Kropotkin Great French Excerpts

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THE EXHAUSTION OF. THE REVOLUTIONARY SPIRT

Rvouona a a ovCoun o PaMnagnanav ConvnonCon oConv on o on ongn Monagna g

. I

moveent of May 31 79 had ad itposible for the Revolution to omplete the work w�h proved t be itsprinipal aieeent: the na abolition ithout redep

tion, of feudal rightsand the abolitio of royal despoism.But this done the Revolution as oming to a standstil. The mass of the people ere willing to go further; but thse

wom th tide of Revolution had arried to e head of themoveent ared no advane They di not wish th Revolutionto ly hans on the wealth of th middle lasses as it had nthat of the nobilty and rgy and tey strained a their poerto modrate to arrest ad eventually to rush the movemntthat as beginning in this diretion Even he re advaednd the more sinere ang theas they gradualy neared wer developed the greatt onsideration for te idleassesalhough they hated the ey stied their on aspirations towards equality they even onsidered hat theEnglish middle lasses migt say of hem n their turn thebeame statesen and laboued to buld up astrongentralised governmet hoseomponent pats shold obythe bindy ey sueeded i n ereing ths poer ove the

oses of those hom they had found too advand but theyrealisedhen they theselves mned te aoldthat indestrong the adane arty they had klled the Revolution.

Afte hang satioed by la what te peasants had de 4i



THE EXUSTON OF SPIRIT79

manded durin the ast four year and had aready ahieved hereand there te Conventon was inapable of undertakn anythingmor f imortance. Ecpt in mtters of national defenceand educaton, its work henceforh' was terile Te leslators

sancioned it i� true the fomation of reolutionary comtteesand deided to pay those of thepoorJ- who gave thei ime to serve on the sections and the comittees; but thesemasures apparenly so democrati were not measures ofrvolutionay demoltion or creation hey were but means fororganisin the per of th State

> It was utde the COnvention and te acobin Clubin eCommune of Pas, n cerain setons of the catal and f the

be found who understood hat to secre the viories areadyined i was necsay to march furhr sti nd they en

eoued therefore to formuate te aspirations f a socialcharacter hh ere begiin to appear aon the mass ey made a bold attempt at organisin Frane as n ae

of fory thouand: communs reguary correspondin amon hemselves and reprenn so many centres of eree docracy· which should work to establis the rea

equaity at s sed ten to be said he" euaisa on of ncomTey souht to develop t germs ofuncpa communs whc the law of maxmum ad reconisd they dvocated he natinalisation of he trade in primecomoi as the meas for combating the onopostsnd the speuators And the attempted, nally to preven the

formaon of arge forunes and to distribute hose aready assed But, once hey d reache powerhe revolutionistsom he mdde casses ook advantae of the orce that had

The muncpa funcon W& he ast tm of the Revolion" Met ha s we d (Histoire de 14 Rolutn janise, 19thon. vol; p 31) Opposed n ts am to e Commttee ofPblc Wee t dred n 0/ he dy dcatshp. he'mst

l m nd n e pce, of red e oncron o he gro deef Anarchy n pot nd hem n rego r uch were e dncv feture of pary and te eab whch they counted on eabhng t power It mu howerb mrked t ny pr of te anarch" followed Hert n- ou cmpgn whe mny et hm reg o el ou prt n the lg'



4 GAT . FNCH VOLON

ontiutd te hd of te wo omtte ofPublic

Wfre ad . General Safety, ·whose authority grew th e

agrs of e war, ad they crused tose whm tey n�m d e E/ly to succumb in thr turn in the mthofermdor, to the ataks of he conteNev01utionaryiddecls

So og s te Motagnards d ' to strugge agains heirodn, t sough e support of the popUar revolu

tionsts I rCh and in April 1793, they appeared ready og far in compay wth the proletarias But having eneredino powermot of em thuht oy of stabishing a"midway pr, tag a stand beteen the E and the cunter- revutiosts, a theytreated as enes hose who tod forte aspiratons of the people twards equity . Te crushed

hem by frustrang all heir attempts a organising themsev e secos a e communes;e fac is a te Motagards th ne r o exceptios

ad n even he comprhesin of popuar eds inispnablein constitung a par o docratic :revoluion Tey did

ot uderstand the prolea, wtis oubes, his oftenstarvig famy, and is s ague ad frmuad aspiratnsafter equaity I was raer he indvidual in e abstrac,he unity of a demratc soety tha interested tem

th he exceptio of a few advanced Motanards, wheacommissonr of he nveon arre in a pna tow,the uon of emploment and prop riy thi the Repub

lic ad e eual ejoent of availabe cmmdie by linteted im but ite Having been sent to orgnise resistace to he invasion and to ruse he parioc feng he actdas a demcrac oil fo hm he peope ere but he tols hic were top m to carry out the pans of the Gvernmen

f he pentdmsf at the local PopUla Society, it as

because te uipai bg"wormeat th aristocracy the plar Soiety Uld hep im to "prify themunipal y," wth a iew to organising he ntional defenced arre&tig the traitr

mped tax o the c, oten ver heavy oes i was



� EXHAUSIN F HE SPIRI 48cause the rich,'worm-t t commercialism" were insympathy with t Feuts or th Fderalists and were help

ig the eemy. It was also bcause by aig them,means wereprovided to feed and cloth th riesIf h proclaime equalty i some tow, if h forbade th

baking of whit bread ad ecommendd the inhabitants to useback or ban-bread ony,he did so in order that the soldiersmight be fed. And whe so aget of th Committee ofPublic Welfare organised a popu and wrote afterwardsto Robespierre that h had uitd eai numer of yougomen ad youg patriots in wedloc,it was et another stroke /of litary patriotism It is remarkable,therefore,he weow read the letters of t deputy commissioers o he Convention,addressed to te Coentio or the Committe ofPublic Welfare,that we nd nothing in them about the greatqustions which were the so interestig to the peasants adthe woring me at miitry mtters and those o rovisioi the armies sould predominate in this correspondce is quite natural. But the time was one of revolution,ad he commisioners mus have continualy coe acrossbjects of vital importance tthe Revolutionthe ore so as

they spok in heir lettrs of public feeling,of the reeption given o te ontagard Convention and its Constitution,the dicuties of nding provisions for the armies,an of tescarcity of availale meas of ssistence. And yet the reateoomic questions, whch were of such immese importancefor th poor,seem to have intrested ony thre o four of the

comissoners.he Convetion had at last aboished h feudal ris,had ordred the bur of th titledeeds an operatio ihwas carried out with much illwll; nd it had authorised thevillae comunities to recover possessio of those lads hichad been taken rom them,under various pretets,durig the

past two hundred years It is evdet that to carry out tesemeasures,and to carry he out at once,would hav been th Ths ls ay und in e Recil des Aces du Comt d

Sa Pubc, ushd y T. Auad Pas 1889 and wn as; Ls L Rvoon l q'e es: Coresponc d Com� Pbic vec SS gnyx, 2 vo P 837

I

H



+8z GRET RECH REVOLIONway t' ruse the. enthusiasm f the masses fr the RevolutinBut in the etters f the cmmissiners scarcy anthng can

be found n th is sb ject.- The y ounger Ju len, in h s mst interesting etters, addessed t the ommittee f PublicWefare and t his friend:and patron Robespierre, nly ncementions ta he has had the feuda tite-deeds burnt In thesame way nly a passing mentn f this subject is ade nce b

ollt dHerbs"

Even when the commisiners seak fthe supplies oUand the have ften to d8 �

.

th y d ot g t the rot fthe questin her is but etter of Jeanbn Saintdrdated Marc z6 179, which is an exception; but even thatetter is anteor t the mvement of MaY later n, he tturne against the advanced revoluinsts

Wriing frm the otetGaronne ne the departmtmost in sympathy th the Revolutin eanbn begged icleagues in the committee nt t blnd theseves to tedangers f the situation Is such sid he tat if r

curage des nt bring fth ne f ts etraordina eventswich ruse pubic pinion i rance and give it new strengt

there is no more pe� he disturbances in L Vende and ithe neighbouring departments are no doubt such as to ca anietybut the are realy dangrous onl eause the sacr

entusiam for libetyis being stied in every eart Eer where en are weary te Revoltion rich ate it tpor 'lac brea ada tse wh were nti no

trmed mderteswhmde sme srt f commn caI e ttrs pusd i t coectio f Auard or n that f

Lgros, ar altatg wt itrest evry way; but I ae uht va for tras of actty of the commssors' i ts drcto

Oy Jabo Sait·dr ot dHrbo Fouc ad DuiCrac sometm tou o te t questos w so itresd th

asa ad th rotars th tows It may be that the

otr ts of commissrs wch I do ot kow bt what st crta is that t raer art of te mmssors too tl rst te matt

tUle Mison e Vend.

,: Auar Rci d Com d S /Y §Tis ttr s sgd. by t two comssors a

Lco o ad be st to h dartmt bt t is t tof h oer



THE EXHUSTION OF THE PIRIT 483.h pubcan, and who ·at la dd om knd ofroluonno long h fo t now u ay tply, thy d� coun-oluon . Should nw .

Conenon b ummond h Fnch popl would thfu o lt t o thy would lc on ny oppod oh pncpl of lb: E th muncpal councl aak o coup" Such at at hy w found o b ' al h dc hat h w avs had

Janbon hu dmandd boad and gou mau d

a th n of hl h aga fd o h ujt pocp Th poo man," ad h, ha o bd Ahough gan no lackng t ha bn hoadd I pa ohl h po to l f you wt hm to lp you ouphol th Roluon W hnk hat a dc odngl l llk f would b y ood, pay

j clau b add ablng pubc gana; fomd wh upuou oc of pa pon Janbon SantAn mplod Ba to tak th lad matBut ho a t obl to aou nt n th onnonfo uch hng?

h nghning of th Monagnad wa hat'

o of al ntd h common ow, lk alan ho pcdd, lk a ho l ccd hm t wao n h ga bing ad happn fo h ga ma

h popl ha hy ough a foundaon Iwa n haknng and, at nd n xmnaon of h n ofh Thy oon comd hTo, a a man uhng h nm 6f h dmocac Rpulc bu no m lcomng boad mu of ga conomchang, o n ho fo hch hy had hml odunder h pu of ccuman

* P pubished by Alard. vo i.pp; .

,



CPE V

THE COMMUNIST MOEMENTEg -Socatc pob-poton o Baud Vann-Couna oemt:Mn f nc and qn-edig pote of omui-JueRx-Lc-t-Bo-Bau

N th cahi"' of 1789 idas w alady o bJond whic

as Chass has pointd ot, wold today b classd as socastcRossa, Hltis, Maby, Didrot and oths had aladdalt with t inqaliis of fotns and th accmltioo spos walth in th hands of th fw, as th gatobsta to th stablishmnt of dmocatic libty Tsidas cam onc mo to th ot ding th st hos·of

th RoltionTgot, Siy an Condoct asstd that th qaltof political ights ant nothing withou rel eqy n fac

(Iglit fi)! This, said Condoct, was th nal aiof social at, sinc inqal!ty in ichs, inqalit o statand inqalit of dcation a th main cas o al ils

An th am idas ond an cho in sal ch of tctos in 789 who dmandd th ight o all to poss$sionof th lando qalsation of wat

I may n b said that th Paisian poltaiat ad aladom a concption of its cass intsts and had fond mnto xpss thm wll Th ida of spaat classs anopposing intsts is claly statd in th .M ds pvof h distit of Saint-Etinn-d-Mont by a ctain Lamb

ad Cat n h ppndx to Voyage n [cri. on o12 had pond out th quotaon n ppo aato th ghtnthntu thnk; o nt ok n htg L RvO/U01 tns, Pr� 189'

8

4



. T COMMNIST MOVMN 485

"a friend of hoe who have ohing; roducive ok, adequae saaries (e iing wae of he moden gishSocaiss) he sugge agains he laiss faire of he mide

cass economiss, ad' a pai disinc ced bewee· h5oca1 quesio ad he poica one hese are o be foud i his cah paueJ·

Bu i was ciey afer he aig of he Tuieris� ad simore afer he execuio of he Kig-i Februr ad i

March 793-ha hese idea bega o be op propagaed

I woud eve see a eas is said b Baudo-haf he Girodis appeared as such passionae defenders of poper i as because he feared he iuece hch he prpagadaof equa ad couis was acquing i Paris A few Girondis especia Rabau de Saiiee ad

odoce, fe uder hejuece of hs moveme odorce, o his dehbed was workg ou he scheme o£amuuai (mualite), .e of muuaL isurce eagueogs ciizes, agins eveuai which gh hrow

. he raie wo worer io codios uer wich he wou e forced o sl hi wor a o maer wha price

As o Rabau, he deaded a he grea forues be aefro he rch eiher b meas of progessie ax or b a aw whic woud cause he aur ow of he rich assuperuous weh io esabishmes of pubic ui

"Thr as v bn d thr wl b ay but two r lydistct clsss of ciizs. th proprty-wrs ad tos who hao prptyf whom th frm 'ha ythig ad h atrhig, so it was said i th ahc desa.wise nsutn be to a natin redud by hunger to th e stte of

sketos? querid th autho f thQuaeLe W di th N e

Dr,I'Emie Mm Edgar QuitParis 189) a itrstg ot whr it is

id that gradS opiio tht th systm of cmmo propry(commusm dpd by Buroti was brought fowrd somm bor th ts of Ju 0; ad that thsvts owe thirrigi to his spirit f asati (pp I�I Pti id to ha wd a grat umbr of dputis about it t sms coiusBaudt, that the Grondins put much ac imony and bienesit thir policy fm r of sig doct f th mmuissprdomiat Lt tai mmbr of th Coo tkup hese ds s kn wn and joined the cnspiray of Babeuf.



T GAT. FRENCH REVOLON Great riche are a drawback t berty," he wrte repeating'a aying very much in vge at that tm Even Brt atoneime t cme t me lf agreemnt with thi

ppua thery-which n afte e attcked with fer· A few Mntagnard went futher : us iaudVenne

in a tract pubihed in 1793 pke pey agnt gret weth e prteted gint Vtaire idea that the wrker hud be

purred t wrk by hunger, and he emanded ht it be decredthat n tizen hud hencefrth be permitted t p�e

mre thn a xed amunt f nd nd tht n ne be awedt inherit mre than frm 00 t 5,0vret ; e udertod that the pma cue f ci i ay in the fat thathere were en wh eted in direct bu nt mutudependenc upn me thr hun being r thi i thert ink in the chain f aery He derided ma pen

rpretrhip whic me wihed t itrduce fr the pr,whe eitece in uch cditin wud nee be yhingbut precariu and mierabe Aryw aing itef herdhe id ater n (U9) : Wt h the hu! Let u add t thi the cnrtin thi fundmentaue et there be nen h can diene wth empy

ment, and et there be n citizn nabe t ear a trade andpractie it" BiaudVarenne prpitin cncerning inheritancewa

taken up a i knwn, by the Internatin Wrking Men Th bete to ght" the divion of lands poposed by anachist

or' e Coblent;ans (Roespiee atewads tk �p ths insnuain. of B i so t's a g ain s t t h e co m m un is a nd m a e it hs n}, B is

de cl a ed " in D e c em b e i792, th a he ,qualit y 01 th righ s of c it ize w o u ld b a c ti on IU h e law d id n o t a b ol is h an d p re e nt he t o g tre i ne q u al t i a m o n g t he c it iz en s. Bu t s u ch i i tu o n s, fa v ou b l t . ua ty" a dd e d B s o t m u t b e i n r o du c ed wi th o u t c o m m o - t io n w i th ou t v io le nc e w i th ou t sh o w in g di es p et t he . frt of al cal gh, the ight o popet

t S p eak in g of p o e ty he ep es en te t i n th is i nt e esi ng g u e •. P op e r ty ," a d h e ; s t h e. p o t of c iv l as s o ci a on s I t s w e l kn o w n th a t; e ci al y in a g e a t e pe t h e a nc e of f u n a n t

b q u ie e xa c t a n d m m o a l e a t h a t th e i p u s e of a co m m c e a d ed b y a va s in d u sr y a n d b y rc s p o u a g ri - cu l n c s s ril y k e e p' t· co n in u a l y o s ci lt n g; bu t he b al n c e ho ul d n e v e r f a l on t h e r s i e t d ec d y." (L s Cmen/sa rpubU-c4 ni sm, P a i 1793 p 57.' P a m p h l e of t he B ri ish M u s eu m , v l.



TCOMUNST MOVEMEN1 8-

�

ssociaon at itsCngress' at Ble in 1869. But ust bsaid that BillaudVarenne was one of the ost advanced aong

: he Motagnards Some, as for instanceLepeetier, itedtemselves to asng what the Internaiona asked under te

ame of" integral education�hatis to sy, the teachingo a handicraft to each young an; whist others iited

- thesves to asking fo"the reolutionary restituion proeriesorthe limitaion o the rigt of proerty

t is oever, chey outsideheConvntionangst

te people n some sections suc as that o Grailliers, andin te Cordeliersthat one ust 0oorthe champions of the comunaist andcommunist oveents o 1793 and 1794 here was· evenan atempt at free organisation aong those ho were ownt that me as the hats to say the exremists

thse who aied at a revoution that . oud tend towardsequality After August 10 1792 there was oude-apparently at the suggestion of the ederates who adParisa sor o eague beteen the delegats of th ortyight sections o Paris the GeneralCouncil o the ommune

and te" United Deenders o the eightyfur departments

nd we in Febrary 1793 the ovements against stockjobbers began o whh we have already spoen, th deegtesof this egue demanded from theConentionon February3 energeic measures against stocobbing n their address

can already be seen a germ o the idea which later on was thebase o Proudhons Mutuaism and his Ban o the Peopl

the idea at al rot resuting from exchange in the banks, i there be any prot shoud return . to the hole nationnot to separate indid?als-since they ar produced bydc n Our knoledge about the dieent oveents which wee

going on among the peope of Paris and o the large towns

in 1793 and 179+ stil remains iperfect It is only now thattey are being studied But what is indisputbe is that theommunist moment reresened i acqes R Vaet

DolivierChaler Lecerc, LAnge(or Lange) Rose Lacome

C xi



48 THE GREAT FRENCH REVOLUTIONBoiss, and some others was of a deph which passed· unperceived at st but which Michelet had already surmised. r

It is ovious that commuis in did not appear withthat completene of doctine which is fond wth the Frenchfollowers of Fourier and Saint-ion, an espeially withonsidrant or even Vidal In comnist ieas werenot worked out in he quiet of a private stuy; they wereborn from the nees of the omen This is why the social

problem showed itself during the Great Revolution especiallin the form of a question aout the an 0/ bn and ofa lad qon But in ths alo lies what akes he on

o the Great Revolution superior to te oca of 848 anof its later ors It ent straight to the root in attackngthe dr#on 0/ odc.

This communsm certaily appears fragmentary t us

especially as stress was laid by its exponents upon is dierentserate aspects and there always remained in it what wemight cal paral .comunsm I admitted nvalpoon side b side wth coon pror and whle prolaiing the right of all to te entire su of the fruits of prouction yt recoised an individual right to the "superuousby the sie of the right of all to the product of rst asecond ncessiy Nerthels the hr prnl acof communism are areay o e found in the eachings o :

Land comunism ral comunsm and comunisn orc and in rd nd in thi the conception of was broader tan the one of 848 For� if each one of

the agitaors of usually lai re stress on one of theaspecs tan on the others these three aspects do not exlueoe another On the contray being or from the seoncepion of equality they coplete ac other At 1e

ame ime te agitators of the Gret Revolution eneavoureto attain the practical carying out of their iea y the aon

t s probable ha bd h avocng of ommunm n hn n Put Soci, h wr ao fro'Agu o 1792m o on r ommn o whh w xndd n 75 by Bnarro n Bab an whh afr hrun of Jy 1830 v br.o h r oof q



OMMUNIS MON +8of ol forc by immate ractical eisation while athe same me they tid to start some sort of a direc unionof he +00' comuns In Sylin Marchl·ne.

een a ague spirtion towrs wha we descibe now asanrchist commnsmpressed of course with muh cauon for one sked pang with ones hea for the us of too frank

language . hedea of rechng comunis by means of a consiracy

though a sret soce whh should grasp he rens of gove

he idea owhihBabeuf became�eapose-wasforlated later on in 79+ and795, hen the Termdoreacon' had crushed the ascening ovet of he retRevoluion ' Tis was the rut. of a ls· o force-not an

" eec of he gong powe of he years from 789 t 7 9 f course there ws pen of decaato ect n the

reachins of e pouar counists It was a ashon ofthe esne to hch our mode oratos so pay a trbuteBut eerthng that is ow abou the communsts of th Great Reoluion tends to sow th as men profouy

devoted to thr ideas

Jacqu Roux had been a priet He was extremely poor

and lved th his sole companon, a dog, almost entir on hisincome of two hundred vres (francs) in a gloomy house in thecentre of Pas and preahe cusm in the working mens qarters He was v popuar in the Graers

secon to wh he bonged an ad grat inuence on ' Codeers Clubunl the end of Jue 793 when hi

: uence was destroye b the internton of Robespiee to Chier eave ready seen te power whch he hain Lyons, and w know throug Mih that ths mysticcounst was a remarkable manen more a fien of

the people hanarat 6wsimpl ared by hs puils;ter hs death, hs fren Lelerc cae to Paris and continued

the propaganda ofcomunism with Roux Val, a Paisian workng man ad Rse Lacombe a eader of heoeneoutionists About aet practicay nothng isknown ecet tht he was popur among oor of' Paris

Jau; C0l p 10 (n o Bd Lze).



THE GREAT FRENCH REVOLIONs pmphle DEc to e rit home JN c pulhed n 17 wa very moderae n oe

Bu mu remmere a wh he dree o£ Marh 73 hangng oer her ead he revoluon dd no dare o y n rn verhng h houg

The ommun alo had her heor uh s Bolwo publie i, Catb J# K,r hU" in te eayday ofe Revuon an eon dition of te ame work

in· 1791; te. nonou utor of a wor puble alo in1791 an entitle D ri 0 t4f 1 J # u R 7u ; n PirrDolvie ur o Mauc woe rearkae work BI;

l mw nep ga_S M soc u hom M I onhvr wa publi at te en f July 1793 bte izen of· te Cune of A a trit' of Etap

ere A (or wo wa a Mi aly pointe out a rel precuro f Fourier Babeuf wo in Pr in 179 He w eplye uner e protetionof Sylin Mrl n e intrion of te ens ofsutene a mad a eret ommuni propagna Frto styn ng � h been proseute or a uppd

\ H mid himU o kng in t dion h h rg of

pion of nd b imid; h h nomou inqy o fun b ihd b r m' h h cud hvfrom os ion by rich, and t "h md a h c of h ubc by hf -jobbng mono &c hd comion oy e in iy obnd concuiv nd rb

f of uaon/ (mh in h .Bih Muum F 49)In n mhV Ims par dls/n�i$is. c� h kd fo w in monoo (m cocion F 65)

In h ·Dsco su, emY" 'sw F/ It 1. l dvd h m of th cion f Cov:n ( m m b und h Bibiqu Nion Jcu u mainin h ongd dicth mu h d of d h whd nd 3 i oud md obg fo h g nown o b owd o hir ony in ho m inicd o hm in iv dc abh h d in h cii nd g mar own ubc. wh g wi bih b ubc ucio (a co1os) Mich wo dy mniond h Dt(Boo XV. ddd h dr of Rux w y ur in h GiiA, and th on of h Cn d P



T COMMUNST MOVEMENT .forgy-wrongly, precutd by he; iddle. asse a an pro by Del who a fou e orignal· inus

ofe rial:e ws copled o very dcree er on comunis was conneced wi Babeuf' conspiraBu Babeu o far a one ay judge fro wngs and

leer wa only an oporuis of • he conis of 1793H conepons asw a he eans of acon whic headocaed bi edea Wle i wa wl undersood

by an ha a oveen haing a couns endencywould be h ol ean o assure he coes of he dmocracy Babeuf a one of s recen ap lossuie correcypu i sough o su econs io deocra U D dt;e) le i hd coe

eiden a deoracy would lose i vcorie if e people

dd no enr e aena w i deands anddels Babeufwaned DC t and hen o inrodue couns ino i ile by lile!

Aoger BabeuP concepon o comuni wa so narrow. unrel ha he oug i pssible o reac counisby e acon of a few induals who were o ge e Goern

.

XMidor Direclo 7-799 (Hslor s vol v -pp 4 and folowing) ._ tIn1 $me Boissaldy exounded he id which

came cuen ong socalis· owd88 Thuso hequesion"Which e he incipainsiionof hs meyhomicidalanisil' Sae ? he anws oery marageand religone wa mn hve invened sabshedand consa o legimaeh imsues In secfying he hings o which n .haveedd hei! proy rghshe said: I is he hng o whch

hey have hough i nsay bcme poed o make ohebeieve a hey wee posd such lndshe seahe ivs and mounans he s, he neh regionshegods hselvsou of whom hey have alwa ade and smakeaial He w no end eih o he of whch he sad They ae he obliaions which he sronghe me sewdhe mocunning have mp on he wake in od o mainain heirdsrous insiuions even o ven he bad es of he

nsuionsso fa as i w psible His dniions of auhiyand jusice migh be acced by me anachs See l- sme H numa po 1'is$ts,i , dp,sab du "l d mora d ducat sciak s mme (Pas 789)p 1 Pamhe of he Biis Muum; F SI3 ().)

us for insance, he ple ad wih a dmaic Consiion, wold al he law unU he anenance of a izen



9% THE GE FENH EVOLUOmn in h hnd by n h cncy £ cr

y. H wn f b dy u h fh n n

ng n d h n hd w ng nuh r s a hs av h wrl! d unh d h wy f Bnr nd nnung bchhd by g nu dung h wh

ninnh cnuy gv u Ch fh n Nn> D-h n a u wch

i n hi y



SCHEMES FOR 'THE SOCIALISAION OF, LANDIDUSRIES MEANS OF SUBSISENCE AND EXNGE

Communist'oven and ,nd"Economc mprnce of d-rn opVew of DolvIndaemndPo of LAngblm� en ofbncQson of e:change of prodceSmmary ofonvl of repr

,

dominatig idea of the cous movee o was a e ad so coside as e coo .·eitace of e woe aio a evy ciize sould a�ea igto e adad a e ea of exisecsoud be

arateed o eac so a o oe oud e foced o se so wok ude te ea of staai "Aual equall'galM ,t wc ad e e mc spoke of dug eeigteet ceu was ow iepeted e aaoof a equa gt of a o e d; e gea asfe ofads wc was gog o og e sae of e aial

etaes awakeed a pe of a pactical eaisao of is ideaI mus e oe i mid a a s e we e gea1 idusies wee o jus egig o gow e a was cief istme of expoitao B e lade ladoweed te peasas i is ads ad e impsii of owiga scp of ad coeed e peasats o egae o e owsweetey ecame e defeceless pe of e facooWad e stockoers:

Ude sc ciusaces e ds of e comustsea u ed e as e"aga aw-a s o say o lao o

493



T GT H VOLUTNto a certain maxmum of rea, and towards the recoginofhe right of eery inhabitant to the land e landgrabbing hat was then pracised by specultors during the sale o henationaestates could but renghen this ida ; ad wlesome demaded that each citizen desiring to culate landsould have the ght to receie his sare. of. the nation

popery, or at leas to b pat of i under easy condiionso aymentothers, ho saall the land should in ade cmunal property that every holder of land shod get only the rght of temp� raypossession o that land which he himself cultivatd, andol

for so long ashe ltiated it

us Babeuf earing perhaps to compromise himsef toomuch demnded the qual division f communal lands : Buthe alsoante·t "inlienabilityof te landwhic meant

the retenion of the g of the cPmunor of te nationovr the lnd e, poo by the indiiduals not ohpOn the oher hand at the Convention during te debate

on the law the partion of communal lands Julien Souhaitopposed the nal partition proposd by he Agriculturalommitte nd e'

poor peasants He eanded that the division of commual lads in. equa ortions, among shold be oly tmorary,and

la

t might dvd t" et poo tme The e only uld b ocde inthis case to separate in-diduals,as is in the Russin M

Dolir ur of Mauchmp oUowing a similr line ( thougt exresed, in his E t mt, "twimmutable priniples the rst, hat the land blngs to alin genrI nd o n on in aricular d the ecod, atech as the eclusie right to t roduce of i laburBut s te lnd uestio dominated all others t this time,he preerre to dwell especially on he s of the two pro-positions <

'.

"e and,as the great commonland of naturte common propety al ; ech indivdual mst ave the rght of sharing inte ommo� ( omm One genetin



\

SCME FOR OCIAITIN 95has. o rght to make laws for

' th nxt, or to dispos of

sovrg righs; how much songr, hn, th rason for t dsong of t armony! nd furthr: ·"Naon �on,\ and by su-dison th communsar th ra ownr

f hr and In fc Dolr rcognsd a rght of proprytransmssl

i nhrtnc n h ca of 0val propry oly t th no n o aow to posany pa o hcomon popty xcp h h i cou .

utvat thn oy a a tempaon i, cou ou no pvnt comon cuvatio ing on b th comu i id th fam cuvate in lBu D who vg ife w t fa h big o H the compte'ubviion of th big fam; "th utm vion of n

aong a ho czn who ave non� o who hav notnogh of it Ti i h o aequat meau which caput ife into ou va an bing comfo to te fainow oaDing in ey though a ck o man fo ning

t wok unatv · d h add ttr cutatd omeic rsrc wi b mo meou

an h mts onequen mo a bunany up; gt i oU ot om atca y h fame· He foaw t rtr rctr w-bing wou attaine n thi wa an thth wouve agan be any n of gting te pc ofthe of c hc"i nay un h pnt

cutanc but rts away incon et e oaaion of inui foun cmpioneciy in h Lyon egion e on wo n hatage o rgt by th commun an hat t wgehou 8uch a to ant stnc t wa th" iving

wage of orn Enls ol Bs, t d h

naonaon of ceain inuti uc a miing

t work o Dolivi s n in the Britsh Mu quote ohr work,. _ O $U potiq propr anis a nation s s rts ( 179) s oyng buse of the id ang the e tomu-Ppes itis Musum F 4 4



+ T GRET FRENH RVOLIONropsion wa also put forWard tha the counes holdize un the industral entr abandoned by the countervoluont and wor th on thir own accunt On the 'whole the idea of· the comune becomng prodcer of lsorts of commodities wa very popula in 173. The ilsaton of he rge racs of uUltvated lad in he par of the ri for comunal ark gardng, a dsread idea in Par and Chaumette advocated it . It> is eident tht m les intrt wa taken then in

indstry than in agricultre. Neverheless, Cset, a merantwhom Lyons had ected member of he Conventon, aradspoke of the natoalation of indtrie, and 'Ang oated a rojet : of a sort of phalanstery" where indtr wold combined with agrlture Snce 7 Agehad carrie on an eat counit proaganda at yons

Thus in a pamphlet, dated 9 he pt �orwrd he foowingideas The Revolution," he wte; was ging o e altary chnge ut then it wa poled y a chnge of deas, y means of the mot abonable abse of che. e sovereg(th i, the people) as n tran£ormed" old hewrote further is uef and beneal in lario had,

bt> i becom angrou when accuate n te corof captalst veryhee, sire, wherever yor Matyay loo, you wl see the land culvated, t by s is we who i e wo av een the rst owners of the land,the and te at eece oesors of t e idle ho al themelveandowners can bt colect the srpl· 01 o .

subse i prov at leat our rghts to co-propritor

shi B f then we are co-proprietor and te sole ce' of an income, te gt 1 · ltng ou onsmpto nd o"rng o e �lf te gt o plunre wh,to my mind ocee concepion o the U urplsvlue"

Plntes ( re,�snons d'un tn c� pass. ciBnsr" /s byM L' Ange (Lyons). 179 p (BibloMqeNatonaf P) For he , me or iic de o he C Scounded by e Ab uch nd whe organ w$ L uche e e se A m Rln n1$ ch



SHEMES FR SCALSATN Rson wys om fcs; from te sis in h me

of livelihood through whc Frnce ws psingh prope

stem of bscripion of'

h wdb cosumrs entiing them to bu t pc� the whle of crops to reched b means of fr sstion grdy

bcomng universl. H lso wntd· to see common storshero ll th culvtors cold crr hir prouce for sTis ws, s we s systm whic voided n the commrc(f commodit bot th indivduis ; onopol ,nd ' theobligato State system of th Revoluon t ws th rcursor of th prent stm of co-opertiv crmries

to sl the produc of whole rovic s ma sn inCanad or of whol ntion as th cs in Dnmrk

. (n whol, ws th problem of t mns of subsistencht Wa the proccuption of th communist oI793 ndd thm to com th Covntion to pss te lw of axiand lso to ormulateth grt prinple of iaiain h xhag pr-h iipaiain oj rJ.

n act th question of thrade in cerls was formosl ovr Frnc Ful fredom in h gain trade is incopable with t exienc of ur Republic said te

lco o inet-Ose efor th Conventon in Novemer179 " Tis trd is carried on by inori wih i toits wn enichmen n this miorit is lays ' intreted ibinin bout aricial rises in p, wch invibl mkth consumer suer Alpaial maures agaist ts speclon are dangrous d impotnt, these lectors said i

is hlway measures tt will rui us :lhe trade in rain h ir pviiig b ai on y h bi wich wi esablih " a air propotion bten th rc o bedan th pric of a daYs lbour e sal of th naionaltat haing ien r o ominale speculations on thp o thoe o bouht thes las th lecors £ Sine-Oise dmaned the limtatio of te iz o the farm nd

h� nationalisaion o trade " Odain he said " that no one sll be owd to underake to am motn 20 rpents o 22 feet to th perch

20 l 1



GREA FRENCH REVOLUTIONha no landowner b llowed o ulivae mor haone such farm, and h he w be bliged o leae ou

any ohers h may possss" And >hy addd � Pacemorover, h duy of povidg he ncesary food-sus or each par of he Repbc in he hds of a cnladminisraion chosen by h popl, and you wi se h;he abundace of grain and he fair roporion bwn is pric and h days ag w· rsor pac happines and

life o izns"

. . . I is evdn ha hse w o d from bri £ urgo or a Neckr hey ere born of lif iself

I inersig o noe ha he ideas re acepd boh

y h Come of Aiculure and ha of Commrcan wer deveopd in hir repor on he mans o subsienc

laid befor h Convenion n ac, ey r applied a h insanc of he popl, svral dearmns of Berry and he Oanais n h dparmen of EureeLoir on Dcmbr 3 79Z h comisioners of h Ceninwr nearly lldby pople who said : h iddle casehave had nugh i is no h u of he poor worrs Laer on similar las wr vonly aocad by Broy(Ain), and h Conion as we saw lrad whn re frring o h a o maximu ampd o socialis 0 n jmn scal all rade in obecs of primand seondarncsi for h whole of Franc by means of naiona sorsad by ablishng i vr deparmen w would be foundo fai " pricor al commodies .

W hs se, budding uring h ,voluin h idea haor ol unn ha i mu b ociaed as

wl as he and and h indurisan idea which was b<elaorad ar on by Fourir, Rober On Poudhon ad

h communiss of he fories

We rciv evn more i s r o u h Jacqus Rou

Varle Dolir LAne, and houands of own and counyo agicuui ad arians uerood from a . pracial

• " Rrt and pojc oi a �e o suns:' l by ,

M. Fab; deputy of h ermn te Hrault. "

h



SCMES OR SOCIALISATION . pint of w th problem f th ma o utnc nntybtr, thn Convnn y undrtd that taxton

on· thout th aaton o th land t ndutr and th comrc of th naon oud ran dad ttr ckd up by a gon of rv a and by trvonary rbna

It a h yt o ng th naona tat add Contunt Amb th Lglv Amb and th

Cnvnon that had crtd to rch arms hom D condrd ad qut gtly as t ort orm o artocracynnon dd not bn to notc th un Butthn h ony thng y er a to do C a o arrt thar n hundd nd t�$nd thm to t on aoost (aapas). Hovr th Draconan a

ant monooy (uh a t a o Juy z67;

ch' prcred t arcng o o ca and a bogngto r) rt ony n pradng n t vag hatra th ton and aant P n pacar ; oona trna an t otn co ot

akup r th la: a conct mmun thr



: ENO · COMMNSMOMEN Montgd d countAtttde of H6e"f ·

Baud-VnOta to unim'mbanandomun and gvn to wtodo aantJacqu Roux and RobeprRoux cutRy t co�munm o Cof Pub WaRouton pby ommuntnnton n c and u s nm

� t o ay 31 wh h Motagard aw t R;0lution broug to tandsti by th oppositio of t Girodinthey ought th upprt of th cmuist and of the Eagin gra In th dy Robpierre i propd

Daratio of Rigt which h rad bfore th Coventio oApril 793, exprssed himelf i favour o a ittio fth right of property ad Jeab SaitAdr ot

d'Hrboi BiaudVaren d evral other trid to atrm wth h omist If Brissot, i avag attaon the Mtagnard, desribed a of th as aarchist " and

dtroyer of proerty it w oly beaue at that tim thMotagnard had ot yet tied to eparat thmselv deityfrom the Erag ad the commists._Howev immediately aftr th disturbae in February

:793, · the Covetion aumed a threateing ttitud owardth ommunist cig on a reprt by Barre, i whih h

already repreented th commuist agitaton a the work of h and th , the Covetio otwithstadg thoppositio of Mara nthusiastialy votd, o Mah 879 th penlty of dth for whomsoever houd propse : agaa a ay subvesio whatsoever of ldedproperty wheher ommunal or indidual



END OF COMMUNIST MOMNT 0

till, they wee foced to concilite the rg.since the- neeed the uppo of the people of Pai int he Giondin ndn the mot cve econ oJ Pa the r wee e

popula But· once the iondn ha been ovehown the' Montnd tuned int thoe who hed fo " the

Revoluton in deed ft it had bee ccompihed in thouht d cuhe them in thei tun;

It i much to be eetted that thee w no one mon theeducated men of the tie who could fmulte the communit

ide in a complete and comphenive fo nd mke himefead Mat iht hve done so had he bee owed tolive but he had bee anted o July to Hbe _he s to eyoin ma to tke upon himf tak of t

: tue he beloned too much to the ociet of he addle cl of Holbch choo eve to come mpioq

of the nact communim wic w pinin up monthe mae He could dopt the lnuae of the sans-tua the Giondin ad dopted the ed wooe cp of the poond thei fii " thee and " thou n peech but ke

th Hbet w too ittle in ympthy with the p�ple to undetnd nd to epe e popula piion In fct

he ied himf with the <c Mountin to cuh Jacue Rouxand the E tthe BiuVaenne eemed to undetnd ette tan the _

othe Montnd the need o pofound chan counitc diecton He undetood at one time that ocilolution ouht to ave been oin abeat with the political

evolution But he too had not the coue to ente the ankfo thi caue He took plce in the Govenment and ended ydoin a all the othe Montand did when they id hR rt, fil mes wi com a" But tee theyot tanded and thee the Republ w tnded a wel

he fct i that the Revolution y t t meu hadoud to mny intet nd too uch cupidty t mke itible fo communim to devlop e communit idebout lnded popety wee nin counte to a the ideed intet of te iddle lae who hd ht ntionltat o wee wi1dy peculatin in tem



: T GREA FRENCH REVOLONTe ' legslators of he tent and the Leave

Assembl a we he lread mentioned had seen in '

sl

means of enrcng the mddle as at te ct of tecer nd e nobt A to h of e eple dd not tnk much abo hem. Ready on ng b dly '

neeed in the Exceque the naional tat were sold ley 1' as Aven sa in 17 ad 1791 to te mide lass, o to the pesantsen to Ensh and "Dtch companes wch ut wi n e t sationAd wen the purchasers, wo paid oly o en ony p cen of e whe rice a t momen of epurase ad to pay e n instlmen, th did all could to aoid paing anying ore and v oen teysucceeded

Howeve, a he peasants who had nabl to obtn

any ofhese lns wee omplning bittely te LeslativeAseby, in Augst 7 and la on y the decree of June 1793· te munal ns-th only op fo he pooer

nt -we ung by the Convention to the beeopesa their pey e Cnvenon proised tate coced and of he sould be did into lo

of one to fou ar to sd te o a �tu rtwic was to pd in money, and could be deemed a anyte It ws even decd toWards te end of 179 tat

natona la to te amout of a tousnd mo ve rtould eeved o the - oluntee ho d in ar an sld o tem ndeue

odions. Bu nong of e nd s de Ts dcr eine a dead lettet: just as huneds f ote dece of

te m � And en acque U spoe before t onenon,

une 179-ess than fou wee ae the ising of May denounng stokjobbing and demandng ws agnst e

spuao is speec ecd ith n hos and cbap X - , . "t M hss hve dibe s ee vural

o In raiy i pring h p of nhnc whch w lf hm why h ws u piion w ic o aU



END OF COMMUNIST MOVEME . .

Raux himelf w ooted out of the Conention· Beides, he ttcked the " Mountin in hi peeche nd enjoyed gret inuence in hi own ectio Le Griier wel in

te Cordelier' Club Robepierr, who ne�er went nr thiClu viited it on the night of June 0 fter the riot of the zth nd 7th directed gint the op erct in copny withHbert Collot dHerboi, nd eerl other delegtionfr the Jcobin Club; nd the gt Roux nd hirend Vretruc o the lt of the Cordeer

ro tht dy Robepierre nev cee lndring cqueRoux A thi Cordeier-cout eere criticied theReolution for vig done nothing o fr for t people ndould ccioy in hi criticijt the ocilit of our own dy ofte doth the pple ueed ore nder the Republictn under onrchy Robepiere wheneer he

oe of Ru neer iled to decrib hi priet h hd old hielf to the foreigner coundrel ho: endeoured to excite bneful diturnce to injure theRepublic

ro June 1793Jcque Raux igt he conidered hi elf ooed He w rt ccued of being the intigtor of

. " It i th ch, sd Jacqu ou � who ha ep for th:t or th advntag o th Reolutons ; t i th mechntrtc mor tribl tn th nobl astac whih oppe

tS n o not se any limt to th etotion or th pric ofoo i oing to an aming xtent It is tim that th dathg en t lh an t hard-orkin laS hould omto a n A· th poson! of n to b hld mor acdthn huan le ? TIle necsii of l mut I h dipto o

dmiirv be, t a th md r ey poii:'Rourprohd h Connton wth not hang onscatd th. forun cque ine t Rvoluton by th banks and monopo-. an he sai that th Conventio havg dr " a focd lon

. of a thousand milon to b ved upon th rh ·he cpistand le 1Icyt wi lie 1xt day rise /hi um fo tI,e · san-culote.

IunlRS to t/ mOlopie., a/d tl wers ! ext£on t1ey w ti if the f OUpo/its ·01 clmer "nd lorcstai! e 1 e/ye. .. H "ry clar aw th angr

,of such condition

or the R�vouti

m •

hen · aid : Th stock-Jobbrs et pesson of the ctOres. of h sapots of evy bran of comm of all produc o the

and. and· thy as th iens of juti to d of hungr. thit and

xur, or ls orce thm into the arm of dspoti" (I quot rom the text o R' sh ound b Bena La, and om-

ncte o Ju) -



+ REAT FRENCH EOLUTIONthe ots against he soap merchants Later on in Austwhen he was pushng wit Lecrc a paper L'Ome

Maat Marats wdow was persuadd to prosecute hm for using ths tie ; an nally he ws accusd of havng emezed sm cheque w he had recve for 'he Cordeiers Clu,

wile it is quite cetai as Michet ' has sd ht dsinterestedness was he spea chractesc of these fanatics" antat among a the wknown revoutionts Roux, arlet

an Lclerc were dsnguishe as mds of probty Rouscion of the Gavillers vanly eanded from te ommunethe abandonment of hese rosecuons oering that its mem�brs shoud gv secuties for hm e omen evouionsts lkeisea thr club s supreed y he Communein y he as reeased, but the rcuion as not stoppd.

Full of indignation at he persistet perecuons Roux andhs frien went on he evenng of Augus 19 to the Graiersctio to wich they eond an deprive the pridnt nthe secretaries of their oces Rux was nominated preidentpon th Hert enounced Roux bfre the Jacoin Cluon the 2st and whe the aer was brought efore he

unl of e Cmne, Chaumtte accuse of an atempt agst he sovergnty of he people" an spoke of

cpit punishment Roux · was prosecuted ut s conoained from the Commun s rease on August 25 einquir however was continued, an the charge of theft wasbroght foar 80 tha on JanuarY 79+ (Z3r iv&e)

Rox was snt bfore a common polce courtis court delare itsf incpetent to pronounce upon srous indctmet as hose brought against _ Roux

meang he air of the Gravillers sectionand ordered hito e sent efore the roluonar trina Knowng whattht meant, Roux stabd himsf in court thric wt a

fe he president o the court hastened to his assistanceand sp ay . m uch f rendliness tw ards hi evn g ig hmthe kiss of cic roherhod, beore he ws removd to the

Bictre prison. In the pso in;mary R tried to xha ust his streng t," as it wa repored to the proc urator of theReo utionary Trbunal, Fo uquier-Tinv le, by opn ng hs



END OF COMUNS MOMEN 50oud and naly he succeeded i stabbig himsel onmore ths time mortaly, throug te lung Te record ofthe post-mortm i dated " 1st Vet&e

earY 9,

1 9�· , Te people of Paris, escially i the sectios of ctre of the ci understod now that ther hopes of " ractcalequality ere over Gallar, a fried of Chale who hadbee kept by the Girodns i pris at Los durng the

siege and wh had come to Paris after Lyos had ee takeb th Motagards also kled himself three weeks later, w

h leard at Lecerc had ee arrested togeer wih Chau ette and the Hbetist.

In reply to al thes deands of commuism, ad seeng thate masses were abadonig t Revoluto as thy found thatlitle attenton was paid to thr demads te Comittee oubli Welfare issued o the Zst Vet&e (Marc 9) aircul r,

wtten in a pompous style ad addresse to the commisoers of the Coventon in the prvic: But the cocluons o both this hgh-o cular and the faous speechponouced two das later (z3rd ente) b SaintJust wre

very poor Te Cvetion oered ohng but haritysanty chariyto be proided for he destute by theStae

' " i gret blow was ecessay to verthrow the astocy so the circlar ran. " e Convetion ha struck it rtuouoverty must recover the property whch cminals had takeaway from it It is necessary that terror and justice

should strike i a drectios at the same time . e Revolutonis te work of the people It is e the people should noy i frits and so on But i realt the Coveto idothing i ths direction. Te ecree of the 13t Vte

'

ear I. (ebruary 3 179), of whch SaintJust spok i hghon' terms, amounted to ths Each comne was to make

a lit of its dtitute " patrots ad later on the Coitteeof Pubc Welfare would make a report to the Conveo aboutthe means of gig tm certain compensation out o thestats of the enemies of the Revolutio Tey would vn

u ii $i L J 6 Id



THE GR . FRENC REVOLION j

u ownership of bout one cre ech.· to the old people

nd the inm, the Convention decded on the 22nd For :

(My I I), to open o them a Bk o Ntona Cty which both the od nd the inr psnts were to be gstredo yerl lownc� o 16 (rncs) te od or irrisn o Iirs, nd the od mothers nd dows for80 n 6 re espectiey

.

' i hrdy needu to sy tht thi proised ce o nd

k ke ocer to the pesnt Moeoe prt ro a , h dec w ppd. ho hdz og fo hv got oh

It mut dd, ho that Om o he mot Coo, mytt ot d'Ho d Fou6t L Jeo Sat-Ad6 t Bt d Toulo Rmin th Ct hd how 793 et t toag arou comode A wh the Cod on the 1 N&e Yea II (anu 79, tt nto ed blockad o uoud t y

atera and mea o utnc o o, u ha coo" hee tende

M A " to ppl th aw · to to whc w

eged no lokaded o uound"

e Coneno o to moe corect, t Cott o

P We and P Sy cay ucd ppng n i7 t commut aeto But hpt o th uo th F to tdh u nd ud he pu o v get

o eng nd utal y o mmtpt took p o o s o F du Y I\ o Repu

. • .

u on th 2h Bma Y II m 793, On pe-a mur h z of whih i tP

Fc on o on nd qu.

;

C vii ii s h," Aul ro oe ok yf puc a omt o B th uotl of ari a nur hih t hihr s ur h o mot n of y itu

· io in b oun r i giDg au of i 8 m�1 mid thoh t c



, END OF COMMUNIST MVMNthe representatives f the Cnventin at Lyns lbitte' CtdH�ris and Fuch passed a rltin whic even egan t ake eect werey al the inrm the d te rphans and the

destitute citizens had t e "ldged clthed and fed at thecst te ch in teir respecve cantns Mreover" laur as wel a the implements needful in 1her trades adt e pvided fr te, citiens caale wrk The cmmdities placed at te dspsal the as ctienswrte

tese cmmissiners in their rcularsmus e in prprtin

. t tr laur lience and te ardur tey display inte svice e mtr cuntry Mny cmissiners te Cnentin passed similar resltins s chleied eavy tax the rich t ee the pr t is ls

certain-as M Ald saystat an cmmissiner adegun t practise clectivism r e ld say unicipal

cmnism· e da tht the State gt t take ver he ctrieaandnd y eir wners and wrk them was epressedre than nc Chmtte devepe it in Octer 13wn he demnstrated the ad eects te law f te" aim pn crtain indstres ; and Jeann aintndr

hd taken in the ands the Gvernent a cetain ine Carix in Brittay in rder t secure a ing fr te wrkersr if certain f the repreentatives f the Cnventin

in te princes realy t n 193 and 17 eqalitarianmeasures and were insired wit the idea " lmitatin ncm the Cnventin itel remained a defender he

interests f the middle clsses nd tere must e sm truthin te remark f Bunartt w wrte in 184, tt te fer f the Cnventin lest Repierre and is grp suld egin

taking masure that )ld favur t equlitarian nstincts (the peple cntrited t the dwnfal tis grp n the ridr

ohe ilst n

'

d, f a l rvun ad n r· acoplishment o it • . O Rs L F _ UH N S 82



CHAPER LX

THE CONSTTUTON OF THE CENTGOERNENT-REPRSASComi Pbc Wfe nd ub Safy-Condof r-Po o od 'g-Midd ca n oppt Rvouion-Ppmony bddn by Convnon- ,Wknn o . Commne-Connn and on-" w of up Jacobn oban p-obpi and

xpd Grondp of Sant J-Cn Govmn tabhd-My aion-Rpubn rv- s of Rpub-Ap o � MaAn

onHr ra ordrd b d-H xun Condmnan of ard Grond-Ohr foo-Bn

nn o Tor

N 3 n he rr f he rini irnin membe,

he unin " hd ien wrked dng he summer f19 he cnsiuin f srng Gvemen cnenredin Pris nd ce f gring wih he frgn invsine revsin he rvinces nd n ur risings h mighcur in Pris isf under e gidnce f he Eg nd hemmuniss

We hve seen in Ai he nvenin hd enusedhe cenr wer Cmmiee f Puic Wefre nd fer 3 i cninued srenen hi cmmiee wh nwngnrd emens. And when he icin f e

h Cmit of Pubc Wf hih a rt hd Dan·i bam afr May 31 mor ad mor Robp SainJund Chon had aady bom mmb on May 0 : nd Jan

Sainndr jond on Jun 12 Robprr nrd i O Juy 27o and ur (of h CdO) admid on Au 14; and Co dHrb and BaudV on Spmb 6 f h nof h h and 5h of ha monh pari oud b dinihin h commi h! Coo dHboi and audVnn h ok o fo h wa i fo iry ninn an Q Lind for poinn o h my U



'

\

\ CONSTITUTO TH GORET_ Consitution ws put o the ternation of e war teo committef Pubic' Welfare and of . Gneral Safety- ,

·contined to concentrate power in their hands whle pusuing odete polcytht of stning dway between theadvanced at reprted by the Eg and the ommune

t oPas and te folowers of Danton bnd who sto the Gironns

ts work of concentrao of power the two comitt

were strongly seconded by the Jacobins who were extdngther sphee of action into the pronc and were ing tr ran From eit hundred n 1791 e number f soee aliat to the Jcobin ub of Ps rose to eght

thosand in 1793 and ea ne of thee soties me support of the ' repubic ddle aes ; they we nurseies whence the numerous oas of the new bureaucracy

were drawn and oce centes w the Govement u$d forscoverng it enemi and for· gttng id of the " Bdes fot tousand revolutiona comitte wereform in te towns d te vlage comunes as wl as in esetions and all the communities wh mostly stoo aic hd already notice under the leadeip of ucated

mid�ss menvery often als of the old weresn suornated by he onvention to te mttee ofGenal Sfety whl e sections themsves as o tePoular Soete were as rapily transformd into orgnof e centrl government a to become ere branch of

he repubcan hieary

Meanwle the stteof Pas was from ressung eeergetic m the best revolutonst had enlsted in 1792 and793 in the army and had gone to he ontes or to Vende wle the roylsts were ennng o lft ther headsng advntage of the slckened supesion of the seonsthey retud in great numbers to Pis n August the

m of ti:� Ropi. Sn· Js d uton, T m bc Sy whch r he S lc o chiyo fi o h v mpd't k onfhhr my o t mn d t horm pahiTh Pu u o h rolonary bn FOqiTn nry Ii h Pub Sty hd i ug



5 E GRAT FRNCH RVOLUTONextravagn uxury of he d gim suddny md its r- "

, appanc. ' pubic gardns nd h hr wr

crowdd wt mscdns . In th thatrs roys pyswre crd ocfrousy whil rpublcn pys wr hssd.n n of th formr the mp pris�n nd h rscu ofhQuen wr rrtd and it ndd but it for th scpof MrAtoinee to bcom an ccompishd fct.

e cions wre overrun by Girondi nd roys

unerruton And whn th young worn andti wy aftr her ong days work ssmbd in thene en of he cions th young mn of th ddeae ard wth cudgs cm o ts mtings anded e ng a thr

f oue he cons woud ha withstood ths incur

ion a he had rad don onc bfor by ch hlping hhbou con but he Jcobins rgrdd th powr ofe ion th jousy and mad use of t t opportuny paray a opportunty ws not ong in comng

Bred t connud carce and da in Pais ndon Sptm.4 crowd bgan o assmb round th Ht d Vi with

cr of We wan brd ! cr wr bcomingtrtng and it ndd h popurity nd goo-humourof Chume he oraor mo od by th poor of Pris toh h owd. Chaumte posd to prod brd ando he adminstrtor hargd wh proisioning Parsd. : By hese promi he vd o ising n the

x day he pop ony sn dputations to th Conntion. Conventon howr nhr k nor wishd o d th h tu cuse of hi ont. l i did w hren te countr-routioniss wh drstic msursand o strngthn th cntra gornmn n fct nhrh Conntion nor th Committ of Pubic f nor

A nicme givn to exavaganly drd dd of e walthir, '

sie. pbe tt l t (ke Lpe) wk ft ovt It d r t Bt to y t ovnt wk aurd and jutcl to ay f

t h o of we wCk of e Duke l



CONSTIUTIN OF HE GOVERNMET 5 even the Commnne-the existence of whih, it ut be aidwas already t}�reatened by the ommitteehowe an apaior aing the itution. here wa no one o epre · theommnisiea whih were growing aong the peope, withthe ame vigor the same daring and preiion that Danton

Roepierre Barre and o an othes had ued in eprsin he apiraions o the ear da o the Revoution

he 'advoates o " strong government -iddea edioriiesore or e demorati in their views-were steadi gaining

he per an

T uth s, t t d ';gi ret ind a imns powr, and tis owr ad bn uened ae' b supprt i d lound aong prs on o Rvoution ad our is ts To tr t owr a npuar an quaiaian. roution as ncar ; bu

gatr numbr of t rvoutionists of 78�J79 w no suc ing ajori of mdd cas o drvutoa in 789-79 now conidrd tRvoution was going too far Wou is Rvoution abo prvn I anarcists " {rom � veUing t "

· Woud i no ak t aants omfortab o

fota a woud rfs o wor4 for puCr of natioa ads r , sod d bOurrs·o t pros fro r stat Fr if urs ad pu ons ino rsu o buion 1 it wa y)ith t inn of ng pros ou of em, d w

o b don if wr no or od i

viag . . ur par and arsorac, trfor d now us o a of m o ad bug io ztroops of t so-c ack gans " ( b Mim wowr spating in purcae and .a of t natat crods of contractors spcuating in

t suppi fr

am, an uiud of sockjobb scui in pap-urrency and in al·the nec ares of lfe. A .of thmhad mae thr forunes, ad h were in a hury now jothe unindro pu an d o t Rvuo · ocodiion on!, that th properies they hd bOugh an the



1% GA FRENCH RVOLUIONforun they had amaed houd not be taken from them.A newly created crowd of lower · mile-cl people bcke

them up in he illage. And ll of them care but little as tothe nd of Govement hey were to have, pod sng proved t could keep the sas-cs in orer nwhtand Englnd Autria an Pruia wch otherwie ifvctorio ght t to retore to their prviou owner theproprti tak by th evoluton from the clerg an theemigrnt royait

Conequenty the nvention an the Comittee of PublicWfare eeng that their authoty w enngere y theCommun and the ection h every fclity for tkngaantag of the lack of coheion in the movement of the day of Septeber and for gving new power to the centralvernment

�

e Convention decie, it i true, to top the tre inpper:one, by forbiing it on pin of eth, an a " revo utionry army of men w organie, uner the comn f the bertit onin for �he purpoe of checkng thecounter-revolutionit n requiitioning in the village victulwheewth t fee P But ti meue w not followe

by any vit ct wich woul hve gven te ln to thoe whowihe o cltivate it themve or woul hve helpe te tocultivte it the requiition of the revolutirY ry becamanother cue of htre in the vllage agint Pri, nreulted only in inreing te icultie of proviing foo'tufor te cpitl.

or the ret te Convention d not go beyon Qtteringthret of a " Terror, an nowing the Government witheh power. Dnton poke of an " armed natio anence the roylt " very dy he i " oe ito

crt oe counrel ought to pay with h he {or h cme The Jcobin lub ae the arrignment of the arrete

Gironin. bet poke of " itinernt guillotine Thervolutonry tribun w going to b renderd more eciou erche in pivte houe wee allowe to be aeen t night

At the a me while theateing # ation t a g



CONSTITUTON OF THE GORNMEN. rror, maur wr akn o akn h Commun h rvoluionary ommies of h cis, wich hld powrs

of juial pli, nuding ha of arrs, hd bn acusd fvarius abu of h powr Chau sucd in panghm ur ' urvillan f h Commun ad i maing

hm mia hir s ' riab · mmbr ; but tWv aar, on Smbr 3 h Cvion, bcing jalosof hus crasd powr of Cmmu ook aay s

righ frm is riv ad h rvoutionar ommi rn a ur dirc suprviion of th Cmmi ofbi Safy-ha sinisr forc of r polic wih grby h id of h Comi of Puic We hanngon o arb i

o h ions, ud h pr h h bnginvad by ourrvouio, h Cnvnion ddd,

nSpbr 9, a h numbr of hir gnr ings oub rud o w a and o gid h pi rncs mig wr allo o ho of h sas ho andth amblis, a who ivd nly by or f thhada maur whi has of bnpu forad as vry

rvluionary, bu whih h scions m o hav udgdrnly f of h (h Cnrac socil th Halaxb, Droi d homm undr h inuc of Var) rfud h idmiy and dmd h prinipl hiohr, as Er Mi has shown oy ma vr modraus of hi aa

On Smbr h Convnion inrasd h arsn of

rpriv aw b h rrib " a of supcs! is lama ibl h arrs as ups of a ci�asossessd obf al h ho mgh how hmvs paria f ray or fram f al wh do ntfu hir l ui hovr, i fa, had no iayho vi h Rolto. Lui Ba a al h

mrers of he Sa ib aw a maur f rmdous poly" (odabl 1q) whras i ly i imlyr iaa f Co o iu heo h ha b d ad ed' by h voloI a pprd h wy for h rib orowng of h

2 K



51+ THE GEA FRENCH REVOLUTION .'

prios, whkh d ar on o h drowig (1yau) of priorsby Carrir i Nats o h wholsa shooig by Coo

i Lyos o h !ournJes (achs) of Ju ad u 79+ iParis ad mor ha ayhig s prpard h dowfa of Moagrd gime. , .

s a formidab govrm hus grw up i Paris rribsuggs iviaby ars bw h various poiica facio�o dcid i whos hads hi powrfu wapo houd b O

Spmbr 25. a fr gh oo pac a h Covio bw a h paris, h vicory rmaig wih ho who rprsd pary of h god ma mog h rvouioiss-wih h Jacobi ad Robpirr hir faihfu rprsaiv Udr hir iuc h rvouioary ribua wacosiud from hir oies

Eig day ar Ocobq, h w powr asrd ifO ha day mar mmbr of Commi of PubicSafy was forcd o ma, afr much hiaio, rpor abou h Girodis who had b xpd o Ju 2 . from hCovio i whch h dmadd ha hy houd b

bfor rvouioay ribua ; a ir from far or from

so ohr cosidraio h ow w a god dal furhr hohr way ad dmadd bsids h hro m whoh accusd h procuio ao of syh irodisdpuis who had prod i Ju agai h vioio of haioa rpraio i h Cov, bu had coiuo si o vry os gra asoihm Rbpirr vioyopposd his prpoiio I was o h ra ad aid h who houd b puihd i sucd o puih ir adrSuppord a was · by boh h Rgh ad b ' h Jacobih ard hs poi wih h Covio ad hu gaid hauro of a cociiaor capab of domiaig bo h Covio ad h wo commis :

fw days mor ad his frid aiJu ad br Covio a rpor, in which, afr c�mplai of corpto,d of h yray of h new beacacy ade allusoo < h Commu o£ PariChaum ad hi par-adcocdd ih a dmad ha " h volonar :goe b maiaid i a b cocud



CONSTITUTION O T GORNMENT Convention·· accepe ' conusion e entrl

govenment was thus enively contute

" hilst tes� suggles were takng place in Paris t� itry s�tuaion oeed a mot gloomy prospect In Aust, an orer for a ley had ben isued an Danon having again recovere

his ene and his penetration o the peple min ha esledid insiraion of puting the enire wor o enistmen

no the hands not o he revolutiona ureaucray, but o the eiht huned confederat ho ha sent to Pars by e imay elecral assemblies to signi their accepae o te

Conituion plan was adope on August 25 Hoever as one-hal of rance ha no ire for war, the

·le roesse but oly; bot arms an ammtion wlackin

hee was a see of reveses a t in uust and SeptemberTouon as in he hands of he Enli Maseie an ovencewee n revolt aganst the Conventon ; the iege of Lyons wsil oing onit continue il Ocober8an in La Vene

the siuation was not imong t was only on Octobe 16th the ami of te Repubc gan their rt coy, atWattiies and on the 18h at the eneas beaten ahoe cosse e Lire to march ohward But still e ssac of he reblia did ot cease and at Noimouies,Chaete shot who suendere o m.

It is easy to undesand tha at he sih al s boodsh, o the suehuman eos made by Face o berae is teri

ory rom he invds, an he incdible suein o thee ass of he French people te c of Se the enemieo he Reoluion igh o lo ! cme fom he hears o the reoltioiss. A naion cannot be ose beyond endurnce hot awakenin evol On Octobe 3 he ode s given to he revoluionary

tibn for the ti o Mie-Anoinee. Since Febuay hee hd been coninua l of emted esc of he Queen. eel of he as e kow oday, ve ney succeded.

e mnicial oces hom he Commune put in chare ofte le ee coninul bein won oe by isan of he



516 GREAT FRENCH REVOLUTIONrya famy Fuln Brunt' Moe, Vincent, and Michnswere amongst them. Leptre an ardent royalit wa in the

erce f the Cmmune and attracted attion in he senby -i advnced pinin Anther royalist Baut had b�tained the post f warder in the Conergere prsn, whre theQueen a nw kept

attempted cape had allen thrugh

in February ; u anthe attempt, rganised by Mini and ·th Baron de Bat came very near succeeding. After the

icve f thi attempt uly II) MarieAntoinette was rteparate rm her son wh was placed in the eeping ofhecobb Simon e Queen was then tranferred ugust 8).to "the Cniergerie. But the atempt to rescue her continued, and a Knight f SaintLus Rugevle, even ucceededin penetrating t her, whs Balt, a rder kept up relatio

wih the outer wd. Every plan for her beran prduereat extement amng the ryait wh reaened a and te immediate masacre f conventionas andalpatots in gener.

It ve iey tat the Convention wuld nt hae stponed th ta of Maentoinete ll Octber had it nt hed t stp the invasio f the alled mnarchs as a conditio fe Queen lberatin I is wn indeed that he Cittee Public Wefare had en (in Juy) nsrucions int sense t its comisionrs emne and Maret who were arrested in Ital b the governr of Milan j and it is as knwn

_that the negtiations for the ibration-f the Crwn Prnss were arried n til ater

e eorts of Maietoinette t cal into Frace a ran inasion, and er btryals to facilitate the toy f the enemy are to well knnnw that her correspndence wit Fersenas ben pub1ished:for it t e wrth while to refute the fabl

of her modern defenders wh sh to prove tat she was almosta saint Public opinn was not mistaen in 1793 when it

accused the daughtr Maere of beng een moreuilty than Louis XVI Se died on the scaold on Octoer 6e Girondins soon fllowed her. It !wll be reembered

tha hen thirtyne f thmere arrested on une z, they habeen allowd te liety f mong about in Pas under the



CONSTITION OF T GONMENT 5condon of eng scoed y a gendame e was so lldea of akng he lvs ha sevea we-kown Monagnads

hd oeed o go o he depamens of aesed Gondns o kep he as hosages Bu mos of he aesed Gonds had escaped fom Pas ad had gon o peac cl wan he ponces Some oued Nomandy and Bany,ohesged Bodeaux,Masells,and Povnce o vo and vy- whee hey ecam he alles of oyalss

A hs me,of e h-n aesed o Jun 2,oly wv emaned n Pas Ten moe Gondns w added o esand he case was ough n_ Cou on he 3d Bma(Ocoe : Th Gondns defende hselves wcouag, and as he speech seemed kely o nuence ven he pcked juy o h voluonay una, he CommeoPulc Welfa hued oan fo he Convenon aawn he acceleaon of he plead n Cou On he 9hBumae (Ocoe 29), Fouuenvlle had hs new lwead efoe he Cu he cas was osd and e weny-woGondns wee condemned Vaaz saed hmsf h ohewee eecued n h moow

Madame Rolnd h ea nspe f h Gonds pay was

exeued on he 8h Buma (Noveme 8) he e-mayoof Pas Bay of _ whose connvance wh Lafaye n hassace of uly 17 1791 e was no dou Geyupfom Lyons, he Feulan Baae won ove y he Queen whlhe:acompaned he fom Vaennes o Pas,soon foowed hemand n Deceme he Gondn esan and Raau San

Eenne mouned he scaold as also dd Madame Duayof oyal fame Roland and Condoce comed sucdehus egan he Teo and onc egun had o folow s

nevale couse of deveopmen



·

DUCIO IC YME ECLEDR-ILIGIOU MOME

dcOTp -Meic BI _ , u end- ne with

Chh- ag i�it at at '" d nag by. vntion-

niaon-Enthu Asl-t P of Lity d Rtion

ndut o Dt-ir d DTumh of CtomP of G ud 9th

MD a sul te revutiowsts did ,not se sitof te great qion of 'nation eduaon. Tey td oay ts oundaons on np o equaity eoroU

aount o ork as auly doe n is diron a maybe se by te docuen o te oee of Public Intion reeny pushed· e adrabe report MLepee on educaion ound after is deat as rea4 before te Conenon; and a si of esur fr a tree-grade sste of eduatonpria coo entr sos and

speal 8o�as adopte But te great nt onuent is period o te Reuion as te etrc te Tis te did u ore an spy intrOue into e bdiisons o inear8urae ue an gt easur te dea syste s te basis o our nueraton o tse od

ae gone " a od ay toards te spation o , ate Pro(s-vb/ , au CoU d'jnstuction pwbi Ase

gi and Po�sV." au Com4 ainrucn pb Conion fio uhed with not d y JamGuilaume ( 1887)

18



THE NEW , CALENDAR 'maal nsruon and helpe o evelop he maeacalu of mnd. I aso gave o he fundmena easure he

a lenh (one forty-monh prt of e earhs meran)wh oud always be re-esablshed wh a very far dgreeof uray n ase our measures suld be os n fuur gss hse of he old vsaons hv� ee lsand hs veryfa opened up new vsas for hough Besdes y esabls

in a smple rao beween he uns f lengh surfae voume

an wegh he mer ssem prepard he mn f he nexgeneraon for he gre vory of see n he neeenhenurys eray as o he uny o physa fores andhe uny of Naure

T new epuan alenar waS a oga ooe of heme sysem I was adopd y he Cnvenon afe

wo repors by Romne read on epember0

an Oober an anohr repor of Fare Eglanne read on oember2 h w alendar nuraed as a new rn he rekon of years wh was o ben wh he prolaaon o he epub n Frane on epemer 17hh was also he auumn eqnox. he Crstan weewas abanoned unay sappearehe · da of res en

eah enh ay he dd s deson of he oenon wh sru u h

Th Rpban yea was dided no twev month, a ofthrty day. the name or whh wr ond b Fabr d'Eglanti :Vendia Bru and Fr/ or th atumn rom Septmber

2 t Deember 0 ; NvOs. Plvo and t or th wintcr rom

Deem 21 ti Marh 0

Gm Fr P or thc ring om Marh 21 t Jn IS and MdY' Thd anFuid o the mm om Jun 19 til Stmber 16 ive extadas ad the n-cwttd Setemb 17 IS 9 an om-ted th year ah month ws divided into thr dead and theday we ad p dud d & th day oLre�t beng th

tenth day th h idea o etabhin th anda on an astronoma

oneption wa ertany ent (th ida o pang th v

day a at the e nd o th yar w not o good) and th name o thmonths wr vry wll chosen ; but bses aU th objctons hch

wer bond to b mad againt th andar beae it goed t, Rvolution it is very probale alo that th ida of replacing th ek

o ee day th qarte o Inar month by one o len day tooog r or tom wa and w b an obta to it genra

an



SZ G FRENCH VOLUIONChistian caendar rom our dal fe, necessarily emboldenedthe wo saw in h Chsan ' Church and its servants · e

chi support servitude Te experence they hd hadwih the clergy who had taken the Oah to the Constitutionhad pr the imossib o inning over the Church tothe cause o progrs. Conequtly the ueson o abols�

ing the pament of te clegy by the State and ofeang expense o£supporing the minstrs of their vaous cults to

the members o thse cts thesev, necessily arose Cambon had aleady brougt it before the Convention i '

.

November 179z. But on thee derent occasions he Convention decided to retn a aon Church, subje to theState and paid b it-whle it treted the refractory pest(who had not tken the oath) wih gret sevety

Against hese priests ve severe la were passe : deprtation for those unswo, and, frm March 18, 1793, dea orthose who should take part in dsturbances in connecon tte recrung and thoe who shoud be fond on the Republc

titor after hang been condemned to deportation OnOctobe Z 793 even more expediious laws ere eced;ad deotation becam appliable also to the constitutionl

swrn prest i they were accsed of " incvsm by six tienso r canto Tis provd te growth of a convicon inFrance that the j (the piests wo had taen the oth)wre oten qut as dangeros as the -; or a

e rst ttempts of " echrstianisaon we made aAbbeie and at evers Te cmmssionr o te Conventi on, Fouc h was at vers and who c no doubtin areemen nd · peraps und the inuence o Chaueewho h en this town, decared on September, z6, 1793,wa " agnst '.all superstious and hpocriical wsp, aso te desir o substitute for em � a wop of he Republi andoatua morli A few ays after the inroduion

,•. In this accou�t Hollow loely te exclent monogaph o ofsor Ald' Le Gulte d i Raison e 1 uZ e 'Et supr�me, 2nd edio ,(Pas. 1904) ' An abdgent of ths wok i to b fond ao n h'

Hstoire pliique. 2nd eiton, p. 469 and folowingt He also sued n odr by the foce of which " any miitr of

y cul r pt penoned by the naton s bound to may or to



TI-RELIGIOUS MOVE 2! of the nw cdar he su, on Oor , a new orde,, accoding o whch t ' cmOie of. varous cUt only pacsed ide hr fpectv empl. Al "igou '

mblem on the rods & er to droyd, theprit e no lo o appea in hr vtents anwherexcept in h hu, and, fly� brls were to e on. duct tou any lious eemon, in ds pant tres " beneath te shadow of whic sal b ected a statueeprning �eep l ohe emem sh e dsty,

and " te gt t is d, coneca ith rgios o e ad of he d, hl ba s iipo : Deatis eterl e lan he meing of heedecre to e pple; by an of

atS

'

l�cture At e ae me, aigno, anoth mis n f

teConveno trasfom he parish un Refor into

a Temple of ruh, whe gh pr oneotant iner ame t once oders n Ocobr 79 A Paris, on Octob 4 at he instigatn

of Caumette, xte ou practi we ordden,nd on te 6h te oder iu y Fouh o bua was

adopted in pinple by the Cmune.

ts ovemen wa in o y a se, and atmns mnds had ben pepar fo) the Revo itsfand its forunners is sevdent. Encougd now by heats of te Cnventon, he poinc tew tsv enthusiastily into the movement of derisasaion Flowing the lead of te boroug of RsOranis, h he district

of Cobi1 enouncd isnity, and ts ste eved teapprobion of neni, when deputies from Corb ariv o 'Octobr 0 to reo wh d b done S dys lter, e o e commune of Mnepested hmsv a he Covnon, td i c.ey, ·too wee wl ecived, and e Convon r gs

te " ght that tizen have to adt wtsover w p si tem bt an to supprs those cemoniew

dispse them deputaon from Sne-etse ing,

ado a · o k aa od p d o (A C R p. 27)



HE GEAT FENCH EVOUION ha he Bishop of Versaies ho ha een ie shou!no e ee as o ecei ih ue honours

he Conenion enouage he moemen gins hrii

\ niy no ony b is iue :ars ehrisianisionbu aso by he use o hi i pu he Chuh easuebrough o t b he inhabiansiuing t shrine of ehuh of Ste�Gev" hh as nsfee y oe to te Min .

Enouge unoubey by his ie of he goen

ment, Ots ad auette then k np fd. oos a Prusi bron, ' ho d - :hty pus the cause of the lutin and whoat courag and ny a Ineatina Fedeo of eol and the

t l

of e Cue, aumt ho ' eprenatv of he Pr orng

mn d G e �hop f Pari, o Jay dwn hicclascal duti

ng eved he of eEpcop un, nd haing annunced deion o heeparmen and une Gb cae in state on the Brumare (ve 1 193 accmaned b even of hs icr, and fllw by e r Pc e

Cumete, and by wo ber of te depat, Mmro nd Lller to e Cno to dvt fopely o hi prti and ttl

sp on s ccan w of ty veng

a& hedd "the prnl equy and oraly, e nec foundaons of tl repblcan veen,

e no b. the oie f the ple ad renonc tpracce " the n of a ie f e Chlc fa.Deptng and hi ng, h accep8 and pu n he p whh one o he ebe haded hi.

e Aem a zd thereupn wih an enas.hc cd ny coad to ha of the ight f ug

T her ' hp, oa Linde and GayVn,and me her ecciasticl mber f the Centin;rused o he bune o fow he exaple of BpGb

t w mm ly y e d



ANTI-REGIOUS MOEMENT·bb regoire howv, refuse o join e o Si&he decr ha for mny ya ready he ad abandon

l ecciaical foms, a he had no th fai�h hn haof berty and equty and tha is ' prys had " long sincea for the rmph of reason ve ton and fanasm

e ru of this scene in he Convention was rmdos e whole of France and l'the neighbung tion ea of it. d everywhere, among the govng ass, here

roe a ood of hared'agains he pblc.

In France he moveen spread rapidy o he oncWhn a few da sal bisops and ge nmber of cergyhd diveed hesve of hr , n r abdcaonere a times he occsion o srkng scen I is ouingindeed to read, for instace he fong dcrpion o theadication of he ergy a Bourges, hc I found in

local

papet of he peod vng mentioned a pr, Bptise Pan and Juen

deeu a meber of the Beneditine Orde who came o lay down their eciascl prerogave e auhr he

papet connues : Pva Brison Parou, Roen and Capion al metropoan x-u were no h las ostep into the arena ; Epic and Cende mantier eyreon exBenedctine Rachon and Coardo came aftrthe ; he ecanon Dormaux and Duboi hs copano

bent beneat the burden of year, folow thm h ow steps when franc excaied « Bu brn the credials

of our riethod and may te ey memory of our ast state

disappear in the e whc consume them. I lay upon tealar of our fatheand his silvr l i bears the iagof h l ofhose yrats who by reason of he sminambion of the er s caed m ritan ! l

he documens f pred were h b in ple a housand cri arose : Perh for er e memoy of he

ress erish for er risan suon Lo li he subime rigon of Naure , er whch mphl Ex gr l or b BoflS C

q bu_i 4 8 bUJ b Rpq n n Nv S ) BiiMuu F 6 (



5z4 TH GR FRNCI REVOLUION

enumerat . the patriotc ft lt i rea toung' Preent in linen and siver shoe-buckle are very numerou

Te patrots and he " brothest

were poor Tey gvehat they cold� On the whole the anCatholic eeng, in whch " ron

of Natue was ended Wt patioc sentment, seems tohave been far deper a one ws led to thnk before conutingthe documents of the peod e Revoluon made men hnk

and gave courage to their thougts

In the meanm, the Department and the Commune ofPais dded o cebrat te log the zthBumaire (ovember 10) in Notre Dame itsf, and o orgase

a F 01 Lert; Reo duing hich patroc hys wer t be ung before the statue of Lbery loot, Momoo,

H6bet and haumtte carri on an acve propagda amongthe popuar soce, and the flte was enry succlTs has been often dcribed tt we ned not don te detas t mt be mentoned hoever inreprenting " Liber ng rature was peferred to statue, becaue, sad Chaumete, " tatue ould aso have

been a tep toard idolat As

Michet had areadyremarked, the founders . of the ne fai recommended " hehoice, for lment.of o U a part, of persons whoe

· character makes them asty beautifu, and whoe tritnessof habits and vews repudiates any bae idea ar frm bng gay mockery, ej a ratera " chaste cremony, cheerles, du and eous, says Mchelet,· who was, it i known,ery favourabl inned towads the dechiasatio move

n o 793.' But the Revoution, he said was aready od and weary, t old to engeder anything new Te attempt

of 1793 was not bo of the ey nthusiasm of Revoluton," but f e diaectica sools of the Encoedc tmendeed, i os reembled the mode Ethica Soeemovement whch lo remais out of touh with he mae

What iey si us tday i hat th Convenon, ntwithstandg te rets wh cam £om quatr

rsed to broac the eatqueston the aboition of saaies

:k XV p



AI-LUSMOVMN 525 rfor prit pa by the ate On e contra he Commune

of Pars an is scons oply put into pracice echrsanisation In evy secton one church was ecad to he uof eason. Te Geral Coun of the Comun evn skedstning eens. reply to a rlous pc by: Robesprre dlvrd on e Frimare, �he Counl sueon he 3 Frmaire (Novembr z3) nde he inence of

Cauete, an order by wh l cures or empls_f allrons in Pais were to be immeialy ; he cer

were mae iniully resonsie fo rgios dturbancs he Rvoluonay Commtees wre inited to kp a watc on te r and a resolution was mae o deman that the Convnon exue he ler fro any fom of pubcsice t t sam ime a cue of " moraliy lectas sabshe o prare the prac of he new cut

It wa alo deide to troy th be towes we in varoussections f of eason wre rans, duing hc tethoic faih wa ricd. One secon but some mssals,and Hbe burnsome rels at te Cmmune

In th proes say 'Aard, neay al te tows, espelyin the souws, semed o raly ound e new rationals

faithYt he vrnmen, a i8 to ay the Comit ofPubc Welare rom the vey beginin showd ecidopposiion to ths movement Robspirre combatd i opeand en Cloots cae t t m ith thusiasm of he

abdction of Gobel, e ow s spleasure rough akng

wha te Bgias hos unon wit France as ds by · Cloots, wold say to it. For a f oeer h kept quiet u on November

20. Danton rtu to Paris, after a prolonge stay at Arcs sur-Aub, where e had retr h his youn fe wo

e h mae in church immediat aftr the deat of his

rt fe Te nex ay, he 1 Fiare (Novmbe : Robpiee pronounced a ' e Jacobin Clu hs s spech, and a v iolen on, ainst e worhp of eason enention, e ai woul nevr take e ras sep of forbing

" '



2 T GRT FRENCH VOLUIONthe prace of e . Cathoc fah e lberty of rowold maintn, and the pesecution of the pace psts would not b perite He ten pointed out thatthe ief in a " great Bng watchng over oppred innocnceand pnising cme was enry ppular, and he treatedthe dechstanse as traitors, as agnts of the enemi ofFrance who to rep e forgnes who the caseof huaity and common intres attrated tads the

Republc

Five days later Danton spok almost to the same fin he Convtion and attacked the an-rigous pro- ·sions He demanded tht a mit be ed to sanfstations

W hd ocrr dung he few days to draw Rob

piere and Danton tother hat nw combinations

plomatic or othise, prnt emv at hs moent,to cal Danton to Pars and to induce him to oppe sf othe dechrsansng movement, wle he ws a tre'dspleof derot, and dd not cease to arm hs mateastc athsmeven o te caold s move of Dantons is e morestrng ecause ing the hf of the month of Fmai

the Convenion contind to vew the deritianses faor· ably On the 14th Fmai�e (Decemb 4) the " Robspirrist Couthon had displayd some or rcs fom thebne of the Convenon and ockd at the

Te quton therefr Was not bpier.mnguse of some new tu n the negoans wth Enand to

nuence .Danton and to fy exrs hs on ronwhich had always raind dar to ths destc dspl Roueau ;ToWd·the iddle of .te onth, Rbiere, rnfcb te support of Danton ded to at, and o the 1hFaire (December e mmttee of Pubic Wfare cae

bore the Conveno to dend a decr concng rgousiber, e are w fbade al ience andesur agai . te iber f rigons Was ts se e of e hee e c

W HIl. P 475



ANTI-RELGIOUS MOVEMENT z7of the chues w uully very bdly eceed," wee.tee the en; unnn t ute fct emin t ny te, tht fm tht d Cthlicim tiumphed Rbe

pieit Genment tk it nde t ptectn nd ncegin Cthlicism ecme te Stte eliginLte in the sping, Rbepiee nd hi fllwe went till

futhe : they d an aemp o oppse t the whp f Ren new wshp tt f te upeme Bein, need

'fte the fn f the F v f Ruseu s

, wosip ' oever in pie of govnmta upot ad " epOpet of e guone o its adveai beame �on£e te c of Reaon ven oug i a oe Sup Being an under i naAua af-deisi and af-raionai u onnud o pea up ote time n e raion o Teior go e uppr an.

o e 2 of e Supree Being w a ebaewi gea pop in Pai on e z aia (ne 8 17) , nd to wic Robespirre ping a e founder o a nw

Stae rigion wi wa to cobat aei aad u iportane l wa a beauifu i appear a a popuaeaa pfoane an be bu it aUd fot no eco in

e fengs of e pe Cebad a i wa b e sof e Coiee of Pc Wreoon fer Caute and Gob wo a a e pat of e ma wie ad be exued for ir reigiou opion b omittee2 woe oo mu e rater of a bo

iup of e Jaobin overnen over e avan pit

aong e ppe an e mune o be agabe o e peope And b e open tie ae of eera ebeof e Convenon owad bpiere uing e th if

· i e e prude of 9 Tedore prue of e grand nae

'. Several et commiionrs h M

Dartygoe, Lo Pig d Gni hv

p o d (A$ d C SM l publis b· . Aulrd, vo. ix • pp 385. 79 70) v mmo of Cveto ad akn v

ge meagais c gio, Cvti ddowve a p o i decr o y ha i did o ied

: su h b d p 0 1 by is epniv



TH SUPPRSSON OF TH SECTONS ,.Pion ses-I u "ppon

, JalnsAttude ' Ropre5cto gaduy dev '·owo of poicRevouonmtt sudnat to Cotte of Pub Safty-S a esReuon ded

,

OW e)end of 179 two rivl powe sood faingone anoer : he wo comitees�f Pic Wfre andof Pblc Safey-wi governed e Convention and teCommn of Paris Ye e real strngt of te Commne ner in is exreme pop maor ae no in iueqa popr P'N' Camette nor e in is dept

Hbert nor in is General Conil I was to be fondin e secins And erefore te cental ovnment as seadi ndeavoing to bjet e secios o itaot

Aer e Conveion ad iwn e " peranence of te eons of Pais ; as o sa tr g of cingr genel een as eqent as te ose te seonsean o ond " o seti or sectional soetiB ese soietes were iewed v nfavorabl e Jacoin wo in er n e ecoing goveenmen erefore a te end of and in aa 7

ere was m tk in te Jacobin Cb agins tes socies e more so as t roais were akng nited oro invade nd o cape tem " of e coe ofmonarc sad Simond one of te Jacobins came aninnie nmer · of poisnos inscs wo are not senstpd to attemp its resrecion wo nevert

5S



TH SUPPRESSION OF TH·. SECTIOS 529t plong the cnvulin f the pitial bdy "- In thevinc eal, thee insect " we uccefl

enu numbe f I, cntinued Simnd, lawe, agent f te n rg vean the cuntinvaded e pua ieti and became tei peidentad ecet

It i eident tat the la etie wch in Pa wer • e he ame ein unde anthe nme, wuld ave

eai uied " themelve b 'excudng f the midte diuied ait, and then have cntinued the wk£ e ectin But ei enti actiit dleaed the

Jacbin, h ewed wit jealu he inuence f thee necme " wh with them in pattim" If

ne beieved tem," id the ame Simnd, the atit f1789 a nting but etaed w�ut beat f

: budn h ught t be laughteed becaue the can n lnge e ace th the ne in he ltic life f the Revluin" nd he betaed the fea f the middlea Jacbin when he ke f he futh leatve bd " which teenewcme wuld have iked cnke in detg uhe

han the nventin Ou eatet enmie" added

Jeabn Sntnd, ae nt wtut ; we ee them heae angt u th wh to arry rvoluona aurrthr than w · eeu Dufne ke aintal the ectinal cietie and Decham caed he the ptit.nd

t Rbeiee he hatened bing fwad i favuite

agumentfei ntigue M uin aid he, C wee nl t tue Yu ee that the hcitcal cunte! evluit ae dminant in tem Puian, ngh andAutian aent want, b the mean, t anhilate th auhry/ th Cno nd atrot cndny oj th Jaoh&

.

v . 231 S for . nance, Et M6' wk he au o hepu ey ognd by he Poonn�e o vo pp 624 625

§ ng o Decebe 2 79 oL p 578 m mb o he Cdele Club hang hzde he e h e

·



\" 30 THE GREAT FRENCH REVOLTIO

e ostility of the Jacobi �gainst the popula oietia entl nthing but hostiity against the sections · in

aris and against all similar organsations i the provnend this ostilty as but an expression of simlar feng in theent ovement Consequently, as soon as the Revolu tionar Government was established by the decree of te 14 Frimaire (December 1793) he right to elect justiesof the peace and their secretaries-a privilege which te sections

had enoyed sine : 1789was taken from them e magstrates and thr secrearies were henceforth to be nominat d

by the General Council ofhe department Even e igtof t sections to nominate their relief committees, anof themselves to oganise relief work, whc the had ' turne,as we saw to such good accunt, as taken from them inDecember 793\ nd given to the Committees o PublicWelfare and blc Safety he popuar organisation oeReolution as thus struc at its very root.

But it is esecially in te concntration of polce functionsthat te leading idea of theacobin government appears ifull We have seen the mporane of the sections as partso the life of aris, both municpl and revoluionar ; wekno what they were doig for te provisioning of the capit

th nlisting of volunteers, the raising arming and ' despatchingof volunteer regiments, the / mnufacture of stpetre theorganisaton of labour, he care o the poor &c But besdestese functionsthe sections of Paris and the provinial popularsoceties alo performd police duties his had dated, n ,

Pari from u 1 189, when the citizens had themselvesfmed thei distrct committees, i n order to tak chae of te duties of the police. ater o the law of September 6789, conrmed them in the discharge of these duties, and inthe following Octber the municpt of Pars, still a proisional bod at this period ounded its secret plice ndr

mebe of th Cordlis' lub ,ad on qusioned i gt .prven oraion o popla soci sinc e i o asbln popul s sd! Robpierr nwd uy : "Er- n dndd b pbli wl is nl ri

* De f 8 Niv6 (br 2 1793) nd o dFol (M 1 2 4 C x



T SPRESSION OF THE SECTION 5 nae of "e Search Comiee! e . muicipagoven, prung from e evoluio, hu rved oneof he wo radio of e ,egi

er Augus ' te Legsatie �sbly decreed hat the ce duti of " public afe should pas o he counil of the departmen he disr and the muialiie ad

mee of Suesion was eablished wih is ubordinatecomttees ery ction ; bu a b dgree he ulebewen the reolutoist and thei eemi became keener

he coie were ov�rwhemed h wor ad o Marh 793 ew revolutioary commitees, eac ade u o weve ember, were esta blhed in eer commue ad in

· eery ecion of the coun of he arge ow, h ars, were dided ino cion- . n h h cion through he medium o eir

' evolutioary comiees became police bureaux eduties of e reoluonar coiees were limited i , o the uperision of sranger bu te soon acquied

righ xesive as hose of he sece olie in moarchicalStae A the same time one ca ee how he secio hch 'to begin wt ad bee oran he dmcraic reolution,

bcae graduall absorbed by he oic fucion of their comittee and how the later, becoig es and lunicia bodie agd ito mere poce ocias ubordinate te cenral police wich was in i u ubjec to themittee o ubUc Safet he wo comteo ublic Welare d o bliSaeeparated e reoutioary comitee ore adore from heir riva he Coune whic in ths wa theyeaened ad b discilining te to obediece theytransformed the ito achiner o e Stte iall,

under the reex o suressing abuses the Covntion trasrmed te into slied ocals 3nd at te ae me it suborinate he ooo reolutonr commitees t

S tho rg given by scti f h Ph t it cm-tt, qud y n M c p. 18S

wrk Et Ml6 p I9 /e q r tr on mm! ub Wa th Dpt P -n n c siml t



3Z T GRAT FRN RVOLUTION ee of bic Saf to w it ae lso e right of" puiing them d even of noatin thr embes

e State's sekng to centralise eerhing in i ow hands as the onar had done the seenteenth centu, and its deprng te poplar organisaions of rights as the nomina tion o£ the judg and he adinisaion f rief wor as wel 5 0£ other amstrative functions and is subjeting tem to its bueaucracy in plce matters meant e eat o e sections and of te revoltioay councils

. Ater thse chaes hd been made, the secions of Pas >,

and the poplar soeties in e pronces were realy dea e tate had Wowed .them thir ath tu of t Rlt�n,: Since Januar 179 pblic fe i�Pas had ben destroyed, says Michelet " e generlassemblies o th secions wre dead and a thir power hadpassed to thir revolutionary committes, wch, themssbn no loner lected bodies, bt simpl rops o ocialsnomiated by the athoities had not mch life in themeih?

Now, whener it mht please the ernent to crshthe Comne o Pais cold do so thout fear of being

itsl ovrhrw nd this it really did in Mar 79ent&e o he Year I: .



CHAPER LXV

SRUGLE AANST THE HEBERTSTS

Rbp fetl nd f Rvunu f -nan Hbt Chaumtt and Ht - Ina p Cmte f bc Wf d Pu SayTh tuggl ,pwRbpir .d Dtn�DmulnRbp atta CoSta i

tn n Suth FanFab d'Eg ad BdAempt t u nvntn aai Cm ubli

WFa dglantn dand t f H tCd d wth HbttT ptuS f uba us:Authty f Ct Pub tA Fa dEgaiF

auat aa hm xut-tugg vutay fat nnunu f m n Run I

y as Dcnbr. 1793, bspirr spok of th omng

nd of th rvolutiony Rpubic" Lt us b rf sid for h dth of th frln is not fr o · Nor ws lon in forin it; th sm d rcurrd frquntlyn t sphs nd lts of th rvoltionsts

' T fct is tht rvoluton tht stops f-way is sur to b

sn td nd t th nd of 1793 th sitution n Frncs, tht th volution vn bn std in its dvop-nt ws no wrn itslf out in intrn stuls nd in ot fruils s it ws impoliti to xrint itsi whl it ws ontin urd ovr tir popty

cb cob td by oso ulad ; ttn

fb 12 1793 l v., p 57

Mcelet dertod th v w whn h wrot � n ulf (Bk XV" hp ) n whh h aU th w fDupt Pugh d�py,' d ad hat th Rvutn w dt fa bau th Gndn and th Jbn w p utn wh kd ony "w dft g n th me neTh mt tm Sa-Just; he d n v

53





TRUGLE NT THE HEBERTT 53S

; pat ix month had become a foce in the Govenmen andha won geneal apoval fo ' he intligent way in which had dieced the wa ; and a Commitee of Publc Safety whch

hd gow vey poweful ince i had concenated in it hnds, a wide tm of police and thu had he powe to end whomoeve t wihed o he gullotine. Bide the Hbeit

gan o ght on goun� whee hey were bound o be defeated -the gound of Teoim Hee the had o mee te ival

of a whole wold of Govenmen ocial even thoe who like

Cambon condeed Teoim neceay fo coducting hewa Teoim i alay a eapon f goenmen and hegovenmen of he day tuned i again them

I would be tieoe o ecoun he all th e inigue othedieent pate ha tuggle fo powe duing he monthofDeebe 79 and he month of 794: Suce it to

ay that fou goup o paie wee · then in the ld : heRobepiei gou coniting o Robepiee SanJuCouthon and hei fend the pay of the U won out ;poliian who gouped themelve ound Danton (FabedEglantine Phlippeau Boudon Camille Demoulin andothe) ; the Commune which w in ageemen wh he Hbe

it ; and nally thoe membe of the Commitee of Puli Wefae (BllaudVaenne and Collo dHeboi who weeknown a rrri aound who wee guped men who didno wih ee the Revolution lay dow it am but did not

want the ha Robepiee ho they ecetly oppoed ohe Comune and the Hbe hould gain the uppe hand

Danton a in the ee of he evolution a man com pletlyued up but they aw in hm a eal dange ince theGiondn ood behind him puhing hemelve fowadunde cove of h geat populaity A he nd of Novebehowev we aw Robepiee and Danto maching hand inhand again he anligou movemen ; and when i waDanton un o ubmi o publ eaminaion of h lifebefoe the Jacobn Club which wa then " weedng itelf ouRobpiee again held out h an to hm e did evenoe he identied h with Danon

On the e hand wen Cme Demouin who



536 T GREA FRENCH REVLUTIN jouist xceed in clumny, iud n the 15t and 20t

fFmare (December 5 and 0), the tw st numbers of is

Y Cdlr in which he attacked Hbr and Chaumettein the lt manner and sar a campag in favur of anabateent in he prosecuion of he enemiof the Revouti

bpiere read bo ese numbers befre pucation and"apv them. Duing the examination of Desmulin lifeat te Jacoin Ou he defended im; hs mant that the mment he ws ready to make crtain concessions tthe Dantonists, proided they hlp him to attack the part ofte Lefthe Hbrists

s hey did qute willingly and with u ience pen of Dsmulns in s � C ad hrough theorn of ippeaux and at he acobin Club, where the latteey attackd the condct f the Hberist nerals in e

Vnd Robperre wrkd e se dirction aganstAnas Clots, an inuentil brtist, whom the acbnad evn ected prident at tht moment atacking him withquite rigious fanas hn it was Os t t under the ic examination of his life �ier pronunced spech against im, full of vnoi which he reprtd this

pure idealist and wrshippe of· e' Revln this insirpropaganis of the Inteatil uni of e -as a itor, and that bcause he had had busines reltins withthe bake Vandenyver, an had taen some interst in thewhn the we arrestd suscts Oots was do th acobin Ou on e 22nd of Fmaire ecember 2

and so became a ictim marked for the scaold He was infac arested a forght later. e insurecion n Souhe rance aggd on in the mn

e and Tulon remained in the of he ns t te Comitee f Pblic We was acud of incaatyand i was eve rumourd hat it intend to ge up Sut

France t e cunterreoluon ere were day whee Comittee as but a irs-bread bng ert!own "t t te Taran whi wd have a fr t e Girndins and e erates hat ist sy 'fr h unterevios



STRUGGLE AGAINS T HEBERISTS · 537e soul of the mpaign caed on in pa rls agnst

e Committee of Publc lfare was Fabre d'Eglantine, one6f he modera, sonded b ourdon of he Ose) aDantos and bewen the 22nd and the 7th Fmaie(emb 12-17) a serous aemp was ade to rous eConenon against ts Commte of Publ Wfare and ompeach t

weve thoug he Dnoniss ploed agains he Robpiess both pes joined and to atack e Hbests; he 27h Fiaire (December 17) Fabre dEnne madea rport a e . Conveno deandn he at of hrebtists : Rnsin, e general the " ruona army U n Pas incent secreta geral o he War Oe andMailad who had l the woen to Veails on October 5789 Ths was he rs atemp of he party of clemen

o make a coup in favour of the Girondins and a oremoderate governmnt . those wo ad made founes b the Reution were now in a hury a we have aready said

o retu o a state of " order, and rah his gal the erepepare to sace h publc f nd b and o estash aosttuonal

monarch Man ke Dano were wea of

mand and said o hemlvs I is me to pu an end to al his whle othersnd hese re he ost danrouso revoluionslong faith n the Revoluton prered o

me hafwa te reaion whch aad saw om�g e aes of he the Hbists would have bn grantedwihou diuly by the Convnion ut for he fea of

rellng he arrst f Hbrt in 179 would have become obvous at a 'coup was preparng n favour of hGondins who woud seve in their tu as a steppingstone oreaon e pubction of he third nmb of e YCordle, in whih Dmoulns uder nams borrowe from

Romn hso denouncd the whe revoluonay go

nt hp to unma e ntgueJ for l the ounterroluoniss in Pais sddenly ld hir heads afer reanghis nubr and en preced te spdy end of h

Reoluon

• v chp x.



538 HE GRET FREC REVOUIO od mmedely ook p h o h Hb

is b on� no oh bs o hi pp o h pophn h nssiy o ng mo y gins h ni

of h Roion hy oo dnid h Roion wh J y id h hd o Chi bo Ps nbgn o pp h pop o sh My I ising wh h 'innion o bingng bo nw " on > o h Connion nd h mo o i wono nd i bonlm B s o wh hy inndd o d on iningpowwh rcton ty wo r o gi o h Roonnotng w said about tt.

'

Once the ht ws gn in su nions it was �y orthe Commit of Pubi Wfre t the blow ey by no mns rejected Terror an_arm o Gent In facton the 5th Niv&e (ecemb 25), Robp hd made hs

rport n te revuiona govnen and if the substaneo t rot was he nsiy of mininin he balanebetwn he to avand ari an e too modrate ons,its nusion w 0 h ! Nxt a"he mnd, morov, a greatr rapidity in e pronounmentof sntc by e reluony tbun

About the sme tie it bme k in Paris on te +thNi&- Decembr that Toulon had bn retaen ro e Engs ; o he 5th and h of te same mont (Decmr : an 26 tt Vende was cud at Savenay on he

tat the ary of te ine, hving ten te oensive, adretk the n of mbourg ro the enem ; n on e

12h Niv&e auary 179) tht the bloke of Lanau ws rais and tt the Gn rm had recross te ine.A whe es of ei\ vitories ad u won,

and the stenhened he Rbi. y so rtored e auhoi of e Comte o· Pubi Wlfare mie ouns in his nmb ht to make ams for

h recent arcl but s continu to attack Hbert venya ng w d e meengs of he Jaobin u inhe scnd dade o Niv& m cemb 31 to anuar 79) nto so atta ning r gts Januar' the Jaoi ad a rlution excluing Dmon



STRUGGLE AGINT THE HEBETT 39thr cu, and ony obspirr' gea opuar naldhm o nuc h oc no o carr no c.

On h z4 v anuar 3 h co d ok a ow and o rf h camp of hr dracor orrng Far Eann o arr prx wa anccaon of forr an wa announc oud ha hm had ucdd n covng a gra po h ao whch o cr h aon rprnav

now kown ha accuaon h rv a a prx

o h ar of Far-ha of havng a a o hConvnon o h advanag of pow nan Copan-wa a cr ang wh· h nn mpanha n n a; u Dauna, ano mro h Conon Th ocun n h archv an nc covr Mch, ha prov a h

caon wa Dauna handwng: u a h o Far FouqurTn h puc prcor o h rvouo runa? n of h Co of P

a o ow h doun o prodc hror or urng h a n our, an Far prh org u h ovrn mp wand o g d o a

ngrou Roprr oo go car no o nrr The a as ompltd one. Te yai d in'te

ic vy le man the Barn de Baz, o by i cae and in ecpng om pit ad acqir an a egendy rep-tain Thi Ban de Bz aer haing d a g ie r eap of MrieAnoine" und t nie cain e o

Cnventin o ae are fun by going in jing mney hn to provded fo te pran by e Ab £-

na F t pre Bon de Ba ed in i h on ain da Julen (of Tououse) Danay nd zre a Dann). nker Bent te poet L e Come d Beau

lns mit) and Cat the nckd pit at ne ea en fvour the p bt who ad sine mrid anAuian ad ssr of the banke Frey) we the id n atempt w made by e !ame in o Faend Delauna w t won ov n of the Indi

s opan ked in the Coni w d t

iuidain the cmpan to pded ih at c b spaomissions he wdn of s d ha to b·D w nd dft e dee < e wh de ; to n t t t ,J / , ") w suu n b Deunay n m t nd h



S TH GR FENCH EVOLUIONmons laer, Fabre dEglae ws ecut were

bo, Daunay, e Ab dpaa and e two brots Frey e stn bas.

Tus e oral ggle betwe the dent ctions o te evuy par wen on, and n asiy ndestans ow

te frg ivn d e horrrs il war in e ponc we bod to rde is stue ore and more o� l d sanguinry A quon, hwever ncesarly ases :at pven te ule beween the parties from ange sae sn acte at ' the v bining o theReoluio How i ha men, whse otcal iews were idy ierent s thoe of the Girondns, of anton Rosp and Mt, hd able to ac in concer agait roya

desps

appears vey robable tha te intimate n fraternarelaons ch had been tashed a the approach o teRevolution in the ason lods o Paris and the proincetwn e leading en of e , ust have contrbuteto bng about suh an understandng is kow indedrom 8 Blac, enri Martin an the exceent onoaph

o Proeor Ernt N,· tha nearly revlutionts o enown were freemaons-Mirabeau, Bay Danton Robeee; ara, Codorcet, Briot, lande and many other wee maoic brotherS and the Duke o rln (ppeEat)reained its ntional Grand Mater down to M 1 3 173 On te ter side it i ao kno tht Robepierre, Mraeau"

Lavoisier, ad probably many more ond to the lodgeso te Illuminat founded by Wehaupt whoe a w " toee te naons ro the yranny of prnces and pet, and asa s step to free te peasants an te worn en oserdom, forced labour and ds

It is qte cerain o quote M a by it uman

tari dn, is bie i the diity of and b its pnpls of liby, q and 'aty freao e C w f d

E N : D -

� B : ' '



STRUGGLE AGAINST THE BETIT . 541had helped meny to educte public onion in the newdea-te ore o tat, than to t in ever par of· Franeeeting were eld at whch progrve ideas wer xpound

and applauded and wat wa uc ore mportant tan ual tougt en learned to dcus and to vote " eunon of t Tree Etate n Jun 18 and te oveent onthe ngt of ugt 4 ere ot probably prepared witn teaonc lodg prinary work ut alo ave tablhed peronal

raton and abt of utual repet between te en of actionapart from the alway too narrow pry interes and tuenabled te revolutonare of deren opons to act wit

'certan unty for four year n te abolton of oyal depott wa onl later toward te end o te Revoltion wenter peonal reato wee ubjected to the evert tial_ .

epeial after the freeaon teelv were dided pon queon of royaty-tt tee ink were broen dthen t trggle began to be of te feoou caracter tyaued before te fa oe Montanrd

E N pp 82 8;



CER LXV

FALL OF THE HBERISS-·DANON XECU .

Strugle' b ewen rvolutios and Cn·vonis. cOltnu-Robspire and commissioner of Cvntin- . -

Triumph ' HOrtistsGat ph o Sait-JHe dvaes TorismHs ttck on Dntonsts-Ation of C-

del"rs-At of Hebrtis lde-Futha o Cau-

ml'tie, Ph, Clz and LclcSc of te GomntExcutio of Hcbelists d oths-Royalis rejoingEd

o strgl btwn committ aDd Commune

mites rt Dantn, DemoulD, PMlip and Lcox -Thy . cutdEe o ecuon on Ps-End o Rcvhto i sh

wner hus pad n ."eed trugge ben th revouion d h couner-revoluon, ho vy dy dthr hed hghr nd more body

In he bgnning f Fbrury Robesprr d hef theohpe of oven gn ern oonr ofh Convenon ho hd d Crrr dd Nn ndFouch Lyon th ppng fury gn h rod nnd ho hd no drned bn h stigators of h'revot nd h men of h peop ho hd been drd nto

th· H dnded h h oons hould brecd nd h hrend h h proton bu hoeent e to nohng On h 5h Vne (Februr%3 Crrr need by he Conventonnd Crrerbeg he gr nner th en of oue h h futo th other ooner htver hey gh hv e

ere prdoned Th Hbert ruphed Robper andCouhon ee both nd dd no pper for f eek\. I s know yon Jn d wn o m q fnkabu xes o r cmiion nd piy o O o ( Uf mon )

Sl:



FAL OF TH HERIST 5 In h mn SnJu un om ng t

dvd o h Convnon' on h 8h Vn&

(Fu

26, g pch whh ouda

ong pon nd mo mod ,ar o dvongnc Snu opd h o pogm o hH( H oo mn h o f th Rpuv

mo goou hn h H6 had don H po d t dirct h on he wonou py and ng ut th n vc o h guotn h non thptial pat whc as p f ming ith' l tepeiv parti ' n repr retrn f ran ; the pr i peab £ lmeny ee it eme o tt

tey re nt rt eng t e teri." ne e Btn gn repl prty Snt-Jt ul pek i tity e the Hes n teir s

t let�e t prity ge i em the piiitf nfding them it te rd f prtng "(r/rs) nly s n the Rtn tir pea en rient. t te enmi qn e tic pt SantJt n hi rprt f 8th Vnt&e t apthg vy l me f the ide f e Enrages. H

nf th ntl en e d nt thgt f the qn T fr iran h aid l perhp t nlun f c e had nt hught ut n tht h thn f hm he il e nt t injure grat fun :

j th ly eue ty ren he hand f thne f e Rlun. h stats atriot r

s" e a t e ln f the npirt re there frte pr! St he exr me i pn land prpy ntetn tt e lnd hul ng t e ultite t : lt e lnd e aen a f1D he h f tenty fty yr ve nt iat t He l e t c f rts ml ladnes living in od eae

n e t te lane tate f the prat izd n n t te pr ere n n ie lng there re nd pup n s lng a the l ( an thCn) rlan in ct prdu dr that onrt te tle r f ent d4' o 5



5# GT FNCH VOLUON Sh g Ih b g # hg, and de you t do away wit poverty

s ong as we have not ade it ble fr ery ne to be ablet n land Mendty ust e abolshe by dbutin na tat te poor He poke a orf an insuran : · f a « naon pub doman tab

for repaing te isfortun at ay happ t te oal bdy dom would s to reward t repar

nddua sfortun and for edaton� nd with all ts wa inged a great dea of er8m Itwa brtst errorism igy nd wih soalis; Bt s si had n bae i ' it. It ' onst rather f than f gave s. It is bs, morer

tat ant-justs w chiey t prov as h sadtha

the C Mouta s reans he sui f the

on" It not a thers to surpass it .

exect the g and he Hbertists, but i ay rrw seng frm them

rogh ts report Saint-Jst obtaned tw decre o te Conen O was i reply t the who calle for cleen the Cmitte f Pblc Saft wa investd tte per f lbeang detaned patrios." Te erdcree was eat aparenty t e further han e

bst er intened go an at the tme to tra q purchaser f naona estat Te tates of theparo were t be sacrd bt hose of the ene h

�

'

Roltn were t be conatd fr te nt of te Ru�

. to te eee sv thy wee to b dtan nt peace was cnd an then t wou b bansed Tse w Wshd the Revoio t adne rther i s(a direcn wer th befoold ng cae of ts discours

bu the rds.

Trepon the Crers decd t ac. On t 14

Vt& arch 4) h coered th b te boar insbed wt the ghts f Ma wch w hung p in ub net spoke the glon and H6bert spke

ans Ar e f e Cmttee f blc Safety ho wah tang t eq e Gronn bore the rolionary



FALL OF THE HEBRISTS 54tibunal n abiguous phass he even alluded to Roespiee-not as an obstacle to seious change but as a eende of

" Desmoulins It thus eant alYng to eils no eedy buterois Caie let sli the wod insuecion

ut the ople o Pais did not oe and the Couneefused to lsten to the ael o the Heist Codeies.

en duig the night of the 23d Vente (Mach 3) the Hetist leadesHbet Mooo Vncent Ronsin Ducoquetand Lauuee aeted and the Coittee Pulic

Wlae spead by the agency o llaudVaenne kinds ofabl and calunies about the ey had eant saidillaud to assace the oyalists in te sons ; they wee

going to plunde the Mint ; they had bud oodsuple in the ound n ode to stae Pais !

On the 28th Vene (Mach 8) Chauette the pocuato

of e Coune who the Coittee o Public Welae addisissd on the eious day and elaced y Cellie was asoaested e ayo Pache was deied o oce y the aecoitt Aachasis Cloots had aleady een aested on the 8th Nie ecee 28)-te accusation beng that he hasought infoation as to whhe a cetain lady was on the ist o

suspects Lelec a fiend o Chlie who had co foLyons and had wokd with Jacques Roux as iplicatd inthe sae chage

The Goeent tiuhede tue easons of these asts aong the adanced paty

we do not yet ow. H�d thy ade a lot wih the intenion

of seizing the powe y the hl o the eolutionay ay ofRonsin It was possile ut u to now e kno nothindenite o ths aai

The Hbetists we snt beoe the eolutionay tibunaland the coittees had the baseess to ak up what wasno thn as an aalga In the sae batch we in

uded ankes and Gean agents togethe wth Moo who since 90 had ecoe knon o hs Counist dasand ho had gien asolutely eyhing he possessed !o heReution ith eec the ind o Chalie and asis Cloots " e oato o ankind (orte d humain),

M



4 THE GRAT FRNCH REVOLUTIONw 1793 hd ld f h Rbl f Mkdd hd dd pk f

O h 4h Gl (1h 24) f l fml wh ld h d, h w ll xd mg wh j k pl h d

mg h l wh whm P w wdd Th w wg wh md d h m

m fh ; wh ld h dmd m whl h w bg dgd d· h Pl d l Rvl Th h pd bd p h h gll h h gh j fll h dh f d f h Prc Duche. Th q w d h Mhl d d b h w kdf f h Chmp·El wh gl dd dld mg mpd hp d ! Th ppldd pp h d glm d h-hd, hp md h lm Th kw h w h d wh w bg mdd

Chm w glld fw l h h ml (pl 1) wh Gbl, h bhp f P wh hd

gd h bhp h hd bh b d f mp

wdw f Dml d h wdw f b w ldd h m h Ph w pd h wpld m b lL g m d

h p Chm b Cll d h b Cld m dd Rbp d m d h Spm Bg h h ppl f P

T w mf Pl Sf d f Pbl W fhd h g h b f h l h Cmm fP Th lg ggl wh h f l

The law o the 14th Frime (Decembe J, whch hd estblshed'

the " Revolutony Govenment I hd eplced the elted pcue the commun by age nanaux nomnted by the Commtteof Pulc Welare. Chaumete, having been conrmed n hs uncton '

by the, commitee became thus ,a.

naionl gent." Then on , thed hen te Hbertt we eed e on the 23d Ven6e Mch 3) the Commtee o Publc Welfre obtned om the Conenton ne law �hch lowed them to replce prOvsonally those func'tnis, elected by the Communs of whom they wanted to 'ge rid. In ue of his law the commee, havng reoved Pace the mayor f nomn�d luo-Lecut n h lc.



FLL OF THE HEBERISTS 547

ntate had sustained since August , 7z, aginst hcrepresentiv of the Revolution, had come to an en; e mmune which for nneteen onts ha ben as abeacon to relutinry Fanc, was about to become merepartcle of he State machinery After this, he end waalray n sght·

" However, the roylists wee so trumphant after the ex�on tht the comittee felt hemsv outdone the coUn-tervolutonist Now, t was the who ere asd to ascenthe arpeian Rock o dear to Brsot Deoulins, hebhaour on the dy of Hbert's eecuion ws abominble(he himself ha tod al about t issue a sevnth numbe of hi C decte entirely.agist te revlutionay& roalists nulg n foolish anftations of

joy, and urged Danton to attack the committe e cow

of Grondins who had coveed themseles wth the mnle fDanton wee gng to take advantage of the bsence of . teHbtists to mae a c1 an this woul have mean theguillotine or Robespere outhon SantJus, ll-Vaenne Colot dHerbos and L the leading Montrshe counterrevolutio ight have ben alreay victoius

by the spring of 7% but the committees cd t el blow to the ght and to sacrice Danton Duing the ight of March 0 (the 9th ermnal) Pais a

tupee to learn that Danton Dsmoulin Phlippeau nLcroi wee aested Acting on a report lai befo tConventon y Santst dwn up afte a ogh aft g

hm by obspee whch has ben pesrved tll no) theembly immediately gae the oe {or ecuton of

* Wit Ph Chaee dsapp he w men ho · n f e pple b syse e pp 'vQ; e

el ha bn n e epn ce ars gny e ccpnce f he Cnun. e we npse na qe eac, nl (As s v p 108-6) Te ay Papa Pe a h ny a bd n pke ; Cuee rc·r he n n ne h e h ns l e: C n

y p he kns a e j a Ma'" � Dcsne " a nkn U h n we

aly aces e n f pp



,8 THE GREAT FRENCH REVOLOton nd hi est e rh obediently oted s it 's told to o

he Coittes gain mde an " aga r batch -in odr to beider pblic opinion and sent before therevolutiony tibnal Dnton, together wih Desoulins,Bzie (whoe nae we s\ s a isito of the Bao de Bat)�Fbe, accued of fogey Lo, accued of robby Chbot who acnoledgd that he hd rceed (ithout haing spent

the hundred thousnd francs fro the royaists fo oeunknown ir the forger Deluny and the gobewen o •d Bt conpircy Julien (of oulouse)

he peding before the tribunl ee suppresed Whthe vgorous defenc of Danton theatened to pooke a popuar riin the judge ould not perit hi or the oters to speak<

and ponounced the death sentecOn the 16th Geinl (Api 5) thy wee all executed One n el undetand the eect pduced on the popu

ltion of Pari nd the revoutionit in genea by he fal of he ;revolutio Coune of Pai, and the xecution o men such Lec Mnoo Hbet and Cloots followed by tat ofDantn and Cille Desoulins nd nly tht o Chauetteee eeuion wee conidee in Pris and in the poincas the end o the Revolutio: In poitca ces t was ownthat Dantn the rllyngpoint of the countereutonistsBut for France· in gener he eained e eouinist ho •had alwa been i the vanguad o U popuar moement. If e me are titos hom e sl e st " th

people sked themseve. But are they traito the quetioned. " 9 thi$ not a sure sign tht the Revouton '<neaing its end 1 "

Ctin it ws uch a sign Once the upd oeentof te Reolution was arted one a foce cold be foundtht ws le to sy " uthe thou ht not go and tht t aont hn ot eentil dends of the peope wesing epsiononce this force hd succed in cuhingtse h tid to forulte the is of the masse the te revolutionist ne wel that tis indeed the datagnof he Reoltio h nt dceived by Saintst



ALL O THE HEBERISS 49

wh tld them that· he t was cing t thik le �hse

hm he set t the scald Tey uerst that it wa thebegig f the ed n fact the tiuph f the cittees ve th CuPas wa the tuph f J ad urig a reluti ttuph f rer is the teriat f the ruay peri

e ight still b a few re culsi but the Relu-

wa at ed

Ad the peple wh had ade the Relut ally lt

itert n t hy td aside t ae ay the· 4f mucad"



/

CPER LX

ROBESPIERR AND HIS GROUP

Pion and inwce o Robpiaus of his wr:Hi incouptibiy-H fanaticim-is accuation agntFaHi chact and poicy

R h ee ofte etoed dcttor ' hene the Coento ed h the trt d t

tre tt the Reouto dre to oe Roeperre cqred uch uece tht he ce to e rerded th Frce d rod the ot port per the Rpuc

It od hoeer e correct to repret Roperre dictat, tough certy y of dre dred dcttorp for h We deed, tht Co eerced co

odere uthort th h pe do the Coteeof Fnce d tht Crot ded etee po ttecocerg the r depte the ore h y Roeperred Stut But the Cottee of Puc Sfety too 'eou of t cotrg poer ot to he oppoed dcttorhp d ede oe of t eer deteted RoprreMoreoer ee f there ere the Coeto certuer ho ere ot tuy ere to Roerre prepo dertg uece thee oud he ee oe the ug to ut to 1he dcttorhp of a Motgrd orgorou he h prp Neerthe Roperrepoer rey ee Ney eer o o h ee

e h dre ft tht the dpprce of h prty fro ) Th Notes hisoriqs SU Cnvenon nalio'u, by Mc Antoin

Baudot (i 1893 m b of ttl alu but Saintjut' popto appot obpir dctat to v th public hch Bauotmton (p ) i b no mn mpobbl Buonoi o a kn ct ' 0

$

5

0



ROBESPIERRE AND HIS GROUP ; . 551th polcal arna would man as · ined it provd ttump of raction,

I

ow tn s t pow of Robspirr and is group to b

xplaind First o a Robpirr ad bn incorruptibli t mit of t of mn wo radily ydd to t sduc tion� of rcs and powr and ts is a vry importnt tait intim of rvoluton t ajrity of t midl-classmn about im sard h t spoils o t national stats wnty wr put up for sal by t Rvolution and took part in :

t stock-joby wl tousand o Jacoins scurd pots undr Govrnmnt for tmsvs Robspirr rmand anuprigt jug stadfastly rmnding tm of gr pnpls of rpublicansm and trating tos knst aftpi wit t gilon

said and id durng tos v troubd yars f

rvoluton w fl vn now and s contmpora must av ft it st mor tat was on of vry f politcians of ta tim wo nvr wavrd n tir rvoutiony' faitnor in ir lov for t dmocratic rpubic n tis rspct

Rosirr was a ral forc and if t communsts a bnabl to opos m it anotr forc qual to s own in

.strngtf w.and intignc ty woud unoubtdy

av succd in lavng a far dpr imprss of tir idas ont Grat Rolution Ts quaits owvr wc vn is nmi ackn�w

ldg in Robspi would not suc alon to xplain t

imns powr possssd towards t nd of t Rvoluio fact is is fanatism c srang from purit of isintntions kpt m incorruptibl in t midst of a widspradcorrupton At t sam tim was string to stablis is autorityovr ns minds and to accomplis tis was

rady if ncssary to pass ovr t ad bodis of is opponntsIn t work of stablising is autority was owrfuly

scond by t growing mil lasss as soon as ty rcog nsd in im t appy man "qay rmovd from t xists and mortst man o ord tm tst guarant aganst t css " of t popl

e Og f tat r wa a man wo by t sct



55 T GT CH VOLUTOh inspird n t peopl, t modrat. scop of s ms andis tc for powr, was just t rgt mn to tabls a strongvrnmnt, and tus put an nd to t rvolutary priod

So long, trfor, as t ddl class ad antng to far from t advancd partis, so ong did ty rfrain · fromntrfrng wt Robsprr's work of stablsng t autoity ;6£ t Commtt of Public Wfar ad of is group i tConvnton But wn Robspirr ad pd tm t custos partis, ty crusd im in s turn, in ordr tat ddl-

cass Grondns soud b rstord to pow�r in t Convtonaftr wic t ridoran racon as dvlopd to itsfullst xtnt

Robsprr's mind was admiraby suitd for t 0 warqurd to play To b convincd of s on a oy o rad t roug draft of t dd of accusaion aganst Fabr

dEglantn and Cabot group, wc s wttn n obsprrs own and, and was found among is paprs aftr t 9trmdor Ts documnt caractrss t man bttrtan any amount of agumnts

" To rvl coatons av bn quarrllng, to t pulscandal, for som m past,' it bgns On of t is

nlnd to modraton and t otr to csss wc arpractcally woring aganst t Rvolutn On dclars wr aga nrgtc ptrots and pracs indulgc forconspirators, t otr artfully slandrs dfndrs of lbty,an would crus, on y on, vry patrot o as r rrd,w rmainng at t sam tm fully blnd to t crmna

ottgs of our mos angrous nms On rs toabus ts crdt wt or its prsnc in t Natona Convnon[Danton's party], t otr misuss its inunc wt t popular sot [t Commun and t 1] On ants tobtan from t Convntion dangrous dcrs and masurof opprsson aganst ts adrsar t otr maks us of

dangrous languag in publ assmblis triump* It was Ropierre h prpared the roug draft of th ccuatonaanst th roup, but h made Sant·Jut h ouhpiec. VidPaMers { trouls CM. Robspi," Saint-Just aya (c. sup-pmls 01 oms pa Courtois rldl du rapport d� r;, a Co#o aoa v I 2 s,g i 828



ROBESPIERRE AND HIS . GROU 553of ther party would b quall fatl to lbrty and natonalautorty " nd Robsprr gos on to say how th twoparts had attackd th Commtt f Publc Wlfar vr snc

ts formatonAftr charging Fabr wth prahng clnncy, n ordrto conl hs own rms h adds : " omnt no dobt

as favourabl fr prachng a bas ad cowardly dotrnvn to wll-dsposd mn whn l th ns of lbrtywr dong thr utost on th othr sd ; whn a vnal

philosophy, prosttutd to tranny nglctd trns for altars,opposd rgon to patrots· mad oralt contradcttslf, •confound th aus� of ' rlgon wth that of dspotsm th Catholics wth th consprators and t to forc

th popl to s n th rvoluon ot th trumph of rtu butth truph of athsmnot th sourc oappnss but th

dstructon of oal and rous das" W can s planly fro ths Xtract that f Robsprrhad not th radth of w and boldns of thought ncssarfor th lar of a paty durng a rvolutn h posssd nprfcton th art of nctng an assbly agan$t th or atprson Evry phras n hs dd of accusaton s a posond

arrow that hts th mar

most strng pont n all ths s t fact that Robprr and hs frnds dd not ral th part th Modrat wr<ang thm play untl th tm had co for thr own ovrthrow r s a sch to nt th opl tol vry

thng hs rothr wrt to hn fro Lyons If car s nottakn vryhng wl b dorgansd" nd MaxmlnRobsprr could s no furthr han hs brohr In th ortsof h advancd party h saw oy attac on th ovrnmntof whch h was a mbr ssot h accusd t ofbng th tools of th ondon and Vnns Cabnts Thattpts f th Counsts wr for hm only disorgansaton" It was ncssary to ta car " of tho crushth by th Trror

* W sc Ad Le Cu B i Ron t I C Z' Efr p8m

how, on the conray te movmn ginst C:ltit wa lkqith piotis

.



S54 T GAT FNCH VOLUN

" Wat are. he means of endng he il r " he as in a noe nd he repes : '

To pus e , raiors and cnsrao espey huly depu and admnsraors

· To send paro oop under ao eaders o subdue· h asoras of ons Mar Touon he Vende eJura and every oer reon here h sandard of re androyalsm as been se up

And o make ebe exampeS of he soundrs whoae ouraged bery and sed he bood of paros/ I s no a reuos ho speaks bu a member o a Goern

men using he languge of Goemens · s hRobperrs hole polc afer e of e Communeun e 9h ermidor remand absoluy sel ddnon o preen he mpendng aasrohe did mu oacelerae ; dd noing o urn asde he dars here being serely heeq o s�rke he Reuon dd

· eerng o ake r bos mora Pai� ; i 14:



CHAPR XVII

TE TERROR

' S tkn'by committ t neras th� por-w tEnglandCondtion of povin"Burnng of Bedouin

Spa commisson formd to al ith artd tznsRosprs a o 22n aiaEt · o aAim oRobspAttmpts on Ats. and xeuton�TorHad of Jaobn gomnt

, APTER th downfal of thir nmis of h Lft nd of h

gh h commit oninud o concnra ' �r andmor powr in hir own hands U o h i hr hadbn si Govrnmn dartmns wich r indirctysubordina o h Commite of ubc Wlfar rough thinrmar of h xcui omit comosd of si misrs O h 12th Grminal (Aril I t Sa dar-

nts wr surssd and hr lac akn b w xcu-t Commissions ach of th und h sursion of sctin o comit· Furthrmor h Committ ofubl Wfar btaind h righ of rcling b is own

aort h commisiors of h Contion And nali was ddd ha th surm oluiona rbunal shouldsi in as undr th of h cos os who wr accus of consirac in an ar of Franc wr to b brough

t ars for al A th sam m masrs wr an fourng ars of all dangrous lns ' Al ci-anJdisssd nobl) nd ll h forgnrs bonging o hnaons a war wh Franc wt a fw indisnsabl xctions

wr to b ld from aris, * A am Gulaum on t majorty � t Cmsons

ad d bn d uccsi snc Octobr 1793 Pfo·a� d m druQ puu d a Covo vInducton pp 1 2

D 6 and Grmn�



556 THE GREA FRENC REVOLIONThe other great pre�occupao of the overment wa te

war. Jauary 179 there had ti bee hope tht the

oppoitio party i the Egh paiamet upported by acoiderae , umber of people i odo ad severa iueta member of the Houe of ord woud prevet thePrime Miiter Pitt from cotiuig the war. Dato muthave hred ti iluo-whih wa oe of he crme imputed"to . But tt carried the parliaetary majorty With haait the mpiou aio ad ice the beii pigEla ad Pruia wom he ubidied puhe o the warvigorouly here were oo fou armie 3150 tromae o the roter of Frace cofrotig the four arieof the Republc whch mbered oly 290. But by thtie the armie of Frace were Repubica armi democraied ' wth tacic of thr ow eaborated ad ey were ot lo i gaig e upper had over the ed Power;

Te darket pot hwever wa i the codito of th i the provce epeialy the South. e dicrimiateeXtrmiaio of · a the outerreolutioit-both theeader ad thr rrepoble foowr-t which he locaJacbi ad he comiioer of the veo ad reorted

whe their party tiumphed roued uc bitter hatredthat i wa war t the fe everwhere. o make matter tll moredict there wa o oe eter o the pot or i Pari whocould · ave ueted ay rmedy but extreme meare ofrerio. Here a itace i poit

e eparmet of the Vauue had away bee fuU o

royat ad priet ad it happeed that i Bedou oe othee reote llae at the foot of Mot etux which hadever fosake the od r or cocealed the fat U te ahad bee cdalouly outraed. O Ma , th rof iberty had bee u dow ad te decre of theoveio draed houg he ud. Suchet the loa

militr ho wa preey to becoe a mperiatwihed to make a terible examle of the vge ad demadedit detuctio. Maiget the commio of the ovetioitated a appied fritructio to Pa ce cam theorer Puh evere wereupo Sucet et re to



TERROR 557ilge and f33 houss were rndrd uninhabitabl Withsuh a syste n, can asily magn that ther wuld . e nhic but t " punsh $evry "

S it was in eaty A ew 'days later it bing un ipssibe t transr to Paris a te arrstd tizns r asMaignt said t wd have qid an ary and a cissat t d it Cuthn prpsd a secal cissio t , dal with them. is coissin was t b ord brs to sit at Orang and ry the n o the Rutin

in th partts the Vaucus and Bucs-dun: coite agreed t h propsl· Rbspierh his wn hand drw up the instructions r th <osion and thse intrucis prntly srv as a dl r

his law o Trrr iud n the 2nd Praira

" Aew days latr Rspirre argd upn thes prinips

bre the Cnveni saying hat hithrt they had shnt uh cnsidan r the eni Ubty ad hat thy. ust now g byond the judcal forms

n

d

sipfy th, And tw day atr the o the Supr Being h prpsdth the cnnt is cags o th Cottee PublcWlar the aus law o h nd Prairial une I)cn

cning �he eorgansan o the rvutinary trbunalBy irtu this law the trbuna s t be dd int -

' Ihe folow the count gven Loui'Blnc (Bk XII; cha;x) wm one an cC\e of bng hte to he Robpeoup · " . "

he en of the Reoluon ad th nucon . ethe who b ny whatever nd und no mtt wt prteXtae d amp the progrs of the Revoluton d prevent thetblhmen of the Rublc The due , penlty for th crme dt the f rute for dmnton e l nfOn O no w kn whch my convnce reaonble man nd endof y The gude fo ng tenc l t concence ofthe judge eghtened by oe of �tce nd of h country ther aimbng the pub welre and the drucon of thee enem of the

:fthand They , wh to gov revoluon by wyer ubet con-

prce gat the Republc wre beng tted f they we to btween pvate ndvdual Tyrnny y nd lbertpld And the odemade by the conprtor the law by wchey e udged I , T4 only dely n punng the eneme

the fatrlnd hould un uc me they re ound out t no ou a queton of punhng of droy m �



58 GREAT FNCH REVOLO secons each coposed of hree judg and ne juror Seveof h cobie nue were to e suen� for mking

desions. '

e ules fo " passig sentce were to be ' thoe whih have ust eedescri«das contained in he instrucionso the coiion at Oan; except that aong he crimesderving of eath they inued aso the speading of false

ne to divide o sti up the eople, the unemiing ofmorty an e corrung of the public conscience

It is eet that to decreesuch a lw was to si he - ptcy of 'the revoluionary Govement It ment doigunde a preext of leglty what the people of ari ha done in a insurec ad in a oent of paic and dperation during the Sepebe das the eect of the law of e 2d

Pairial was t ring e counte-rolutio to a ead in ixwee.

Was Rerres purpe i dawng up his law oly tostrike at hose mers of the Cnvenion who he ieved to e mot ham to e voltio, as some historias have ri to pove His 'ihdawl fom the usines of govrnent after he dsusions in the Convention ha pov hat th Assbly wld nt llow itsf to e bled y the committee

without efeng its memers gives an air of obabilit to s uositin. ut e elestablhed fact that he in stcis to the coission at Oange had alo emnatedfro Roesierre upsets this theo. It is moe pobable that opie simplyJollowed th curent of he oent, and

that he, Couthon Saintust in agreeet th many others,

inudng Cambon want to use he erro a a gn waon of wfae a mnace to me membs onvention: In ealty tut enioning ber they

d en stedily aproaching his law since the dec of h 19h o&l (a 8) and Pirl (May 28 which dealtwhthe concentation of auhority It i alo pobae

that the attempt of Lamral to i Coot drbois ad thestage aair o Cile Reault hlped to secue the acepaonof the of te22nd Paial

Toard he end of Apl ee ha been a se of eecutionsinris hich mU$t have stiuated t? hgh egree te hat



HE ERROR 559onhe royas side After the " batch gulotined on the 24th

Geminal (pril IS), which inuded Chaumette, ob, Lule Desmouins, the widow of 'Hbert, and fteen others, the had

executed dEprmesn, e Chapier; Touret, old Maleerb,te defender of Lous XVI at his ria, Lavoisier, the greatchmist and good repubca, and the sister of Louis XVI.,

ada Esabeth, whm they might have set at libety at theam time as her nece without in the east endanging the

: Repubic

e royaists were uch infurated by hs, and on the 7thPraiial (May 25) a certan admiral-an ocekeper aged y wet to the Convention intending to kl Robeserre Lad

•ral, however, fel aseep during a speech y Barre and issedth " yrant He threfore red instead at Coot dHerbois he was mounting the stairs o hs lodgng A stule ensued

between te two en in which Coot disrmed Ladiral.Te ame day, Ccle Renaut, a grl of twenty, the daughterf a royaist statoner entered the courtyard of the house where obespierre lodged with the Dupays, ad insiste on eeing

' him Her intentions were suspected and she was arrt o smal ves were found in her pocke and her incoheent

anwers were interpreted as eaning that she had intend tmake an attempt on ·Roespierres ife If it was so� te wholeaair was ver chdish but these two attepts proalserved as an argument in favour of the eorist Law

At any rate thcommittees took advantage of oth indento make a hg " amagam Tey had the father nd broth

of the young gil arrestd, and several peons hose sole ewas that hey had own Ladmiral ore or l inIn th same " batch t they included Madm SaintAaranthewho kept a gambinghouse to which an people were at tractd by the bauty of her daughter, Madame de Saine

A the stablhment ad ben frequened b aU orts of peopleamong ohers by Chabot, Deseux, Hrault de Schelles, and

visited it seems, by Danton and appareny by a youngerbrother of Robespierre, the aair was ade out t be a royalstcospiracy, in whch it was attempted to impcat Ropieehimsef hey so dragged i old Sobreul who Mr



56 THE GRET FNCH REVOLUTIONhad savd· during te Sepeber massac te actrss Grand'Maisn a misr o Baron de Baz Sarino " a ght of thedagr, an aong with thse notables a poor innocen litledressmaker seventen yar old, named Nicolle

Under he new la of the 22nd Prair 1, e tral was. soonover • is ime he " bach numberd fyfour p�on8who went to te scaold in red smos of parrcid thir execuon lsing two hours is was the rst ouco f the new la, whch ver one calld Robespieres lw, and a

one roke it made he re the Terrorss eese by Paris

One can iagie he sae of mind of those who hd beenarrtd as " suspets and ung into pson n the captal

when h heard e erms of the ew law ad its applicain• in he case of he fyour rd-socs (s chemi rou) A

enal massare o clear ou te prison as pcd as atan and Lyons and preparons were bing ade by he prisoner to resist I is even probable at a rising Wasplanned e numr of accused persons rid a one timerse to one hundrd and fy who wee eecued n thr

" bach convcs and rolists going to the scaold

togeher t is uss to dw un hs exuton Suce it o say : ta from April 17 1793 the day when the RevolionarTbualw stabshd, until he 22nd Prairal in te Year II(un 10 179+) hat is, witin fourtn monhs; he trbunal

had sen 27 persons o e guilloine in Pas bu ae te

pasing of the new law, in fort-six days from the 22ndPrairial to e 9h ermidr (ul 27 179+) he ameribnlcausd 1351 to pish .

The . pople of Paris soon sickend wh the horro o£ sing , te procsion of umbrils carryng he condemnd o he fo .of he guilloine, where i was as much as ve execuioners oUld do o empy them eey ay . Tere wa no longer ro

m in e cemeees t bury he victims, and gorous pross {ere raised * A search made in he prisons led to the seizur of sums o money

, mountng to 86.0 ' !vres exclusve o� jewel hh "bught th toa value p o smehng ike� I .20 lvres psesed by the upets in ron. '



HE ERROR. ea time a new cemetry Was opned n any of the faubourgs e sympat of the worng people wr now tu to vctms of te gllotne t more bcause thos struk on

beng cey to the poorr ases-t avng egrate · or conceae hesves ·a fact among te 750; gllotn prsons of wos soal status Lous Blanc oun

rcor oly 650 bon to h welltoo asses It was ven wspere at on e Cmmttee of P�blc Safy there was ayalst, an agent of Baron Batz wo rge on t exeutons

so as to ren the Rpublc eteste ;� Oe ting s certan eah n bat " of ts kn astene 'fall of th Jacobn Government e Terror a ceas toterrose a ng wch statmen cnnot unersan:

2



CHAPER

T

THEMIDOR-TRIUH OF ,REAION '

Cau of oveow o Rop&Ev af, of and-Reubcan ucc aboad-T connue-Danoni. Gondn ad' " Mah unte t oveo Rob-Unouty of Comme Pu WefaRoee atc Be and Fouch-H eech Convenon-Et

of h�h ThemidoAt of Robee and he-Eo of munCaue Hel de VlExuton of Robpre and TeotEnd o Revouon-Reactonae contnue exuon-Atemed ng ofokExuton of at of Mong-Tumh ofmidde sRoyat manfaon-Mac of evuonReacon uccded by Decoy- e ofevouont-Naoln m hmef Emo

I Robspierre had many admrer who ado�d him he had , . ' quite a many enemie ho uterly deted him and lo no opporunity o making im oiou by aribuing to im a ehorro of he Terro. Nor d ey neglect o rener hm

ridiculou b connecng him wih he doing o an old adyic Catene o o cal her the Mother o

Go" "

Bu ti it i evien ha wa no pernal enmie whchoverthr Robepierre i all a ieable becaue hrepreented a ha wa on he point o ouneing Aterth Revolution had pae throgh it acenan phae hchaed until Augu or Septembr it entere upon it

cendant phae It a no paing through he Jacobn o ch Robepierre wa the upreme exprion andin i turn hi had o give place o the men o la and rder who were longing to put an end to e unre o reoluon an wee only waiing or the momen hen they col 5&



T H RMRothrow th Trrorists of th " Mo�nt;n iout provokingan insurrction in Pris.

'

W cnnot rstimt th il rsuting fro e fctht in conoic t th Rolution ws sd n prsongin A rolution hu includ h wa 01 , owiis crin to sd by thos ry prsons ho t nrichd t th xpns of th ntion r hiting of

, wt is cusd by roluon it ought nr to b for tht f indiuals, but lw for t bnt of tommunii

Yt it ws on this point prsy t th Grt Rolutionftll rrd

stts hch wr consct o th church d th nobity wr gin to prit prsons hrs th ould bn rstord to th igs nd th ton bcus thy hdfory bongd to th popl-bng s thy th lnds

: whic ndiduls hd fstnd uon und th protction ofth fud st r h nr bn ny cultivtd lndof sgnioril or cclsistic orgin. Aprt fro fw onsiccouniti nithr lords nor prits hd r ith tir own

hnds clrd singl cr popl thos cd "iior mnan hd clrd y squr d of cultit

soil t ws thy who hd d it ccibl hbitbl nd gin lu to it nd it ws to th it shold bnrsord

Bt cting in th intrsts of iddlcls Stt th Consitunt nd Lgisli slis nd n th Conntiontoo cowldgd th lgl clis of lord connt cthdrl

and curch to lnds whch in forr tis hd bn ppro ptd by thos props of th thn gong Stt nd ty tookpossssion o ths lnds nd sold h chy to th iddsss

It cn b ignd wht scrbl for sr in this bOotytoo plc whn stt f which th totl lu ountd tofro tn to tn thond ions f frncs wr on sl forsrl· rs undr condiions xtry fourbl to thpurchsrconditions hich cod rndrd sll ordngous by currying four with th w locl uthoritisIn this wy the amous " black bands wee formed in th



s6 T G FNCH VLIN

proncs, agains which l he eo of he Conveno'commissioners were powelss.

The perou inuence of he pifere, nforcd by he Paris tock-jobbr ad he amy conraor pread · by degre o he Cnveno iself, where he hon men amng heMonagnads found hemsve confroned by " promongers ,

and helpless agains hem Wha was here o oppose o hem f, Once he Erg were cushed and he seions of Paris para

lysewha remaine in he Convenon bide he Mash �, he vcory of Fleurus won on June 26 (8h essidor) oerhe coined forces of Ausa and Englanda vcory whihended he campaign in e Norh for ha yearnd he uccesss gine by he Repulcs aris in he Pyrs, he lpsand on e ne, as wl as he arrval of a ranspo ladn wih

hea from America he cos, be i aid, of sveral bae shipshse sucesss served in hesev as powerful argumes wih e moderaes: who were anxou o roreorder Wha said hey, " e good of a evoluionarovernmn now h he war is almos over � I is me o go ack legal coiions an o pu an end o govemen y revluionary commies and paoic sociei in he proncs is ime o resore order and o ose he eriod ofreoluion !

Bu he Terror, so nral aribued o Roespierre farfrom raxing wa sil fuly mainained On he 3rd Mesidorune , Hrman a govemen ocial, commS s dmss cls p �1x" a man mu aacd

o Roespierre sen in a saemen o he Comiee of PucWlare askng permiin o inquire ino he plongs amonghe psones and ing ha migh e necsa pren o purge he pisons He was auhosed by he commieeo hold he iqi and forhih egan he senng of osehorrile achs hose carads of men ad women o he

goine, a sigh mre aoinale o he Pasians hn hSepemer massacrs These execuons wee al e moreoous ecause no one knew where hey would end and eausehey we on in e mis of balls concer and oher fesiiven he ss ha ad rcny grown h and amid



T . H TRMIDOR

ision of h ryist leun who day more aggrssiv

Evryon mus hav f ha hs sa of ngs cou no

la) an·h oras in h Convnon ook avanag of i anonss, Gironins, an h mmbrs of h " arsh,' join ranks an concnra hr f�rcs on obspirr ovrhrow as h rs pon o b in Th conon

Pars favour hi signs as h Comi of Pubic Wfar ha succ in crippng h scionsh u

cnrs of h popuar ovmns n h 5 rmor (uy z3) h gna counci of hCommun, in wch Payan an inia fn of Robspir

was now powrfu i uch o inur is popuari byssuing a cr ha was absouy unus o h workrsTh coun orr in a h foryigh scions h pra-

· maion of h maxmum, which was o h mi o hworkrs wag A w hav sn h . Commi of PubcWfar ha aray ma isf upopur ih h son

by sroyng hr auonomy an appoining h mmbrs ofsvra o hir commi

momn hfor wa rip fo amping a p

:

n Zs Mssior uy 9) Robpi ha anc o gin h aack pon hs nis gh ayprousy h ha bn cmpainng a hJacobin Cub of hwa ha was bng wag agains hm prsonay H now

wn ino paricuars, an ma som ausions o Barrh vry Bar who uni hn ha bn h pan insrunof his facion hnvr a bo sok ha bn n in honvnion To ays ar, again a h acobin Cub h

m a irc aack on Fouch for his rb oings n Lyons,an succ in havng him summon o answ for h bfor h ub

By h 26h ssor u war was car as Fouch

ha rs o appar bfor h acobin A · o h aak on Barr, i man aso an aack on Coo Hrbois an BauVarn, as w as on wo powrfu mbs 0 h Coof Pubic Safy, an ouan who ofn confrr



5 GEAT FENCH REVOLUONih Br-e nd had collaborated wih him in te businss fhe prson plots. '

. Althose of he Lft therefore, who ft themselves threatened allen, Br-e Vader, Voulland, BlaudVarenne olo dHerbois, ouchbanded theslvs togethe aganst the

tumir Robspirre SaintJt nd outhon Modera, such as Barras, Rove hrion, ourto, ourdon and

the rst, ho for thr part, would have ked to see the

donfal of th whol " Mountain, inudng ollot dHerbosBllaudVarenne, Bar-e Vadier and the others no doubt sd tohemseves that it was best to begin by attacng the Robespierre group a, once that was· overhrown the rst could eesly managed

sto burst in the Conventio o he 8th herdor

(uly 26 1794) It must have been ectd for the hal washronged Robspierre attacked the ommitte o GenerlSafet in a carefull prepared speh and chrgd it with cn •ping against the Convention He was there, he said tdefend the Convention and hmself agst slanders He alodefended hmsf against the charge of dictatorial tendncies,and he did not try to conclatory towards hs adversari

even towards Cambon of whom he spoke, as wl as of Malarm6and Raml in terms borrwed fro ' Eag calling them F rstorats, rascals.

He w permitted to nish, because people were aous toow hs cocsions, and whn he had expressed them it waserved that in reity e was asking for an increase in his own

authori an that of his grup ere as no new outlook,no ne programm n hs speech. t was ony the demand ofa Gvent meber for mor power�ll more power, to used for prpe of represin

" Wht is the remedy for the evi he said in conlusion." The punshment of the raitors, a complete reonstruction

o the Comittee f Genrl Safety, the rication of thatcomittee nd ts subordination to the omtt of PublicWelfare ; the purcation of the oittee of Publc Welaretsf ; and unity of Goement under the authorit of te Nation Conention whih s he cere nd te judge



TE 9H ERMIDORI ws unded hen h e cnned imlf t ng

me uhy be veed io hi. iuvie, e ae · in Cll nd Bll, llien d Be, Cmn n '

Cn Vdie n llnd he cnpi e hmu hve ued hei hnd he hd nl le le,Bll-Vene nd he he Mnn c

e evenin he me d he Jcin Clu rturppluded Repiee peech nd de uru� demn in in Cl dei nd Biludenne I een

pped mch in he cmmiee; nhng en end mee lk he cin Clu hd neve een cene cin

Duin he nih Budn nd len ecued he uppr he Cnvennl he h, nd ppenl he pln eed upn peven Repiee nd Sinum

pein

e nex d, he 9h heid, n SinJ e e i emenich, he , w ve mdee,

kd eviin Gvemen pcedueBillud-Venne nd llien ld n llw h ed he demnded he e he " n, menin Repiee nd hu " Dwn wih he n I " ee eechd

'by he � whle he " Mh Repiee emed pek u he, w pevened An e iven pecuin, incluin i he, SinJu, Cuhn ndLe, nd he ee meily ee nd ken

dieen pinMenile n, he chie he Nnl Gd, lwe

dede-cp n me endme w llpin huh he ee in he diecin he Cnvenin, hen w he ee he Cnvenin, eein him p in he ue Sinn, hd im ee ix : he vendme une i cmmnd ,

he Gnel uncil he Cmne d n mee unl

i lck in he eenin I hen iued ppel he peple, cllin n e ie in Be, Cl, Budnn Am, n Cnhl w epche delive Repend hi en w i huh, wee kep unde e in . '



S T GREAT FRENCH REVOLUINthe bulding occupied by the Committee of Genera Safety,

. but Conhal found thee onl anot whom he eased

to Ro bespie he had been tken st to te uxmbog but the oals thee efused to ' eceve him ; and instead ofgoing stght to the Commune, and casting in his lot with thepaty of insuetion he went to e Police Oce: on the Quai des Ofes and emained doing nothng Saint-Justand Lebas went as soon as ey wee fee to te Comune anConhal gain nt by th Cnci to seek Robspiee had to

foce s hnd to comp im to go to he tl de ewhch he eaed about ght olck

he Coun of th� Commune began to aange fo a ising,but it ecame ea that the tions ad n mind to se againstte venon in favou o tose whom they hged wting glotied Chaumette and bert kiled acquRoux ejecte ae fom oce and destoyed e autonomy_o the sections Pas moeove must hae felt that heRvolution was ding out, and tat the men fo whom teCounl of the Commune apealed to the people to ise wee inno way epsentative o the ppula cause

By midnght t sec had made n sign of stiing

ouis Blanc that they wee in a stat of disin h _ commtte eing unble to come to ageement th theeolutionay commttee an he Geneal ssembes Tefouteen sections tat oeyed the Commune in the instace dd nothng whle eighteen wee hostile and of tesesix wee in t!e immdate neighbouhood of the de le

e men of Jacques Rou section the Gale ev fomed the st nucleus of one of the two columns tat· maced upon th tel de Ville at the ode of the Convention

Th seci M Eest Me sa tk no intave, but yfoowd thi commit_h membs of which w depdnt on

- th Commtt of Pub Wfa and Gen· af Th ' werlet no part n pocs The had evn bn forbddn to :themev prma mb ; on the 20th Fo Y M 9,179 Paan the naona agen o th Commun who had tan plac o Chaumett d thm that und a voonagovment ther wer n prma abs Th wa toemnd thm that th abdcato a compte pp I 5 Aountng th cce purcaton to wch th on had umd to ak thJm accepabe o th Jaobns p � M





50 E GREAT FRENCH REVOLUTONe opponents of the Terror, who were awa takng o

emency wanted it ony for themeves and their frend

e rst thing they did when they came into power was toexecute a'the parsans of the Montagnards. whom they hadoverthrown In he three da the lth l th and 12th .

ermidor u 8 9 and 30) there were a hundred an three exection Denuncatons pourd in from the midde ca and e guiotine wa workng hard-ths tme on the id f

reactionIFrom te 9th erdor to th t Praia in e ;tan ten month$ seentythree Montanard repesentative

were codemned to death or imprioned whe eventythreeGirondns reentered the Convention

I w�s no the tu of the rea " Statemen The " maximum on commoditi wa peediy aboihe which produced

ioent cis during whc ockjobbing and pcuationttaned igantc proportion e idde caes hed hihhoiday as they dd aan ater on after June 88 and Ma18 e jn ' organied by Fron rued Pariwhie e workers eeing that the Revoution wa vanquihecrept bak to thir hove to edtate on te chance of the etpheava

They aempted to ri on the lZth Gerina Year I(Apr I, 9) and again on the 1t Praia May 0) deandnread and te Consttution of 93 On thi occaion the faubourgs howed much spirt but he mide cae had had time to orne ther forces e revoutionary tribuna had beenabohed o the at of the Montagnard-Romme Boubotte

Duroy Soubran Goujon and Duqunoy-were condemne�to deah b a itar commiion and executed ' ,

; Thenceforth the midde case remained maters of theevouion and the decendant phas� continued e reactionoon became franky royat The op d no ongeremined conceaed, but openy wore the gey coat ith te

reen or be coour of the ChoanJ • and treated a thoenown as terrorists that is to a a rpubcas Therewre perecutons bot whoeae and reta Whoever hadsited in any wa: in the eecution f the Kn-or i hi

T Bo osts



T H TMIDO�t a£t r the h to Varenne, whoeve ad t an a

wht vr

in the aault on he ulere, s ointed u

the royalit and fe me inuppoable for hm.In te departments, especaly in te Sout, te c Comgnie du Jus," the Compages du Solel and other royaiorgaaons practised wholesale reprials In e prson Lyons, ix and Marelles tey ed those who ad taeart in the ormer govrnment ' Miget say : Nearl

' eve place in te Souh had i second o! September, and tt of cure, eans its royast econd of Sepember Besidtese wholesale massacr the membrs of the above-namedSoeties of esu and the Sun d invidul manhunt

In Lyons, wenever they found a revotost who had escapedtheir maacre they ked m and trew he ody into tehne ithout any pretence at a tria Smlar eds were enact d in aracon. - e reaction increaed untl aat the Convention broke upn the 4th Brumare ear IV (Octob 26, 1795). e Drectory succeeded it and prepared e way for te Conulate rnd the Empre afterwards. e Directory was a teble

or of the mid claes in whch th forune acqred during

the Revoluion, epeal dung the emidorean reaction were underedn unbidled luxury Fr if the Revolutionhad ut in rculain eight miard of aermoney, the ermidorean recion went ten mes as fast in that direcon

for it ued the amazing u of thy llards in apewh /um h By thi we can calculate the amount o

the fortunes which had been accumuatd by the prot monge/ thak; to the treendou iue o pap money.

Once agin in May 7<6 the revoluonay Commusts undethe leaderip of Babeuf tred to get u a inurrection trough ·hr secrt oety but were arrested before it a e

An atemt to r the camp at Grenele on the gt o the3rd Fuctdor, Yer IV. (September 9 79 alo faled Babeufand Darh were condemned to dea, an kled themevesWih dagger on th 7 Prairial Yr V But the royas hadthr le too on the 8h Fructidor, Year V (September



S7Z T G FNH VOLION797) and th Drctr atd unt th 8h BuYar omr 9 799)

n tha da Napoon Bonapart card ot hs and natona rrsntato wa compt upprd b th� ho had h am on h ar wh had asd n as had thu com to ,

oca conuson O t z8h ora Yar X (Ma 18); Napoon proamd hms Empror and th a

ro out aan at wt rf nta nt 11• r '

'



WHEN one sees ht terrble and pwerul Cnventon eckng

se n I79f�1795, at proud and strong Republc dsappea .ng, and Fance ater the demoralsng m oithe Drectryalng unde the mtary yoke o a Bonapa'e one s mpeled

to ask : " Wat was te good o the Revolon he naon . ad to all back aan under deposm 1

n the course o the

nneteen centur ths qton as been constanl put, and

te tmd and conservave ave wo t threadare as an aru- ment aganst reolutons n general Te preceng pages sppl the answe TOse w haveseen n the Revoluon only a cange n te Gvernenthose w are gnorant o ts econoc as well as ts dcatonalwor thoe alone could pt sc a qeson

Te Fance we see dung the last days ohe gteentcentury at te moment o the ( on te 18t Brumare

j& not e France tht exsted beore 1789 Wuld t ave npssle o the old France, wrethedly poo and wt a thrd er populaon serng yealy rom dearth; to have mantaned te apoleonc Was, comng so soon atr the teble

wars o the Repubc between 1792 and 1799 en all uope

was attakg her 1 ' Te act s, tha a new France ad been onsttuted snce791793 Scarty sl pevled n many o the departments, and ts l hoo wre elt epecally ate the o erdo, when th maXmu ce or l oo

sts was aboshed Thee wee stl sme deparments hch

dd not prodce enoug weat to eed temseve and as the wa went on an al means o£ transport were eqsoned o sppes there ws scar n tose departments t evey

hn tends to pove that Fance was even e producnm "



57+ THE GREA RENCH REVOTIONuh ore of he nessarie of ife · of e nd than in1789

Neve wa here in Frane such energetic poughg Miche- et t u as in 792, when the peasant was plouging the nde had taken ac fro the ords, te conent, the churcheand wa goading s xen to e cry o " Alos p AlonsAuich " Never had there ben so uch clearing of and ven royaist writers dmit thsas durng thoe year ofeoluion e st god harvt, in 79 brought relef towothirds of Frceat east in the llags, for a timehe ons wer threatened wit scarty of food Not hat i wa scarce in France a a whole, or . the sans-cult municipaitie neglected to take easures to feed tose who coudnot nd empoyment, b� frm the fact hat l beast of burden .not actully used tlage were requisitioned to carry fod and

unitin to fourteen are of the Repubc In thos .day there were no railwa and al but the main roads were in te state they are to t day in Russiawnigh impassable

A ew rance was during those four year of revoluonor the rst time in centuri the peasant ate s l, straightened hi back ad dared to speak out Read he detaied

repors concernng the return f uis XI to Pars, whn hew brought back a prsoner ro Varens in June 79, bthe peasants, and say : " Could such a thng such an interest �in he public wefare, uch a dotion to it, and such an in ; dependence of judgment and aton have been possible before1789 A new nation had ben born in he eantmeust

a we see toay a ew nation cog into ife in Russia andi rky . " . • wa owing to his new birth ha rance wa abe to main

tain her wars under he Republc ad Napoleon, and to carry the prinpes f e Great Reolutionnto Stzerand, Itlypan, Blgum, olland Grmany, and evn to he border

of Russia d hen aftr all those wars, ater having menta foowe he Frenc armi as far as Egypt and Moscow,we expec to nd France in 8 reduced to an appaisery an her and aid waste, we nd, instead, that even int easte porions nd in he Jura, country is much mor .



CONCLUSION 575prosperous tha it was at te ime when tion pointing oto Louis XI. the lxriant banks of the Mae, sked him ihee was anywhere in the word kingdom oe aif

tan the one the King had not sh to keepe slfcontained energy was s in llages regenated" by the Revoluon, that in a few ears France beme contr

of ell-to-do peasants and her nemies son discoverd hat spite of l the blood she had shed and the losses e had sstaned, France, in respect f her , was the rches

countr in Erop. Her wealth indee, is not drawn from thndies or from her foreign commerce : it oms from her osoil; from he love ofthe sil from her o si and indstr• She is te icest contry because of he subdivision of heweath, d she is stil richer because o the possibiities hers for the future. , " I " .

' ' Such was the eet of the Revolution And i the casa

obser sees in Napolei Frane ol a love o! glor, thehistrian realises that even the ars France waed at at perodwere undertaken to sec�re te fruits of the Revoluionto keep

the lands hat had ben retken from the lors, the prits andhe ich and th liberties that had ben won frm despotismand the Crt f France was ing i tose ears to bledersef to deth merel to preet the Gemans th Enishand the Russians fro £orcng a Louis XVIII pon her, it wa

• becase she id not ant the return o the emigrant nobles tomean that the d-vans would take ba the lands which hadbeen watered already ith the peasants sweat and the libertieswhich had been sanced with the ptriots blood nd Fance

fought so we for tenty-thre years, that when she was comped at last to admit the Bourbons it was she ho impsdcondiions on them. e Borbons mght regn, bt theands were to be kept by those who had taen them from thefeudal lords, so tat even uring the White Terror of theBourbons they dared not touch those lands The old

cold not be reestaished . This is what is gained y mang a RevoltioD

ere are oter thing to be pointed ot n te histor o '



576 HE GREA FRENCH VOLONnatons a me com when fundamental changes e ound to tae plce in the whole of he natonl lfe Royal dpotis

nd feudaism were dng in 789 it was poible to keephem ave ; hey had to o - " ," But en, two way wer open ot befor France : reforor roluton.

At sc e tere is way a moent when reform is stilpossile ; b if advantage hs no been taken of that moent,if an osinate ristance has en opposed t the requemof the new lfe, p to he pot when blood has ow in thesteets, as it owed on July I 1789 hen hee must be aRevluon nd once he Reolun a begun i mustnecsaly evelp t its last onlusonsat i to say to thehght Pnt it is capable of attainngwee oly tempoarily,bng ven a etain cntion of the publ mind at ths ar ticua oent� ' • f we repente slow progess of a peri of voluo by alne dawn on aper we sa see ts lne gaually thoughslowly ising. Ten there coes a eluton and he nema a sud eap upwards In Englad the ln would

reeseted as isng to e uitan Rubl of Coel

in Fance it s to te S- pu of 1793 Howeve, at ' ths hgh pg cannot be mantaned ; 'tehosle foc league togte agans it, and the pu goes

. � O ne after aving eaed hght dops• eaction fow. For te poltcal fe of France the lne

drps ve low idd, ut by deees it ses agan and when

peace is rested in 181 in France ad in 1688 n Enand both countes a found to havattand a levmch hiherth they were on ror to ir evoluons. fter tht evoluton is rumed our ne agan ben . Sowly t, besid tng place on a very much h level, the sing of he lne w in neal eve case e also

mc oe rd efoe the eiod of distubance.This is a law of human pogess, an also law of indidul pogs. The oe recent hstory of Frace conms this very lw by shoin$ how it was necessar to pa through teune to arveat the Third epui



CNCLUSN 7

, The work of the Frech Revoluo s . o ce merelyto wha t obtaned a ha was retae f Frace ' It

" t be fou als the pcples bequeathe b t o the

succeeg ceuy- the le of recto marke out for he future

reform s always a comproms th the pas but heprogres accomplshe by revouto s lways a proms of

futre progress If he Grea Frec Revoluo was thesummg up of a ceturys evouti lso ark out s '

t the programme of evoluo to be accomplshe heusef the eeeh cet It a law he ws hstory a the er o£

hur or a hre a hrty years more or whaes betw to gat revoluto� receves s charact

o the reoluto whc hs pero bega e

ao eavour to realse her sttuts the hertace bequeahe to he by the ast reluo that hs last cul ot ye pu racce a hegeat thoughs whch were tro crcula urg

he urol a whc he revluto ether cul o! or o ko hw aply e amts a socologcal reco

struc hch were bor u he reoluto l go tmake up he subsace f elu0 urg the eoch hafolows he revou wth the a f thse ew east whch hs ev<uo wl gve brh e tryg o pu topractce he programme mar o by the lat upheavalhe a ew revlu w be brought abou some her

ao a hs ato s tu se he probems for the• fowg cetur Such has hherbee he re f hstoTw great cquess fac characerse he ceury hch

has passe sce 891793 Bh oe her rg o the Frech ev hch a carre he heEgsh eou he earg a vgrag h alhe proress hat ha bee mae sce he Egsh mcasse bhae her Kg a rasferre hs per o heParamet hese t great ruh$ are : he ab of

erfom a h ab f absm b hh ersoaLlbertes have bee cferre up the ual ureat

2 0



TH GREAT FRENCH REVOLUINo b te serf o the lord and the subject �f the abolute kng,we at the same time the have brougt abut te evelop

me of the mile asses an the aptaist rgime " hese to aeements repreent the rincpal or o teineteenth centur, begun in Frane in 18 and slowy speadover Europe in the course of tat' entury.

e wor o enfranhsement begun b the Frenh peasantsn 1789, was cntnued n San, Itay, Stzerand Gerny,

and ustra by te armes o the Jns-ctts Unfortunately, tis wor r penetrated nto Poand and did no reach Russaat

The aboon o serfdom n Europ woud have been alredmpeted n te rst hal of th nineteenth centur theFrench J, comng into power in 1794 oer t dead

boies Qf achists, Cordler, and acobns ha not eckedth reolutionar impuse, estred onarc and handed overFrance to te imperial ugler the rst Napoleon Ths exsnsut no a geera o the s/nJ-cuttes speed began toprop up arstorac ; but te uson ha been gien thenstitution o sefo had aread receved a ortal blow. It

was boshe in Span and Itay in spite o te eorary trup reation It was osy pressd n German aterI and dsappere n ha countr dentiely n 188; In 86I Rusia was ompeed to emancipate er serfs and thewar o IS7 put an end to sero in the Bala ennsula

e e is n cmplete e rght o the ord over theerson of te peasant no longer sts in Europe even in thosecountres whre te dal dues ave st to be eeeed

s act is not suienty appreae by stoians b- sorbe as the are in olti: questos tey not perev

the mportanc of e aboion of serfom wi is however the essenti feature of the nneteen entry Th riariesbeteen nons an the rs resutng from them te polso te ret oers w ocupy s u of he storanstenion ave a srng m that on geat factteaboion of sro an te evelopment of te wagesystmwic has tken ts pe . ' Te French pean in revoting a nre nd twenty er



CNLUSON ' , agains the lord ho mae him bea he nd l ai

" frogs shoUld dsurb his masers sleep has hu freed the peanof all Eupe In four year by bng the document wchreered s subjection by eting re to he hteaux and byeecutin the · owes of ' them who refu o reconise hirights as a human bing, the Frenc peasan so irred up Europe ha i i today atogeher free from he degradaion of serfdom. . .• ' '

On e other nd, the ab�lition of abolute power ha alo

taken a lttle oer a hundred ears t make the our o Europe.Attacke in England in 1648, and vanquished in Franc in 1789roya autority based on diine right is no longe exeried av in Rusia bu there too i i a i las gap. Even the litleBalkn Saes and Turkey have no heir repeenaiveasembie and Russia is entering the ame cycl. '

n s respect he evoluin of 18193 ha als cco ied is ork Equalty befoe the l and represntativegoernment hae now their place n almot al h cd of

urope. n theory, at least the la mae no distintionbeteen men and eer one hs the righ o paicipamore or less n the oernment.

The abolue monarmaser of ubject-d e lordmate of the sol nd the peasas by rght of birth-havebot dsappeare he ddle casses now govern Europe ; Bu a the sae time the Grea evolution has equeathdo us some oer principles of an intely higher mpor

the prncipl of commuism We have seen ho a troughte Great Reolution e commns idea kep coming ote front, and how afte te fl of the Girondns numeosatteps and sometimes grea atempts ere made in hidrecion. ourersm decends n a direc lne from Le

n ne sd and from Chae on te oter Babeuf is te direcdcendan of ideas wh stirred the maes to enthuasm in ; he Buonarotti and Sylain Marcal hae only ytemati tem a lttle or een mery p tem no literry

orm But te ecre socties organsed b Bauf and Buoaroi were te orign of he &ommn mJ



· TH GREAT 'FENCH EVOLUTONeret ee troug wic Banqui and Brb� conspiredunder te r onarcy of Louis-Phlppe Later on, in

186 the Inteationa Working Mens ssociation apparedin the direct lne o dcent fro these soets to" sociasm we know now tht ths term cae it voge toaid te term "communsm,hcht one tme as dangerousecaue the secret comust soeti became socete fracon, and were rigorouy suppressed by te risie ten

power;

"

ee is herefore, a drect latin from te Era of193 and te Babeuf conspiracy 1795 to te ntrnationWorng Mens Association of 181878

ere is .aso a irect dcent of ideas p ll now, modern oalism has added absolutey nothing o te ideas whih eerculatng among te Frenc eope between 1789 and 17%nd wc it was tre to put into practce in he Year oft Republic Mode . soalism as oy systematised thosidea and found arguments in ter faor ther by trnagainstte dle-ass economists certain of teir ow e on, or by gnralising certain facts notied in the devop-ment f industral capitalism in the course of the nneteent

century Bt perit mylf to mintain also that, however vae it .may ave been howeve little uppot it endeavoured o draw from !rgments dressed in a sentic garb, and:however litteuse it made of te eudo-sentic slang o te iddleas

eonomsts the poplar comusm of the rt two years of

te Reubc saw learer, and went muc deeer in it analystan mdern soials · First of a it was · cmnism in the conson of te .

necessares of lfent in prodction only it wa the comnalsaton and the naonalisation of wat econots now

<as constionto wh the se repblcans of 1793 trnd

above al heir attenon wh they e to etbsh heirstores o grain and prosions in every commne, when theyset o foot a gigantic inqiry to nd and x the tre of

he objects of re and econdary necessity and whn tyinspired Robespierre to decare tht ly h _d



COCLUSIONsur hod bec ic f comme h h wce beoge ' • .

Bo' out of th preing necesstes f those roublous yerthe communism of 1793, wth ts rton of the ght of llto susenne nd�to the land forts roducon, ts deni of

the rght of an one to hold more ld he and his faly ·cod cutvtetht is, more thn a fr of 12 acran

t empt to communalise l rade nd ndus-this cmmusm wen sraighter to the hert o thins hn ll the mini

" mum programmes of ou ow me, or ven l mam prembles of such progrmms

In ny case, wht we lern tody rom e study f theGret Revouon is that t ws the source d orign of l eprent ommunist narcst, and socist conceptons; Wehve but bady udersto our common moher but now we

hve foud her again in the dst of he cot, an&we ee wht we hve to l fro herHumnty dvanc by sas nd these stae hve be

arked for sever hundred yers by gret rolutons. Afterthe Neherands cme Englnd with her reoluion in 16+81657 nd then it ws th turn o France. Each grea evlu

on ha n it, besd soetng specia n ia England France both aboshed roya bsolutism But n oing soEngland was chey interesed n the person rights of heinvidual, 'prlrly matter of rion as w as locrghts of eery psh nd every community to rance, he urned her cef attenton to the land quton, nd insrng

a mort blow at the feuda system e struck lso t he grefortune and sent fort into th world the idea of natonasinthe soil, d of socisincommerce nd the chef industs.

ch of the nations wi take upon hersef the trrble but glorous tas of the next great rvoluton One may haeought for te that it wold be Russia. But if she shoudush her reoluion furher than he mere mitation of theimpeial powr if she touchs te lad queson n a reoluonary spit-hw far she g W she know how tovoid the take :ade by the French Aembies, nd he sose the lnd nd give t only to the who want t.,



58: . T GAT .FRNCH RVOLUTION

utivate t thr ow hand · , We know ot : any nswer ths queston }ould belong to the doan o pophec

e one tng certan s that whasoeve naton entes onthe pat of revolution in our own da t wll be h to lou foefathers hve done n France; e bood the shed asshed for humantthe suen the endued wee be ohe ente human race the strggles the deas the gae tothe wold the shock of those deas ae l nuded n the

etage of mand• hae boe fut and ll bea moestill ne as we advance towads hose de hozons openingout befoe us whee lke some geat beacon t pnt he a ame the wods-B EQUALTY, FRATENIT.

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