt kingdom sìnayì industry sìnìtéênasl›q arts (as an academic subject) sìth surface sìviyyì levelsì’y gçstìr- to make an effort, strive; also spelled sìy s›x›éd›r- to keep out, drive out s›xl›q density silsilì chain son dìrìcì exceedingly soyq›r›m genocide sçykìn- to rest; to lean sçzlìémì contract sçzêgedìn aforementioned sual question sêkut silence sêr’ìt speed; pace sêrênìn reptile É

éagird student éìbìkì network éìfa recovery éìkil picture éìrait conditions éìrq east éìrqéênasl›q Near Eastern studies; Oriental studies éimal north élyapa hat éçbì branch éç’bì branch éçhrìt fame éura council

T

tacvari coronary tax›l grain tale destiny tamaéa performance tamaéaâ›lar viewers; audience


tap- to find tapé›r- to assign tapé›r›q tasktìdarêk olun- to be produced tìdbir measure; step tìdriclì gradually tìdris lìvazimatlar› school supplies tììssêrat impression tìhlêkìsizlik security tìk(cì) only; alone tìkcì … deyil not only … tìqdim olun- to be presented tìlìbat need; necessitytìlìs- to rush, hurry tìlim-tìrbiyyì education tìmin et- to provide tìminat means tìmsil et- to represent tì’minat guarantee tìnbìh et- to reproach tìnìffês breathing tìngì gel- to be exhausted, exasperated tìnqid et- to criticize tìnzim organization tìrìddêd variation, inconsistency tìrìqqi progress tìrìvìz vegetable; produce tìrkib structure; composition tìsdiq olun- to be confirmed tìsìlli consolation tìsìrrêfat agriculture tìsir effect tì’sir influence; effect tì’sir gêcê influence tì’sisâi founder tìsvir et- to describe, to depict tìéìbbês initiative tìéìkkêl et- to come into being, be created tìékilat organization tìéviq elì- to promote; to assist tìtbiq application tìzahêr appearance tìzìlikcì recently tikinti construction tin corner tirì ridge


tutaq ki let’s imagine, assume tutmué from: -dEn tutmué … -(y)E qìdìr from

… to U

ufulda- to moan; to sigh u¤urlu successful uéa¤a âatan kimi as soon as he reached the boy uéaq child Ê

ênvan address êrìk heart êsyan uprising êz front; face êzlìé- (ilì) to be faced (with) êzv member êzvlêk membership V

vaciblik necessity valideyn parent vaéaq lynx vìrìq page vìsait cost vìtìn ya¤›lar› enemies of the nation, country vìziyyìt situation Y

yad memory; foreign yamaâ slope yaran- to be created; to emerge yaranma emergence yar›msìhra semi-desert yasaq prohibition, ban yaéa dolduqca as she grew older yat›r- to invest yayla plateau yayl›q handkerchief; scarf yekun final; end; completion yellìt- to wave yenì again yerindìcì just on the spot yerli local yeyinti food yuxu sleep


yêngêl light (adj.) Z

Zaqafqaziya Transcaucasus zavod factory zìhmìtsevìr hard-working zìmin basis zìrbìâi (socialist) shock worker zìrìr loss ziyafìt banquet ziyal› educated; member of intelligentsia ziyal›lar intelligentsiazolaq strip zçvq taste

Documents

K÷rpŘ-K÷prŘ - Reading in Azerbaijani Using Turkish as a Bridge