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April 2020
Kristoffer LUNDBERGKristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH THE SWEDISH REFORMSREFORMS
fondapolorg
RETIREMENTLESSONS FROM
THE SWEDISH REFORMS
Kristoffer LUNDBERG
The Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique is a French think tank for European integration and free economy
Chair Nicolas BazireVice-chair Greacutegoire Chertok
Executive Director Dominique ReynieacuteChair of Scientific and Evaluation Board Christophe de Voogd
5
The Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique provides an independent forum for expertise opinion and exchange aimed at producing and disseminating ideas and proposals It contributes to pluralism of thought and the renewal of public discussion from a free market forward-thinking and European perspective Four main priorities guide the Foundationrsquos work economic growth the environment values and digital technology
The website wwwfondapolorg provides public access to all the Foundationrsquos work Anyone can access and use all the data gathered for the various surveys via the platform Datafondapol and the data relating to international surveys is available in several languages
In addition our blog Trop Libre (Too Free) casts a critical eye over the news and the world of ideas Trop Libre also provides extensive monitoring of the effects of the digital revolution on political economic and social practices in its Renaissance numeacuterique (Digital Renaissance) section
Additionally reflecting the Foundationrsquos editorial policy our blog Anthropotechnie aims to explore new avenues prompted by human enhancement reproductive cloning humanmachine hybridization genetic engineering and germline manipulation It contributes to thinking and debate on transhumanism Anthropotechnie offers articles tackling ethical philosophical and political issues associated with the expansion of technological innovations in the fields of enhancement of human bodies and abilities
The Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique is a state-recognized organizationIt is independent and receives no financial support from any political party Its funding comes from both public and private sources Backing from business and individuals is essential for it to develop its work
FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
A French think tank for European integration and free economy
6
INTRODUCTION 9
I THE EVOLUTION OF THE SWEDISH RETIREMENT SYSTEM 101 The appearance of the first occupational pension schemes
at the end of the XVIIIth century102 The break-off the XIXth century113 From 1900 to 1930 the establishment of universal pensions
and the road to democracy 144 From 1930 to 1950 the birth of Swedish corporatism
and the Saltsjoumlbaden agreements 175 The 1950s The rise of the ATP system
(Allmaumln Tillaumlggs Pension) 186 Reforms in the 1960-1970s 217 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system24
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL 291 The role of Swedish political culture 292 Structuring the reform work 29
CONCLUSION 30
ANNEXES 31
TABLE OF CONTENTS
7
SUMMARY
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
Swedish Political PartiesThe translations used for the names of political parties in this study are as followsCenterpartiet Centre PartyKristdemokraterna Christian DemocratsLiberaleerna LiberalsModerata samlingspartiete Moderate PartySveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti Social Democratic Party
9
INTRODUCTION
By international comparisons contemporary Sweden and the other Nordic countries are considered prosperous due to the even distribution of their resources Furthermore Sweden combines high levels of individual freedom and social mobility 1 due in large part to the Swedish economic and social model which was designed for inclusive growth The Swedish model consists of three fundamental pillars a labour market that facilitates adjustment to change a universal welfare policy and economic policy that promotes openness towards the world and macroeconomic stability 2
The Swedish welfare policy is based on universal principles by which all citizens have access to social protection in the form of both publicly financed welfare services and social security Welfare services can be offered by both private andor public providers These systems cover every individual throughout their lifetime The public pension system is by far the largest system within the Swedish social security apparatus It provided pension benefits for 1036311 men and 1167073 women or roughly 22 of the total population in 2017 2917171 men and 2816981 women of working age paid in pension contributions to the public pension system in 2017 or 60 of total population according to the Swedish Pensions Agency In total 82 of the entire population either paid contributions or received benefits from the national pension system
1 See Gender Equality Index 2017 (httpseigeeuropaeugender-equality-index) At-risk of poverty is used as a proxy for social mobility (ldquoIncome Mobility Statistics in Swedenrdquo 2018wwwscbsecontentassets7ad934d0c3794707984de372bd90f45ehe0110_2016a01_br_he80br1801pdf)2 See Government Offices of Sweden Ministry of Finance ldquoThe Swedish Modelrdquo 2017 (wwwgovernmentse4a5336contentassets8416c4ff1410419090181fe503920390the-swedish-modelpdf)
RETIREMENTLESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
Kristoffer LundbergKristoffer Lundberg Ministry of Health and Social Affairs Sweden
Views in this paper do not represent the official views of the Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs nor the Swedish Government Offices All possible errors are the authors own The author would like to thank Kiran Ahuja Bo Koumlnberg Stefan Oscarson Mattias Ossowicki and Olle Sundberg for their comments on this paper and its earlier drafts
10
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In June of 1994 the Swedish Parliament approved a new pension system introducing a pay-as-you-go Notional Defined Contribution (NDC) system combined with a minor Financial Defined Contribution (FDC) system 3 The history of Swedish retirement reform can be understood in terms of the history of social welfare Its development is far more complex and harder fought politically than what is often perceived of modern Sweden It is easy to underestimate the uncertainties that riddled its historical past Our historical bias underestimates the struggles in political and social battles such as retirement reform
This paper aims to describe how and in what environment the Swedish pension reform was devised First we will give a historical overview of the Swedish retirement scheme from the end of the XVIIIth century to its recent changes agreed upon in 2017 We will then discuss the lessons learnt from the reform process and its implications The current retirement policy in Sweden is presented in detail in the annex
I THE EVOLUTION OF THE SWEDISH RETIREMENT SYSTEM
1 The appearance of the first occupational pension schemes at the end of the XVIIIth century
The development of income security within old-age and retirement reform in Sweden is tightly related to the history of modern Sweden and how it unfolded It is the story of how Sweden transitioned from a poor war-torn autocratic agricultural country in the north of Europe to the prosperous democratic country that it is today
By the turn of the XVIIIth century Sweden was much less developed than other European countries Although the country had flourished during the reign of freedom 1718-1772 (Frihetstiden) an era which had both provided peace and given rise to more freedom in society 4 the country was shaken by several transformative and disruptive events the assassination of Gustav III the coup deacutetat against the King Gustav IV Adolphe the loss of Finland (one-third of the
3 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten ldquoThe NDC Reform in Sweden the 1994 Legislation to the Presentrdquo in Robert Holzmann and Edward Palmer (eds) Pension Reform Issues and Prospects for Non-Financial Definede Contribution (NDC) Schemees The World Bank 2006 pp 449-466 (httpdocumentsworldbankorgcuratedpt713861468120840510pdf353470REV0Pension0Reform01PUBLIC1pdf )4 This era corresponds to le Siegravecle des Lumiegraveres 1715-1789 in France
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11
country and a fourth of the population) to the Russian Empire in 1809 and the lynching of the Marshal of the Realm Axel von Fersen on 20 June 1810 This period ended when one of Napoleonrsquos generals Mareacutechal Jean Baptiste Bernadotte ascended to the throne as King Karl XIV Johan of Sweden in 1818 and the country established a new Constitution finally returning to stability
In 1810 Sweden had 23 million inhabitants the majority of whom worked in the agricultural sector Aside from Stockholm with around 75000 inhabitants in 1800 most other cities were small Although most lived in poverty Swedes enjoyed more individual rights than most of their European neighbours Moreover due to the universal catechetical requirements implemented by the clergy literacy levels were also comparatively high with at least one person in each family being able read
The earliest pension schemes in Sweden were occupational (Allmaumlnna Aumlnke- and Pupillskassan 1788-1934) These pension schemes provided limited coverage for the upper levels of the clergy the armed forces and civil servants 5
2 The break-off the XIXth century
Starting around 1860 thanks to the industrial revolution the number of workers in manufacturing and services increased while the proportion of workers in agriculture began its one hundred and fifty year-old downward trend from well over half of the population to around 2 by the turn of the millennium It also prompted urbanisation as people began moving from the countryside to their new jobs and workplaces in the rapidly growing cites This dynamic is still at play today
The proportion of workers in each economic sector is also a rough illustration of the different professional retirement coverage options established in the first half of the XXth century that still exist today In present-day Sweden there are four different convention types one for central government employees one for municipal and county council employees one for white-collar employees in the private sector and one for blue-collar workers in the private sector ldquoGovernment servicesrdquo encompasses two pension agreements for central government employees and one for municipal and county council employees To some extent at least until at least the end of the XXth century white-collar workers could be assimilated in the category Services and blue-collar workers in the category Industry
5 See Tom Soumlderberg Foumlrsaumlkringsvaumlsendets historia i Sverige intill Karl Johantiden PA Nordstedt amp Soumlners Foumlrlag 1935
12
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Employment in economic sectors as a share of population aged 15-64 from 1860-2000
06
05
04
03
02
01
0
Agriculture Indsutry Services Governmental services
1860 19401880 19601900 19801920 2000
Source Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique data historiase Statistics Sweden
This figure portrays the relative economic and political strength which partly explains the political development of pensions and social coverage in Sweden throughout the period 1860-2000 Furthermore it also helps to explain the political views of the observed groups especially for individuals employed in the agricultural economic sector who by living off the land often had non-monetary incomes which could explain why these groups were less keen on introducing pension systems related to declared income and paid contributions The Centre Party (founded in 1913 as the Farmers league) would champion universal flat-rate benefits throughout most of the 20th century
See Gabriella Sjoumlrgen Lindquist and Eskil Wadenjsouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash note the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance(wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)
In the 1850s Sweden was hit with poor harvests which triggered a crisis in the agriculture sector This combined with rapid population growth and urbanisation created an unsustainable social and economic situation for many individuals and their families and many chose to leave Sweden for the promise of a better life in North America perhaps best described by the author Vilhelm
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s
13
Moberg in his book series The Emigrants 6 In the mass migration that followed between 1850 and 1930 approximately 14 million people left the country Some years as many as 1 of total population emigrated In certain birth cohorts one in five men and one in six women chose to emigrate 7 The below figure also shows a marked shift from being a departure country to destination country during the 1950s
Immigrants and emigrants as a share of population between 1850-2017
0018
0016
0014
0012
0010
0008
0006
0004
0002
0000
Immigrants () Emigrants ()
1850 19501875 19751900 20001925
Source Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique data Statistics Sweden
Private life insurance and pension insurance emerged in Sweden starting around 1850 The principles for life insurance based on mathematical probability theories developed by French mathematicians Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal and the mortality tables developed the English mathematician Edmond Halley around the XVIIth century 8 were of fundamental importance The growing banking and insurance sectors were predominantly influenced by what happened in London which is why the Swedish insurance industry was anglophone from the very beginning
6 Vilhelm Moberg The Emigrants (Novel series) [1949-1959] Bonniers translated by Gustaf Lannestock7 See Statistics Sweden ldquoSveriges folkmaumlngd fraringn 1749 och fram till idagrdquo scbse 27 October 2017 (wwwscbsehitta-statistikartiklar2017svereiges-folkmangd-fran-1749-och-fram-till-idag)8 See Bengt Bergander Foumlrsaumlkringsvaumlsendet i Sverige 1814-1914 Berlingska Boktryckeriet 1967
14
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| lrsquoi
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The Riksdag of the Estates (Staringndsriksdag) was dissolved in 1866 The parliament of the four estates ndash the Nobility Clergy Burghers and Peasants ndash was replaced by a bicameral legislature Voting rights were still limited to men only and was dependent on declared income The bicameral legislature stood for over a century until the unicameral assembly was introduced in 1970
The first life insurance companies in Sweden operated in a limited market geared towards the upper echelons of society In 1880 only 03 of the population had some form of pension insurance coverage 9 Finding the market too limited both in scope and in size private insurance companies tried to expand their business to other groups in society 10
With the further pauperisation of families working in the agricultural sector the demand for other forms of insurance increased Demand for insurance coverage especially for those in their old age increased in many groups in society but primarily for workers and middle-class private sector groups (services and manufacturing sectors) The growth of the middle class in the cities also increased the demand for occupational pensions and private insurance The first parliamentary resolution on compulsory pension insurance for workers was submitted to parliament by the liberal Member of Parliament Adolf Hedin 11 in 1884 Although the Hedin motion did not pass through parliament it set in motion several new initiatives including an inquiry into occupational and pensions insurance for workers and more generally a process of social change that would span the next 30 years It also triggered a government commission on pensions (pensionsutredningen) in 1895 and 1898 However their findings were not implemented by the conservative government that advocated for more private insurance based systems Despite their reservations several reforms related to workersrsquo safety and insurance were gradually introduced over time 12
3 From 1900 to 1930 the establishment of universal pensions and the road to democracy
Political tensions continued to increase in Sweden in the lead-up to the First World War and the country came close to war and rebellion after the dissolution of their union with Norway in 1905 in the 1914 Courtyard crisis and following the revolutions in Russia and Germany in 1917 and 1918
9 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg and Sven-Erik Svaumlrd Den svenska foumlrsaumlkringsmodellens uppgaringng och fall Erlanders Foumlrlag AB 200510 Ibid11 Adolf Hedin (1934-1905) was a newspaper publisher writer and politician12 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg Sven-Erik Svaumlrd op cit The reforms included the law on occupational safety in 1889 support to sickness insurance funds in 1891 and accident insurance in 1901 (reformed in 1916)
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15
Somehow maybe thanks to a mixture of luck bravery and moderation Sweden overcame these tribulations peacefully The main issues were related to finding the fragile balance between passing democratic reforms all while preserving the existing social order and social cohesion Around this time the conservative government under Prime Minister Arvid Lindman 13 introduced proportional elections a system that remains to this day but with the right to vote which was then exclusively reserved for men and determined through an income-dependent system 14 In 1913 Karl Staaffrsquos 15 Liberal government introduced a universal pension system calculated in two parts one-part was calculated as accumulation annuities and one-part as a pay-as-you-go supplement subject to income The pension age was set at 67 but the accumulated resources could be paid out earlier in cases of disability The benefit level was low and it would remain as such until after the Second World War The first universal pension benefits were paid out starting on 1 January 1914 The universal pension benefit was probably the first of its kind and was considered one of the governmentrsquos greatest achievements 16
In 1918 the Liberal-Social Democratic coalition government under Prime Minister Nils Edeacuten 17 introduced equal voting rights for men Due to the political turmoil surrounding Europe towards the end of the war the voting rights were quickly expanded to all elections at all levels and more importantly to all women making Sweden a true democracy
The 1920s was a period of great economic growth but also marked by great political instability and labour market turmoil During this decade the country saw ten successive governments often from different political parties At the same time there was a resurgence of social movements as evidenced by the high number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees over this period
13 Arvid Lindman (1862-1936) was a naval admiral and conservative politician He served as Prime Minister from 1906-1911 and 1928-193014 Leif Lewin Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Arvid Lindman Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201015 Karl Staaff (1860-1915) was a liberal politician and lawyer He served as Prime Minister 1905-1906 1911-191416 See Peter Esaiasson Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Karl Staff Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201017 Nils Edeacuten (1871-1945) Liberal politician and Prime Minister from 1917-1920
16
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Number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees in Sweden 1905-2005
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
01905 19851925 20051945 1965
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique wwwmedlingsinstitutetse Mikkelsen F 1992 Arbejdskonflikter i Skandinavien 1848-1980 Edvinsson R 2005 Growth Accumulation Crisis With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800-2000 wwwscbse historiase
Moreover because the universal pension benefits were so low demand for professional pensions increased By the 1920s the number of employees in manufacturing and services had almost doubled from 01 to 02 as a share of the population while the share of employees in the working-age population declined from 05 to 03 Furthermore debates related to the coverage of blue and white-collar workers in the private sector continued and discussions on voluntary versus mandatory occupational pensions public or private administration remained at the heart of political debates and negotiations with social partners for much of the post-war period Eventually in 1927 the law on voluntary occupational pensions for white-collar workers was passed (1927 aringrs lag om frivillig tjaumlnstepensionering)
The economic boom of the 1920s ended abruptly with several disruptive events the depression of 1931 the shootings in Aringdalen 1931 18 and the collapse of Ivar Kreugerrsquos 19 economic empire Despite all this Sweden matured as a democracy and contrary to many other less fortunate countries in Europe became an increasingly stable country throughout the 1930s
18 On 14 May 1931 five people were shot dead by military troops called in as reinforcement by the police during a protest The Aringdalen shootings was a series of events in and around the sawmill district of Aringdalen Kramfors Municipality Aringngermanland Sweden The events spawned raging national debate and deep division along political lines19 Ivar Kreuger (1880-1932) became one of the richest men of his time His empire was built around the company Kreuger amp Toll Ltd which was highly exposed as a leader on international markets and severely hit in the financial crisis of 1929 Ivar Kreuger supposedly committed suicide in his Parisian apartment on Avenue Franklin-D-Roosevelt on 12 March 1932
Retir
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s fr
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h re
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s
17
In 1935 the universal annuity capitalisation was abolished and flat-rate universal pension benefits (folkpension) were introduced (Lag om folkpension) by Prime Minister Per Albin Hanssonrsquos 20 Social Democratic Government This reform also meant that Sweden moved away from traditional privately funded insurance to give way to more government-run pay-as-you-go pensions
4 From 1930 to 1950 the birth of Swedish corporatism and the Saltsjoumlbaden agreements
In the 1930s the labour movement demanded to see improvement in workersrsquo conditions specifically asking for a raise in wages 21 The unions became more focused on strengthening the long-term business environment within the industrial sector through high levels of investments and boosts in economic growth 22 This new dynamic led to the resolution of conflicts of interest on the labour market and a transition towards corporatism and macroeconomic stability In 1938 the centralist ldquoSaltsjoumlbaden Agreementrdquo between the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) and the Swedish Employers Confederation (SAF) was agreed upon This agreement aimed at the settlement of labour market conflicts without government intervention 23 According to the economist Assar Lindbeck a key driver of this change of pace and tone was the alliance between the Social Democratic Party and the unions
With higher economic growth increasing standards of living and rapid changes in family structures due to urbanisation the demand for occupational pensions among workers increased once again in the interwar period The issue of whether occupational pensions should be mandatory or optional for various categories of workers was addressed in parliamentary sessions in 1931 1933 1934 1935 1936 and 1938 as well as in several committees and government inquiries 24 In 1944 there was Government inquiry on mandatory occupational pensions but its scope was limited to white-collar workers 25
20 Per Albin Hansson (1885-1946) was Social Democratic politician and Prime Minister from 1932-1936 and 1936-1946 He is credited for creating the concept of general social welfare (Folkhemmet)21 See Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia ndash tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel Tredje upplagan SNS Foumlrlag 200022 Ibid23 See Assar Lindbeck ldquoThe Swedish Experimentrdquo Journal of Economic Literature vol 35 ndeg3 September 1997 pp 1273-131924 Committee regarding private sector employees (Kommittee angaringende privatanstaumlllda 1931) and the Hartelius committee (1936) Also see Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkring Undersoumlkningar av och foumlrslag av pensionsutredningen Principbetaumlnkande Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 195033 1950 (httpslagennusou195033attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)25 Ibid
18
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Another motion on mandatory pensions for all was raised by the parliamentarian Oskar Aringkerstroumlm 26 in 1944 (sv Riksdagsmotion om obligatorisk tillaumlggspension) Pension related issues continued to be discussed in the parliamentary sessions of 1944 1946 1947 and 1950
In 1946 the flat-rate universal pension benefit (folkpension) introduced in 1913 and reformed in 1935 was amended to a unified universal pension across all municipalities (enhetlig folkpension) Indexation is then introduced in 1948 The pension and disability pension benefits were increased considerably on 1 January of the same year In addition the Social Democratic Government under Prime Minister Tage Erlander 27 introduced survivorsrsquo pensions supplements for wives (hustrutilaumlgg) as well as national and municipal housing supplements 28
The political debate on whether to opt for income replacement or minimum income security was quite contested even within the Social Democratic party Prominent figures of the labour movement such the Minister for Social Affairs Gustav Moumlller 29 opted for a universal minimum income policy in accordance with what Sir William Beveridge had proposed in the United Kingdom in 1942 30 Gustav Moumlllerrsquos opinion had strong support within the party throughout the 1940s until the beginning of the 1950s when Gunnar Straumlng become the Minister of Finance 31
5 The 1950s The rise of the ATP system (Allmaumln Tillaumlggs Pension)
In the 1950s the Government commission on pensions established in 1947 concluded that ldquoThe way pension issues have been addressed in recent decades shows that they have always been a subject of interest from both societal and individual citizens groups Optional retirement has now been significantly expanded for white-collar workersrdquo 32
Government expenditure and taxes started to increase with the expansion of the ldquowelfare staterdquo From 1950 to 1970 government expenditure increased from 18 of GDP to 31 while taxes share of the GDP increased from 18 to 36 continuing until reaching its highest peak at 50 in 1990
26 Oskar Aringkerstroumlm (1896-1964) was a Social Democratic politician and member of Parliament27 Tage Erlander (1901-1985) was a Social Democratic politician and the longest serving Prime Minister in modern Swedish history from 1946-196928 See Betaumlnkande av Pensionarbetsgruppen Reformerat pensionssystem Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199420 1994 (httpslagennusou199420attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)29 Gustav Moumlller (1884-1970) was a Social Democratic politician and Member of Government in 1924-26 1932-36 and 1936-51 and credited as the father of Swedish social security and its welfare state30 See William Beveridge ldquoSocial Insurance and Allied Servicesrdquo Parliamentary Archives BBKD495 194231 Gunnar Straumlng (1906-1992) was a Social Democratic politician and served as Minister for Finance in 1955-197632 Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkringhellip op cit
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s fr
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h re
form
s
19
Tax Revenue and Government expenditure as a percentage of GDP 1900-2010
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Taxes Expenditures
1900 19701940 20101910 198019501920 199019601930 2000
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique Ekonomifakta IMF
The commission led by OA Aringkesson also suggested the introduction of a mandatory public income-related pension insurance for all 33 The members of the commission opted for writing their own opinions (sv saumlrskilda yttranden) along party lines wherein the Social Democratic member and the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) members were in favour of the Commissionrsquos opinion while the white-collar workers and Conservative representatives were opposed Despite these opinions the Social Democratic and Centre Party Coalition Government demanded a new independent commission instead of presenting the commissions proposal to Parliament 34
The political debate further increased during the early 1950s however despite several improvements to the pertinence of the system The indexation of the universal pension benefit was introduced and increased in 1948 However with the rapid increases in economic growth and standards of living it became obvious that the increases in benefits and coverage of workers were not enough to enable workers and low-income earners to live on their pensions 35 The pension struggle then became a power struggle between Prime Minister Tage Erlander and main opposition leader of the Liberal Party leader Bertil Ohlin 36
33 According to Bo Koumlnberg the basic ideas of the Income pension (NDC system) can be traced to the ideas in OA Aringkessons Commission (See Bo Koumlnberg ldquoThe Swedish Model for Pension ndash New Wine in New Bottlesrdquo Scandinavian Insurance Quarterly ndeg22008 February 2008 pp99-109httpsnftnusitesdefaultfiles2008202_0pdf)34 See Peter Ohlsson P Svensk politik Historiska media 201435 Ibid36 Bertil Ohlin (1899-1979) was a Liberal Party leader and economist and was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1977 See Dick Harrisson ldquoJag har ingen vilja till makt ndash Biografi oumlver Tage Erlanderrdquo Ordfront 2017
20
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In 1955 the new pension commission produced its final report recommending a mandatory and universal public pension for all Furthermore the Commission proposed pension benefits that would mirror past wages and depend on national living standards 37 The Commission also proposed that the pension age should remain at 67 years of age Shortly after the 1956 election the Pension Commission led by Per Eckerberg presented its final report In this version the LO and Social Democrats proposed a universal earnings-related public pension (Allmaumln tillaumlggs pension) ATP 38 According to the proposal the target replacement rate would be 65 of the average workerrsquos earnings
In the fall of 1957 the Conservative party and the Liberals introduced the idea of holding a referendum on pension reforms 39 A referendum was held on 13 October 1957 The referendum had three options the first was the Social Democratic proposal to introduce a universal income-related pension This option received 458 of the referendum vote The second option was supported by the Centre Party to introduce optional pensions and it received 15 The last option supported by the Liberal party and Conservative party preferred giving social partners the responsibility for pensions and received 353 40 Although voter turnout was high at 724 and the Social Democratic option received more votes than the other options no policy received an outright majority
The struggle for the ATP also led to the dissolution of the Centre Partyrsquos coalition with the Social Democrats on 25 October 1957 41 The entire government resigned but Tage Erlander returned as Prime Minister with a Social Democratic Minority Government on 31 October 1957 The election of 1958 led to a renewed Social Democratic Government under the leadership of Prime Minister Tage Erlander With the smallest possible margin (one vote) in parliament the government secured a majority However as the speaker of the House did not vote in parliament the election resulted in a parliament without a majority
When the decision on ATP was to be made in 1959 the reform was passed with the smallest margin of votes and the Governmentrsquos proposal to introduce income-related public pension for all workers was passed through the lower House The right-of-centre parties soon conceded on the issue 42 It was after the ATP struggle in the 1950s that the Social Democrats became the majority party in Government 43 Tage Erlander remained Prime Minister until 1969
37 See Ohlsson op cit38 Ibid39 Goumlran Haumlgg Vaumllfaumlrdsaringren ndash svensk historia 1945-1986 Wallstroumlm amp Widstrand 200540 See Ohlsson op cit41 See Lennart Schoumln op cit42 See Urban Lundberg Juvelen i kronan Socialdemokraterna och den allmaumlnna pensionen Hjalmarson amp Houmlgberg 200343 See Harrison op cit
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edis
h re
form
s
21
6 Reforms in the 1960-1970s
For twenty years from 1950 until 1970 average growth in Sweden and in many other industrialised countries was around 4 annually 44 In that time often referred to as the ldquogolden yearsrdquo 45 not only did living standards increase but many consumer goods such as cars refrigerators television etc became goods for the masses and vacation travel also increased due to better infrastructure throughout Europe and aviation
At the beginning of the 1970s Sweden like most other western countries entered an era of reduced growth There are many different explanations for this external shocks from the global recession the oil crisis as well as structural changes in the economy with new technology and services taking over the industrial sector
GDP per capita and economic growth in leading economies 1971-1975 and 2001-2005
Countries Income per capita Growth
1971-1975 1991-1995 2001-2005
1991-1995 1971-1975
2001-2005 1991-1995
2001-2005 1971-1975
Sweden 11252 14159 17951 + 12 + 24 + 16
Other Nordic countries 9520 14474 18525 + 21 + 25 + 22
Southern Europe 7703 11904 14591 + 22 + 20 + 21
Rest of Europe 9651 13791 16501 + 18 + 18 + 18
North America 13479 18395 22771 + 16 + 21 + 17
Japan 8815 15977 17504 + 30 + 09 + 23
Source Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia Tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel SNS Foumlrlag 2000
In 1969 the pension supplement a complementary benefit to the universal pension was passed (sv Pensionstillskott) 46 and remained in place until 2003
On 1 July 1976 the retirement age was lowered from 67 to 65 after an agreement made in 1974 between the Social Democratic Government and the Liberals A flexible part-time pension was also introduced for those aged 60 to 65 The flexible part-time pension was calculated generously which allowed for a benefit level of 65 including pension contributions The flexible
44 See Lennart Schoumln op cit45 These years are the equivalent of Les Trente Glorieuses in France46 ldquoLag om pensionstillskottrdquo 1969205 Socialdepartementet 9 May 1969 (httpslagennu1969205)
22
fond
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part-time pension became very popular and from 1976 until August 1980 about 89000 Swedes opted for this benefit 47 In the 1976 election the Social Democrats lost their majority for the first time in 40 years The non-socialist parties lead by Torbjoumlrn Faumllldin from the Centre Party formed a coalition government The non-socialist right-of centre parties would remain in power until 1982
The premature ageing of the population from 1970-1990 compared to other OECD countries together with sharp increases in the labour participation rates of women increased the political demand for more generous pension systems and child and elderly care 48 From 1950 until the 1990s Sweden experienced a rapid increase in the old-age dependency ratio
Old-age dependency ratio in Sweden and France from 1950 to 2015 (in )
04
035
03
025
02
015
01
005
0
France Sweden
1950 19851970 2005 2010 20151955 199019751960 199519801965 2000
The old-age dependency ratio is calculated as the number of individuals aged 65 and above divided by the number of individuals aged 20 to 64
Source United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2017) World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision
The figure below shows the employment ratio for men and women From 1963 to 1990 female employment continuously increased from 53 to 81 while for male employment it suffered a small but steady decline from 89 to 85 Employment rates which had fallen due to the economic crisis of the early 1990s then picked up again with a slow yet steady increase
47 See Urban Lundberg op cit48 Lindbeck op cit
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23
Employment ratios for men and women 1963-2017
196
3
196
9
198
9
197
9
199
9
20
09
196
5
198
5
1975
199
5
20
05
1971
199
1
198
1
20
01
20
11
20
15
1967
198
7
197
7
199
7
20
07
197
3
199
3
198
3
20
03
20
13
20
17
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Men Women
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique OECDstat
Despite the rhetorical differences between the political parties there was a growing consensus across political lines that the pension system needed to be adjusted The ATP system was perceived as financially unsustainable as there was a substantial risk of the pension contributions increasing faster than income levels would 49 Given the high level of taxes as a percentage of GDP at around 50 of GDP in 1990 further increases to finance pensions seemed limited
Estimated pensions expenditure in the former pension system wage share based on different assumptions for real income growth (from 1995) and maintained price indexation
Growth rate0 1 2 3
2005 335 303 278 2512015 411 342 288 2392025 442 341 266 2032050 437 292 184 109
Source Prop 199394250
In addition the former system created few incentives to work Thirty years of work would earn a pension of which fifteen would impact the calculation the pension benefit formula was based on the best fifteen years of work The
49 See Allmaumln pension Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199076 1990 (httpslagennusou199076)
24
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benefit calculation was therefore beneficial for individuals with a short but fast-growing career later in life Hence it was less beneficial for individuals with a slow growth in earning but a long career
On 16 November 1984 the Social Democratic government lead by Olof Palme commissioned a Parliamentary Pension Commission (pensionsberedningen) lead by Sture Korpi 50 State Secretary to Minister for Social Affairs Sten Andersson The Commission united all the most relevant organisations in Swedish society political parties unions the confederation of Swedish enterprises pensionersrsquo organisations organisations for the disabled social insurance agencies etc 51 The Parliamentary Commission also became a breeding ground for future prominent members of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pension such as Anna Hedborg 52 Ingela Thalen 53 and Bo Koumlnberg 54
Although the Commission had not been mandated to propose any changes it was considered a huge success for its contributions to analysing how the pensions system worked and what challenges it faced 55 The Pension Commission presented its final report in 1990 56
7 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system
The first political step towards a new pension reform system was taken in the Government budget (finansplan) of 1991 The Social Democratic Government led by Ingvar Carlsson 57 opts for ldquoopportunities for financing pension pledges within a framework of unchanged levels of taxation and contributions are highly dependent on economic growth 58rdquo
In 1991 the Social Democrats were defeated by a four-party coalition led by the Moderate Party leader Carl Bildt 59 Shortly after the new Government
50 Sture Korpi (1939-2017) was a Social Democratic politician and served as State Secretary in 1982-199151 See Urban Lundberg op cit52 Anna Hedborg (b 1944) is a Social Democratic politician and official and served as Minister for Social Insurance (1994-1996)53 Ingela Thalen (b1943) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Minster of Labour (1987-1991) and Minister for Social Affairs (1990-1991 1994-1996)54 Bo Koumlnberg (b1945) is a Liberal Party politician and served as Minister for Health and Social Insurance in 1991-199455 See Urban Lundberg op cit56 See Allmaumln Pension op cit57 Ingvar Carlsson (b1934) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Prime Minister in 1986-1991 and 1994-199658 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreement and Pension Reform trad Anglaise du rapport Detta aumlr pensionsoumlverenskommelsen (Ds 200953) 2010 p53 (wwwgovernmentse49b757contentassets3d321fd499da48928de201abe43a558bthe-swedish-pension-agreement-and-pension-reform-ds-200953)59 Carl Bildt (born in 1949) is a Conservative Party politician and served as Prime Minister 1991-1994 and Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006-2014
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25
took office a Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions was formed The Working Group began its work in November 1991 when the Minister for Healthcare and Social Security Bo Koumlnberg took its direction In 1992 the Working Group published a ldquopreliminary draftrdquo containing almost all the elements of the reform 60 the starting point of the reform being the need for a higher savings rate in the economy as well as the need to strengthen the incentives to work Although the possibility of making changes within the framework of the existing ATP system had been thoroughly investigated by Pension Commission the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions settled that the retirement system should be built up according to principles other than those underpinning public pension and ATP systems of today The Working Group presented a draft of a new system in August 1992 containing almost all principal elements 61
A brutal economic crisis hit Sweden in 1992 Government expenditure reached almost 76 of GDP in 1995 and the employment rate declined consistently throughout the 1990s The many causes of the crisis are diverse and literature on this matter is vast A combination of rapid credit expansion both weak government finances and a weak current account together with a fixed currency towards the European Currency Unit 62 depleted the central bankrsquos power to defend its currency In one last attempt to protect the Swedish currency the Riksbank decided to raise its key interest rate to 500 on 16 September 1992 As a result investments and the employment rate fell and the country experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression In November 1992 the fixed rate towards the ECU 63 was abandoned and the Swedish krona quickly depreciated These events led to an immediate crisis on the financial market and in the banking sector which had to be restructured and bailed out Consequently the Government debt as a percentage of GDP soared from around 40 in 1990 to 74 in 1994
60 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit61 Ibid62 The ECU was a basket of currencies used from 1979 to 1999 and before the euro63 The European Currency Unit was a basket of currencies used as a unit of account before being replaced by the euro 1 January 1999
26
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Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
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27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
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| lrsquoi
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
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35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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37
38
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39
40
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41
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Deacutemocraties sous tensionSous la direction de Dominique Reynieacute mai 2019 volume I Les enjeux 156 pages volume II Les pays 120 pages Enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec lrsquoInternational Republican Institute
La longue gouvernance de PoutineMichel Eltchaninoff mai 2019 52 pages
Politique du handicap pour une socieacuteteacute inclusiveSophie Cluzel avril 2019 44 pages
Ferroviaire ouverture agrave la concurrence une chance pour la SNCFDavid Valence et Franccedilois Bouchard mars 2019 64 pages
Un an de populisme italienAlberto Toscano mars 2019 56 pages
Une mosqueacutee mixte pour un islam spirituel et progressisteEva Janadin et Anne-Sophie Monsinay feacutevrier 2019 72 pages
Une civilisation eacutelectrique (2) Vers le reacuteenchantementAlain Beltran et Patrice Carreacute feacutevrier 2019 56 pages
Une civilisation eacutelectrique (1) Un siegravecle de transformationsAlain Beltran et Patrice Carreacute feacutevrier 2019 56 pages
Prix de lrsquoeacutelectriciteacute entre marcheacute reacutegulation et subventionJacques Percebois feacutevrier 2019 64 pages
Vers une socieacuteteacute post-carbonePatrice Geoffron feacutevrier 2019 60 pages
Eacutenergie-climat en Europe pour une excellence eacutecologiqueEmmanuel Tuchscherer feacutevrier 2019 48 pages
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| lrsquoi
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Innovation politique 2018 (tome 2)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2019 544 pages
Innovation politique 2018 (tome 1)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2019 472 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2018Dominique Reynieacute (dir) eacuteditions Marie Bcollection Lignes de Repegraveres janvier 2019 176 pages
La contestation animaliste radicaleEddy Fougier janvier 2019 56 pages
Le numeacuterique au secours de la santeacuteSerge Soudoplatoff janvier 2019 60 pages
Le nouveau pouvoir franccedilais et la coopeacuteration franco-japonaiseFondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2018 204 pages
Les apports du christianisme agrave lrsquouniteacute de lrsquoEuropeJean-Dominique Durand deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La crise orthodoxe (2) Les convulsions du XIXe siegravecle agrave nos joursJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La crise orthodoxe (1) Les fondations des origines au XIXe siegravecleJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La France et les chreacutetiens drsquoOrient derniegravere chanceJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 56 pages
Le christianisme et la moderniteacute europeacuteenne (2) Comprendre le retour de lrsquoinstitution religieusePhilippe Portier et Jean-Paul Willaime deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
Le christianisme et la moderniteacute europeacuteenne (1) Reacutecuser le deacuteni
Philippe Portier et Jean-Paul Willaime deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
Commerce illicite de cigarettes les cas de Barbegraves-La Chapelle Saint-Denis et Aubervilliers-Quatre-CheminsMathieu Zagrodzki Romain Maneveau et Arthur Persais novembre 2018 84 pages
Lrsquoavenir de lrsquohydroeacutelectriciteacuteJean-Pierre Corniou novembre 2018 64 pages
Retraites Leccedilons des reacuteformes italiennesMichel Martone novembre 2018 48 pages
Les geacuteants du numeacuterique (2) un frein agrave lrsquoinnovation Paul-Adrien Hyppolite et Antoine Michon novembre 2018 84 pages
Les geacuteants du numeacuterique (1) magnats de la financePaul-Adrien Hyppolite et Antoine Michon novembre 2018 80 pages
Lrsquointelligence artificielle en Chine un eacutetat des lieuxAifang Ma novembre 2018 60 pages
Alternative fuumlr Deutschland eacutetablissement eacutelectoralPatrick Moreau octobre 2018 72 pages
Les Franccedilais jugent leur systegraveme de retraiteFondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique octobre 2018 28 pages
43
Migrations la France singuliegravereDidier Leschi octobre 2018 56 pages
La reacutevision constitutionnelle de 2008 un premier bilanHugues Hourdin octobre 2018 52 pages Preacuteface drsquoEacutedouard Balladur et de Jack Lang
Les Franccedilais face agrave la crise deacutemocratique Immigration populisme Trump EuropehellipAJC Europe et la Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique septembre 2018 72 pages
Les laquo Deacutemocrates de Suegravede raquo un vote anti-immigrationJohan Martinsson septembre 2018 64 pages
Les Sueacutedois et lrsquoimmigration (2) fin du consensus Tino Sanandaji septembre 2018 56 pages
Les Sueacutedois et lrsquoimmigration (1) fin de lrsquohomogeacuteneacuteiteacute Tino Sanandaji septembre 2018 56 pages
Eacutethiques de lrsquoimmigrationJean-Philippe Vincent juin 2018 56 pages
Les addictions chez les jeunes (14-24 ans)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique juin 2018 56 pages Enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec la Fondation Gabriel Peacuteri et le Fonds Actions Addictions
Villes et voitures pour une reacuteconciliationJean Coldefy juin 2018 60 pages
France combattre la pauvreteacute des enfantsJulien Damon mai 2018 48 pages
Que pegravesent les syndicats Dominique Andolfatto avril 2018 56 pages
Lrsquoeacutelan de la francophonie pour une ambition franccedilaise (2)Benjamin Boutin mars 2018 48 pages
Lrsquoeacutelan de la francophonie une communauteacute de langue et de destin (1)Benjamin Boutin mars 2018 48 pages
LrsquoItalie aux urnesSofia Ventura feacutevrier 2018 44 pages
Lrsquointelligence artificielle lrsquoexpertise partout accessible agrave tousSerge Soudoplatoff feacutevrier 2018 60 pages
Lrsquoinnovation agrave lrsquoegravere du bien communBenjamin Boscher Xavier Pavie feacutevrier 2018 64 pages
Libeacuterer lrsquoislam de lrsquoislamismeMohamed Louizi janvier 2018 84 pages
Gouverner le religieux dans un eacutetat laiumlcThierry Rambaud janvier 2018 56 pages
Innovation politique 2017 (tome 2)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 492 pages
Innovation politique 2017 (tome 1)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 468 pages
44
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| lrsquoi
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Une laquo norme intelligente raquo au service de la reacuteformeVictor Fabre Mathieu Kohmann Mathieu Luinaud deacutecembre 2017 44 pages
Autriche virage agrave droitePatrick Moreau novembre 2017 52 pages
Pour repenser le bac reacuteformons le lyceacutee et lrsquoapprentissageFayumlccedilal Hafied novembre 2017 76 pages
Ougrave va la deacutemocratie Sous la direction de Dominique Reynieacute Plon octobre 2017 320 pages
Violence antiseacutemite en Europe 2005-2015Johannes Due Enstad septembre 2017 48 pages
Pour lrsquoemploi la subrogation du creacutedit drsquoimpocirct des services agrave la personneBruno Despujol Olivier Peraldi et Dominique Reynieacute septembre 2017 52 pages
Marcheacute du travail pour la reacuteforme Fayumlccedilal Hafied juillet 2017 64 pages
Le fact-checking une reacuteponse agrave la crise de lrsquoinformation et de la deacutemocratieFarid Gueham juillet 2017 68 pages
Notre-Dame- des-Landes lrsquoEacutetat le droit et la deacutemocratie empecirccheacutesBruno Hug de Larauze mai 2017 56 pages
France les juifs vus par les musulmans Entre steacutereacuteotypes et meacuteconnaissancesMehdi Ghouirgate Iannis Roder et Dominique Schnapper mai 2017 44 pages
Dette publique la mesurer la reacuteduireJean-Marc Daniel avril 2017 52 pages
Parfaire le paritarisme par lrsquoindeacutependance financiegravereJulien Damon avril 2017 52 pages
Former de plus en plus de mieux en mieux Lrsquoenjeu de la formation professionnelleOlivier Faron avril 2017 48 pages
Les troubles du monde lrsquoislamisme et sa reacutecupeacuteration populiste lrsquoEurope deacutemocratique menaceacuteePierre-Adrien Hanania AJC Fondapol mars 2017 44 pages
Porno addiction nouvel enjeu de socieacuteteacuteDavid Reynieacute mars 2017 48 pages
Calais miroir franccedilais de la crise migratoire europeacuteenne (2)Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2017 72 pages
Calais miroir franccedilais de la crise migratoire europeacuteenne (1)Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2017 56 pages
Lrsquoactif eacutepargne logementPierre-Franccedilois Gouiffegraves feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Reacuteformer quel discours pour convaincre Christophe de Voogd feacutevrier 2017 52 pages
De lrsquoassurance maladie agrave lrsquoassurance santeacutePatrick Negaret feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Hocircpital libeacuterer lrsquoinnovationChristophe Marques et Nicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2017 44 pages
45
Le Front national face agrave lrsquoobstacle du second tourJeacuterocircme Jaffreacute feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
La Reacutepublique des entrepreneursVincent Lorphelin janvier 2017 52 pages
Des startups drsquoEacutetat agrave lrsquoEacutetat plateformePierre Pezziardi et Henri Verdier janvier 2017 52 pages
Vers la souveraineteacute numeacuteriqueFarid Gueham janvier 2017 44 pages
Repenser notre politique commercialeLaurence Daziano janvier 2017 48 pages
Mesures de la pauvreteacute mesures contre la pauvreteacuteJulien Damon deacutecembre 2016 40 pages
Lrsquo Autriche des populistesPatrick Moreau novembre 2016 72 pages
LrsquoEurope face aux deacutefis du peacutetro-solaireAlbert Bressand novembre 2016 52 pages
Le Front national en campagnes Les agriculteurs et le vote FNEddy Fougier et Jeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2016 52 pages
Innovation politique 2016Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2016 758 pages
Le nouveau monde de lrsquoautomobile (2) les promesses de la mobiliteacute eacutelectriqueJean-Pierre Corniou octobre 2016 68 pages
Le nouveau monde de lrsquoautomobile (1) lrsquoimpasse du moteur agrave explosionJean-Pierre Corniou octobre 2016 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2016Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2016 224 pages
Lrsquoindividu contre lrsquoeacutetatisme Actualiteacute de la penseacutee libeacuterale franccedilaise (XXe siegravecle)Jeacuterocircme Perrier septembre 2016 52 pages
Lrsquoindividu contre lrsquoeacutetatisme Actualiteacute de la penseacutee libeacuterale franccedilaise (XIXe siegravecle)Jeacuterocircme Perrier septembre 2016 52 pages
Refonder lrsquoaudiovisuel publicOlivier Babeau septembre 2016 48 pages
La concurrence au deacutefi du numeacuteriqueCharles-Antoine Schwerer juillet 2016 48 pages
Portrait des musulmans drsquoEurope uniteacute dans la diversiteacuteVincent Tournier juin 2016 68 pages
Portrait des musulmans de France une communauteacute plurielleNadia Henni-Moulaiuml juin 2016 48 pages
La blockchain ou la confiance distribueacuteeYves Caseau et Serge Soudoplatoff juin 2016 48 pages
La gauche radicale liens lieux et luttes (2012-2017)Sylvain Boulouque mai 2016 56 pages
46
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Gouverner pour reacuteformer eacuteleacutements de meacutethodeErwan Le Noan et Matthieu Montjotin mai 2016 64 pages
Les zadistes (2) la tentation de la violenceEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
Les zadistes (1) un nouvel anticapitalismeEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
Reacutegionales (2) les partis contesteacutes mais pas concurrenceacutesJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 52 pages
Reacutegionales (1) vote FN et attentatsJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 60 pages
Un droit pour lrsquoinnovation et la croissanceSophie Vermeille Mathieu Kohmann et Mathieu Luinaud feacutevrier 2016 52 pages
Le lobbying outil deacutemocratiqueAnthony Escurat feacutevrier 2016 44 pages
Valeurs drsquoislamDominique Reynieacute (dir) preacuteface par le cheikh Khaled Bentounegraves PUF janvier 2016 432 pages
Chiites et sunnites paix impossible Mathieu Terrier janvier 2016 44 pages
Projet drsquoentreprise renouveler le capitalismeDaniel Hurstel deacutecembre 2015 44 pages
Le mutualisme reacutepondre aux deacutefis assurantielsArnaud Chneiweiss et Steacutephane Tisserand novembre 2015 44 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2015Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres novembre 2015 140 pages
La noopolitique le pouvoir de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane novembre 2015 52 pages
Innovation politique 2015Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2015 576 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (2) une reacuteflexion agrave contre-courantAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (1) le Kant europeacuteen et le Machiavel chinoisAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
PME nouveaux modes de financementMohamed Abdesslam et Benjamin Le Pendeven octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (2) Pourquoi il faut deacutefendre la routeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (1) Les conditions drsquoune mobiliteacute convivialeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 40 pages
Crise de la conscience arabo-musulmaneMalik Bezouh septembre 2015 40 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (3) le second tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
47
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (2) le premier tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (1) le contexteJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 44 pages
Enseignement supeacuterieur les limites de la laquo masteacuterisation raquoJulien Gonzalez juillet 2015 44 pages
Politique eacuteconomique lrsquoenjeu franco-allemandWolfgang Glomb et Henry drsquoArcole juin 2015 36 pages
Les lois de la primaire Celles drsquohier celles de demainFranccedilois Bazin juin 2015 48 pages
Eacuteconomie de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane mai 2015 48 pages
Lutter contre les vols et cambriolages une approche eacuteconomiqueEmmanuel Combe et Seacutebastien Daziano mai 2015 56 pages
Unir pour agir un programme pour la croissanceAlain Madelin mai 2015 52 pages
Nouvelle entreprise et valeur humaineFrancis Mer avril 2015 32 pages
Les transports et le financement de la mobiliteacuteYves Crozet avril 2015 32 pages
Numeacuterique et mobiliteacute impacts et synergiesJean Coldefy avril 2015 36 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie face agrave la moderniteacuteMohamed Beddy Ebnou mars 2015 40 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie les fondementsAḥmad Al-Raysuni mars 2015 40 pages
Les femmes et lrsquoislam une vision reacuteformisteAsma Lamrabet mars 2015 48 pages
Eacuteducation et islamMustapha Cherif mars 2015 44 pages
Que nous disent les eacutelections leacutegislatives partielles depuis 2012 Dominique Reynieacute feacutevrier 2015 4 pages
Lrsquoislam et les valeurs de la ReacutepubliqueSaad Khiari feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Islam et contrat socialPhilippe Moulinet feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Le soufisme spiritualiteacute et citoyenneteacuteBariza Khiari feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
Lrsquohumanisme et lrsquohumaniteacute en islamAhmed Bouyerdene feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
Eacuteradiquer lrsquoheacutepatite C en France quelles strateacutegies publiques Nicolas Bouzou et Christophe Marques janvier 2015 40 pages
48
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Coran cleacutes de lectureTareq Oubrou janvier 2015 44 pages
Le pluralisme religieux en islam ou la conscience de lrsquoalteacuteriteacuteEacuteric Geoffroy janvier 2015 40 pages
Meacutemoires agrave venirDominique Reynieacute janvier 2015 enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec la Fondation pour la Meacutemoire de la Shoah 156 pages
La classe moyenne ameacutericaine en voie drsquoeffritementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2014 40 pages
Pour une compleacutementaire eacuteducation lrsquoeacutecole des classes moyennesErwan Le Noan et Dominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquoantiseacutemitisme dans lrsquoopinion publique franccedilaise Nouveaux eacuteclairagesDominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 48 pages
La politique de concurrence un atout pour notre industrieEmmanuel Combe novembre 2014 48 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (2) pousseacutee du FN recul de lrsquoUMP et vote bretonJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 52 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (1) la gauche en miettesJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 40 pages
Innovation politique 2014Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2014 554 pages
Eacutenergie-climat pour une politique efficaceAlbert Bressand septembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquourbanisation du monde Une chance pour la FranceLaurence Daziano juillet 2014 44 pages
Que peut-on demander agrave la politique moneacutetaire Pascal Salin mai 2014 48 pages
Le changement crsquoest tout le temps 1514 - 2014Suzanne Baverez et Jean Seacutenieacute mai 2014 48 pages
Trop drsquoeacutemigreacutes Regards sur ceux qui partent de FranceJulien Gonzalez mai 2014 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2014Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres avril 2014 284 pages
Taxer mieux gagner plusRobin Rivaton avril 2014 52 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (2) diversifier la haute administrationKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 44 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (1) renforcer les think tanksKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 52 pages
Pour un new deal fiscalGianmarco Monsellato mars 2014 8 pages
Faire cesser la mendiciteacute avec enfantsJulien Damon mars 2014 44 pages
49
Le low cost une reacutevolution eacuteconomique et deacutemocratiqueEmmanuel Combe feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Un accegraves eacutequitable aux theacuterapies contre le cancerNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Reacuteformer le statut des enseignantsLuc Chatel janvier 2014 8 pages
Un outil de finance sociale les social impact bondsYan de Kerorguen deacutecembre 2013 36 pages
Pour la croissance la deacutebureaucratisation par la confiancePierre Pezziardi Serge Soudoplatoff et Xavier Queacuterat-Heacutement novembre 2013 48 pages
Les valeurs des FranciliensGueacutenaeumllle Gault octobre 2013 36 pages
Sortir drsquoune gregraveve eacutetudiante le cas du QueacutebecJean-Patrick Brady et Steacutephane Paquin octobre 2013 40 pages
Un contrat de travail unique avec indemniteacutes de deacutepart inteacutegreacuteesCharles Beigbeder juillet 2013 8 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2013Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres juillet 2013 268 pages
La nouvelle vague des eacutemergents Bangladesh Eacutethiopie Nigeria Indoneacutesie Vietnam MexiqueLaurence Daziano juillet 2013 40 pages
Transition eacutenergeacutetique europeacuteenne bonnes intentions et mauvais calculsAlbert Bressand juillet 2013 44 pages
La deacutemobiliteacute travailler vivre autrementJulien Damon juin 2013 44 pages
Le Kapital Pour rebacirctir lrsquoindustrieChristian Saint-Eacutetienne et Robin Rivaton avril 2013 40 pages
Code eacutethique de la vie politique et des responsables publics en FranceLes Arvernes Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique avril 2013 12 pages
Les classes moyennes dans les pays eacutemergentsJulien Damon avril 2013 38 pages
Innovation politique 2013Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2013 652 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (2) les strateacutegiesRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (1) les enjeuxRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 52 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute passe aussi par la fiscaliteacuteAldo Cardoso Michel Didier Bertrand Jacquillat Dominique Reynieacute et Greacutegoire Sentilhes deacutecembre 2012 20 pages
Une autre politique moneacutetaire pour reacutesoudre la criseNicolas Goetzmann deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
50
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La nouvelle politique fiscale rend-elle lrsquoISF inconstitutionnel Aldo Cardoso novembre 2012 12 pages
Fiscaliteacute pourquoi et comment un pays sans riches est un pays pauvrehellipBertrand Jacquillat octobre 2012 40 pages
Youth and Sustainable DevelopmentFondapolNomadeacuteisUnited Nations juin 2012 80 pages
La philanthropie Des entrepreneurs de solidariteacuteFrancis Charhon mai juin 2012 44 pages
Les chiffres de la pauvreteacute le sens de la mesureJulien Damon mai 2012 40 pages
Libeacuterer le financement de lrsquoeacuteconomieRobin Rivaton avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoeacutepargne au service du logement socialJulie Merle avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2012Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2012 210 pages
Valeurs partageacuteesDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF mars 2012 362 pages
Les droites en EuropeDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF feacutevrier 2012 552 pages
Innovation politique 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2012 648 pages
Lrsquoeacutecole de la liberteacute initiative autonomie et responsabiliteacuteCharles Feuillerade janvier 2012 36 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (2) les strateacutegiesReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 40 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (1) les enjeuxReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 48 pages
Reacutevolution des valeurs et mondialisationLuc Ferry janvier 2012 36 pages
Quel avenir pour la social-deacutemocratie en Europe Sir Stuart Bell deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
La reacutegulation professionnelle des regravegles non eacutetatiques pour mieux responsabiliserJean-Pierre Teyssier deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
Lrsquohospitaliteacute une eacutethique du soinEmmanuel Hirsch deacutecembre 2011 32 pages
12 ideacutees pour 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2011 110 pages
Les classes moyennes et le logementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2011 40 pages
Reacuteformer la santeacute trois propositionsNicolas Bouzou novembre 2011 32 pages
51
Le nouveau Parlement la reacutevision du 23 juillet 2008Jean-Feacutelix de Bujadoux novembre 2011 40 pages
La responsabiliteacuteAlain-Geacuterard Slama novembre 2011 32 pages
Le vote des classes moyennesEacutelisabeth Dupoirier novembre 2011 40 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute par la qualiteacuteEmmanuel Combe et Jean-Louis Mucchielli octobre 2011 32 pages
Les classes moyennes et le creacuteditNicolas Peacutecourt octobre 2011 32 pages
Portrait des classes moyennesLaure Bonneval Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Fabienne Gomant octobre 2011 36 pages
Morale eacutethique deacuteontologieMichel Maffesoli octobre 2011 40 pages
Sortir du communisme changer drsquoeacutepoqueSteacutephane Courtois (dir) PUF octobre 2011 672 pages
Lrsquoeacutenergie nucleacuteaire apregraves Fukushima incident mineur ou nouvelle donne Malcolm Grimston septembre 2011 16 pages
La jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2011 132 pages
Pouvoir drsquoachat une politiqueEmmanuel Combe septembre 2011 52 pages
La liberteacute religieuseHenri Madelin septembre 2011 36 pages
Reacuteduire notre dette publiqueJean-Marc Daniel septembre 2011 40 pages
Eacutecologie et libeacuteralismeCorine Pelluchon aoucirct 2011 40 pages
Valoriser les monuments historiques de nouvelles strateacutegiesWladimir Mitrofanoff et Christiane Schmuckle-Mollard juillet 2011 28 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs raisonsEddy Fougier juillet 2011 40 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs reacuteseauxSylvain Boulouque juillet 2011 36 pages
La fraterniteacutePaul Thibaud juin 2011 36 pages
La transformation numeacuterique au service de la croissanceJean-Pierre Corniou juin 2011 52 pages
LrsquoengagementDominique Schnapper juin 2011 32 pages
Liberteacute Eacutegaliteacute FraterniteacuteAndreacute Glucksmann mai 2011 36 pages
52
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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litiq
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Quelle industrie pour la deacutefense franccedilaise Guillaume Lagane mai 2011 26 pages
La religion dans les affaires la responsabiliteacute sociale de lrsquoentrepriseAureacutelien Acquier Jean-Pascal Gond et Jacques Igalens mai 2011 44 pages
La religion dans les affaires la finance islamiqueLila Guermas-Sayegh mai 2011 36 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAllemagnePatrick Moreau avril 2011 56 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La SlovaquieEacutetienne Boisserie avril 2011 40 pages
Qui deacutetient la dette publique Guillaume Leroy avril 2011 36 pages
Le principe de preacutecaution dans le mondeNicolas de Sadeleer mars 2011 36 pages
Comprendre le Tea PartyHenri Hude mars 2011 40 pages
Ougrave en est la droite Les Pays-BasNiek Pas mars 2011 36 pages
Productiviteacute agricole et qualiteacute des eauxGeacuterard Morice mars 2011 44 pages
LrsquoEau du volume agrave la valeurJean-Louis Chaussade mars 2011 32 pages
Eau comment traiter les micropolluants Philippe Hartemann mars 2011 38 pages
Eau deacutefis mondiaux perspectives franccedilaisesGeacuterard Payen mars 2011 62 pages
Lrsquoirrigation pour une agriculture durableJean-Paul Renoux mars 2011 42 pages
Gestion de lrsquoeau vers de nouveaux modegravelesAntoine Freacuterot mars 2011 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAutrichePatrick Moreau feacutevrier 2011 42 pages
La participation au service de lrsquoemploi et du pouvoir drsquoachatJacques Perche et Antoine Pertinax feacutevrier 2011 32 pages
Le tandem franco-allemand face agrave la crise de lrsquoeuroWolfgang Glomb feacutevrier 2011 38 pages
2011 la jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) janvier 2011 88 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2011Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacutedition Lignes de Repegraveres janvier 2011 254 pages
Administration 20Thierry Weibel janvier 2011 48 pages
53
Ougrave en est la droite La BulgarieAntony Todorov deacutecembre 2010 32 pages
Le retour du tirage au sort en politiqueGil Delannoi deacutecembre 2010 38 pages
La compeacutetence morale du peupleRaymond Boudon novembre 2010 30 pages
LrsquoAcadeacutemie au pays du capitalBernard Belloc et Pierre-Franccedilois Mourier PUF novembre 2010 222 pages
Pour une nouvelle politique agricole communeBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Seacutecuriteacute alimentaire un enjeu globalBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Les vertus cacheacutees du low cost aeacuterienEmmanuel Combe novembre 2010 40 pages
Innovation politique 2011Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF novembre 2010 676 pages
Deacutefense surmonter lrsquoimpasse budgeacutetaireGuillaume Lagane octobre 2010 34 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoEspagneJoan Marcet octobre 2010 34 pages
Les vertus de la concurrenceDavid Sraer septembre 2010 44 pages
Internet politique et coproduction citoyenneRobin Berjon septembre 2010 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La PologneDominika Tomaszewska-Mortimer aoucirct 2010 42 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Suegravede et le DanemarkJacob Christensen juillet 2010 44 pages
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54
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apol
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atio
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litiq
ue
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55
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
fondapolorg
RETIREMENTLESSONS FROM
THE SWEDISH REFORMS
Kristoffer LUNDBERG
The Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique is a French think tank for European integration and free economy
Chair Nicolas BazireVice-chair Greacutegoire Chertok
Executive Director Dominique ReynieacuteChair of Scientific and Evaluation Board Christophe de Voogd
5
The Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique provides an independent forum for expertise opinion and exchange aimed at producing and disseminating ideas and proposals It contributes to pluralism of thought and the renewal of public discussion from a free market forward-thinking and European perspective Four main priorities guide the Foundationrsquos work economic growth the environment values and digital technology
The website wwwfondapolorg provides public access to all the Foundationrsquos work Anyone can access and use all the data gathered for the various surveys via the platform Datafondapol and the data relating to international surveys is available in several languages
In addition our blog Trop Libre (Too Free) casts a critical eye over the news and the world of ideas Trop Libre also provides extensive monitoring of the effects of the digital revolution on political economic and social practices in its Renaissance numeacuterique (Digital Renaissance) section
Additionally reflecting the Foundationrsquos editorial policy our blog Anthropotechnie aims to explore new avenues prompted by human enhancement reproductive cloning humanmachine hybridization genetic engineering and germline manipulation It contributes to thinking and debate on transhumanism Anthropotechnie offers articles tackling ethical philosophical and political issues associated with the expansion of technological innovations in the fields of enhancement of human bodies and abilities
The Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique is a state-recognized organizationIt is independent and receives no financial support from any political party Its funding comes from both public and private sources Backing from business and individuals is essential for it to develop its work
FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
A French think tank for European integration and free economy
6
INTRODUCTION 9
I THE EVOLUTION OF THE SWEDISH RETIREMENT SYSTEM 101 The appearance of the first occupational pension schemes
at the end of the XVIIIth century102 The break-off the XIXth century113 From 1900 to 1930 the establishment of universal pensions
and the road to democracy 144 From 1930 to 1950 the birth of Swedish corporatism
and the Saltsjoumlbaden agreements 175 The 1950s The rise of the ATP system
(Allmaumln Tillaumlggs Pension) 186 Reforms in the 1960-1970s 217 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system24
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL 291 The role of Swedish political culture 292 Structuring the reform work 29
CONCLUSION 30
ANNEXES 31
TABLE OF CONTENTS
7
SUMMARY
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
Swedish Political PartiesThe translations used for the names of political parties in this study are as followsCenterpartiet Centre PartyKristdemokraterna Christian DemocratsLiberaleerna LiberalsModerata samlingspartiete Moderate PartySveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti Social Democratic Party
9
INTRODUCTION
By international comparisons contemporary Sweden and the other Nordic countries are considered prosperous due to the even distribution of their resources Furthermore Sweden combines high levels of individual freedom and social mobility 1 due in large part to the Swedish economic and social model which was designed for inclusive growth The Swedish model consists of three fundamental pillars a labour market that facilitates adjustment to change a universal welfare policy and economic policy that promotes openness towards the world and macroeconomic stability 2
The Swedish welfare policy is based on universal principles by which all citizens have access to social protection in the form of both publicly financed welfare services and social security Welfare services can be offered by both private andor public providers These systems cover every individual throughout their lifetime The public pension system is by far the largest system within the Swedish social security apparatus It provided pension benefits for 1036311 men and 1167073 women or roughly 22 of the total population in 2017 2917171 men and 2816981 women of working age paid in pension contributions to the public pension system in 2017 or 60 of total population according to the Swedish Pensions Agency In total 82 of the entire population either paid contributions or received benefits from the national pension system
1 See Gender Equality Index 2017 (httpseigeeuropaeugender-equality-index) At-risk of poverty is used as a proxy for social mobility (ldquoIncome Mobility Statistics in Swedenrdquo 2018wwwscbsecontentassets7ad934d0c3794707984de372bd90f45ehe0110_2016a01_br_he80br1801pdf)2 See Government Offices of Sweden Ministry of Finance ldquoThe Swedish Modelrdquo 2017 (wwwgovernmentse4a5336contentassets8416c4ff1410419090181fe503920390the-swedish-modelpdf)
RETIREMENTLESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
Kristoffer LundbergKristoffer Lundberg Ministry of Health and Social Affairs Sweden
Views in this paper do not represent the official views of the Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs nor the Swedish Government Offices All possible errors are the authors own The author would like to thank Kiran Ahuja Bo Koumlnberg Stefan Oscarson Mattias Ossowicki and Olle Sundberg for their comments on this paper and its earlier drafts
10
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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In June of 1994 the Swedish Parliament approved a new pension system introducing a pay-as-you-go Notional Defined Contribution (NDC) system combined with a minor Financial Defined Contribution (FDC) system 3 The history of Swedish retirement reform can be understood in terms of the history of social welfare Its development is far more complex and harder fought politically than what is often perceived of modern Sweden It is easy to underestimate the uncertainties that riddled its historical past Our historical bias underestimates the struggles in political and social battles such as retirement reform
This paper aims to describe how and in what environment the Swedish pension reform was devised First we will give a historical overview of the Swedish retirement scheme from the end of the XVIIIth century to its recent changes agreed upon in 2017 We will then discuss the lessons learnt from the reform process and its implications The current retirement policy in Sweden is presented in detail in the annex
I THE EVOLUTION OF THE SWEDISH RETIREMENT SYSTEM
1 The appearance of the first occupational pension schemes at the end of the XVIIIth century
The development of income security within old-age and retirement reform in Sweden is tightly related to the history of modern Sweden and how it unfolded It is the story of how Sweden transitioned from a poor war-torn autocratic agricultural country in the north of Europe to the prosperous democratic country that it is today
By the turn of the XVIIIth century Sweden was much less developed than other European countries Although the country had flourished during the reign of freedom 1718-1772 (Frihetstiden) an era which had both provided peace and given rise to more freedom in society 4 the country was shaken by several transformative and disruptive events the assassination of Gustav III the coup deacutetat against the King Gustav IV Adolphe the loss of Finland (one-third of the
3 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten ldquoThe NDC Reform in Sweden the 1994 Legislation to the Presentrdquo in Robert Holzmann and Edward Palmer (eds) Pension Reform Issues and Prospects for Non-Financial Definede Contribution (NDC) Schemees The World Bank 2006 pp 449-466 (httpdocumentsworldbankorgcuratedpt713861468120840510pdf353470REV0Pension0Reform01PUBLIC1pdf )4 This era corresponds to le Siegravecle des Lumiegraveres 1715-1789 in France
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edis
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form
s
11
country and a fourth of the population) to the Russian Empire in 1809 and the lynching of the Marshal of the Realm Axel von Fersen on 20 June 1810 This period ended when one of Napoleonrsquos generals Mareacutechal Jean Baptiste Bernadotte ascended to the throne as King Karl XIV Johan of Sweden in 1818 and the country established a new Constitution finally returning to stability
In 1810 Sweden had 23 million inhabitants the majority of whom worked in the agricultural sector Aside from Stockholm with around 75000 inhabitants in 1800 most other cities were small Although most lived in poverty Swedes enjoyed more individual rights than most of their European neighbours Moreover due to the universal catechetical requirements implemented by the clergy literacy levels were also comparatively high with at least one person in each family being able read
The earliest pension schemes in Sweden were occupational (Allmaumlnna Aumlnke- and Pupillskassan 1788-1934) These pension schemes provided limited coverage for the upper levels of the clergy the armed forces and civil servants 5
2 The break-off the XIXth century
Starting around 1860 thanks to the industrial revolution the number of workers in manufacturing and services increased while the proportion of workers in agriculture began its one hundred and fifty year-old downward trend from well over half of the population to around 2 by the turn of the millennium It also prompted urbanisation as people began moving from the countryside to their new jobs and workplaces in the rapidly growing cites This dynamic is still at play today
The proportion of workers in each economic sector is also a rough illustration of the different professional retirement coverage options established in the first half of the XXth century that still exist today In present-day Sweden there are four different convention types one for central government employees one for municipal and county council employees one for white-collar employees in the private sector and one for blue-collar workers in the private sector ldquoGovernment servicesrdquo encompasses two pension agreements for central government employees and one for municipal and county council employees To some extent at least until at least the end of the XXth century white-collar workers could be assimilated in the category Services and blue-collar workers in the category Industry
5 See Tom Soumlderberg Foumlrsaumlkringsvaumlsendets historia i Sverige intill Karl Johantiden PA Nordstedt amp Soumlners Foumlrlag 1935
12
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
litiq
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Employment in economic sectors as a share of population aged 15-64 from 1860-2000
06
05
04
03
02
01
0
Agriculture Indsutry Services Governmental services
1860 19401880 19601900 19801920 2000
Source Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique data historiase Statistics Sweden
This figure portrays the relative economic and political strength which partly explains the political development of pensions and social coverage in Sweden throughout the period 1860-2000 Furthermore it also helps to explain the political views of the observed groups especially for individuals employed in the agricultural economic sector who by living off the land often had non-monetary incomes which could explain why these groups were less keen on introducing pension systems related to declared income and paid contributions The Centre Party (founded in 1913 as the Farmers league) would champion universal flat-rate benefits throughout most of the 20th century
See Gabriella Sjoumlrgen Lindquist and Eskil Wadenjsouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash note the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance(wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)
In the 1850s Sweden was hit with poor harvests which triggered a crisis in the agriculture sector This combined with rapid population growth and urbanisation created an unsustainable social and economic situation for many individuals and their families and many chose to leave Sweden for the promise of a better life in North America perhaps best described by the author Vilhelm
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s fr
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edis
h re
form
s
13
Moberg in his book series The Emigrants 6 In the mass migration that followed between 1850 and 1930 approximately 14 million people left the country Some years as many as 1 of total population emigrated In certain birth cohorts one in five men and one in six women chose to emigrate 7 The below figure also shows a marked shift from being a departure country to destination country during the 1950s
Immigrants and emigrants as a share of population between 1850-2017
0018
0016
0014
0012
0010
0008
0006
0004
0002
0000
Immigrants () Emigrants ()
1850 19501875 19751900 20001925
Source Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique data Statistics Sweden
Private life insurance and pension insurance emerged in Sweden starting around 1850 The principles for life insurance based on mathematical probability theories developed by French mathematicians Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal and the mortality tables developed the English mathematician Edmond Halley around the XVIIth century 8 were of fundamental importance The growing banking and insurance sectors were predominantly influenced by what happened in London which is why the Swedish insurance industry was anglophone from the very beginning
6 Vilhelm Moberg The Emigrants (Novel series) [1949-1959] Bonniers translated by Gustaf Lannestock7 See Statistics Sweden ldquoSveriges folkmaumlngd fraringn 1749 och fram till idagrdquo scbse 27 October 2017 (wwwscbsehitta-statistikartiklar2017svereiges-folkmangd-fran-1749-och-fram-till-idag)8 See Bengt Bergander Foumlrsaumlkringsvaumlsendet i Sverige 1814-1914 Berlingska Boktryckeriet 1967
14
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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litiq
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The Riksdag of the Estates (Staringndsriksdag) was dissolved in 1866 The parliament of the four estates ndash the Nobility Clergy Burghers and Peasants ndash was replaced by a bicameral legislature Voting rights were still limited to men only and was dependent on declared income The bicameral legislature stood for over a century until the unicameral assembly was introduced in 1970
The first life insurance companies in Sweden operated in a limited market geared towards the upper echelons of society In 1880 only 03 of the population had some form of pension insurance coverage 9 Finding the market too limited both in scope and in size private insurance companies tried to expand their business to other groups in society 10
With the further pauperisation of families working in the agricultural sector the demand for other forms of insurance increased Demand for insurance coverage especially for those in their old age increased in many groups in society but primarily for workers and middle-class private sector groups (services and manufacturing sectors) The growth of the middle class in the cities also increased the demand for occupational pensions and private insurance The first parliamentary resolution on compulsory pension insurance for workers was submitted to parliament by the liberal Member of Parliament Adolf Hedin 11 in 1884 Although the Hedin motion did not pass through parliament it set in motion several new initiatives including an inquiry into occupational and pensions insurance for workers and more generally a process of social change that would span the next 30 years It also triggered a government commission on pensions (pensionsutredningen) in 1895 and 1898 However their findings were not implemented by the conservative government that advocated for more private insurance based systems Despite their reservations several reforms related to workersrsquo safety and insurance were gradually introduced over time 12
3 From 1900 to 1930 the establishment of universal pensions and the road to democracy
Political tensions continued to increase in Sweden in the lead-up to the First World War and the country came close to war and rebellion after the dissolution of their union with Norway in 1905 in the 1914 Courtyard crisis and following the revolutions in Russia and Germany in 1917 and 1918
9 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg and Sven-Erik Svaumlrd Den svenska foumlrsaumlkringsmodellens uppgaringng och fall Erlanders Foumlrlag AB 200510 Ibid11 Adolf Hedin (1934-1905) was a newspaper publisher writer and politician12 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg Sven-Erik Svaumlrd op cit The reforms included the law on occupational safety in 1889 support to sickness insurance funds in 1891 and accident insurance in 1901 (reformed in 1916)
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s
15
Somehow maybe thanks to a mixture of luck bravery and moderation Sweden overcame these tribulations peacefully The main issues were related to finding the fragile balance between passing democratic reforms all while preserving the existing social order and social cohesion Around this time the conservative government under Prime Minister Arvid Lindman 13 introduced proportional elections a system that remains to this day but with the right to vote which was then exclusively reserved for men and determined through an income-dependent system 14 In 1913 Karl Staaffrsquos 15 Liberal government introduced a universal pension system calculated in two parts one-part was calculated as accumulation annuities and one-part as a pay-as-you-go supplement subject to income The pension age was set at 67 but the accumulated resources could be paid out earlier in cases of disability The benefit level was low and it would remain as such until after the Second World War The first universal pension benefits were paid out starting on 1 January 1914 The universal pension benefit was probably the first of its kind and was considered one of the governmentrsquos greatest achievements 16
In 1918 the Liberal-Social Democratic coalition government under Prime Minister Nils Edeacuten 17 introduced equal voting rights for men Due to the political turmoil surrounding Europe towards the end of the war the voting rights were quickly expanded to all elections at all levels and more importantly to all women making Sweden a true democracy
The 1920s was a period of great economic growth but also marked by great political instability and labour market turmoil During this decade the country saw ten successive governments often from different political parties At the same time there was a resurgence of social movements as evidenced by the high number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees over this period
13 Arvid Lindman (1862-1936) was a naval admiral and conservative politician He served as Prime Minister from 1906-1911 and 1928-193014 Leif Lewin Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Arvid Lindman Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201015 Karl Staaff (1860-1915) was a liberal politician and lawyer He served as Prime Minister 1905-1906 1911-191416 See Peter Esaiasson Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Karl Staff Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201017 Nils Edeacuten (1871-1945) Liberal politician and Prime Minister from 1917-1920
16
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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n po
litiq
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Number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees in Sweden 1905-2005
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
01905 19851925 20051945 1965
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique wwwmedlingsinstitutetse Mikkelsen F 1992 Arbejdskonflikter i Skandinavien 1848-1980 Edvinsson R 2005 Growth Accumulation Crisis With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800-2000 wwwscbse historiase
Moreover because the universal pension benefits were so low demand for professional pensions increased By the 1920s the number of employees in manufacturing and services had almost doubled from 01 to 02 as a share of the population while the share of employees in the working-age population declined from 05 to 03 Furthermore debates related to the coverage of blue and white-collar workers in the private sector continued and discussions on voluntary versus mandatory occupational pensions public or private administration remained at the heart of political debates and negotiations with social partners for much of the post-war period Eventually in 1927 the law on voluntary occupational pensions for white-collar workers was passed (1927 aringrs lag om frivillig tjaumlnstepensionering)
The economic boom of the 1920s ended abruptly with several disruptive events the depression of 1931 the shootings in Aringdalen 1931 18 and the collapse of Ivar Kreugerrsquos 19 economic empire Despite all this Sweden matured as a democracy and contrary to many other less fortunate countries in Europe became an increasingly stable country throughout the 1930s
18 On 14 May 1931 five people were shot dead by military troops called in as reinforcement by the police during a protest The Aringdalen shootings was a series of events in and around the sawmill district of Aringdalen Kramfors Municipality Aringngermanland Sweden The events spawned raging national debate and deep division along political lines19 Ivar Kreuger (1880-1932) became one of the richest men of his time His empire was built around the company Kreuger amp Toll Ltd which was highly exposed as a leader on international markets and severely hit in the financial crisis of 1929 Ivar Kreuger supposedly committed suicide in his Parisian apartment on Avenue Franklin-D-Roosevelt on 12 March 1932
Retir
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sson
s fr
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h re
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s
17
In 1935 the universal annuity capitalisation was abolished and flat-rate universal pension benefits (folkpension) were introduced (Lag om folkpension) by Prime Minister Per Albin Hanssonrsquos 20 Social Democratic Government This reform also meant that Sweden moved away from traditional privately funded insurance to give way to more government-run pay-as-you-go pensions
4 From 1930 to 1950 the birth of Swedish corporatism and the Saltsjoumlbaden agreements
In the 1930s the labour movement demanded to see improvement in workersrsquo conditions specifically asking for a raise in wages 21 The unions became more focused on strengthening the long-term business environment within the industrial sector through high levels of investments and boosts in economic growth 22 This new dynamic led to the resolution of conflicts of interest on the labour market and a transition towards corporatism and macroeconomic stability In 1938 the centralist ldquoSaltsjoumlbaden Agreementrdquo between the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) and the Swedish Employers Confederation (SAF) was agreed upon This agreement aimed at the settlement of labour market conflicts without government intervention 23 According to the economist Assar Lindbeck a key driver of this change of pace and tone was the alliance between the Social Democratic Party and the unions
With higher economic growth increasing standards of living and rapid changes in family structures due to urbanisation the demand for occupational pensions among workers increased once again in the interwar period The issue of whether occupational pensions should be mandatory or optional for various categories of workers was addressed in parliamentary sessions in 1931 1933 1934 1935 1936 and 1938 as well as in several committees and government inquiries 24 In 1944 there was Government inquiry on mandatory occupational pensions but its scope was limited to white-collar workers 25
20 Per Albin Hansson (1885-1946) was Social Democratic politician and Prime Minister from 1932-1936 and 1936-1946 He is credited for creating the concept of general social welfare (Folkhemmet)21 See Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia ndash tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel Tredje upplagan SNS Foumlrlag 200022 Ibid23 See Assar Lindbeck ldquoThe Swedish Experimentrdquo Journal of Economic Literature vol 35 ndeg3 September 1997 pp 1273-131924 Committee regarding private sector employees (Kommittee angaringende privatanstaumlllda 1931) and the Hartelius committee (1936) Also see Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkring Undersoumlkningar av och foumlrslag av pensionsutredningen Principbetaumlnkande Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 195033 1950 (httpslagennusou195033attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)25 Ibid
18
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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litiq
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Another motion on mandatory pensions for all was raised by the parliamentarian Oskar Aringkerstroumlm 26 in 1944 (sv Riksdagsmotion om obligatorisk tillaumlggspension) Pension related issues continued to be discussed in the parliamentary sessions of 1944 1946 1947 and 1950
In 1946 the flat-rate universal pension benefit (folkpension) introduced in 1913 and reformed in 1935 was amended to a unified universal pension across all municipalities (enhetlig folkpension) Indexation is then introduced in 1948 The pension and disability pension benefits were increased considerably on 1 January of the same year In addition the Social Democratic Government under Prime Minister Tage Erlander 27 introduced survivorsrsquo pensions supplements for wives (hustrutilaumlgg) as well as national and municipal housing supplements 28
The political debate on whether to opt for income replacement or minimum income security was quite contested even within the Social Democratic party Prominent figures of the labour movement such the Minister for Social Affairs Gustav Moumlller 29 opted for a universal minimum income policy in accordance with what Sir William Beveridge had proposed in the United Kingdom in 1942 30 Gustav Moumlllerrsquos opinion had strong support within the party throughout the 1940s until the beginning of the 1950s when Gunnar Straumlng become the Minister of Finance 31
5 The 1950s The rise of the ATP system (Allmaumln Tillaumlggs Pension)
In the 1950s the Government commission on pensions established in 1947 concluded that ldquoThe way pension issues have been addressed in recent decades shows that they have always been a subject of interest from both societal and individual citizens groups Optional retirement has now been significantly expanded for white-collar workersrdquo 32
Government expenditure and taxes started to increase with the expansion of the ldquowelfare staterdquo From 1950 to 1970 government expenditure increased from 18 of GDP to 31 while taxes share of the GDP increased from 18 to 36 continuing until reaching its highest peak at 50 in 1990
26 Oskar Aringkerstroumlm (1896-1964) was a Social Democratic politician and member of Parliament27 Tage Erlander (1901-1985) was a Social Democratic politician and the longest serving Prime Minister in modern Swedish history from 1946-196928 See Betaumlnkande av Pensionarbetsgruppen Reformerat pensionssystem Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199420 1994 (httpslagennusou199420attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)29 Gustav Moumlller (1884-1970) was a Social Democratic politician and Member of Government in 1924-26 1932-36 and 1936-51 and credited as the father of Swedish social security and its welfare state30 See William Beveridge ldquoSocial Insurance and Allied Servicesrdquo Parliamentary Archives BBKD495 194231 Gunnar Straumlng (1906-1992) was a Social Democratic politician and served as Minister for Finance in 1955-197632 Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkringhellip op cit
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
19
Tax Revenue and Government expenditure as a percentage of GDP 1900-2010
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Taxes Expenditures
1900 19701940 20101910 198019501920 199019601930 2000
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique Ekonomifakta IMF
The commission led by OA Aringkesson also suggested the introduction of a mandatory public income-related pension insurance for all 33 The members of the commission opted for writing their own opinions (sv saumlrskilda yttranden) along party lines wherein the Social Democratic member and the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) members were in favour of the Commissionrsquos opinion while the white-collar workers and Conservative representatives were opposed Despite these opinions the Social Democratic and Centre Party Coalition Government demanded a new independent commission instead of presenting the commissions proposal to Parliament 34
The political debate further increased during the early 1950s however despite several improvements to the pertinence of the system The indexation of the universal pension benefit was introduced and increased in 1948 However with the rapid increases in economic growth and standards of living it became obvious that the increases in benefits and coverage of workers were not enough to enable workers and low-income earners to live on their pensions 35 The pension struggle then became a power struggle between Prime Minister Tage Erlander and main opposition leader of the Liberal Party leader Bertil Ohlin 36
33 According to Bo Koumlnberg the basic ideas of the Income pension (NDC system) can be traced to the ideas in OA Aringkessons Commission (See Bo Koumlnberg ldquoThe Swedish Model for Pension ndash New Wine in New Bottlesrdquo Scandinavian Insurance Quarterly ndeg22008 February 2008 pp99-109httpsnftnusitesdefaultfiles2008202_0pdf)34 See Peter Ohlsson P Svensk politik Historiska media 201435 Ibid36 Bertil Ohlin (1899-1979) was a Liberal Party leader and economist and was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1977 See Dick Harrisson ldquoJag har ingen vilja till makt ndash Biografi oumlver Tage Erlanderrdquo Ordfront 2017
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In 1955 the new pension commission produced its final report recommending a mandatory and universal public pension for all Furthermore the Commission proposed pension benefits that would mirror past wages and depend on national living standards 37 The Commission also proposed that the pension age should remain at 67 years of age Shortly after the 1956 election the Pension Commission led by Per Eckerberg presented its final report In this version the LO and Social Democrats proposed a universal earnings-related public pension (Allmaumln tillaumlggs pension) ATP 38 According to the proposal the target replacement rate would be 65 of the average workerrsquos earnings
In the fall of 1957 the Conservative party and the Liberals introduced the idea of holding a referendum on pension reforms 39 A referendum was held on 13 October 1957 The referendum had three options the first was the Social Democratic proposal to introduce a universal income-related pension This option received 458 of the referendum vote The second option was supported by the Centre Party to introduce optional pensions and it received 15 The last option supported by the Liberal party and Conservative party preferred giving social partners the responsibility for pensions and received 353 40 Although voter turnout was high at 724 and the Social Democratic option received more votes than the other options no policy received an outright majority
The struggle for the ATP also led to the dissolution of the Centre Partyrsquos coalition with the Social Democrats on 25 October 1957 41 The entire government resigned but Tage Erlander returned as Prime Minister with a Social Democratic Minority Government on 31 October 1957 The election of 1958 led to a renewed Social Democratic Government under the leadership of Prime Minister Tage Erlander With the smallest possible margin (one vote) in parliament the government secured a majority However as the speaker of the House did not vote in parliament the election resulted in a parliament without a majority
When the decision on ATP was to be made in 1959 the reform was passed with the smallest margin of votes and the Governmentrsquos proposal to introduce income-related public pension for all workers was passed through the lower House The right-of-centre parties soon conceded on the issue 42 It was after the ATP struggle in the 1950s that the Social Democrats became the majority party in Government 43 Tage Erlander remained Prime Minister until 1969
37 See Ohlsson op cit38 Ibid39 Goumlran Haumlgg Vaumllfaumlrdsaringren ndash svensk historia 1945-1986 Wallstroumlm amp Widstrand 200540 See Ohlsson op cit41 See Lennart Schoumln op cit42 See Urban Lundberg Juvelen i kronan Socialdemokraterna och den allmaumlnna pensionen Hjalmarson amp Houmlgberg 200343 See Harrison op cit
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21
6 Reforms in the 1960-1970s
For twenty years from 1950 until 1970 average growth in Sweden and in many other industrialised countries was around 4 annually 44 In that time often referred to as the ldquogolden yearsrdquo 45 not only did living standards increase but many consumer goods such as cars refrigerators television etc became goods for the masses and vacation travel also increased due to better infrastructure throughout Europe and aviation
At the beginning of the 1970s Sweden like most other western countries entered an era of reduced growth There are many different explanations for this external shocks from the global recession the oil crisis as well as structural changes in the economy with new technology and services taking over the industrial sector
GDP per capita and economic growth in leading economies 1971-1975 and 2001-2005
Countries Income per capita Growth
1971-1975 1991-1995 2001-2005
1991-1995 1971-1975
2001-2005 1991-1995
2001-2005 1971-1975
Sweden 11252 14159 17951 + 12 + 24 + 16
Other Nordic countries 9520 14474 18525 + 21 + 25 + 22
Southern Europe 7703 11904 14591 + 22 + 20 + 21
Rest of Europe 9651 13791 16501 + 18 + 18 + 18
North America 13479 18395 22771 + 16 + 21 + 17
Japan 8815 15977 17504 + 30 + 09 + 23
Source Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia Tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel SNS Foumlrlag 2000
In 1969 the pension supplement a complementary benefit to the universal pension was passed (sv Pensionstillskott) 46 and remained in place until 2003
On 1 July 1976 the retirement age was lowered from 67 to 65 after an agreement made in 1974 between the Social Democratic Government and the Liberals A flexible part-time pension was also introduced for those aged 60 to 65 The flexible part-time pension was calculated generously which allowed for a benefit level of 65 including pension contributions The flexible
44 See Lennart Schoumln op cit45 These years are the equivalent of Les Trente Glorieuses in France46 ldquoLag om pensionstillskottrdquo 1969205 Socialdepartementet 9 May 1969 (httpslagennu1969205)
22
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part-time pension became very popular and from 1976 until August 1980 about 89000 Swedes opted for this benefit 47 In the 1976 election the Social Democrats lost their majority for the first time in 40 years The non-socialist parties lead by Torbjoumlrn Faumllldin from the Centre Party formed a coalition government The non-socialist right-of centre parties would remain in power until 1982
The premature ageing of the population from 1970-1990 compared to other OECD countries together with sharp increases in the labour participation rates of women increased the political demand for more generous pension systems and child and elderly care 48 From 1950 until the 1990s Sweden experienced a rapid increase in the old-age dependency ratio
Old-age dependency ratio in Sweden and France from 1950 to 2015 (in )
04
035
03
025
02
015
01
005
0
France Sweden
1950 19851970 2005 2010 20151955 199019751960 199519801965 2000
The old-age dependency ratio is calculated as the number of individuals aged 65 and above divided by the number of individuals aged 20 to 64
Source United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2017) World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision
The figure below shows the employment ratio for men and women From 1963 to 1990 female employment continuously increased from 53 to 81 while for male employment it suffered a small but steady decline from 89 to 85 Employment rates which had fallen due to the economic crisis of the early 1990s then picked up again with a slow yet steady increase
47 See Urban Lundberg op cit48 Lindbeck op cit
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23
Employment ratios for men and women 1963-2017
196
3
196
9
198
9
197
9
199
9
20
09
196
5
198
5
1975
199
5
20
05
1971
199
1
198
1
20
01
20
11
20
15
1967
198
7
197
7
199
7
20
07
197
3
199
3
198
3
20
03
20
13
20
17
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Men Women
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique OECDstat
Despite the rhetorical differences between the political parties there was a growing consensus across political lines that the pension system needed to be adjusted The ATP system was perceived as financially unsustainable as there was a substantial risk of the pension contributions increasing faster than income levels would 49 Given the high level of taxes as a percentage of GDP at around 50 of GDP in 1990 further increases to finance pensions seemed limited
Estimated pensions expenditure in the former pension system wage share based on different assumptions for real income growth (from 1995) and maintained price indexation
Growth rate0 1 2 3
2005 335 303 278 2512015 411 342 288 2392025 442 341 266 2032050 437 292 184 109
Source Prop 199394250
In addition the former system created few incentives to work Thirty years of work would earn a pension of which fifteen would impact the calculation the pension benefit formula was based on the best fifteen years of work The
49 See Allmaumln pension Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199076 1990 (httpslagennusou199076)
24
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benefit calculation was therefore beneficial for individuals with a short but fast-growing career later in life Hence it was less beneficial for individuals with a slow growth in earning but a long career
On 16 November 1984 the Social Democratic government lead by Olof Palme commissioned a Parliamentary Pension Commission (pensionsberedningen) lead by Sture Korpi 50 State Secretary to Minister for Social Affairs Sten Andersson The Commission united all the most relevant organisations in Swedish society political parties unions the confederation of Swedish enterprises pensionersrsquo organisations organisations for the disabled social insurance agencies etc 51 The Parliamentary Commission also became a breeding ground for future prominent members of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pension such as Anna Hedborg 52 Ingela Thalen 53 and Bo Koumlnberg 54
Although the Commission had not been mandated to propose any changes it was considered a huge success for its contributions to analysing how the pensions system worked and what challenges it faced 55 The Pension Commission presented its final report in 1990 56
7 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system
The first political step towards a new pension reform system was taken in the Government budget (finansplan) of 1991 The Social Democratic Government led by Ingvar Carlsson 57 opts for ldquoopportunities for financing pension pledges within a framework of unchanged levels of taxation and contributions are highly dependent on economic growth 58rdquo
In 1991 the Social Democrats were defeated by a four-party coalition led by the Moderate Party leader Carl Bildt 59 Shortly after the new Government
50 Sture Korpi (1939-2017) was a Social Democratic politician and served as State Secretary in 1982-199151 See Urban Lundberg op cit52 Anna Hedborg (b 1944) is a Social Democratic politician and official and served as Minister for Social Insurance (1994-1996)53 Ingela Thalen (b1943) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Minster of Labour (1987-1991) and Minister for Social Affairs (1990-1991 1994-1996)54 Bo Koumlnberg (b1945) is a Liberal Party politician and served as Minister for Health and Social Insurance in 1991-199455 See Urban Lundberg op cit56 See Allmaumln Pension op cit57 Ingvar Carlsson (b1934) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Prime Minister in 1986-1991 and 1994-199658 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreement and Pension Reform trad Anglaise du rapport Detta aumlr pensionsoumlverenskommelsen (Ds 200953) 2010 p53 (wwwgovernmentse49b757contentassets3d321fd499da48928de201abe43a558bthe-swedish-pension-agreement-and-pension-reform-ds-200953)59 Carl Bildt (born in 1949) is a Conservative Party politician and served as Prime Minister 1991-1994 and Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006-2014
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25
took office a Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions was formed The Working Group began its work in November 1991 when the Minister for Healthcare and Social Security Bo Koumlnberg took its direction In 1992 the Working Group published a ldquopreliminary draftrdquo containing almost all the elements of the reform 60 the starting point of the reform being the need for a higher savings rate in the economy as well as the need to strengthen the incentives to work Although the possibility of making changes within the framework of the existing ATP system had been thoroughly investigated by Pension Commission the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions settled that the retirement system should be built up according to principles other than those underpinning public pension and ATP systems of today The Working Group presented a draft of a new system in August 1992 containing almost all principal elements 61
A brutal economic crisis hit Sweden in 1992 Government expenditure reached almost 76 of GDP in 1995 and the employment rate declined consistently throughout the 1990s The many causes of the crisis are diverse and literature on this matter is vast A combination of rapid credit expansion both weak government finances and a weak current account together with a fixed currency towards the European Currency Unit 62 depleted the central bankrsquos power to defend its currency In one last attempt to protect the Swedish currency the Riksbank decided to raise its key interest rate to 500 on 16 September 1992 As a result investments and the employment rate fell and the country experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression In November 1992 the fixed rate towards the ECU 63 was abandoned and the Swedish krona quickly depreciated These events led to an immediate crisis on the financial market and in the banking sector which had to be restructured and bailed out Consequently the Government debt as a percentage of GDP soared from around 40 in 1990 to 74 in 1994
60 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit61 Ibid62 The ECU was a basket of currencies used from 1979 to 1999 and before the euro63 The European Currency Unit was a basket of currencies used as a unit of account before being replaced by the euro 1 January 1999
26
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Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
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27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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38
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40
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apol
| lrsquoi
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fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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47
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fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
litiq
ue
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fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
ue
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
RETIREMENTLESSONS FROM
THE SWEDISH REFORMS
Kristoffer LUNDBERG
The Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique is a French think tank for European integration and free economy
Chair Nicolas BazireVice-chair Greacutegoire Chertok
Executive Director Dominique ReynieacuteChair of Scientific and Evaluation Board Christophe de Voogd
5
The Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique provides an independent forum for expertise opinion and exchange aimed at producing and disseminating ideas and proposals It contributes to pluralism of thought and the renewal of public discussion from a free market forward-thinking and European perspective Four main priorities guide the Foundationrsquos work economic growth the environment values and digital technology
The website wwwfondapolorg provides public access to all the Foundationrsquos work Anyone can access and use all the data gathered for the various surveys via the platform Datafondapol and the data relating to international surveys is available in several languages
In addition our blog Trop Libre (Too Free) casts a critical eye over the news and the world of ideas Trop Libre also provides extensive monitoring of the effects of the digital revolution on political economic and social practices in its Renaissance numeacuterique (Digital Renaissance) section
Additionally reflecting the Foundationrsquos editorial policy our blog Anthropotechnie aims to explore new avenues prompted by human enhancement reproductive cloning humanmachine hybridization genetic engineering and germline manipulation It contributes to thinking and debate on transhumanism Anthropotechnie offers articles tackling ethical philosophical and political issues associated with the expansion of technological innovations in the fields of enhancement of human bodies and abilities
The Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique is a state-recognized organizationIt is independent and receives no financial support from any political party Its funding comes from both public and private sources Backing from business and individuals is essential for it to develop its work
FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
A French think tank for European integration and free economy
6
INTRODUCTION 9
I THE EVOLUTION OF THE SWEDISH RETIREMENT SYSTEM 101 The appearance of the first occupational pension schemes
at the end of the XVIIIth century102 The break-off the XIXth century113 From 1900 to 1930 the establishment of universal pensions
and the road to democracy 144 From 1930 to 1950 the birth of Swedish corporatism
and the Saltsjoumlbaden agreements 175 The 1950s The rise of the ATP system
(Allmaumln Tillaumlggs Pension) 186 Reforms in the 1960-1970s 217 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system24
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL 291 The role of Swedish political culture 292 Structuring the reform work 29
CONCLUSION 30
ANNEXES 31
TABLE OF CONTENTS
7
SUMMARY
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
Swedish Political PartiesThe translations used for the names of political parties in this study are as followsCenterpartiet Centre PartyKristdemokraterna Christian DemocratsLiberaleerna LiberalsModerata samlingspartiete Moderate PartySveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti Social Democratic Party
9
INTRODUCTION
By international comparisons contemporary Sweden and the other Nordic countries are considered prosperous due to the even distribution of their resources Furthermore Sweden combines high levels of individual freedom and social mobility 1 due in large part to the Swedish economic and social model which was designed for inclusive growth The Swedish model consists of three fundamental pillars a labour market that facilitates adjustment to change a universal welfare policy and economic policy that promotes openness towards the world and macroeconomic stability 2
The Swedish welfare policy is based on universal principles by which all citizens have access to social protection in the form of both publicly financed welfare services and social security Welfare services can be offered by both private andor public providers These systems cover every individual throughout their lifetime The public pension system is by far the largest system within the Swedish social security apparatus It provided pension benefits for 1036311 men and 1167073 women or roughly 22 of the total population in 2017 2917171 men and 2816981 women of working age paid in pension contributions to the public pension system in 2017 or 60 of total population according to the Swedish Pensions Agency In total 82 of the entire population either paid contributions or received benefits from the national pension system
1 See Gender Equality Index 2017 (httpseigeeuropaeugender-equality-index) At-risk of poverty is used as a proxy for social mobility (ldquoIncome Mobility Statistics in Swedenrdquo 2018wwwscbsecontentassets7ad934d0c3794707984de372bd90f45ehe0110_2016a01_br_he80br1801pdf)2 See Government Offices of Sweden Ministry of Finance ldquoThe Swedish Modelrdquo 2017 (wwwgovernmentse4a5336contentassets8416c4ff1410419090181fe503920390the-swedish-modelpdf)
RETIREMENTLESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
Kristoffer LundbergKristoffer Lundberg Ministry of Health and Social Affairs Sweden
Views in this paper do not represent the official views of the Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs nor the Swedish Government Offices All possible errors are the authors own The author would like to thank Kiran Ahuja Bo Koumlnberg Stefan Oscarson Mattias Ossowicki and Olle Sundberg for their comments on this paper and its earlier drafts
10
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| lrsquoi
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In June of 1994 the Swedish Parliament approved a new pension system introducing a pay-as-you-go Notional Defined Contribution (NDC) system combined with a minor Financial Defined Contribution (FDC) system 3 The history of Swedish retirement reform can be understood in terms of the history of social welfare Its development is far more complex and harder fought politically than what is often perceived of modern Sweden It is easy to underestimate the uncertainties that riddled its historical past Our historical bias underestimates the struggles in political and social battles such as retirement reform
This paper aims to describe how and in what environment the Swedish pension reform was devised First we will give a historical overview of the Swedish retirement scheme from the end of the XVIIIth century to its recent changes agreed upon in 2017 We will then discuss the lessons learnt from the reform process and its implications The current retirement policy in Sweden is presented in detail in the annex
I THE EVOLUTION OF THE SWEDISH RETIREMENT SYSTEM
1 The appearance of the first occupational pension schemes at the end of the XVIIIth century
The development of income security within old-age and retirement reform in Sweden is tightly related to the history of modern Sweden and how it unfolded It is the story of how Sweden transitioned from a poor war-torn autocratic agricultural country in the north of Europe to the prosperous democratic country that it is today
By the turn of the XVIIIth century Sweden was much less developed than other European countries Although the country had flourished during the reign of freedom 1718-1772 (Frihetstiden) an era which had both provided peace and given rise to more freedom in society 4 the country was shaken by several transformative and disruptive events the assassination of Gustav III the coup deacutetat against the King Gustav IV Adolphe the loss of Finland (one-third of the
3 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten ldquoThe NDC Reform in Sweden the 1994 Legislation to the Presentrdquo in Robert Holzmann and Edward Palmer (eds) Pension Reform Issues and Prospects for Non-Financial Definede Contribution (NDC) Schemees The World Bank 2006 pp 449-466 (httpdocumentsworldbankorgcuratedpt713861468120840510pdf353470REV0Pension0Reform01PUBLIC1pdf )4 This era corresponds to le Siegravecle des Lumiegraveres 1715-1789 in France
Retir
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edis
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form
s
11
country and a fourth of the population) to the Russian Empire in 1809 and the lynching of the Marshal of the Realm Axel von Fersen on 20 June 1810 This period ended when one of Napoleonrsquos generals Mareacutechal Jean Baptiste Bernadotte ascended to the throne as King Karl XIV Johan of Sweden in 1818 and the country established a new Constitution finally returning to stability
In 1810 Sweden had 23 million inhabitants the majority of whom worked in the agricultural sector Aside from Stockholm with around 75000 inhabitants in 1800 most other cities were small Although most lived in poverty Swedes enjoyed more individual rights than most of their European neighbours Moreover due to the universal catechetical requirements implemented by the clergy literacy levels were also comparatively high with at least one person in each family being able read
The earliest pension schemes in Sweden were occupational (Allmaumlnna Aumlnke- and Pupillskassan 1788-1934) These pension schemes provided limited coverage for the upper levels of the clergy the armed forces and civil servants 5
2 The break-off the XIXth century
Starting around 1860 thanks to the industrial revolution the number of workers in manufacturing and services increased while the proportion of workers in agriculture began its one hundred and fifty year-old downward trend from well over half of the population to around 2 by the turn of the millennium It also prompted urbanisation as people began moving from the countryside to their new jobs and workplaces in the rapidly growing cites This dynamic is still at play today
The proportion of workers in each economic sector is also a rough illustration of the different professional retirement coverage options established in the first half of the XXth century that still exist today In present-day Sweden there are four different convention types one for central government employees one for municipal and county council employees one for white-collar employees in the private sector and one for blue-collar workers in the private sector ldquoGovernment servicesrdquo encompasses two pension agreements for central government employees and one for municipal and county council employees To some extent at least until at least the end of the XXth century white-collar workers could be assimilated in the category Services and blue-collar workers in the category Industry
5 See Tom Soumlderberg Foumlrsaumlkringsvaumlsendets historia i Sverige intill Karl Johantiden PA Nordstedt amp Soumlners Foumlrlag 1935
12
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Employment in economic sectors as a share of population aged 15-64 from 1860-2000
06
05
04
03
02
01
0
Agriculture Indsutry Services Governmental services
1860 19401880 19601900 19801920 2000
Source Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique data historiase Statistics Sweden
This figure portrays the relative economic and political strength which partly explains the political development of pensions and social coverage in Sweden throughout the period 1860-2000 Furthermore it also helps to explain the political views of the observed groups especially for individuals employed in the agricultural economic sector who by living off the land often had non-monetary incomes which could explain why these groups were less keen on introducing pension systems related to declared income and paid contributions The Centre Party (founded in 1913 as the Farmers league) would champion universal flat-rate benefits throughout most of the 20th century
See Gabriella Sjoumlrgen Lindquist and Eskil Wadenjsouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash note the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance(wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)
In the 1850s Sweden was hit with poor harvests which triggered a crisis in the agriculture sector This combined with rapid population growth and urbanisation created an unsustainable social and economic situation for many individuals and their families and many chose to leave Sweden for the promise of a better life in North America perhaps best described by the author Vilhelm
Retir
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form
s
13
Moberg in his book series The Emigrants 6 In the mass migration that followed between 1850 and 1930 approximately 14 million people left the country Some years as many as 1 of total population emigrated In certain birth cohorts one in five men and one in six women chose to emigrate 7 The below figure also shows a marked shift from being a departure country to destination country during the 1950s
Immigrants and emigrants as a share of population between 1850-2017
0018
0016
0014
0012
0010
0008
0006
0004
0002
0000
Immigrants () Emigrants ()
1850 19501875 19751900 20001925
Source Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique data Statistics Sweden
Private life insurance and pension insurance emerged in Sweden starting around 1850 The principles for life insurance based on mathematical probability theories developed by French mathematicians Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal and the mortality tables developed the English mathematician Edmond Halley around the XVIIth century 8 were of fundamental importance The growing banking and insurance sectors were predominantly influenced by what happened in London which is why the Swedish insurance industry was anglophone from the very beginning
6 Vilhelm Moberg The Emigrants (Novel series) [1949-1959] Bonniers translated by Gustaf Lannestock7 See Statistics Sweden ldquoSveriges folkmaumlngd fraringn 1749 och fram till idagrdquo scbse 27 October 2017 (wwwscbsehitta-statistikartiklar2017svereiges-folkmangd-fran-1749-och-fram-till-idag)8 See Bengt Bergander Foumlrsaumlkringsvaumlsendet i Sverige 1814-1914 Berlingska Boktryckeriet 1967
14
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The Riksdag of the Estates (Staringndsriksdag) was dissolved in 1866 The parliament of the four estates ndash the Nobility Clergy Burghers and Peasants ndash was replaced by a bicameral legislature Voting rights were still limited to men only and was dependent on declared income The bicameral legislature stood for over a century until the unicameral assembly was introduced in 1970
The first life insurance companies in Sweden operated in a limited market geared towards the upper echelons of society In 1880 only 03 of the population had some form of pension insurance coverage 9 Finding the market too limited both in scope and in size private insurance companies tried to expand their business to other groups in society 10
With the further pauperisation of families working in the agricultural sector the demand for other forms of insurance increased Demand for insurance coverage especially for those in their old age increased in many groups in society but primarily for workers and middle-class private sector groups (services and manufacturing sectors) The growth of the middle class in the cities also increased the demand for occupational pensions and private insurance The first parliamentary resolution on compulsory pension insurance for workers was submitted to parliament by the liberal Member of Parliament Adolf Hedin 11 in 1884 Although the Hedin motion did not pass through parliament it set in motion several new initiatives including an inquiry into occupational and pensions insurance for workers and more generally a process of social change that would span the next 30 years It also triggered a government commission on pensions (pensionsutredningen) in 1895 and 1898 However their findings were not implemented by the conservative government that advocated for more private insurance based systems Despite their reservations several reforms related to workersrsquo safety and insurance were gradually introduced over time 12
3 From 1900 to 1930 the establishment of universal pensions and the road to democracy
Political tensions continued to increase in Sweden in the lead-up to the First World War and the country came close to war and rebellion after the dissolution of their union with Norway in 1905 in the 1914 Courtyard crisis and following the revolutions in Russia and Germany in 1917 and 1918
9 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg and Sven-Erik Svaumlrd Den svenska foumlrsaumlkringsmodellens uppgaringng och fall Erlanders Foumlrlag AB 200510 Ibid11 Adolf Hedin (1934-1905) was a newspaper publisher writer and politician12 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg Sven-Erik Svaumlrd op cit The reforms included the law on occupational safety in 1889 support to sickness insurance funds in 1891 and accident insurance in 1901 (reformed in 1916)
Retir
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s
15
Somehow maybe thanks to a mixture of luck bravery and moderation Sweden overcame these tribulations peacefully The main issues were related to finding the fragile balance between passing democratic reforms all while preserving the existing social order and social cohesion Around this time the conservative government under Prime Minister Arvid Lindman 13 introduced proportional elections a system that remains to this day but with the right to vote which was then exclusively reserved for men and determined through an income-dependent system 14 In 1913 Karl Staaffrsquos 15 Liberal government introduced a universal pension system calculated in two parts one-part was calculated as accumulation annuities and one-part as a pay-as-you-go supplement subject to income The pension age was set at 67 but the accumulated resources could be paid out earlier in cases of disability The benefit level was low and it would remain as such until after the Second World War The first universal pension benefits were paid out starting on 1 January 1914 The universal pension benefit was probably the first of its kind and was considered one of the governmentrsquos greatest achievements 16
In 1918 the Liberal-Social Democratic coalition government under Prime Minister Nils Edeacuten 17 introduced equal voting rights for men Due to the political turmoil surrounding Europe towards the end of the war the voting rights were quickly expanded to all elections at all levels and more importantly to all women making Sweden a true democracy
The 1920s was a period of great economic growth but also marked by great political instability and labour market turmoil During this decade the country saw ten successive governments often from different political parties At the same time there was a resurgence of social movements as evidenced by the high number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees over this period
13 Arvid Lindman (1862-1936) was a naval admiral and conservative politician He served as Prime Minister from 1906-1911 and 1928-193014 Leif Lewin Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Arvid Lindman Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201015 Karl Staaff (1860-1915) was a liberal politician and lawyer He served as Prime Minister 1905-1906 1911-191416 See Peter Esaiasson Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Karl Staff Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201017 Nils Edeacuten (1871-1945) Liberal politician and Prime Minister from 1917-1920
16
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Number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees in Sweden 1905-2005
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
01905 19851925 20051945 1965
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique wwwmedlingsinstitutetse Mikkelsen F 1992 Arbejdskonflikter i Skandinavien 1848-1980 Edvinsson R 2005 Growth Accumulation Crisis With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800-2000 wwwscbse historiase
Moreover because the universal pension benefits were so low demand for professional pensions increased By the 1920s the number of employees in manufacturing and services had almost doubled from 01 to 02 as a share of the population while the share of employees in the working-age population declined from 05 to 03 Furthermore debates related to the coverage of blue and white-collar workers in the private sector continued and discussions on voluntary versus mandatory occupational pensions public or private administration remained at the heart of political debates and negotiations with social partners for much of the post-war period Eventually in 1927 the law on voluntary occupational pensions for white-collar workers was passed (1927 aringrs lag om frivillig tjaumlnstepensionering)
The economic boom of the 1920s ended abruptly with several disruptive events the depression of 1931 the shootings in Aringdalen 1931 18 and the collapse of Ivar Kreugerrsquos 19 economic empire Despite all this Sweden matured as a democracy and contrary to many other less fortunate countries in Europe became an increasingly stable country throughout the 1930s
18 On 14 May 1931 five people were shot dead by military troops called in as reinforcement by the police during a protest The Aringdalen shootings was a series of events in and around the sawmill district of Aringdalen Kramfors Municipality Aringngermanland Sweden The events spawned raging national debate and deep division along political lines19 Ivar Kreuger (1880-1932) became one of the richest men of his time His empire was built around the company Kreuger amp Toll Ltd which was highly exposed as a leader on international markets and severely hit in the financial crisis of 1929 Ivar Kreuger supposedly committed suicide in his Parisian apartment on Avenue Franklin-D-Roosevelt on 12 March 1932
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s
17
In 1935 the universal annuity capitalisation was abolished and flat-rate universal pension benefits (folkpension) were introduced (Lag om folkpension) by Prime Minister Per Albin Hanssonrsquos 20 Social Democratic Government This reform also meant that Sweden moved away from traditional privately funded insurance to give way to more government-run pay-as-you-go pensions
4 From 1930 to 1950 the birth of Swedish corporatism and the Saltsjoumlbaden agreements
In the 1930s the labour movement demanded to see improvement in workersrsquo conditions specifically asking for a raise in wages 21 The unions became more focused on strengthening the long-term business environment within the industrial sector through high levels of investments and boosts in economic growth 22 This new dynamic led to the resolution of conflicts of interest on the labour market and a transition towards corporatism and macroeconomic stability In 1938 the centralist ldquoSaltsjoumlbaden Agreementrdquo between the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) and the Swedish Employers Confederation (SAF) was agreed upon This agreement aimed at the settlement of labour market conflicts without government intervention 23 According to the economist Assar Lindbeck a key driver of this change of pace and tone was the alliance between the Social Democratic Party and the unions
With higher economic growth increasing standards of living and rapid changes in family structures due to urbanisation the demand for occupational pensions among workers increased once again in the interwar period The issue of whether occupational pensions should be mandatory or optional for various categories of workers was addressed in parliamentary sessions in 1931 1933 1934 1935 1936 and 1938 as well as in several committees and government inquiries 24 In 1944 there was Government inquiry on mandatory occupational pensions but its scope was limited to white-collar workers 25
20 Per Albin Hansson (1885-1946) was Social Democratic politician and Prime Minister from 1932-1936 and 1936-1946 He is credited for creating the concept of general social welfare (Folkhemmet)21 See Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia ndash tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel Tredje upplagan SNS Foumlrlag 200022 Ibid23 See Assar Lindbeck ldquoThe Swedish Experimentrdquo Journal of Economic Literature vol 35 ndeg3 September 1997 pp 1273-131924 Committee regarding private sector employees (Kommittee angaringende privatanstaumlllda 1931) and the Hartelius committee (1936) Also see Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkring Undersoumlkningar av och foumlrslag av pensionsutredningen Principbetaumlnkande Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 195033 1950 (httpslagennusou195033attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)25 Ibid
18
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| lrsquoi
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litiq
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Another motion on mandatory pensions for all was raised by the parliamentarian Oskar Aringkerstroumlm 26 in 1944 (sv Riksdagsmotion om obligatorisk tillaumlggspension) Pension related issues continued to be discussed in the parliamentary sessions of 1944 1946 1947 and 1950
In 1946 the flat-rate universal pension benefit (folkpension) introduced in 1913 and reformed in 1935 was amended to a unified universal pension across all municipalities (enhetlig folkpension) Indexation is then introduced in 1948 The pension and disability pension benefits were increased considerably on 1 January of the same year In addition the Social Democratic Government under Prime Minister Tage Erlander 27 introduced survivorsrsquo pensions supplements for wives (hustrutilaumlgg) as well as national and municipal housing supplements 28
The political debate on whether to opt for income replacement or minimum income security was quite contested even within the Social Democratic party Prominent figures of the labour movement such the Minister for Social Affairs Gustav Moumlller 29 opted for a universal minimum income policy in accordance with what Sir William Beveridge had proposed in the United Kingdom in 1942 30 Gustav Moumlllerrsquos opinion had strong support within the party throughout the 1940s until the beginning of the 1950s when Gunnar Straumlng become the Minister of Finance 31
5 The 1950s The rise of the ATP system (Allmaumln Tillaumlggs Pension)
In the 1950s the Government commission on pensions established in 1947 concluded that ldquoThe way pension issues have been addressed in recent decades shows that they have always been a subject of interest from both societal and individual citizens groups Optional retirement has now been significantly expanded for white-collar workersrdquo 32
Government expenditure and taxes started to increase with the expansion of the ldquowelfare staterdquo From 1950 to 1970 government expenditure increased from 18 of GDP to 31 while taxes share of the GDP increased from 18 to 36 continuing until reaching its highest peak at 50 in 1990
26 Oskar Aringkerstroumlm (1896-1964) was a Social Democratic politician and member of Parliament27 Tage Erlander (1901-1985) was a Social Democratic politician and the longest serving Prime Minister in modern Swedish history from 1946-196928 See Betaumlnkande av Pensionarbetsgruppen Reformerat pensionssystem Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199420 1994 (httpslagennusou199420attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)29 Gustav Moumlller (1884-1970) was a Social Democratic politician and Member of Government in 1924-26 1932-36 and 1936-51 and credited as the father of Swedish social security and its welfare state30 See William Beveridge ldquoSocial Insurance and Allied Servicesrdquo Parliamentary Archives BBKD495 194231 Gunnar Straumlng (1906-1992) was a Social Democratic politician and served as Minister for Finance in 1955-197632 Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkringhellip op cit
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s fr
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19
Tax Revenue and Government expenditure as a percentage of GDP 1900-2010
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Taxes Expenditures
1900 19701940 20101910 198019501920 199019601930 2000
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique Ekonomifakta IMF
The commission led by OA Aringkesson also suggested the introduction of a mandatory public income-related pension insurance for all 33 The members of the commission opted for writing their own opinions (sv saumlrskilda yttranden) along party lines wherein the Social Democratic member and the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) members were in favour of the Commissionrsquos opinion while the white-collar workers and Conservative representatives were opposed Despite these opinions the Social Democratic and Centre Party Coalition Government demanded a new independent commission instead of presenting the commissions proposal to Parliament 34
The political debate further increased during the early 1950s however despite several improvements to the pertinence of the system The indexation of the universal pension benefit was introduced and increased in 1948 However with the rapid increases in economic growth and standards of living it became obvious that the increases in benefits and coverage of workers were not enough to enable workers and low-income earners to live on their pensions 35 The pension struggle then became a power struggle between Prime Minister Tage Erlander and main opposition leader of the Liberal Party leader Bertil Ohlin 36
33 According to Bo Koumlnberg the basic ideas of the Income pension (NDC system) can be traced to the ideas in OA Aringkessons Commission (See Bo Koumlnberg ldquoThe Swedish Model for Pension ndash New Wine in New Bottlesrdquo Scandinavian Insurance Quarterly ndeg22008 February 2008 pp99-109httpsnftnusitesdefaultfiles2008202_0pdf)34 See Peter Ohlsson P Svensk politik Historiska media 201435 Ibid36 Bertil Ohlin (1899-1979) was a Liberal Party leader and economist and was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1977 See Dick Harrisson ldquoJag har ingen vilja till makt ndash Biografi oumlver Tage Erlanderrdquo Ordfront 2017
20
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In 1955 the new pension commission produced its final report recommending a mandatory and universal public pension for all Furthermore the Commission proposed pension benefits that would mirror past wages and depend on national living standards 37 The Commission also proposed that the pension age should remain at 67 years of age Shortly after the 1956 election the Pension Commission led by Per Eckerberg presented its final report In this version the LO and Social Democrats proposed a universal earnings-related public pension (Allmaumln tillaumlggs pension) ATP 38 According to the proposal the target replacement rate would be 65 of the average workerrsquos earnings
In the fall of 1957 the Conservative party and the Liberals introduced the idea of holding a referendum on pension reforms 39 A referendum was held on 13 October 1957 The referendum had three options the first was the Social Democratic proposal to introduce a universal income-related pension This option received 458 of the referendum vote The second option was supported by the Centre Party to introduce optional pensions and it received 15 The last option supported by the Liberal party and Conservative party preferred giving social partners the responsibility for pensions and received 353 40 Although voter turnout was high at 724 and the Social Democratic option received more votes than the other options no policy received an outright majority
The struggle for the ATP also led to the dissolution of the Centre Partyrsquos coalition with the Social Democrats on 25 October 1957 41 The entire government resigned but Tage Erlander returned as Prime Minister with a Social Democratic Minority Government on 31 October 1957 The election of 1958 led to a renewed Social Democratic Government under the leadership of Prime Minister Tage Erlander With the smallest possible margin (one vote) in parliament the government secured a majority However as the speaker of the House did not vote in parliament the election resulted in a parliament without a majority
When the decision on ATP was to be made in 1959 the reform was passed with the smallest margin of votes and the Governmentrsquos proposal to introduce income-related public pension for all workers was passed through the lower House The right-of-centre parties soon conceded on the issue 42 It was after the ATP struggle in the 1950s that the Social Democrats became the majority party in Government 43 Tage Erlander remained Prime Minister until 1969
37 See Ohlsson op cit38 Ibid39 Goumlran Haumlgg Vaumllfaumlrdsaringren ndash svensk historia 1945-1986 Wallstroumlm amp Widstrand 200540 See Ohlsson op cit41 See Lennart Schoumln op cit42 See Urban Lundberg Juvelen i kronan Socialdemokraterna och den allmaumlnna pensionen Hjalmarson amp Houmlgberg 200343 See Harrison op cit
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21
6 Reforms in the 1960-1970s
For twenty years from 1950 until 1970 average growth in Sweden and in many other industrialised countries was around 4 annually 44 In that time often referred to as the ldquogolden yearsrdquo 45 not only did living standards increase but many consumer goods such as cars refrigerators television etc became goods for the masses and vacation travel also increased due to better infrastructure throughout Europe and aviation
At the beginning of the 1970s Sweden like most other western countries entered an era of reduced growth There are many different explanations for this external shocks from the global recession the oil crisis as well as structural changes in the economy with new technology and services taking over the industrial sector
GDP per capita and economic growth in leading economies 1971-1975 and 2001-2005
Countries Income per capita Growth
1971-1975 1991-1995 2001-2005
1991-1995 1971-1975
2001-2005 1991-1995
2001-2005 1971-1975
Sweden 11252 14159 17951 + 12 + 24 + 16
Other Nordic countries 9520 14474 18525 + 21 + 25 + 22
Southern Europe 7703 11904 14591 + 22 + 20 + 21
Rest of Europe 9651 13791 16501 + 18 + 18 + 18
North America 13479 18395 22771 + 16 + 21 + 17
Japan 8815 15977 17504 + 30 + 09 + 23
Source Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia Tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel SNS Foumlrlag 2000
In 1969 the pension supplement a complementary benefit to the universal pension was passed (sv Pensionstillskott) 46 and remained in place until 2003
On 1 July 1976 the retirement age was lowered from 67 to 65 after an agreement made in 1974 between the Social Democratic Government and the Liberals A flexible part-time pension was also introduced for those aged 60 to 65 The flexible part-time pension was calculated generously which allowed for a benefit level of 65 including pension contributions The flexible
44 See Lennart Schoumln op cit45 These years are the equivalent of Les Trente Glorieuses in France46 ldquoLag om pensionstillskottrdquo 1969205 Socialdepartementet 9 May 1969 (httpslagennu1969205)
22
fond
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| lrsquoi
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litiq
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part-time pension became very popular and from 1976 until August 1980 about 89000 Swedes opted for this benefit 47 In the 1976 election the Social Democrats lost their majority for the first time in 40 years The non-socialist parties lead by Torbjoumlrn Faumllldin from the Centre Party formed a coalition government The non-socialist right-of centre parties would remain in power until 1982
The premature ageing of the population from 1970-1990 compared to other OECD countries together with sharp increases in the labour participation rates of women increased the political demand for more generous pension systems and child and elderly care 48 From 1950 until the 1990s Sweden experienced a rapid increase in the old-age dependency ratio
Old-age dependency ratio in Sweden and France from 1950 to 2015 (in )
04
035
03
025
02
015
01
005
0
France Sweden
1950 19851970 2005 2010 20151955 199019751960 199519801965 2000
The old-age dependency ratio is calculated as the number of individuals aged 65 and above divided by the number of individuals aged 20 to 64
Source United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2017) World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision
The figure below shows the employment ratio for men and women From 1963 to 1990 female employment continuously increased from 53 to 81 while for male employment it suffered a small but steady decline from 89 to 85 Employment rates which had fallen due to the economic crisis of the early 1990s then picked up again with a slow yet steady increase
47 See Urban Lundberg op cit48 Lindbeck op cit
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s
23
Employment ratios for men and women 1963-2017
196
3
196
9
198
9
197
9
199
9
20
09
196
5
198
5
1975
199
5
20
05
1971
199
1
198
1
20
01
20
11
20
15
1967
198
7
197
7
199
7
20
07
197
3
199
3
198
3
20
03
20
13
20
17
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Men Women
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique OECDstat
Despite the rhetorical differences between the political parties there was a growing consensus across political lines that the pension system needed to be adjusted The ATP system was perceived as financially unsustainable as there was a substantial risk of the pension contributions increasing faster than income levels would 49 Given the high level of taxes as a percentage of GDP at around 50 of GDP in 1990 further increases to finance pensions seemed limited
Estimated pensions expenditure in the former pension system wage share based on different assumptions for real income growth (from 1995) and maintained price indexation
Growth rate0 1 2 3
2005 335 303 278 2512015 411 342 288 2392025 442 341 266 2032050 437 292 184 109
Source Prop 199394250
In addition the former system created few incentives to work Thirty years of work would earn a pension of which fifteen would impact the calculation the pension benefit formula was based on the best fifteen years of work The
49 See Allmaumln pension Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199076 1990 (httpslagennusou199076)
24
fond
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| lrsquoi
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benefit calculation was therefore beneficial for individuals with a short but fast-growing career later in life Hence it was less beneficial for individuals with a slow growth in earning but a long career
On 16 November 1984 the Social Democratic government lead by Olof Palme commissioned a Parliamentary Pension Commission (pensionsberedningen) lead by Sture Korpi 50 State Secretary to Minister for Social Affairs Sten Andersson The Commission united all the most relevant organisations in Swedish society political parties unions the confederation of Swedish enterprises pensionersrsquo organisations organisations for the disabled social insurance agencies etc 51 The Parliamentary Commission also became a breeding ground for future prominent members of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pension such as Anna Hedborg 52 Ingela Thalen 53 and Bo Koumlnberg 54
Although the Commission had not been mandated to propose any changes it was considered a huge success for its contributions to analysing how the pensions system worked and what challenges it faced 55 The Pension Commission presented its final report in 1990 56
7 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system
The first political step towards a new pension reform system was taken in the Government budget (finansplan) of 1991 The Social Democratic Government led by Ingvar Carlsson 57 opts for ldquoopportunities for financing pension pledges within a framework of unchanged levels of taxation and contributions are highly dependent on economic growth 58rdquo
In 1991 the Social Democrats were defeated by a four-party coalition led by the Moderate Party leader Carl Bildt 59 Shortly after the new Government
50 Sture Korpi (1939-2017) was a Social Democratic politician and served as State Secretary in 1982-199151 See Urban Lundberg op cit52 Anna Hedborg (b 1944) is a Social Democratic politician and official and served as Minister for Social Insurance (1994-1996)53 Ingela Thalen (b1943) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Minster of Labour (1987-1991) and Minister for Social Affairs (1990-1991 1994-1996)54 Bo Koumlnberg (b1945) is a Liberal Party politician and served as Minister for Health and Social Insurance in 1991-199455 See Urban Lundberg op cit56 See Allmaumln Pension op cit57 Ingvar Carlsson (b1934) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Prime Minister in 1986-1991 and 1994-199658 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreement and Pension Reform trad Anglaise du rapport Detta aumlr pensionsoumlverenskommelsen (Ds 200953) 2010 p53 (wwwgovernmentse49b757contentassets3d321fd499da48928de201abe43a558bthe-swedish-pension-agreement-and-pension-reform-ds-200953)59 Carl Bildt (born in 1949) is a Conservative Party politician and served as Prime Minister 1991-1994 and Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006-2014
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25
took office a Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions was formed The Working Group began its work in November 1991 when the Minister for Healthcare and Social Security Bo Koumlnberg took its direction In 1992 the Working Group published a ldquopreliminary draftrdquo containing almost all the elements of the reform 60 the starting point of the reform being the need for a higher savings rate in the economy as well as the need to strengthen the incentives to work Although the possibility of making changes within the framework of the existing ATP system had been thoroughly investigated by Pension Commission the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions settled that the retirement system should be built up according to principles other than those underpinning public pension and ATP systems of today The Working Group presented a draft of a new system in August 1992 containing almost all principal elements 61
A brutal economic crisis hit Sweden in 1992 Government expenditure reached almost 76 of GDP in 1995 and the employment rate declined consistently throughout the 1990s The many causes of the crisis are diverse and literature on this matter is vast A combination of rapid credit expansion both weak government finances and a weak current account together with a fixed currency towards the European Currency Unit 62 depleted the central bankrsquos power to defend its currency In one last attempt to protect the Swedish currency the Riksbank decided to raise its key interest rate to 500 on 16 September 1992 As a result investments and the employment rate fell and the country experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression In November 1992 the fixed rate towards the ECU 63 was abandoned and the Swedish krona quickly depreciated These events led to an immediate crisis on the financial market and in the banking sector which had to be restructured and bailed out Consequently the Government debt as a percentage of GDP soared from around 40 in 1990 to 74 in 1994
60 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit61 Ibid62 The ECU was a basket of currencies used from 1979 to 1999 and before the euro63 The European Currency Unit was a basket of currencies used as a unit of account before being replaced by the euro 1 January 1999
26
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Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
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form
s
27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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litiq
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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h re
form
s
29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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s
31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
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35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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37
38
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OUR PUBLICATIONS
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46
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
litiq
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47
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
The Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique is a French think tank for European integration and free economy
Chair Nicolas BazireVice-chair Greacutegoire Chertok
Executive Director Dominique ReynieacuteChair of Scientific and Evaluation Board Christophe de Voogd
5
The Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique provides an independent forum for expertise opinion and exchange aimed at producing and disseminating ideas and proposals It contributes to pluralism of thought and the renewal of public discussion from a free market forward-thinking and European perspective Four main priorities guide the Foundationrsquos work economic growth the environment values and digital technology
The website wwwfondapolorg provides public access to all the Foundationrsquos work Anyone can access and use all the data gathered for the various surveys via the platform Datafondapol and the data relating to international surveys is available in several languages
In addition our blog Trop Libre (Too Free) casts a critical eye over the news and the world of ideas Trop Libre also provides extensive monitoring of the effects of the digital revolution on political economic and social practices in its Renaissance numeacuterique (Digital Renaissance) section
Additionally reflecting the Foundationrsquos editorial policy our blog Anthropotechnie aims to explore new avenues prompted by human enhancement reproductive cloning humanmachine hybridization genetic engineering and germline manipulation It contributes to thinking and debate on transhumanism Anthropotechnie offers articles tackling ethical philosophical and political issues associated with the expansion of technological innovations in the fields of enhancement of human bodies and abilities
The Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique is a state-recognized organizationIt is independent and receives no financial support from any political party Its funding comes from both public and private sources Backing from business and individuals is essential for it to develop its work
FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
A French think tank for European integration and free economy
6
INTRODUCTION 9
I THE EVOLUTION OF THE SWEDISH RETIREMENT SYSTEM 101 The appearance of the first occupational pension schemes
at the end of the XVIIIth century102 The break-off the XIXth century113 From 1900 to 1930 the establishment of universal pensions
and the road to democracy 144 From 1930 to 1950 the birth of Swedish corporatism
and the Saltsjoumlbaden agreements 175 The 1950s The rise of the ATP system
(Allmaumln Tillaumlggs Pension) 186 Reforms in the 1960-1970s 217 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system24
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL 291 The role of Swedish political culture 292 Structuring the reform work 29
CONCLUSION 30
ANNEXES 31
TABLE OF CONTENTS
7
SUMMARY
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
Swedish Political PartiesThe translations used for the names of political parties in this study are as followsCenterpartiet Centre PartyKristdemokraterna Christian DemocratsLiberaleerna LiberalsModerata samlingspartiete Moderate PartySveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti Social Democratic Party
9
INTRODUCTION
By international comparisons contemporary Sweden and the other Nordic countries are considered prosperous due to the even distribution of their resources Furthermore Sweden combines high levels of individual freedom and social mobility 1 due in large part to the Swedish economic and social model which was designed for inclusive growth The Swedish model consists of three fundamental pillars a labour market that facilitates adjustment to change a universal welfare policy and economic policy that promotes openness towards the world and macroeconomic stability 2
The Swedish welfare policy is based on universal principles by which all citizens have access to social protection in the form of both publicly financed welfare services and social security Welfare services can be offered by both private andor public providers These systems cover every individual throughout their lifetime The public pension system is by far the largest system within the Swedish social security apparatus It provided pension benefits for 1036311 men and 1167073 women or roughly 22 of the total population in 2017 2917171 men and 2816981 women of working age paid in pension contributions to the public pension system in 2017 or 60 of total population according to the Swedish Pensions Agency In total 82 of the entire population either paid contributions or received benefits from the national pension system
1 See Gender Equality Index 2017 (httpseigeeuropaeugender-equality-index) At-risk of poverty is used as a proxy for social mobility (ldquoIncome Mobility Statistics in Swedenrdquo 2018wwwscbsecontentassets7ad934d0c3794707984de372bd90f45ehe0110_2016a01_br_he80br1801pdf)2 See Government Offices of Sweden Ministry of Finance ldquoThe Swedish Modelrdquo 2017 (wwwgovernmentse4a5336contentassets8416c4ff1410419090181fe503920390the-swedish-modelpdf)
RETIREMENTLESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
Kristoffer LundbergKristoffer Lundberg Ministry of Health and Social Affairs Sweden
Views in this paper do not represent the official views of the Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs nor the Swedish Government Offices All possible errors are the authors own The author would like to thank Kiran Ahuja Bo Koumlnberg Stefan Oscarson Mattias Ossowicki and Olle Sundberg for their comments on this paper and its earlier drafts
10
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| lrsquoi
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In June of 1994 the Swedish Parliament approved a new pension system introducing a pay-as-you-go Notional Defined Contribution (NDC) system combined with a minor Financial Defined Contribution (FDC) system 3 The history of Swedish retirement reform can be understood in terms of the history of social welfare Its development is far more complex and harder fought politically than what is often perceived of modern Sweden It is easy to underestimate the uncertainties that riddled its historical past Our historical bias underestimates the struggles in political and social battles such as retirement reform
This paper aims to describe how and in what environment the Swedish pension reform was devised First we will give a historical overview of the Swedish retirement scheme from the end of the XVIIIth century to its recent changes agreed upon in 2017 We will then discuss the lessons learnt from the reform process and its implications The current retirement policy in Sweden is presented in detail in the annex
I THE EVOLUTION OF THE SWEDISH RETIREMENT SYSTEM
1 The appearance of the first occupational pension schemes at the end of the XVIIIth century
The development of income security within old-age and retirement reform in Sweden is tightly related to the history of modern Sweden and how it unfolded It is the story of how Sweden transitioned from a poor war-torn autocratic agricultural country in the north of Europe to the prosperous democratic country that it is today
By the turn of the XVIIIth century Sweden was much less developed than other European countries Although the country had flourished during the reign of freedom 1718-1772 (Frihetstiden) an era which had both provided peace and given rise to more freedom in society 4 the country was shaken by several transformative and disruptive events the assassination of Gustav III the coup deacutetat against the King Gustav IV Adolphe the loss of Finland (one-third of the
3 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten ldquoThe NDC Reform in Sweden the 1994 Legislation to the Presentrdquo in Robert Holzmann and Edward Palmer (eds) Pension Reform Issues and Prospects for Non-Financial Definede Contribution (NDC) Schemees The World Bank 2006 pp 449-466 (httpdocumentsworldbankorgcuratedpt713861468120840510pdf353470REV0Pension0Reform01PUBLIC1pdf )4 This era corresponds to le Siegravecle des Lumiegraveres 1715-1789 in France
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
11
country and a fourth of the population) to the Russian Empire in 1809 and the lynching of the Marshal of the Realm Axel von Fersen on 20 June 1810 This period ended when one of Napoleonrsquos generals Mareacutechal Jean Baptiste Bernadotte ascended to the throne as King Karl XIV Johan of Sweden in 1818 and the country established a new Constitution finally returning to stability
In 1810 Sweden had 23 million inhabitants the majority of whom worked in the agricultural sector Aside from Stockholm with around 75000 inhabitants in 1800 most other cities were small Although most lived in poverty Swedes enjoyed more individual rights than most of their European neighbours Moreover due to the universal catechetical requirements implemented by the clergy literacy levels were also comparatively high with at least one person in each family being able read
The earliest pension schemes in Sweden were occupational (Allmaumlnna Aumlnke- and Pupillskassan 1788-1934) These pension schemes provided limited coverage for the upper levels of the clergy the armed forces and civil servants 5
2 The break-off the XIXth century
Starting around 1860 thanks to the industrial revolution the number of workers in manufacturing and services increased while the proportion of workers in agriculture began its one hundred and fifty year-old downward trend from well over half of the population to around 2 by the turn of the millennium It also prompted urbanisation as people began moving from the countryside to their new jobs and workplaces in the rapidly growing cites This dynamic is still at play today
The proportion of workers in each economic sector is also a rough illustration of the different professional retirement coverage options established in the first half of the XXth century that still exist today In present-day Sweden there are four different convention types one for central government employees one for municipal and county council employees one for white-collar employees in the private sector and one for blue-collar workers in the private sector ldquoGovernment servicesrdquo encompasses two pension agreements for central government employees and one for municipal and county council employees To some extent at least until at least the end of the XXth century white-collar workers could be assimilated in the category Services and blue-collar workers in the category Industry
5 See Tom Soumlderberg Foumlrsaumlkringsvaumlsendets historia i Sverige intill Karl Johantiden PA Nordstedt amp Soumlners Foumlrlag 1935
12
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| lrsquoi
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Employment in economic sectors as a share of population aged 15-64 from 1860-2000
06
05
04
03
02
01
0
Agriculture Indsutry Services Governmental services
1860 19401880 19601900 19801920 2000
Source Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique data historiase Statistics Sweden
This figure portrays the relative economic and political strength which partly explains the political development of pensions and social coverage in Sweden throughout the period 1860-2000 Furthermore it also helps to explain the political views of the observed groups especially for individuals employed in the agricultural economic sector who by living off the land often had non-monetary incomes which could explain why these groups were less keen on introducing pension systems related to declared income and paid contributions The Centre Party (founded in 1913 as the Farmers league) would champion universal flat-rate benefits throughout most of the 20th century
See Gabriella Sjoumlrgen Lindquist and Eskil Wadenjsouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash note the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance(wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)
In the 1850s Sweden was hit with poor harvests which triggered a crisis in the agriculture sector This combined with rapid population growth and urbanisation created an unsustainable social and economic situation for many individuals and their families and many chose to leave Sweden for the promise of a better life in North America perhaps best described by the author Vilhelm
Retir
emen
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sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
13
Moberg in his book series The Emigrants 6 In the mass migration that followed between 1850 and 1930 approximately 14 million people left the country Some years as many as 1 of total population emigrated In certain birth cohorts one in five men and one in six women chose to emigrate 7 The below figure also shows a marked shift from being a departure country to destination country during the 1950s
Immigrants and emigrants as a share of population between 1850-2017
0018
0016
0014
0012
0010
0008
0006
0004
0002
0000
Immigrants () Emigrants ()
1850 19501875 19751900 20001925
Source Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique data Statistics Sweden
Private life insurance and pension insurance emerged in Sweden starting around 1850 The principles for life insurance based on mathematical probability theories developed by French mathematicians Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal and the mortality tables developed the English mathematician Edmond Halley around the XVIIth century 8 were of fundamental importance The growing banking and insurance sectors were predominantly influenced by what happened in London which is why the Swedish insurance industry was anglophone from the very beginning
6 Vilhelm Moberg The Emigrants (Novel series) [1949-1959] Bonniers translated by Gustaf Lannestock7 See Statistics Sweden ldquoSveriges folkmaumlngd fraringn 1749 och fram till idagrdquo scbse 27 October 2017 (wwwscbsehitta-statistikartiklar2017svereiges-folkmangd-fran-1749-och-fram-till-idag)8 See Bengt Bergander Foumlrsaumlkringsvaumlsendet i Sverige 1814-1914 Berlingska Boktryckeriet 1967
14
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| lrsquoi
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The Riksdag of the Estates (Staringndsriksdag) was dissolved in 1866 The parliament of the four estates ndash the Nobility Clergy Burghers and Peasants ndash was replaced by a bicameral legislature Voting rights were still limited to men only and was dependent on declared income The bicameral legislature stood for over a century until the unicameral assembly was introduced in 1970
The first life insurance companies in Sweden operated in a limited market geared towards the upper echelons of society In 1880 only 03 of the population had some form of pension insurance coverage 9 Finding the market too limited both in scope and in size private insurance companies tried to expand their business to other groups in society 10
With the further pauperisation of families working in the agricultural sector the demand for other forms of insurance increased Demand for insurance coverage especially for those in their old age increased in many groups in society but primarily for workers and middle-class private sector groups (services and manufacturing sectors) The growth of the middle class in the cities also increased the demand for occupational pensions and private insurance The first parliamentary resolution on compulsory pension insurance for workers was submitted to parliament by the liberal Member of Parliament Adolf Hedin 11 in 1884 Although the Hedin motion did not pass through parliament it set in motion several new initiatives including an inquiry into occupational and pensions insurance for workers and more generally a process of social change that would span the next 30 years It also triggered a government commission on pensions (pensionsutredningen) in 1895 and 1898 However their findings were not implemented by the conservative government that advocated for more private insurance based systems Despite their reservations several reforms related to workersrsquo safety and insurance were gradually introduced over time 12
3 From 1900 to 1930 the establishment of universal pensions and the road to democracy
Political tensions continued to increase in Sweden in the lead-up to the First World War and the country came close to war and rebellion after the dissolution of their union with Norway in 1905 in the 1914 Courtyard crisis and following the revolutions in Russia and Germany in 1917 and 1918
9 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg and Sven-Erik Svaumlrd Den svenska foumlrsaumlkringsmodellens uppgaringng och fall Erlanders Foumlrlag AB 200510 Ibid11 Adolf Hedin (1934-1905) was a newspaper publisher writer and politician12 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg Sven-Erik Svaumlrd op cit The reforms included the law on occupational safety in 1889 support to sickness insurance funds in 1891 and accident insurance in 1901 (reformed in 1916)
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sson
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edis
h re
form
s
15
Somehow maybe thanks to a mixture of luck bravery and moderation Sweden overcame these tribulations peacefully The main issues were related to finding the fragile balance between passing democratic reforms all while preserving the existing social order and social cohesion Around this time the conservative government under Prime Minister Arvid Lindman 13 introduced proportional elections a system that remains to this day but with the right to vote which was then exclusively reserved for men and determined through an income-dependent system 14 In 1913 Karl Staaffrsquos 15 Liberal government introduced a universal pension system calculated in two parts one-part was calculated as accumulation annuities and one-part as a pay-as-you-go supplement subject to income The pension age was set at 67 but the accumulated resources could be paid out earlier in cases of disability The benefit level was low and it would remain as such until after the Second World War The first universal pension benefits were paid out starting on 1 January 1914 The universal pension benefit was probably the first of its kind and was considered one of the governmentrsquos greatest achievements 16
In 1918 the Liberal-Social Democratic coalition government under Prime Minister Nils Edeacuten 17 introduced equal voting rights for men Due to the political turmoil surrounding Europe towards the end of the war the voting rights were quickly expanded to all elections at all levels and more importantly to all women making Sweden a true democracy
The 1920s was a period of great economic growth but also marked by great political instability and labour market turmoil During this decade the country saw ten successive governments often from different political parties At the same time there was a resurgence of social movements as evidenced by the high number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees over this period
13 Arvid Lindman (1862-1936) was a naval admiral and conservative politician He served as Prime Minister from 1906-1911 and 1928-193014 Leif Lewin Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Arvid Lindman Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201015 Karl Staaff (1860-1915) was a liberal politician and lawyer He served as Prime Minister 1905-1906 1911-191416 See Peter Esaiasson Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Karl Staff Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201017 Nils Edeacuten (1871-1945) Liberal politician and Prime Minister from 1917-1920
16
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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litiq
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Number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees in Sweden 1905-2005
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
01905 19851925 20051945 1965
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique wwwmedlingsinstitutetse Mikkelsen F 1992 Arbejdskonflikter i Skandinavien 1848-1980 Edvinsson R 2005 Growth Accumulation Crisis With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800-2000 wwwscbse historiase
Moreover because the universal pension benefits were so low demand for professional pensions increased By the 1920s the number of employees in manufacturing and services had almost doubled from 01 to 02 as a share of the population while the share of employees in the working-age population declined from 05 to 03 Furthermore debates related to the coverage of blue and white-collar workers in the private sector continued and discussions on voluntary versus mandatory occupational pensions public or private administration remained at the heart of political debates and negotiations with social partners for much of the post-war period Eventually in 1927 the law on voluntary occupational pensions for white-collar workers was passed (1927 aringrs lag om frivillig tjaumlnstepensionering)
The economic boom of the 1920s ended abruptly with several disruptive events the depression of 1931 the shootings in Aringdalen 1931 18 and the collapse of Ivar Kreugerrsquos 19 economic empire Despite all this Sweden matured as a democracy and contrary to many other less fortunate countries in Europe became an increasingly stable country throughout the 1930s
18 On 14 May 1931 five people were shot dead by military troops called in as reinforcement by the police during a protest The Aringdalen shootings was a series of events in and around the sawmill district of Aringdalen Kramfors Municipality Aringngermanland Sweden The events spawned raging national debate and deep division along political lines19 Ivar Kreuger (1880-1932) became one of the richest men of his time His empire was built around the company Kreuger amp Toll Ltd which was highly exposed as a leader on international markets and severely hit in the financial crisis of 1929 Ivar Kreuger supposedly committed suicide in his Parisian apartment on Avenue Franklin-D-Roosevelt on 12 March 1932
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s
17
In 1935 the universal annuity capitalisation was abolished and flat-rate universal pension benefits (folkpension) were introduced (Lag om folkpension) by Prime Minister Per Albin Hanssonrsquos 20 Social Democratic Government This reform also meant that Sweden moved away from traditional privately funded insurance to give way to more government-run pay-as-you-go pensions
4 From 1930 to 1950 the birth of Swedish corporatism and the Saltsjoumlbaden agreements
In the 1930s the labour movement demanded to see improvement in workersrsquo conditions specifically asking for a raise in wages 21 The unions became more focused on strengthening the long-term business environment within the industrial sector through high levels of investments and boosts in economic growth 22 This new dynamic led to the resolution of conflicts of interest on the labour market and a transition towards corporatism and macroeconomic stability In 1938 the centralist ldquoSaltsjoumlbaden Agreementrdquo between the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) and the Swedish Employers Confederation (SAF) was agreed upon This agreement aimed at the settlement of labour market conflicts without government intervention 23 According to the economist Assar Lindbeck a key driver of this change of pace and tone was the alliance between the Social Democratic Party and the unions
With higher economic growth increasing standards of living and rapid changes in family structures due to urbanisation the demand for occupational pensions among workers increased once again in the interwar period The issue of whether occupational pensions should be mandatory or optional for various categories of workers was addressed in parliamentary sessions in 1931 1933 1934 1935 1936 and 1938 as well as in several committees and government inquiries 24 In 1944 there was Government inquiry on mandatory occupational pensions but its scope was limited to white-collar workers 25
20 Per Albin Hansson (1885-1946) was Social Democratic politician and Prime Minister from 1932-1936 and 1936-1946 He is credited for creating the concept of general social welfare (Folkhemmet)21 See Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia ndash tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel Tredje upplagan SNS Foumlrlag 200022 Ibid23 See Assar Lindbeck ldquoThe Swedish Experimentrdquo Journal of Economic Literature vol 35 ndeg3 September 1997 pp 1273-131924 Committee regarding private sector employees (Kommittee angaringende privatanstaumlllda 1931) and the Hartelius committee (1936) Also see Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkring Undersoumlkningar av och foumlrslag av pensionsutredningen Principbetaumlnkande Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 195033 1950 (httpslagennusou195033attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)25 Ibid
18
fond
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| lrsquoi
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Another motion on mandatory pensions for all was raised by the parliamentarian Oskar Aringkerstroumlm 26 in 1944 (sv Riksdagsmotion om obligatorisk tillaumlggspension) Pension related issues continued to be discussed in the parliamentary sessions of 1944 1946 1947 and 1950
In 1946 the flat-rate universal pension benefit (folkpension) introduced in 1913 and reformed in 1935 was amended to a unified universal pension across all municipalities (enhetlig folkpension) Indexation is then introduced in 1948 The pension and disability pension benefits were increased considerably on 1 January of the same year In addition the Social Democratic Government under Prime Minister Tage Erlander 27 introduced survivorsrsquo pensions supplements for wives (hustrutilaumlgg) as well as national and municipal housing supplements 28
The political debate on whether to opt for income replacement or minimum income security was quite contested even within the Social Democratic party Prominent figures of the labour movement such the Minister for Social Affairs Gustav Moumlller 29 opted for a universal minimum income policy in accordance with what Sir William Beveridge had proposed in the United Kingdom in 1942 30 Gustav Moumlllerrsquos opinion had strong support within the party throughout the 1940s until the beginning of the 1950s when Gunnar Straumlng become the Minister of Finance 31
5 The 1950s The rise of the ATP system (Allmaumln Tillaumlggs Pension)
In the 1950s the Government commission on pensions established in 1947 concluded that ldquoThe way pension issues have been addressed in recent decades shows that they have always been a subject of interest from both societal and individual citizens groups Optional retirement has now been significantly expanded for white-collar workersrdquo 32
Government expenditure and taxes started to increase with the expansion of the ldquowelfare staterdquo From 1950 to 1970 government expenditure increased from 18 of GDP to 31 while taxes share of the GDP increased from 18 to 36 continuing until reaching its highest peak at 50 in 1990
26 Oskar Aringkerstroumlm (1896-1964) was a Social Democratic politician and member of Parliament27 Tage Erlander (1901-1985) was a Social Democratic politician and the longest serving Prime Minister in modern Swedish history from 1946-196928 See Betaumlnkande av Pensionarbetsgruppen Reformerat pensionssystem Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199420 1994 (httpslagennusou199420attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)29 Gustav Moumlller (1884-1970) was a Social Democratic politician and Member of Government in 1924-26 1932-36 and 1936-51 and credited as the father of Swedish social security and its welfare state30 See William Beveridge ldquoSocial Insurance and Allied Servicesrdquo Parliamentary Archives BBKD495 194231 Gunnar Straumlng (1906-1992) was a Social Democratic politician and served as Minister for Finance in 1955-197632 Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkringhellip op cit
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s fr
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edis
h re
form
s
19
Tax Revenue and Government expenditure as a percentage of GDP 1900-2010
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Taxes Expenditures
1900 19701940 20101910 198019501920 199019601930 2000
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique Ekonomifakta IMF
The commission led by OA Aringkesson also suggested the introduction of a mandatory public income-related pension insurance for all 33 The members of the commission opted for writing their own opinions (sv saumlrskilda yttranden) along party lines wherein the Social Democratic member and the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) members were in favour of the Commissionrsquos opinion while the white-collar workers and Conservative representatives were opposed Despite these opinions the Social Democratic and Centre Party Coalition Government demanded a new independent commission instead of presenting the commissions proposal to Parliament 34
The political debate further increased during the early 1950s however despite several improvements to the pertinence of the system The indexation of the universal pension benefit was introduced and increased in 1948 However with the rapid increases in economic growth and standards of living it became obvious that the increases in benefits and coverage of workers were not enough to enable workers and low-income earners to live on their pensions 35 The pension struggle then became a power struggle between Prime Minister Tage Erlander and main opposition leader of the Liberal Party leader Bertil Ohlin 36
33 According to Bo Koumlnberg the basic ideas of the Income pension (NDC system) can be traced to the ideas in OA Aringkessons Commission (See Bo Koumlnberg ldquoThe Swedish Model for Pension ndash New Wine in New Bottlesrdquo Scandinavian Insurance Quarterly ndeg22008 February 2008 pp99-109httpsnftnusitesdefaultfiles2008202_0pdf)34 See Peter Ohlsson P Svensk politik Historiska media 201435 Ibid36 Bertil Ohlin (1899-1979) was a Liberal Party leader and economist and was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1977 See Dick Harrisson ldquoJag har ingen vilja till makt ndash Biografi oumlver Tage Erlanderrdquo Ordfront 2017
20
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| lrsquoi
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In 1955 the new pension commission produced its final report recommending a mandatory and universal public pension for all Furthermore the Commission proposed pension benefits that would mirror past wages and depend on national living standards 37 The Commission also proposed that the pension age should remain at 67 years of age Shortly after the 1956 election the Pension Commission led by Per Eckerberg presented its final report In this version the LO and Social Democrats proposed a universal earnings-related public pension (Allmaumln tillaumlggs pension) ATP 38 According to the proposal the target replacement rate would be 65 of the average workerrsquos earnings
In the fall of 1957 the Conservative party and the Liberals introduced the idea of holding a referendum on pension reforms 39 A referendum was held on 13 October 1957 The referendum had three options the first was the Social Democratic proposal to introduce a universal income-related pension This option received 458 of the referendum vote The second option was supported by the Centre Party to introduce optional pensions and it received 15 The last option supported by the Liberal party and Conservative party preferred giving social partners the responsibility for pensions and received 353 40 Although voter turnout was high at 724 and the Social Democratic option received more votes than the other options no policy received an outright majority
The struggle for the ATP also led to the dissolution of the Centre Partyrsquos coalition with the Social Democrats on 25 October 1957 41 The entire government resigned but Tage Erlander returned as Prime Minister with a Social Democratic Minority Government on 31 October 1957 The election of 1958 led to a renewed Social Democratic Government under the leadership of Prime Minister Tage Erlander With the smallest possible margin (one vote) in parliament the government secured a majority However as the speaker of the House did not vote in parliament the election resulted in a parliament without a majority
When the decision on ATP was to be made in 1959 the reform was passed with the smallest margin of votes and the Governmentrsquos proposal to introduce income-related public pension for all workers was passed through the lower House The right-of-centre parties soon conceded on the issue 42 It was after the ATP struggle in the 1950s that the Social Democrats became the majority party in Government 43 Tage Erlander remained Prime Minister until 1969
37 See Ohlsson op cit38 Ibid39 Goumlran Haumlgg Vaumllfaumlrdsaringren ndash svensk historia 1945-1986 Wallstroumlm amp Widstrand 200540 See Ohlsson op cit41 See Lennart Schoumln op cit42 See Urban Lundberg Juvelen i kronan Socialdemokraterna och den allmaumlnna pensionen Hjalmarson amp Houmlgberg 200343 See Harrison op cit
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form
s
21
6 Reforms in the 1960-1970s
For twenty years from 1950 until 1970 average growth in Sweden and in many other industrialised countries was around 4 annually 44 In that time often referred to as the ldquogolden yearsrdquo 45 not only did living standards increase but many consumer goods such as cars refrigerators television etc became goods for the masses and vacation travel also increased due to better infrastructure throughout Europe and aviation
At the beginning of the 1970s Sweden like most other western countries entered an era of reduced growth There are many different explanations for this external shocks from the global recession the oil crisis as well as structural changes in the economy with new technology and services taking over the industrial sector
GDP per capita and economic growth in leading economies 1971-1975 and 2001-2005
Countries Income per capita Growth
1971-1975 1991-1995 2001-2005
1991-1995 1971-1975
2001-2005 1991-1995
2001-2005 1971-1975
Sweden 11252 14159 17951 + 12 + 24 + 16
Other Nordic countries 9520 14474 18525 + 21 + 25 + 22
Southern Europe 7703 11904 14591 + 22 + 20 + 21
Rest of Europe 9651 13791 16501 + 18 + 18 + 18
North America 13479 18395 22771 + 16 + 21 + 17
Japan 8815 15977 17504 + 30 + 09 + 23
Source Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia Tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel SNS Foumlrlag 2000
In 1969 the pension supplement a complementary benefit to the universal pension was passed (sv Pensionstillskott) 46 and remained in place until 2003
On 1 July 1976 the retirement age was lowered from 67 to 65 after an agreement made in 1974 between the Social Democratic Government and the Liberals A flexible part-time pension was also introduced for those aged 60 to 65 The flexible part-time pension was calculated generously which allowed for a benefit level of 65 including pension contributions The flexible
44 See Lennart Schoumln op cit45 These years are the equivalent of Les Trente Glorieuses in France46 ldquoLag om pensionstillskottrdquo 1969205 Socialdepartementet 9 May 1969 (httpslagennu1969205)
22
fond
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| lrsquoi
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part-time pension became very popular and from 1976 until August 1980 about 89000 Swedes opted for this benefit 47 In the 1976 election the Social Democrats lost their majority for the first time in 40 years The non-socialist parties lead by Torbjoumlrn Faumllldin from the Centre Party formed a coalition government The non-socialist right-of centre parties would remain in power until 1982
The premature ageing of the population from 1970-1990 compared to other OECD countries together with sharp increases in the labour participation rates of women increased the political demand for more generous pension systems and child and elderly care 48 From 1950 until the 1990s Sweden experienced a rapid increase in the old-age dependency ratio
Old-age dependency ratio in Sweden and France from 1950 to 2015 (in )
04
035
03
025
02
015
01
005
0
France Sweden
1950 19851970 2005 2010 20151955 199019751960 199519801965 2000
The old-age dependency ratio is calculated as the number of individuals aged 65 and above divided by the number of individuals aged 20 to 64
Source United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2017) World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision
The figure below shows the employment ratio for men and women From 1963 to 1990 female employment continuously increased from 53 to 81 while for male employment it suffered a small but steady decline from 89 to 85 Employment rates which had fallen due to the economic crisis of the early 1990s then picked up again with a slow yet steady increase
47 See Urban Lundberg op cit48 Lindbeck op cit
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form
s
23
Employment ratios for men and women 1963-2017
196
3
196
9
198
9
197
9
199
9
20
09
196
5
198
5
1975
199
5
20
05
1971
199
1
198
1
20
01
20
11
20
15
1967
198
7
197
7
199
7
20
07
197
3
199
3
198
3
20
03
20
13
20
17
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Men Women
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique OECDstat
Despite the rhetorical differences between the political parties there was a growing consensus across political lines that the pension system needed to be adjusted The ATP system was perceived as financially unsustainable as there was a substantial risk of the pension contributions increasing faster than income levels would 49 Given the high level of taxes as a percentage of GDP at around 50 of GDP in 1990 further increases to finance pensions seemed limited
Estimated pensions expenditure in the former pension system wage share based on different assumptions for real income growth (from 1995) and maintained price indexation
Growth rate0 1 2 3
2005 335 303 278 2512015 411 342 288 2392025 442 341 266 2032050 437 292 184 109
Source Prop 199394250
In addition the former system created few incentives to work Thirty years of work would earn a pension of which fifteen would impact the calculation the pension benefit formula was based on the best fifteen years of work The
49 See Allmaumln pension Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199076 1990 (httpslagennusou199076)
24
fond
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benefit calculation was therefore beneficial for individuals with a short but fast-growing career later in life Hence it was less beneficial for individuals with a slow growth in earning but a long career
On 16 November 1984 the Social Democratic government lead by Olof Palme commissioned a Parliamentary Pension Commission (pensionsberedningen) lead by Sture Korpi 50 State Secretary to Minister for Social Affairs Sten Andersson The Commission united all the most relevant organisations in Swedish society political parties unions the confederation of Swedish enterprises pensionersrsquo organisations organisations for the disabled social insurance agencies etc 51 The Parliamentary Commission also became a breeding ground for future prominent members of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pension such as Anna Hedborg 52 Ingela Thalen 53 and Bo Koumlnberg 54
Although the Commission had not been mandated to propose any changes it was considered a huge success for its contributions to analysing how the pensions system worked and what challenges it faced 55 The Pension Commission presented its final report in 1990 56
7 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system
The first political step towards a new pension reform system was taken in the Government budget (finansplan) of 1991 The Social Democratic Government led by Ingvar Carlsson 57 opts for ldquoopportunities for financing pension pledges within a framework of unchanged levels of taxation and contributions are highly dependent on economic growth 58rdquo
In 1991 the Social Democrats were defeated by a four-party coalition led by the Moderate Party leader Carl Bildt 59 Shortly after the new Government
50 Sture Korpi (1939-2017) was a Social Democratic politician and served as State Secretary in 1982-199151 See Urban Lundberg op cit52 Anna Hedborg (b 1944) is a Social Democratic politician and official and served as Minister for Social Insurance (1994-1996)53 Ingela Thalen (b1943) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Minster of Labour (1987-1991) and Minister for Social Affairs (1990-1991 1994-1996)54 Bo Koumlnberg (b1945) is a Liberal Party politician and served as Minister for Health and Social Insurance in 1991-199455 See Urban Lundberg op cit56 See Allmaumln Pension op cit57 Ingvar Carlsson (b1934) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Prime Minister in 1986-1991 and 1994-199658 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreement and Pension Reform trad Anglaise du rapport Detta aumlr pensionsoumlverenskommelsen (Ds 200953) 2010 p53 (wwwgovernmentse49b757contentassets3d321fd499da48928de201abe43a558bthe-swedish-pension-agreement-and-pension-reform-ds-200953)59 Carl Bildt (born in 1949) is a Conservative Party politician and served as Prime Minister 1991-1994 and Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006-2014
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form
s
25
took office a Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions was formed The Working Group began its work in November 1991 when the Minister for Healthcare and Social Security Bo Koumlnberg took its direction In 1992 the Working Group published a ldquopreliminary draftrdquo containing almost all the elements of the reform 60 the starting point of the reform being the need for a higher savings rate in the economy as well as the need to strengthen the incentives to work Although the possibility of making changes within the framework of the existing ATP system had been thoroughly investigated by Pension Commission the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions settled that the retirement system should be built up according to principles other than those underpinning public pension and ATP systems of today The Working Group presented a draft of a new system in August 1992 containing almost all principal elements 61
A brutal economic crisis hit Sweden in 1992 Government expenditure reached almost 76 of GDP in 1995 and the employment rate declined consistently throughout the 1990s The many causes of the crisis are diverse and literature on this matter is vast A combination of rapid credit expansion both weak government finances and a weak current account together with a fixed currency towards the European Currency Unit 62 depleted the central bankrsquos power to defend its currency In one last attempt to protect the Swedish currency the Riksbank decided to raise its key interest rate to 500 on 16 September 1992 As a result investments and the employment rate fell and the country experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression In November 1992 the fixed rate towards the ECU 63 was abandoned and the Swedish krona quickly depreciated These events led to an immediate crisis on the financial market and in the banking sector which had to be restructured and bailed out Consequently the Government debt as a percentage of GDP soared from around 40 in 1990 to 74 in 1994
60 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit61 Ibid62 The ECU was a basket of currencies used from 1979 to 1999 and before the euro63 The European Currency Unit was a basket of currencies used as a unit of account before being replaced by the euro 1 January 1999
26
fond
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Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
Retir
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s fr
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edis
h re
form
s
27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
litiq
ue
Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
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35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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37
38
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39
40
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47
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
5
The Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique provides an independent forum for expertise opinion and exchange aimed at producing and disseminating ideas and proposals It contributes to pluralism of thought and the renewal of public discussion from a free market forward-thinking and European perspective Four main priorities guide the Foundationrsquos work economic growth the environment values and digital technology
The website wwwfondapolorg provides public access to all the Foundationrsquos work Anyone can access and use all the data gathered for the various surveys via the platform Datafondapol and the data relating to international surveys is available in several languages
In addition our blog Trop Libre (Too Free) casts a critical eye over the news and the world of ideas Trop Libre also provides extensive monitoring of the effects of the digital revolution on political economic and social practices in its Renaissance numeacuterique (Digital Renaissance) section
Additionally reflecting the Foundationrsquos editorial policy our blog Anthropotechnie aims to explore new avenues prompted by human enhancement reproductive cloning humanmachine hybridization genetic engineering and germline manipulation It contributes to thinking and debate on transhumanism Anthropotechnie offers articles tackling ethical philosophical and political issues associated with the expansion of technological innovations in the fields of enhancement of human bodies and abilities
The Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique is a state-recognized organizationIt is independent and receives no financial support from any political party Its funding comes from both public and private sources Backing from business and individuals is essential for it to develop its work
FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
A French think tank for European integration and free economy
6
INTRODUCTION 9
I THE EVOLUTION OF THE SWEDISH RETIREMENT SYSTEM 101 The appearance of the first occupational pension schemes
at the end of the XVIIIth century102 The break-off the XIXth century113 From 1900 to 1930 the establishment of universal pensions
and the road to democracy 144 From 1930 to 1950 the birth of Swedish corporatism
and the Saltsjoumlbaden agreements 175 The 1950s The rise of the ATP system
(Allmaumln Tillaumlggs Pension) 186 Reforms in the 1960-1970s 217 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system24
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL 291 The role of Swedish political culture 292 Structuring the reform work 29
CONCLUSION 30
ANNEXES 31
TABLE OF CONTENTS
7
SUMMARY
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
Swedish Political PartiesThe translations used for the names of political parties in this study are as followsCenterpartiet Centre PartyKristdemokraterna Christian DemocratsLiberaleerna LiberalsModerata samlingspartiete Moderate PartySveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti Social Democratic Party
9
INTRODUCTION
By international comparisons contemporary Sweden and the other Nordic countries are considered prosperous due to the even distribution of their resources Furthermore Sweden combines high levels of individual freedom and social mobility 1 due in large part to the Swedish economic and social model which was designed for inclusive growth The Swedish model consists of three fundamental pillars a labour market that facilitates adjustment to change a universal welfare policy and economic policy that promotes openness towards the world and macroeconomic stability 2
The Swedish welfare policy is based on universal principles by which all citizens have access to social protection in the form of both publicly financed welfare services and social security Welfare services can be offered by both private andor public providers These systems cover every individual throughout their lifetime The public pension system is by far the largest system within the Swedish social security apparatus It provided pension benefits for 1036311 men and 1167073 women or roughly 22 of the total population in 2017 2917171 men and 2816981 women of working age paid in pension contributions to the public pension system in 2017 or 60 of total population according to the Swedish Pensions Agency In total 82 of the entire population either paid contributions or received benefits from the national pension system
1 See Gender Equality Index 2017 (httpseigeeuropaeugender-equality-index) At-risk of poverty is used as a proxy for social mobility (ldquoIncome Mobility Statistics in Swedenrdquo 2018wwwscbsecontentassets7ad934d0c3794707984de372bd90f45ehe0110_2016a01_br_he80br1801pdf)2 See Government Offices of Sweden Ministry of Finance ldquoThe Swedish Modelrdquo 2017 (wwwgovernmentse4a5336contentassets8416c4ff1410419090181fe503920390the-swedish-modelpdf)
RETIREMENTLESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
Kristoffer LundbergKristoffer Lundberg Ministry of Health and Social Affairs Sweden
Views in this paper do not represent the official views of the Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs nor the Swedish Government Offices All possible errors are the authors own The author would like to thank Kiran Ahuja Bo Koumlnberg Stefan Oscarson Mattias Ossowicki and Olle Sundberg for their comments on this paper and its earlier drafts
10
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ue
In June of 1994 the Swedish Parliament approved a new pension system introducing a pay-as-you-go Notional Defined Contribution (NDC) system combined with a minor Financial Defined Contribution (FDC) system 3 The history of Swedish retirement reform can be understood in terms of the history of social welfare Its development is far more complex and harder fought politically than what is often perceived of modern Sweden It is easy to underestimate the uncertainties that riddled its historical past Our historical bias underestimates the struggles in political and social battles such as retirement reform
This paper aims to describe how and in what environment the Swedish pension reform was devised First we will give a historical overview of the Swedish retirement scheme from the end of the XVIIIth century to its recent changes agreed upon in 2017 We will then discuss the lessons learnt from the reform process and its implications The current retirement policy in Sweden is presented in detail in the annex
I THE EVOLUTION OF THE SWEDISH RETIREMENT SYSTEM
1 The appearance of the first occupational pension schemes at the end of the XVIIIth century
The development of income security within old-age and retirement reform in Sweden is tightly related to the history of modern Sweden and how it unfolded It is the story of how Sweden transitioned from a poor war-torn autocratic agricultural country in the north of Europe to the prosperous democratic country that it is today
By the turn of the XVIIIth century Sweden was much less developed than other European countries Although the country had flourished during the reign of freedom 1718-1772 (Frihetstiden) an era which had both provided peace and given rise to more freedom in society 4 the country was shaken by several transformative and disruptive events the assassination of Gustav III the coup deacutetat against the King Gustav IV Adolphe the loss of Finland (one-third of the
3 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten ldquoThe NDC Reform in Sweden the 1994 Legislation to the Presentrdquo in Robert Holzmann and Edward Palmer (eds) Pension Reform Issues and Prospects for Non-Financial Definede Contribution (NDC) Schemees The World Bank 2006 pp 449-466 (httpdocumentsworldbankorgcuratedpt713861468120840510pdf353470REV0Pension0Reform01PUBLIC1pdf )4 This era corresponds to le Siegravecle des Lumiegraveres 1715-1789 in France
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11
country and a fourth of the population) to the Russian Empire in 1809 and the lynching of the Marshal of the Realm Axel von Fersen on 20 June 1810 This period ended when one of Napoleonrsquos generals Mareacutechal Jean Baptiste Bernadotte ascended to the throne as King Karl XIV Johan of Sweden in 1818 and the country established a new Constitution finally returning to stability
In 1810 Sweden had 23 million inhabitants the majority of whom worked in the agricultural sector Aside from Stockholm with around 75000 inhabitants in 1800 most other cities were small Although most lived in poverty Swedes enjoyed more individual rights than most of their European neighbours Moreover due to the universal catechetical requirements implemented by the clergy literacy levels were also comparatively high with at least one person in each family being able read
The earliest pension schemes in Sweden were occupational (Allmaumlnna Aumlnke- and Pupillskassan 1788-1934) These pension schemes provided limited coverage for the upper levels of the clergy the armed forces and civil servants 5
2 The break-off the XIXth century
Starting around 1860 thanks to the industrial revolution the number of workers in manufacturing and services increased while the proportion of workers in agriculture began its one hundred and fifty year-old downward trend from well over half of the population to around 2 by the turn of the millennium It also prompted urbanisation as people began moving from the countryside to their new jobs and workplaces in the rapidly growing cites This dynamic is still at play today
The proportion of workers in each economic sector is also a rough illustration of the different professional retirement coverage options established in the first half of the XXth century that still exist today In present-day Sweden there are four different convention types one for central government employees one for municipal and county council employees one for white-collar employees in the private sector and one for blue-collar workers in the private sector ldquoGovernment servicesrdquo encompasses two pension agreements for central government employees and one for municipal and county council employees To some extent at least until at least the end of the XXth century white-collar workers could be assimilated in the category Services and blue-collar workers in the category Industry
5 See Tom Soumlderberg Foumlrsaumlkringsvaumlsendets historia i Sverige intill Karl Johantiden PA Nordstedt amp Soumlners Foumlrlag 1935
12
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| lrsquoi
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Employment in economic sectors as a share of population aged 15-64 from 1860-2000
06
05
04
03
02
01
0
Agriculture Indsutry Services Governmental services
1860 19401880 19601900 19801920 2000
Source Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique data historiase Statistics Sweden
This figure portrays the relative economic and political strength which partly explains the political development of pensions and social coverage in Sweden throughout the period 1860-2000 Furthermore it also helps to explain the political views of the observed groups especially for individuals employed in the agricultural economic sector who by living off the land often had non-monetary incomes which could explain why these groups were less keen on introducing pension systems related to declared income and paid contributions The Centre Party (founded in 1913 as the Farmers league) would champion universal flat-rate benefits throughout most of the 20th century
See Gabriella Sjoumlrgen Lindquist and Eskil Wadenjsouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash note the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance(wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)
In the 1850s Sweden was hit with poor harvests which triggered a crisis in the agriculture sector This combined with rapid population growth and urbanisation created an unsustainable social and economic situation for many individuals and their families and many chose to leave Sweden for the promise of a better life in North America perhaps best described by the author Vilhelm
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s fr
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13
Moberg in his book series The Emigrants 6 In the mass migration that followed between 1850 and 1930 approximately 14 million people left the country Some years as many as 1 of total population emigrated In certain birth cohorts one in five men and one in six women chose to emigrate 7 The below figure also shows a marked shift from being a departure country to destination country during the 1950s
Immigrants and emigrants as a share of population between 1850-2017
0018
0016
0014
0012
0010
0008
0006
0004
0002
0000
Immigrants () Emigrants ()
1850 19501875 19751900 20001925
Source Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique data Statistics Sweden
Private life insurance and pension insurance emerged in Sweden starting around 1850 The principles for life insurance based on mathematical probability theories developed by French mathematicians Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal and the mortality tables developed the English mathematician Edmond Halley around the XVIIth century 8 were of fundamental importance The growing banking and insurance sectors were predominantly influenced by what happened in London which is why the Swedish insurance industry was anglophone from the very beginning
6 Vilhelm Moberg The Emigrants (Novel series) [1949-1959] Bonniers translated by Gustaf Lannestock7 See Statistics Sweden ldquoSveriges folkmaumlngd fraringn 1749 och fram till idagrdquo scbse 27 October 2017 (wwwscbsehitta-statistikartiklar2017svereiges-folkmangd-fran-1749-och-fram-till-idag)8 See Bengt Bergander Foumlrsaumlkringsvaumlsendet i Sverige 1814-1914 Berlingska Boktryckeriet 1967
14
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| lrsquoi
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The Riksdag of the Estates (Staringndsriksdag) was dissolved in 1866 The parliament of the four estates ndash the Nobility Clergy Burghers and Peasants ndash was replaced by a bicameral legislature Voting rights were still limited to men only and was dependent on declared income The bicameral legislature stood for over a century until the unicameral assembly was introduced in 1970
The first life insurance companies in Sweden operated in a limited market geared towards the upper echelons of society In 1880 only 03 of the population had some form of pension insurance coverage 9 Finding the market too limited both in scope and in size private insurance companies tried to expand their business to other groups in society 10
With the further pauperisation of families working in the agricultural sector the demand for other forms of insurance increased Demand for insurance coverage especially for those in their old age increased in many groups in society but primarily for workers and middle-class private sector groups (services and manufacturing sectors) The growth of the middle class in the cities also increased the demand for occupational pensions and private insurance The first parliamentary resolution on compulsory pension insurance for workers was submitted to parliament by the liberal Member of Parliament Adolf Hedin 11 in 1884 Although the Hedin motion did not pass through parliament it set in motion several new initiatives including an inquiry into occupational and pensions insurance for workers and more generally a process of social change that would span the next 30 years It also triggered a government commission on pensions (pensionsutredningen) in 1895 and 1898 However their findings were not implemented by the conservative government that advocated for more private insurance based systems Despite their reservations several reforms related to workersrsquo safety and insurance were gradually introduced over time 12
3 From 1900 to 1930 the establishment of universal pensions and the road to democracy
Political tensions continued to increase in Sweden in the lead-up to the First World War and the country came close to war and rebellion after the dissolution of their union with Norway in 1905 in the 1914 Courtyard crisis and following the revolutions in Russia and Germany in 1917 and 1918
9 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg and Sven-Erik Svaumlrd Den svenska foumlrsaumlkringsmodellens uppgaringng och fall Erlanders Foumlrlag AB 200510 Ibid11 Adolf Hedin (1934-1905) was a newspaper publisher writer and politician12 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg Sven-Erik Svaumlrd op cit The reforms included the law on occupational safety in 1889 support to sickness insurance funds in 1891 and accident insurance in 1901 (reformed in 1916)
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15
Somehow maybe thanks to a mixture of luck bravery and moderation Sweden overcame these tribulations peacefully The main issues were related to finding the fragile balance between passing democratic reforms all while preserving the existing social order and social cohesion Around this time the conservative government under Prime Minister Arvid Lindman 13 introduced proportional elections a system that remains to this day but with the right to vote which was then exclusively reserved for men and determined through an income-dependent system 14 In 1913 Karl Staaffrsquos 15 Liberal government introduced a universal pension system calculated in two parts one-part was calculated as accumulation annuities and one-part as a pay-as-you-go supplement subject to income The pension age was set at 67 but the accumulated resources could be paid out earlier in cases of disability The benefit level was low and it would remain as such until after the Second World War The first universal pension benefits were paid out starting on 1 January 1914 The universal pension benefit was probably the first of its kind and was considered one of the governmentrsquos greatest achievements 16
In 1918 the Liberal-Social Democratic coalition government under Prime Minister Nils Edeacuten 17 introduced equal voting rights for men Due to the political turmoil surrounding Europe towards the end of the war the voting rights were quickly expanded to all elections at all levels and more importantly to all women making Sweden a true democracy
The 1920s was a period of great economic growth but also marked by great political instability and labour market turmoil During this decade the country saw ten successive governments often from different political parties At the same time there was a resurgence of social movements as evidenced by the high number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees over this period
13 Arvid Lindman (1862-1936) was a naval admiral and conservative politician He served as Prime Minister from 1906-1911 and 1928-193014 Leif Lewin Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Arvid Lindman Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201015 Karl Staaff (1860-1915) was a liberal politician and lawyer He served as Prime Minister 1905-1906 1911-191416 See Peter Esaiasson Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Karl Staff Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201017 Nils Edeacuten (1871-1945) Liberal politician and Prime Minister from 1917-1920
16
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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litiq
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Number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees in Sweden 1905-2005
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
01905 19851925 20051945 1965
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique wwwmedlingsinstitutetse Mikkelsen F 1992 Arbejdskonflikter i Skandinavien 1848-1980 Edvinsson R 2005 Growth Accumulation Crisis With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800-2000 wwwscbse historiase
Moreover because the universal pension benefits were so low demand for professional pensions increased By the 1920s the number of employees in manufacturing and services had almost doubled from 01 to 02 as a share of the population while the share of employees in the working-age population declined from 05 to 03 Furthermore debates related to the coverage of blue and white-collar workers in the private sector continued and discussions on voluntary versus mandatory occupational pensions public or private administration remained at the heart of political debates and negotiations with social partners for much of the post-war period Eventually in 1927 the law on voluntary occupational pensions for white-collar workers was passed (1927 aringrs lag om frivillig tjaumlnstepensionering)
The economic boom of the 1920s ended abruptly with several disruptive events the depression of 1931 the shootings in Aringdalen 1931 18 and the collapse of Ivar Kreugerrsquos 19 economic empire Despite all this Sweden matured as a democracy and contrary to many other less fortunate countries in Europe became an increasingly stable country throughout the 1930s
18 On 14 May 1931 five people were shot dead by military troops called in as reinforcement by the police during a protest The Aringdalen shootings was a series of events in and around the sawmill district of Aringdalen Kramfors Municipality Aringngermanland Sweden The events spawned raging national debate and deep division along political lines19 Ivar Kreuger (1880-1932) became one of the richest men of his time His empire was built around the company Kreuger amp Toll Ltd which was highly exposed as a leader on international markets and severely hit in the financial crisis of 1929 Ivar Kreuger supposedly committed suicide in his Parisian apartment on Avenue Franklin-D-Roosevelt on 12 March 1932
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s
17
In 1935 the universal annuity capitalisation was abolished and flat-rate universal pension benefits (folkpension) were introduced (Lag om folkpension) by Prime Minister Per Albin Hanssonrsquos 20 Social Democratic Government This reform also meant that Sweden moved away from traditional privately funded insurance to give way to more government-run pay-as-you-go pensions
4 From 1930 to 1950 the birth of Swedish corporatism and the Saltsjoumlbaden agreements
In the 1930s the labour movement demanded to see improvement in workersrsquo conditions specifically asking for a raise in wages 21 The unions became more focused on strengthening the long-term business environment within the industrial sector through high levels of investments and boosts in economic growth 22 This new dynamic led to the resolution of conflicts of interest on the labour market and a transition towards corporatism and macroeconomic stability In 1938 the centralist ldquoSaltsjoumlbaden Agreementrdquo between the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) and the Swedish Employers Confederation (SAF) was agreed upon This agreement aimed at the settlement of labour market conflicts without government intervention 23 According to the economist Assar Lindbeck a key driver of this change of pace and tone was the alliance between the Social Democratic Party and the unions
With higher economic growth increasing standards of living and rapid changes in family structures due to urbanisation the demand for occupational pensions among workers increased once again in the interwar period The issue of whether occupational pensions should be mandatory or optional for various categories of workers was addressed in parliamentary sessions in 1931 1933 1934 1935 1936 and 1938 as well as in several committees and government inquiries 24 In 1944 there was Government inquiry on mandatory occupational pensions but its scope was limited to white-collar workers 25
20 Per Albin Hansson (1885-1946) was Social Democratic politician and Prime Minister from 1932-1936 and 1936-1946 He is credited for creating the concept of general social welfare (Folkhemmet)21 See Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia ndash tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel Tredje upplagan SNS Foumlrlag 200022 Ibid23 See Assar Lindbeck ldquoThe Swedish Experimentrdquo Journal of Economic Literature vol 35 ndeg3 September 1997 pp 1273-131924 Committee regarding private sector employees (Kommittee angaringende privatanstaumlllda 1931) and the Hartelius committee (1936) Also see Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkring Undersoumlkningar av och foumlrslag av pensionsutredningen Principbetaumlnkande Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 195033 1950 (httpslagennusou195033attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)25 Ibid
18
fond
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| lrsquoi
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Another motion on mandatory pensions for all was raised by the parliamentarian Oskar Aringkerstroumlm 26 in 1944 (sv Riksdagsmotion om obligatorisk tillaumlggspension) Pension related issues continued to be discussed in the parliamentary sessions of 1944 1946 1947 and 1950
In 1946 the flat-rate universal pension benefit (folkpension) introduced in 1913 and reformed in 1935 was amended to a unified universal pension across all municipalities (enhetlig folkpension) Indexation is then introduced in 1948 The pension and disability pension benefits were increased considerably on 1 January of the same year In addition the Social Democratic Government under Prime Minister Tage Erlander 27 introduced survivorsrsquo pensions supplements for wives (hustrutilaumlgg) as well as national and municipal housing supplements 28
The political debate on whether to opt for income replacement or minimum income security was quite contested even within the Social Democratic party Prominent figures of the labour movement such the Minister for Social Affairs Gustav Moumlller 29 opted for a universal minimum income policy in accordance with what Sir William Beveridge had proposed in the United Kingdom in 1942 30 Gustav Moumlllerrsquos opinion had strong support within the party throughout the 1940s until the beginning of the 1950s when Gunnar Straumlng become the Minister of Finance 31
5 The 1950s The rise of the ATP system (Allmaumln Tillaumlggs Pension)
In the 1950s the Government commission on pensions established in 1947 concluded that ldquoThe way pension issues have been addressed in recent decades shows that they have always been a subject of interest from both societal and individual citizens groups Optional retirement has now been significantly expanded for white-collar workersrdquo 32
Government expenditure and taxes started to increase with the expansion of the ldquowelfare staterdquo From 1950 to 1970 government expenditure increased from 18 of GDP to 31 while taxes share of the GDP increased from 18 to 36 continuing until reaching its highest peak at 50 in 1990
26 Oskar Aringkerstroumlm (1896-1964) was a Social Democratic politician and member of Parliament27 Tage Erlander (1901-1985) was a Social Democratic politician and the longest serving Prime Minister in modern Swedish history from 1946-196928 See Betaumlnkande av Pensionarbetsgruppen Reformerat pensionssystem Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199420 1994 (httpslagennusou199420attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)29 Gustav Moumlller (1884-1970) was a Social Democratic politician and Member of Government in 1924-26 1932-36 and 1936-51 and credited as the father of Swedish social security and its welfare state30 See William Beveridge ldquoSocial Insurance and Allied Servicesrdquo Parliamentary Archives BBKD495 194231 Gunnar Straumlng (1906-1992) was a Social Democratic politician and served as Minister for Finance in 1955-197632 Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkringhellip op cit
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h re
form
s
19
Tax Revenue and Government expenditure as a percentage of GDP 1900-2010
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Taxes Expenditures
1900 19701940 20101910 198019501920 199019601930 2000
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique Ekonomifakta IMF
The commission led by OA Aringkesson also suggested the introduction of a mandatory public income-related pension insurance for all 33 The members of the commission opted for writing their own opinions (sv saumlrskilda yttranden) along party lines wherein the Social Democratic member and the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) members were in favour of the Commissionrsquos opinion while the white-collar workers and Conservative representatives were opposed Despite these opinions the Social Democratic and Centre Party Coalition Government demanded a new independent commission instead of presenting the commissions proposal to Parliament 34
The political debate further increased during the early 1950s however despite several improvements to the pertinence of the system The indexation of the universal pension benefit was introduced and increased in 1948 However with the rapid increases in economic growth and standards of living it became obvious that the increases in benefits and coverage of workers were not enough to enable workers and low-income earners to live on their pensions 35 The pension struggle then became a power struggle between Prime Minister Tage Erlander and main opposition leader of the Liberal Party leader Bertil Ohlin 36
33 According to Bo Koumlnberg the basic ideas of the Income pension (NDC system) can be traced to the ideas in OA Aringkessons Commission (See Bo Koumlnberg ldquoThe Swedish Model for Pension ndash New Wine in New Bottlesrdquo Scandinavian Insurance Quarterly ndeg22008 February 2008 pp99-109httpsnftnusitesdefaultfiles2008202_0pdf)34 See Peter Ohlsson P Svensk politik Historiska media 201435 Ibid36 Bertil Ohlin (1899-1979) was a Liberal Party leader and economist and was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1977 See Dick Harrisson ldquoJag har ingen vilja till makt ndash Biografi oumlver Tage Erlanderrdquo Ordfront 2017
20
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In 1955 the new pension commission produced its final report recommending a mandatory and universal public pension for all Furthermore the Commission proposed pension benefits that would mirror past wages and depend on national living standards 37 The Commission also proposed that the pension age should remain at 67 years of age Shortly after the 1956 election the Pension Commission led by Per Eckerberg presented its final report In this version the LO and Social Democrats proposed a universal earnings-related public pension (Allmaumln tillaumlggs pension) ATP 38 According to the proposal the target replacement rate would be 65 of the average workerrsquos earnings
In the fall of 1957 the Conservative party and the Liberals introduced the idea of holding a referendum on pension reforms 39 A referendum was held on 13 October 1957 The referendum had three options the first was the Social Democratic proposal to introduce a universal income-related pension This option received 458 of the referendum vote The second option was supported by the Centre Party to introduce optional pensions and it received 15 The last option supported by the Liberal party and Conservative party preferred giving social partners the responsibility for pensions and received 353 40 Although voter turnout was high at 724 and the Social Democratic option received more votes than the other options no policy received an outright majority
The struggle for the ATP also led to the dissolution of the Centre Partyrsquos coalition with the Social Democrats on 25 October 1957 41 The entire government resigned but Tage Erlander returned as Prime Minister with a Social Democratic Minority Government on 31 October 1957 The election of 1958 led to a renewed Social Democratic Government under the leadership of Prime Minister Tage Erlander With the smallest possible margin (one vote) in parliament the government secured a majority However as the speaker of the House did not vote in parliament the election resulted in a parliament without a majority
When the decision on ATP was to be made in 1959 the reform was passed with the smallest margin of votes and the Governmentrsquos proposal to introduce income-related public pension for all workers was passed through the lower House The right-of-centre parties soon conceded on the issue 42 It was after the ATP struggle in the 1950s that the Social Democrats became the majority party in Government 43 Tage Erlander remained Prime Minister until 1969
37 See Ohlsson op cit38 Ibid39 Goumlran Haumlgg Vaumllfaumlrdsaringren ndash svensk historia 1945-1986 Wallstroumlm amp Widstrand 200540 See Ohlsson op cit41 See Lennart Schoumln op cit42 See Urban Lundberg Juvelen i kronan Socialdemokraterna och den allmaumlnna pensionen Hjalmarson amp Houmlgberg 200343 See Harrison op cit
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h re
form
s
21
6 Reforms in the 1960-1970s
For twenty years from 1950 until 1970 average growth in Sweden and in many other industrialised countries was around 4 annually 44 In that time often referred to as the ldquogolden yearsrdquo 45 not only did living standards increase but many consumer goods such as cars refrigerators television etc became goods for the masses and vacation travel also increased due to better infrastructure throughout Europe and aviation
At the beginning of the 1970s Sweden like most other western countries entered an era of reduced growth There are many different explanations for this external shocks from the global recession the oil crisis as well as structural changes in the economy with new technology and services taking over the industrial sector
GDP per capita and economic growth in leading economies 1971-1975 and 2001-2005
Countries Income per capita Growth
1971-1975 1991-1995 2001-2005
1991-1995 1971-1975
2001-2005 1991-1995
2001-2005 1971-1975
Sweden 11252 14159 17951 + 12 + 24 + 16
Other Nordic countries 9520 14474 18525 + 21 + 25 + 22
Southern Europe 7703 11904 14591 + 22 + 20 + 21
Rest of Europe 9651 13791 16501 + 18 + 18 + 18
North America 13479 18395 22771 + 16 + 21 + 17
Japan 8815 15977 17504 + 30 + 09 + 23
Source Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia Tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel SNS Foumlrlag 2000
In 1969 the pension supplement a complementary benefit to the universal pension was passed (sv Pensionstillskott) 46 and remained in place until 2003
On 1 July 1976 the retirement age was lowered from 67 to 65 after an agreement made in 1974 between the Social Democratic Government and the Liberals A flexible part-time pension was also introduced for those aged 60 to 65 The flexible part-time pension was calculated generously which allowed for a benefit level of 65 including pension contributions The flexible
44 See Lennart Schoumln op cit45 These years are the equivalent of Les Trente Glorieuses in France46 ldquoLag om pensionstillskottrdquo 1969205 Socialdepartementet 9 May 1969 (httpslagennu1969205)
22
fond
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part-time pension became very popular and from 1976 until August 1980 about 89000 Swedes opted for this benefit 47 In the 1976 election the Social Democrats lost their majority for the first time in 40 years The non-socialist parties lead by Torbjoumlrn Faumllldin from the Centre Party formed a coalition government The non-socialist right-of centre parties would remain in power until 1982
The premature ageing of the population from 1970-1990 compared to other OECD countries together with sharp increases in the labour participation rates of women increased the political demand for more generous pension systems and child and elderly care 48 From 1950 until the 1990s Sweden experienced a rapid increase in the old-age dependency ratio
Old-age dependency ratio in Sweden and France from 1950 to 2015 (in )
04
035
03
025
02
015
01
005
0
France Sweden
1950 19851970 2005 2010 20151955 199019751960 199519801965 2000
The old-age dependency ratio is calculated as the number of individuals aged 65 and above divided by the number of individuals aged 20 to 64
Source United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2017) World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision
The figure below shows the employment ratio for men and women From 1963 to 1990 female employment continuously increased from 53 to 81 while for male employment it suffered a small but steady decline from 89 to 85 Employment rates which had fallen due to the economic crisis of the early 1990s then picked up again with a slow yet steady increase
47 See Urban Lundberg op cit48 Lindbeck op cit
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sson
s fr
om th
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edis
h re
form
s
23
Employment ratios for men and women 1963-2017
196
3
196
9
198
9
197
9
199
9
20
09
196
5
198
5
1975
199
5
20
05
1971
199
1
198
1
20
01
20
11
20
15
1967
198
7
197
7
199
7
20
07
197
3
199
3
198
3
20
03
20
13
20
17
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Men Women
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique OECDstat
Despite the rhetorical differences between the political parties there was a growing consensus across political lines that the pension system needed to be adjusted The ATP system was perceived as financially unsustainable as there was a substantial risk of the pension contributions increasing faster than income levels would 49 Given the high level of taxes as a percentage of GDP at around 50 of GDP in 1990 further increases to finance pensions seemed limited
Estimated pensions expenditure in the former pension system wage share based on different assumptions for real income growth (from 1995) and maintained price indexation
Growth rate0 1 2 3
2005 335 303 278 2512015 411 342 288 2392025 442 341 266 2032050 437 292 184 109
Source Prop 199394250
In addition the former system created few incentives to work Thirty years of work would earn a pension of which fifteen would impact the calculation the pension benefit formula was based on the best fifteen years of work The
49 See Allmaumln pension Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199076 1990 (httpslagennusou199076)
24
fond
apol
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benefit calculation was therefore beneficial for individuals with a short but fast-growing career later in life Hence it was less beneficial for individuals with a slow growth in earning but a long career
On 16 November 1984 the Social Democratic government lead by Olof Palme commissioned a Parliamentary Pension Commission (pensionsberedningen) lead by Sture Korpi 50 State Secretary to Minister for Social Affairs Sten Andersson The Commission united all the most relevant organisations in Swedish society political parties unions the confederation of Swedish enterprises pensionersrsquo organisations organisations for the disabled social insurance agencies etc 51 The Parliamentary Commission also became a breeding ground for future prominent members of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pension such as Anna Hedborg 52 Ingela Thalen 53 and Bo Koumlnberg 54
Although the Commission had not been mandated to propose any changes it was considered a huge success for its contributions to analysing how the pensions system worked and what challenges it faced 55 The Pension Commission presented its final report in 1990 56
7 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system
The first political step towards a new pension reform system was taken in the Government budget (finansplan) of 1991 The Social Democratic Government led by Ingvar Carlsson 57 opts for ldquoopportunities for financing pension pledges within a framework of unchanged levels of taxation and contributions are highly dependent on economic growth 58rdquo
In 1991 the Social Democrats were defeated by a four-party coalition led by the Moderate Party leader Carl Bildt 59 Shortly after the new Government
50 Sture Korpi (1939-2017) was a Social Democratic politician and served as State Secretary in 1982-199151 See Urban Lundberg op cit52 Anna Hedborg (b 1944) is a Social Democratic politician and official and served as Minister for Social Insurance (1994-1996)53 Ingela Thalen (b1943) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Minster of Labour (1987-1991) and Minister for Social Affairs (1990-1991 1994-1996)54 Bo Koumlnberg (b1945) is a Liberal Party politician and served as Minister for Health and Social Insurance in 1991-199455 See Urban Lundberg op cit56 See Allmaumln Pension op cit57 Ingvar Carlsson (b1934) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Prime Minister in 1986-1991 and 1994-199658 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreement and Pension Reform trad Anglaise du rapport Detta aumlr pensionsoumlverenskommelsen (Ds 200953) 2010 p53 (wwwgovernmentse49b757contentassets3d321fd499da48928de201abe43a558bthe-swedish-pension-agreement-and-pension-reform-ds-200953)59 Carl Bildt (born in 1949) is a Conservative Party politician and served as Prime Minister 1991-1994 and Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006-2014
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e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
25
took office a Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions was formed The Working Group began its work in November 1991 when the Minister for Healthcare and Social Security Bo Koumlnberg took its direction In 1992 the Working Group published a ldquopreliminary draftrdquo containing almost all the elements of the reform 60 the starting point of the reform being the need for a higher savings rate in the economy as well as the need to strengthen the incentives to work Although the possibility of making changes within the framework of the existing ATP system had been thoroughly investigated by Pension Commission the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions settled that the retirement system should be built up according to principles other than those underpinning public pension and ATP systems of today The Working Group presented a draft of a new system in August 1992 containing almost all principal elements 61
A brutal economic crisis hit Sweden in 1992 Government expenditure reached almost 76 of GDP in 1995 and the employment rate declined consistently throughout the 1990s The many causes of the crisis are diverse and literature on this matter is vast A combination of rapid credit expansion both weak government finances and a weak current account together with a fixed currency towards the European Currency Unit 62 depleted the central bankrsquos power to defend its currency In one last attempt to protect the Swedish currency the Riksbank decided to raise its key interest rate to 500 on 16 September 1992 As a result investments and the employment rate fell and the country experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression In November 1992 the fixed rate towards the ECU 63 was abandoned and the Swedish krona quickly depreciated These events led to an immediate crisis on the financial market and in the banking sector which had to be restructured and bailed out Consequently the Government debt as a percentage of GDP soared from around 40 in 1990 to 74 in 1994
60 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit61 Ibid62 The ECU was a basket of currencies used from 1979 to 1999 and before the euro63 The European Currency Unit was a basket of currencies used as a unit of account before being replaced by the euro 1 January 1999
26
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Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
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27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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apol
| lrsquoi
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
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35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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37
38
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39
40
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Innovation politique 2017 (tome 2)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 492 pages
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Une laquo norme intelligente raquo au service de la reacuteformeVictor Fabre Mathieu Kohmann Mathieu Luinaud deacutecembre 2017 44 pages
Autriche virage agrave droitePatrick Moreau novembre 2017 52 pages
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Marcheacute du travail pour la reacuteforme Fayumlccedilal Hafied juillet 2017 64 pages
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Notre-Dame- des-Landes lrsquoEacutetat le droit et la deacutemocratie empecirccheacutesBruno Hug de Larauze mai 2017 56 pages
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Dette publique la mesurer la reacuteduireJean-Marc Daniel avril 2017 52 pages
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Former de plus en plus de mieux en mieux Lrsquoenjeu de la formation professionnelleOlivier Faron avril 2017 48 pages
Les troubles du monde lrsquoislamisme et sa reacutecupeacuteration populiste lrsquoEurope deacutemocratique menaceacuteePierre-Adrien Hanania AJC Fondapol mars 2017 44 pages
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Lrsquoactif eacutepargne logementPierre-Franccedilois Gouiffegraves feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Reacuteformer quel discours pour convaincre Christophe de Voogd feacutevrier 2017 52 pages
De lrsquoassurance maladie agrave lrsquoassurance santeacutePatrick Negaret feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Hocircpital libeacuterer lrsquoinnovationChristophe Marques et Nicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2017 44 pages
45
Le Front national face agrave lrsquoobstacle du second tourJeacuterocircme Jaffreacute feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
La Reacutepublique des entrepreneursVincent Lorphelin janvier 2017 52 pages
Des startups drsquoEacutetat agrave lrsquoEacutetat plateformePierre Pezziardi et Henri Verdier janvier 2017 52 pages
Vers la souveraineteacute numeacuteriqueFarid Gueham janvier 2017 44 pages
Repenser notre politique commercialeLaurence Daziano janvier 2017 48 pages
Mesures de la pauvreteacute mesures contre la pauvreteacuteJulien Damon deacutecembre 2016 40 pages
Lrsquo Autriche des populistesPatrick Moreau novembre 2016 72 pages
LrsquoEurope face aux deacutefis du peacutetro-solaireAlbert Bressand novembre 2016 52 pages
Le Front national en campagnes Les agriculteurs et le vote FNEddy Fougier et Jeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2016 52 pages
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Le nouveau monde de lrsquoautomobile (1) lrsquoimpasse du moteur agrave explosionJean-Pierre Corniou octobre 2016 48 pages
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Refonder lrsquoaudiovisuel publicOlivier Babeau septembre 2016 48 pages
La concurrence au deacutefi du numeacuteriqueCharles-Antoine Schwerer juillet 2016 48 pages
Portrait des musulmans drsquoEurope uniteacute dans la diversiteacuteVincent Tournier juin 2016 68 pages
Portrait des musulmans de France une communauteacute plurielleNadia Henni-Moulaiuml juin 2016 48 pages
La blockchain ou la confiance distribueacuteeYves Caseau et Serge Soudoplatoff juin 2016 48 pages
La gauche radicale liens lieux et luttes (2012-2017)Sylvain Boulouque mai 2016 56 pages
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Gouverner pour reacuteformer eacuteleacutements de meacutethodeErwan Le Noan et Matthieu Montjotin mai 2016 64 pages
Les zadistes (2) la tentation de la violenceEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
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Reacutegionales (2) les partis contesteacutes mais pas concurrenceacutesJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 52 pages
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Le lobbying outil deacutemocratiqueAnthony Escurat feacutevrier 2016 44 pages
Valeurs drsquoislamDominique Reynieacute (dir) preacuteface par le cheikh Khaled Bentounegraves PUF janvier 2016 432 pages
Chiites et sunnites paix impossible Mathieu Terrier janvier 2016 44 pages
Projet drsquoentreprise renouveler le capitalismeDaniel Hurstel deacutecembre 2015 44 pages
Le mutualisme reacutepondre aux deacutefis assurantielsArnaud Chneiweiss et Steacutephane Tisserand novembre 2015 44 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2015Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres novembre 2015 140 pages
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Innovation politique 2015Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2015 576 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (2) une reacuteflexion agrave contre-courantAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (1) le Kant europeacuteen et le Machiavel chinoisAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
PME nouveaux modes de financementMohamed Abdesslam et Benjamin Le Pendeven octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (2) Pourquoi il faut deacutefendre la routeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 44 pages
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Crise de la conscience arabo-musulmaneMalik Bezouh septembre 2015 40 pages
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47
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (2) le premier tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (1) le contexteJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 44 pages
Enseignement supeacuterieur les limites de la laquo masteacuterisation raquoJulien Gonzalez juillet 2015 44 pages
Politique eacuteconomique lrsquoenjeu franco-allemandWolfgang Glomb et Henry drsquoArcole juin 2015 36 pages
Les lois de la primaire Celles drsquohier celles de demainFranccedilois Bazin juin 2015 48 pages
Eacuteconomie de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane mai 2015 48 pages
Lutter contre les vols et cambriolages une approche eacuteconomiqueEmmanuel Combe et Seacutebastien Daziano mai 2015 56 pages
Unir pour agir un programme pour la croissanceAlain Madelin mai 2015 52 pages
Nouvelle entreprise et valeur humaineFrancis Mer avril 2015 32 pages
Les transports et le financement de la mobiliteacuteYves Crozet avril 2015 32 pages
Numeacuterique et mobiliteacute impacts et synergiesJean Coldefy avril 2015 36 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie face agrave la moderniteacuteMohamed Beddy Ebnou mars 2015 40 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie les fondementsAḥmad Al-Raysuni mars 2015 40 pages
Les femmes et lrsquoislam une vision reacuteformisteAsma Lamrabet mars 2015 48 pages
Eacuteducation et islamMustapha Cherif mars 2015 44 pages
Que nous disent les eacutelections leacutegislatives partielles depuis 2012 Dominique Reynieacute feacutevrier 2015 4 pages
Lrsquoislam et les valeurs de la ReacutepubliqueSaad Khiari feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Islam et contrat socialPhilippe Moulinet feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Le soufisme spiritualiteacute et citoyenneteacuteBariza Khiari feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
Lrsquohumanisme et lrsquohumaniteacute en islamAhmed Bouyerdene feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
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Coran cleacutes de lectureTareq Oubrou janvier 2015 44 pages
Le pluralisme religieux en islam ou la conscience de lrsquoalteacuteriteacuteEacuteric Geoffroy janvier 2015 40 pages
Meacutemoires agrave venirDominique Reynieacute janvier 2015 enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec la Fondation pour la Meacutemoire de la Shoah 156 pages
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Lrsquoantiseacutemitisme dans lrsquoopinion publique franccedilaise Nouveaux eacuteclairagesDominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 48 pages
La politique de concurrence un atout pour notre industrieEmmanuel Combe novembre 2014 48 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (2) pousseacutee du FN recul de lrsquoUMP et vote bretonJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 52 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (1) la gauche en miettesJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 40 pages
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Eacutenergie-climat pour une politique efficaceAlbert Bressand septembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquourbanisation du monde Une chance pour la FranceLaurence Daziano juillet 2014 44 pages
Que peut-on demander agrave la politique moneacutetaire Pascal Salin mai 2014 48 pages
Le changement crsquoest tout le temps 1514 - 2014Suzanne Baverez et Jean Seacutenieacute mai 2014 48 pages
Trop drsquoeacutemigreacutes Regards sur ceux qui partent de FranceJulien Gonzalez mai 2014 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2014Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres avril 2014 284 pages
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Pour un new deal fiscalGianmarco Monsellato mars 2014 8 pages
Faire cesser la mendiciteacute avec enfantsJulien Damon mars 2014 44 pages
49
Le low cost une reacutevolution eacuteconomique et deacutemocratiqueEmmanuel Combe feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Un accegraves eacutequitable aux theacuterapies contre le cancerNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Reacuteformer le statut des enseignantsLuc Chatel janvier 2014 8 pages
Un outil de finance sociale les social impact bondsYan de Kerorguen deacutecembre 2013 36 pages
Pour la croissance la deacutebureaucratisation par la confiancePierre Pezziardi Serge Soudoplatoff et Xavier Queacuterat-Heacutement novembre 2013 48 pages
Les valeurs des FranciliensGueacutenaeumllle Gault octobre 2013 36 pages
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Un contrat de travail unique avec indemniteacutes de deacutepart inteacutegreacuteesCharles Beigbeder juillet 2013 8 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2013Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres juillet 2013 268 pages
La nouvelle vague des eacutemergents Bangladesh Eacutethiopie Nigeria Indoneacutesie Vietnam MexiqueLaurence Daziano juillet 2013 40 pages
Transition eacutenergeacutetique europeacuteenne bonnes intentions et mauvais calculsAlbert Bressand juillet 2013 44 pages
La deacutemobiliteacute travailler vivre autrementJulien Damon juin 2013 44 pages
Le Kapital Pour rebacirctir lrsquoindustrieChristian Saint-Eacutetienne et Robin Rivaton avril 2013 40 pages
Code eacutethique de la vie politique et des responsables publics en FranceLes Arvernes Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique avril 2013 12 pages
Les classes moyennes dans les pays eacutemergentsJulien Damon avril 2013 38 pages
Innovation politique 2013Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2013 652 pages
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Relancer notre industrie par les robots (1) les enjeuxRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 52 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute passe aussi par la fiscaliteacuteAldo Cardoso Michel Didier Bertrand Jacquillat Dominique Reynieacute et Greacutegoire Sentilhes deacutecembre 2012 20 pages
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La nouvelle politique fiscale rend-elle lrsquoISF inconstitutionnel Aldo Cardoso novembre 2012 12 pages
Fiscaliteacute pourquoi et comment un pays sans riches est un pays pauvrehellipBertrand Jacquillat octobre 2012 40 pages
Youth and Sustainable DevelopmentFondapolNomadeacuteisUnited Nations juin 2012 80 pages
La philanthropie Des entrepreneurs de solidariteacuteFrancis Charhon mai juin 2012 44 pages
Les chiffres de la pauvreteacute le sens de la mesureJulien Damon mai 2012 40 pages
Libeacuterer le financement de lrsquoeacuteconomieRobin Rivaton avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoeacutepargne au service du logement socialJulie Merle avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2012Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2012 210 pages
Valeurs partageacuteesDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF mars 2012 362 pages
Les droites en EuropeDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF feacutevrier 2012 552 pages
Innovation politique 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2012 648 pages
Lrsquoeacutecole de la liberteacute initiative autonomie et responsabiliteacuteCharles Feuillerade janvier 2012 36 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (2) les strateacutegiesReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 40 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (1) les enjeuxReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 48 pages
Reacutevolution des valeurs et mondialisationLuc Ferry janvier 2012 36 pages
Quel avenir pour la social-deacutemocratie en Europe Sir Stuart Bell deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
La reacutegulation professionnelle des regravegles non eacutetatiques pour mieux responsabiliserJean-Pierre Teyssier deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
Lrsquohospitaliteacute une eacutethique du soinEmmanuel Hirsch deacutecembre 2011 32 pages
12 ideacutees pour 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2011 110 pages
Les classes moyennes et le logementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2011 40 pages
Reacuteformer la santeacute trois propositionsNicolas Bouzou novembre 2011 32 pages
51
Le nouveau Parlement la reacutevision du 23 juillet 2008Jean-Feacutelix de Bujadoux novembre 2011 40 pages
La responsabiliteacuteAlain-Geacuterard Slama novembre 2011 32 pages
Le vote des classes moyennesEacutelisabeth Dupoirier novembre 2011 40 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute par la qualiteacuteEmmanuel Combe et Jean-Louis Mucchielli octobre 2011 32 pages
Les classes moyennes et le creacuteditNicolas Peacutecourt octobre 2011 32 pages
Portrait des classes moyennesLaure Bonneval Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Fabienne Gomant octobre 2011 36 pages
Morale eacutethique deacuteontologieMichel Maffesoli octobre 2011 40 pages
Sortir du communisme changer drsquoeacutepoqueSteacutephane Courtois (dir) PUF octobre 2011 672 pages
Lrsquoeacutenergie nucleacuteaire apregraves Fukushima incident mineur ou nouvelle donne Malcolm Grimston septembre 2011 16 pages
La jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2011 132 pages
Pouvoir drsquoachat une politiqueEmmanuel Combe septembre 2011 52 pages
La liberteacute religieuseHenri Madelin septembre 2011 36 pages
Reacuteduire notre dette publiqueJean-Marc Daniel septembre 2011 40 pages
Eacutecologie et libeacuteralismeCorine Pelluchon aoucirct 2011 40 pages
Valoriser les monuments historiques de nouvelles strateacutegiesWladimir Mitrofanoff et Christiane Schmuckle-Mollard juillet 2011 28 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs raisonsEddy Fougier juillet 2011 40 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs reacuteseauxSylvain Boulouque juillet 2011 36 pages
La fraterniteacutePaul Thibaud juin 2011 36 pages
La transformation numeacuterique au service de la croissanceJean-Pierre Corniou juin 2011 52 pages
LrsquoengagementDominique Schnapper juin 2011 32 pages
Liberteacute Eacutegaliteacute FraterniteacuteAndreacute Glucksmann mai 2011 36 pages
52
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Quelle industrie pour la deacutefense franccedilaise Guillaume Lagane mai 2011 26 pages
La religion dans les affaires la responsabiliteacute sociale de lrsquoentrepriseAureacutelien Acquier Jean-Pascal Gond et Jacques Igalens mai 2011 44 pages
La religion dans les affaires la finance islamiqueLila Guermas-Sayegh mai 2011 36 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAllemagnePatrick Moreau avril 2011 56 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La SlovaquieEacutetienne Boisserie avril 2011 40 pages
Qui deacutetient la dette publique Guillaume Leroy avril 2011 36 pages
Le principe de preacutecaution dans le mondeNicolas de Sadeleer mars 2011 36 pages
Comprendre le Tea PartyHenri Hude mars 2011 40 pages
Ougrave en est la droite Les Pays-BasNiek Pas mars 2011 36 pages
Productiviteacute agricole et qualiteacute des eauxGeacuterard Morice mars 2011 44 pages
LrsquoEau du volume agrave la valeurJean-Louis Chaussade mars 2011 32 pages
Eau comment traiter les micropolluants Philippe Hartemann mars 2011 38 pages
Eau deacutefis mondiaux perspectives franccedilaisesGeacuterard Payen mars 2011 62 pages
Lrsquoirrigation pour une agriculture durableJean-Paul Renoux mars 2011 42 pages
Gestion de lrsquoeau vers de nouveaux modegravelesAntoine Freacuterot mars 2011 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAutrichePatrick Moreau feacutevrier 2011 42 pages
La participation au service de lrsquoemploi et du pouvoir drsquoachatJacques Perche et Antoine Pertinax feacutevrier 2011 32 pages
Le tandem franco-allemand face agrave la crise de lrsquoeuroWolfgang Glomb feacutevrier 2011 38 pages
2011 la jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) janvier 2011 88 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2011Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacutedition Lignes de Repegraveres janvier 2011 254 pages
Administration 20Thierry Weibel janvier 2011 48 pages
53
Ougrave en est la droite La BulgarieAntony Todorov deacutecembre 2010 32 pages
Le retour du tirage au sort en politiqueGil Delannoi deacutecembre 2010 38 pages
La compeacutetence morale du peupleRaymond Boudon novembre 2010 30 pages
LrsquoAcadeacutemie au pays du capitalBernard Belloc et Pierre-Franccedilois Mourier PUF novembre 2010 222 pages
Pour une nouvelle politique agricole communeBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Seacutecuriteacute alimentaire un enjeu globalBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Les vertus cacheacutees du low cost aeacuterienEmmanuel Combe novembre 2010 40 pages
Innovation politique 2011Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF novembre 2010 676 pages
Deacutefense surmonter lrsquoimpasse budgeacutetaireGuillaume Lagane octobre 2010 34 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoEspagneJoan Marcet octobre 2010 34 pages
Les vertus de la concurrenceDavid Sraer septembre 2010 44 pages
Internet politique et coproduction citoyenneRobin Berjon septembre 2010 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La PologneDominika Tomaszewska-Mortimer aoucirct 2010 42 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Suegravede et le DanemarkJacob Christensen juillet 2010 44 pages
Quel policier dans notre socieacuteteacute Mathieu Zagrodzki juillet 2010 28 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoItalieSofia Ventura juillet 2010 36 pages
Crise bancaire dette publique une vue allemandeWolfgang Glomb juillet 2010 28 pages
Dette publique inquieacutetude publiqueJeacuterocircme Fourquet juin 2010 32 pages
Une reacutegulation bancaire pour une croissance durableNathalie Janson juin 2010 36 pages
Quatre propositions pour reacutenover notre modegravele agricolePascal Perri mai 2010 32 pages
Reacutegionales 2010 que sont les eacutelecteurs devenus Pascal Perrineau mai 2010 56 pages
54
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Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2010Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mai 2010 245 pages
Pays-Bas la tentation populisteChristophe de Voogd mai 2010 43 pages
Quatre ideacutees pour renforcer le pouvoir drsquoachatPascal Perri avril 2010 30 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Grande-BretagneDavid Hanley avril 2010 34 pages
Renforcer le rocircle eacuteconomique des reacutegionsNicolas Bouzou mars 2010 30 pages
Reacuteduire la dette gracircce agrave la ConstitutionJacques Delpla feacutevrier 2010 54 pages
Strateacutegie pour une reacuteduction de la dette publique franccedilaiseNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2010 30 pages
Iran une reacutevolution civile Nader Vahabi novembre 2009 19 pages
Ougrave va la politique de lrsquoeacuteglise catholique Drsquoune querelle du libeacuteralisme agrave lrsquoautreEacutemile Perreau-Saussine octobre 2009 26 pages
Agir pour la croissance verteValeacutery Morron et Deacuteborah Sanchez octobre 2009 11 pages
Lrsquoeacuteconomie allemande agrave la veille des leacutegislatives de 2009Nicolas Bouzou et Jeacuterocircme Duval-Hamel septembre 2009 10 pages
Eacutelections europeacuteennes 2009 analyse des reacutesultats en Europe et en FranceCorinne Deloy Dominique Reynieacute et Pascal Perrineau septembre 2009 32 pages
Retour sur lrsquoalliance sovieacuteto-nazie 70 ans apregravesSteacutephane Courtois juillet 2009 16 pages
LrsquoEacutetat administratif et le libeacuteralisme Une histoire franccedilaiseLucien Jaume juin 2009 12 pages
La politique europeacuteenne de deacuteveloppement une reacuteponse agrave la crise de la mondialisation Jean-Michel Debrat juin 2009 12 pages
La protestation contre la reacuteforme du statut des enseignants-chercheurs deacutefense du statut illustration du statu quoSuivi drsquoune discussion entre lrsquoauteur et Bruno BensassonDavid Bonneau mai 2009 20 pages
La lutte contre les discriminations lieacutees agrave lrsquoacircge en matiegravere drsquoemploiEacutelise Muir (dir) mai 2009 64 pages
Quatre propositions pour que lrsquoEurope ne tombe pas dans le protectionnismeNicolas Bouzou mars 2009 12 pages
Apregraves le 29 janvier la fonction publique contre la socieacuteteacute civile Une question de justice sociale et un problegraveme deacutemocratiqueDominique Reynieacute mars 2009 22 pages
55
Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
La reacuteforme de lrsquoenseignement supeacuterieur en AustralieZoe McKenzie mars 2009 74 pages
Les reacuteformes face au conflit socialDominique Reynieacute janvier 2009 14 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2009Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2009 237 pages
Travailler le dimanche qursquoen pensent ceux qui travaillent le dimanche Sondage analyse eacuteleacutements pour le deacutebatDominique Reynieacute janvier 2009 18 pages
Strateacutegie europeacuteenne pour la croissance verteElvire Fabry et Damien Tresallet (dir) novembre 2008 124 pages
Deacutefense immigration eacutenergie regards croiseacutes franco-allemands sur trois prioriteacutes de la preacutesidence franccedilaise de lrsquoUEElvire Fabry octobre 2008 35 pages
56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
6
INTRODUCTION 9
I THE EVOLUTION OF THE SWEDISH RETIREMENT SYSTEM 101 The appearance of the first occupational pension schemes
at the end of the XVIIIth century102 The break-off the XIXth century113 From 1900 to 1930 the establishment of universal pensions
and the road to democracy 144 From 1930 to 1950 the birth of Swedish corporatism
and the Saltsjoumlbaden agreements 175 The 1950s The rise of the ATP system
(Allmaumln Tillaumlggs Pension) 186 Reforms in the 1960-1970s 217 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system24
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL 291 The role of Swedish political culture 292 Structuring the reform work 29
CONCLUSION 30
ANNEXES 31
TABLE OF CONTENTS
7
SUMMARY
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
Swedish Political PartiesThe translations used for the names of political parties in this study are as followsCenterpartiet Centre PartyKristdemokraterna Christian DemocratsLiberaleerna LiberalsModerata samlingspartiete Moderate PartySveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti Social Democratic Party
9
INTRODUCTION
By international comparisons contemporary Sweden and the other Nordic countries are considered prosperous due to the even distribution of their resources Furthermore Sweden combines high levels of individual freedom and social mobility 1 due in large part to the Swedish economic and social model which was designed for inclusive growth The Swedish model consists of three fundamental pillars a labour market that facilitates adjustment to change a universal welfare policy and economic policy that promotes openness towards the world and macroeconomic stability 2
The Swedish welfare policy is based on universal principles by which all citizens have access to social protection in the form of both publicly financed welfare services and social security Welfare services can be offered by both private andor public providers These systems cover every individual throughout their lifetime The public pension system is by far the largest system within the Swedish social security apparatus It provided pension benefits for 1036311 men and 1167073 women or roughly 22 of the total population in 2017 2917171 men and 2816981 women of working age paid in pension contributions to the public pension system in 2017 or 60 of total population according to the Swedish Pensions Agency In total 82 of the entire population either paid contributions or received benefits from the national pension system
1 See Gender Equality Index 2017 (httpseigeeuropaeugender-equality-index) At-risk of poverty is used as a proxy for social mobility (ldquoIncome Mobility Statistics in Swedenrdquo 2018wwwscbsecontentassets7ad934d0c3794707984de372bd90f45ehe0110_2016a01_br_he80br1801pdf)2 See Government Offices of Sweden Ministry of Finance ldquoThe Swedish Modelrdquo 2017 (wwwgovernmentse4a5336contentassets8416c4ff1410419090181fe503920390the-swedish-modelpdf)
RETIREMENTLESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
Kristoffer LundbergKristoffer Lundberg Ministry of Health and Social Affairs Sweden
Views in this paper do not represent the official views of the Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs nor the Swedish Government Offices All possible errors are the authors own The author would like to thank Kiran Ahuja Bo Koumlnberg Stefan Oscarson Mattias Ossowicki and Olle Sundberg for their comments on this paper and its earlier drafts
10
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In June of 1994 the Swedish Parliament approved a new pension system introducing a pay-as-you-go Notional Defined Contribution (NDC) system combined with a minor Financial Defined Contribution (FDC) system 3 The history of Swedish retirement reform can be understood in terms of the history of social welfare Its development is far more complex and harder fought politically than what is often perceived of modern Sweden It is easy to underestimate the uncertainties that riddled its historical past Our historical bias underestimates the struggles in political and social battles such as retirement reform
This paper aims to describe how and in what environment the Swedish pension reform was devised First we will give a historical overview of the Swedish retirement scheme from the end of the XVIIIth century to its recent changes agreed upon in 2017 We will then discuss the lessons learnt from the reform process and its implications The current retirement policy in Sweden is presented in detail in the annex
I THE EVOLUTION OF THE SWEDISH RETIREMENT SYSTEM
1 The appearance of the first occupational pension schemes at the end of the XVIIIth century
The development of income security within old-age and retirement reform in Sweden is tightly related to the history of modern Sweden and how it unfolded It is the story of how Sweden transitioned from a poor war-torn autocratic agricultural country in the north of Europe to the prosperous democratic country that it is today
By the turn of the XVIIIth century Sweden was much less developed than other European countries Although the country had flourished during the reign of freedom 1718-1772 (Frihetstiden) an era which had both provided peace and given rise to more freedom in society 4 the country was shaken by several transformative and disruptive events the assassination of Gustav III the coup deacutetat against the King Gustav IV Adolphe the loss of Finland (one-third of the
3 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten ldquoThe NDC Reform in Sweden the 1994 Legislation to the Presentrdquo in Robert Holzmann and Edward Palmer (eds) Pension Reform Issues and Prospects for Non-Financial Definede Contribution (NDC) Schemees The World Bank 2006 pp 449-466 (httpdocumentsworldbankorgcuratedpt713861468120840510pdf353470REV0Pension0Reform01PUBLIC1pdf )4 This era corresponds to le Siegravecle des Lumiegraveres 1715-1789 in France
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11
country and a fourth of the population) to the Russian Empire in 1809 and the lynching of the Marshal of the Realm Axel von Fersen on 20 June 1810 This period ended when one of Napoleonrsquos generals Mareacutechal Jean Baptiste Bernadotte ascended to the throne as King Karl XIV Johan of Sweden in 1818 and the country established a new Constitution finally returning to stability
In 1810 Sweden had 23 million inhabitants the majority of whom worked in the agricultural sector Aside from Stockholm with around 75000 inhabitants in 1800 most other cities were small Although most lived in poverty Swedes enjoyed more individual rights than most of their European neighbours Moreover due to the universal catechetical requirements implemented by the clergy literacy levels were also comparatively high with at least one person in each family being able read
The earliest pension schemes in Sweden were occupational (Allmaumlnna Aumlnke- and Pupillskassan 1788-1934) These pension schemes provided limited coverage for the upper levels of the clergy the armed forces and civil servants 5
2 The break-off the XIXth century
Starting around 1860 thanks to the industrial revolution the number of workers in manufacturing and services increased while the proportion of workers in agriculture began its one hundred and fifty year-old downward trend from well over half of the population to around 2 by the turn of the millennium It also prompted urbanisation as people began moving from the countryside to their new jobs and workplaces in the rapidly growing cites This dynamic is still at play today
The proportion of workers in each economic sector is also a rough illustration of the different professional retirement coverage options established in the first half of the XXth century that still exist today In present-day Sweden there are four different convention types one for central government employees one for municipal and county council employees one for white-collar employees in the private sector and one for blue-collar workers in the private sector ldquoGovernment servicesrdquo encompasses two pension agreements for central government employees and one for municipal and county council employees To some extent at least until at least the end of the XXth century white-collar workers could be assimilated in the category Services and blue-collar workers in the category Industry
5 See Tom Soumlderberg Foumlrsaumlkringsvaumlsendets historia i Sverige intill Karl Johantiden PA Nordstedt amp Soumlners Foumlrlag 1935
12
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Employment in economic sectors as a share of population aged 15-64 from 1860-2000
06
05
04
03
02
01
0
Agriculture Indsutry Services Governmental services
1860 19401880 19601900 19801920 2000
Source Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique data historiase Statistics Sweden
This figure portrays the relative economic and political strength which partly explains the political development of pensions and social coverage in Sweden throughout the period 1860-2000 Furthermore it also helps to explain the political views of the observed groups especially for individuals employed in the agricultural economic sector who by living off the land often had non-monetary incomes which could explain why these groups were less keen on introducing pension systems related to declared income and paid contributions The Centre Party (founded in 1913 as the Farmers league) would champion universal flat-rate benefits throughout most of the 20th century
See Gabriella Sjoumlrgen Lindquist and Eskil Wadenjsouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash note the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance(wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)
In the 1850s Sweden was hit with poor harvests which triggered a crisis in the agriculture sector This combined with rapid population growth and urbanisation created an unsustainable social and economic situation for many individuals and their families and many chose to leave Sweden for the promise of a better life in North America perhaps best described by the author Vilhelm
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s fr
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s
13
Moberg in his book series The Emigrants 6 In the mass migration that followed between 1850 and 1930 approximately 14 million people left the country Some years as many as 1 of total population emigrated In certain birth cohorts one in five men and one in six women chose to emigrate 7 The below figure also shows a marked shift from being a departure country to destination country during the 1950s
Immigrants and emigrants as a share of population between 1850-2017
0018
0016
0014
0012
0010
0008
0006
0004
0002
0000
Immigrants () Emigrants ()
1850 19501875 19751900 20001925
Source Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique data Statistics Sweden
Private life insurance and pension insurance emerged in Sweden starting around 1850 The principles for life insurance based on mathematical probability theories developed by French mathematicians Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal and the mortality tables developed the English mathematician Edmond Halley around the XVIIth century 8 were of fundamental importance The growing banking and insurance sectors were predominantly influenced by what happened in London which is why the Swedish insurance industry was anglophone from the very beginning
6 Vilhelm Moberg The Emigrants (Novel series) [1949-1959] Bonniers translated by Gustaf Lannestock7 See Statistics Sweden ldquoSveriges folkmaumlngd fraringn 1749 och fram till idagrdquo scbse 27 October 2017 (wwwscbsehitta-statistikartiklar2017svereiges-folkmangd-fran-1749-och-fram-till-idag)8 See Bengt Bergander Foumlrsaumlkringsvaumlsendet i Sverige 1814-1914 Berlingska Boktryckeriet 1967
14
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| lrsquoi
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The Riksdag of the Estates (Staringndsriksdag) was dissolved in 1866 The parliament of the four estates ndash the Nobility Clergy Burghers and Peasants ndash was replaced by a bicameral legislature Voting rights were still limited to men only and was dependent on declared income The bicameral legislature stood for over a century until the unicameral assembly was introduced in 1970
The first life insurance companies in Sweden operated in a limited market geared towards the upper echelons of society In 1880 only 03 of the population had some form of pension insurance coverage 9 Finding the market too limited both in scope and in size private insurance companies tried to expand their business to other groups in society 10
With the further pauperisation of families working in the agricultural sector the demand for other forms of insurance increased Demand for insurance coverage especially for those in their old age increased in many groups in society but primarily for workers and middle-class private sector groups (services and manufacturing sectors) The growth of the middle class in the cities also increased the demand for occupational pensions and private insurance The first parliamentary resolution on compulsory pension insurance for workers was submitted to parliament by the liberal Member of Parliament Adolf Hedin 11 in 1884 Although the Hedin motion did not pass through parliament it set in motion several new initiatives including an inquiry into occupational and pensions insurance for workers and more generally a process of social change that would span the next 30 years It also triggered a government commission on pensions (pensionsutredningen) in 1895 and 1898 However their findings were not implemented by the conservative government that advocated for more private insurance based systems Despite their reservations several reforms related to workersrsquo safety and insurance were gradually introduced over time 12
3 From 1900 to 1930 the establishment of universal pensions and the road to democracy
Political tensions continued to increase in Sweden in the lead-up to the First World War and the country came close to war and rebellion after the dissolution of their union with Norway in 1905 in the 1914 Courtyard crisis and following the revolutions in Russia and Germany in 1917 and 1918
9 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg and Sven-Erik Svaumlrd Den svenska foumlrsaumlkringsmodellens uppgaringng och fall Erlanders Foumlrlag AB 200510 Ibid11 Adolf Hedin (1934-1905) was a newspaper publisher writer and politician12 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg Sven-Erik Svaumlrd op cit The reforms included the law on occupational safety in 1889 support to sickness insurance funds in 1891 and accident insurance in 1901 (reformed in 1916)
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15
Somehow maybe thanks to a mixture of luck bravery and moderation Sweden overcame these tribulations peacefully The main issues were related to finding the fragile balance between passing democratic reforms all while preserving the existing social order and social cohesion Around this time the conservative government under Prime Minister Arvid Lindman 13 introduced proportional elections a system that remains to this day but with the right to vote which was then exclusively reserved for men and determined through an income-dependent system 14 In 1913 Karl Staaffrsquos 15 Liberal government introduced a universal pension system calculated in two parts one-part was calculated as accumulation annuities and one-part as a pay-as-you-go supplement subject to income The pension age was set at 67 but the accumulated resources could be paid out earlier in cases of disability The benefit level was low and it would remain as such until after the Second World War The first universal pension benefits were paid out starting on 1 January 1914 The universal pension benefit was probably the first of its kind and was considered one of the governmentrsquos greatest achievements 16
In 1918 the Liberal-Social Democratic coalition government under Prime Minister Nils Edeacuten 17 introduced equal voting rights for men Due to the political turmoil surrounding Europe towards the end of the war the voting rights were quickly expanded to all elections at all levels and more importantly to all women making Sweden a true democracy
The 1920s was a period of great economic growth but also marked by great political instability and labour market turmoil During this decade the country saw ten successive governments often from different political parties At the same time there was a resurgence of social movements as evidenced by the high number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees over this period
13 Arvid Lindman (1862-1936) was a naval admiral and conservative politician He served as Prime Minister from 1906-1911 and 1928-193014 Leif Lewin Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Arvid Lindman Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201015 Karl Staaff (1860-1915) was a liberal politician and lawyer He served as Prime Minister 1905-1906 1911-191416 See Peter Esaiasson Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Karl Staff Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201017 Nils Edeacuten (1871-1945) Liberal politician and Prime Minister from 1917-1920
16
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litiq
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Number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees in Sweden 1905-2005
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
01905 19851925 20051945 1965
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique wwwmedlingsinstitutetse Mikkelsen F 1992 Arbejdskonflikter i Skandinavien 1848-1980 Edvinsson R 2005 Growth Accumulation Crisis With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800-2000 wwwscbse historiase
Moreover because the universal pension benefits were so low demand for professional pensions increased By the 1920s the number of employees in manufacturing and services had almost doubled from 01 to 02 as a share of the population while the share of employees in the working-age population declined from 05 to 03 Furthermore debates related to the coverage of blue and white-collar workers in the private sector continued and discussions on voluntary versus mandatory occupational pensions public or private administration remained at the heart of political debates and negotiations with social partners for much of the post-war period Eventually in 1927 the law on voluntary occupational pensions for white-collar workers was passed (1927 aringrs lag om frivillig tjaumlnstepensionering)
The economic boom of the 1920s ended abruptly with several disruptive events the depression of 1931 the shootings in Aringdalen 1931 18 and the collapse of Ivar Kreugerrsquos 19 economic empire Despite all this Sweden matured as a democracy and contrary to many other less fortunate countries in Europe became an increasingly stable country throughout the 1930s
18 On 14 May 1931 five people were shot dead by military troops called in as reinforcement by the police during a protest The Aringdalen shootings was a series of events in and around the sawmill district of Aringdalen Kramfors Municipality Aringngermanland Sweden The events spawned raging national debate and deep division along political lines19 Ivar Kreuger (1880-1932) became one of the richest men of his time His empire was built around the company Kreuger amp Toll Ltd which was highly exposed as a leader on international markets and severely hit in the financial crisis of 1929 Ivar Kreuger supposedly committed suicide in his Parisian apartment on Avenue Franklin-D-Roosevelt on 12 March 1932
Retir
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s fr
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s
17
In 1935 the universal annuity capitalisation was abolished and flat-rate universal pension benefits (folkpension) were introduced (Lag om folkpension) by Prime Minister Per Albin Hanssonrsquos 20 Social Democratic Government This reform also meant that Sweden moved away from traditional privately funded insurance to give way to more government-run pay-as-you-go pensions
4 From 1930 to 1950 the birth of Swedish corporatism and the Saltsjoumlbaden agreements
In the 1930s the labour movement demanded to see improvement in workersrsquo conditions specifically asking for a raise in wages 21 The unions became more focused on strengthening the long-term business environment within the industrial sector through high levels of investments and boosts in economic growth 22 This new dynamic led to the resolution of conflicts of interest on the labour market and a transition towards corporatism and macroeconomic stability In 1938 the centralist ldquoSaltsjoumlbaden Agreementrdquo between the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) and the Swedish Employers Confederation (SAF) was agreed upon This agreement aimed at the settlement of labour market conflicts without government intervention 23 According to the economist Assar Lindbeck a key driver of this change of pace and tone was the alliance between the Social Democratic Party and the unions
With higher economic growth increasing standards of living and rapid changes in family structures due to urbanisation the demand for occupational pensions among workers increased once again in the interwar period The issue of whether occupational pensions should be mandatory or optional for various categories of workers was addressed in parliamentary sessions in 1931 1933 1934 1935 1936 and 1938 as well as in several committees and government inquiries 24 In 1944 there was Government inquiry on mandatory occupational pensions but its scope was limited to white-collar workers 25
20 Per Albin Hansson (1885-1946) was Social Democratic politician and Prime Minister from 1932-1936 and 1936-1946 He is credited for creating the concept of general social welfare (Folkhemmet)21 See Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia ndash tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel Tredje upplagan SNS Foumlrlag 200022 Ibid23 See Assar Lindbeck ldquoThe Swedish Experimentrdquo Journal of Economic Literature vol 35 ndeg3 September 1997 pp 1273-131924 Committee regarding private sector employees (Kommittee angaringende privatanstaumlllda 1931) and the Hartelius committee (1936) Also see Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkring Undersoumlkningar av och foumlrslag av pensionsutredningen Principbetaumlnkande Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 195033 1950 (httpslagennusou195033attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)25 Ibid
18
fond
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| lrsquoi
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Another motion on mandatory pensions for all was raised by the parliamentarian Oskar Aringkerstroumlm 26 in 1944 (sv Riksdagsmotion om obligatorisk tillaumlggspension) Pension related issues continued to be discussed in the parliamentary sessions of 1944 1946 1947 and 1950
In 1946 the flat-rate universal pension benefit (folkpension) introduced in 1913 and reformed in 1935 was amended to a unified universal pension across all municipalities (enhetlig folkpension) Indexation is then introduced in 1948 The pension and disability pension benefits were increased considerably on 1 January of the same year In addition the Social Democratic Government under Prime Minister Tage Erlander 27 introduced survivorsrsquo pensions supplements for wives (hustrutilaumlgg) as well as national and municipal housing supplements 28
The political debate on whether to opt for income replacement or minimum income security was quite contested even within the Social Democratic party Prominent figures of the labour movement such the Minister for Social Affairs Gustav Moumlller 29 opted for a universal minimum income policy in accordance with what Sir William Beveridge had proposed in the United Kingdom in 1942 30 Gustav Moumlllerrsquos opinion had strong support within the party throughout the 1940s until the beginning of the 1950s when Gunnar Straumlng become the Minister of Finance 31
5 The 1950s The rise of the ATP system (Allmaumln Tillaumlggs Pension)
In the 1950s the Government commission on pensions established in 1947 concluded that ldquoThe way pension issues have been addressed in recent decades shows that they have always been a subject of interest from both societal and individual citizens groups Optional retirement has now been significantly expanded for white-collar workersrdquo 32
Government expenditure and taxes started to increase with the expansion of the ldquowelfare staterdquo From 1950 to 1970 government expenditure increased from 18 of GDP to 31 while taxes share of the GDP increased from 18 to 36 continuing until reaching its highest peak at 50 in 1990
26 Oskar Aringkerstroumlm (1896-1964) was a Social Democratic politician and member of Parliament27 Tage Erlander (1901-1985) was a Social Democratic politician and the longest serving Prime Minister in modern Swedish history from 1946-196928 See Betaumlnkande av Pensionarbetsgruppen Reformerat pensionssystem Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199420 1994 (httpslagennusou199420attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)29 Gustav Moumlller (1884-1970) was a Social Democratic politician and Member of Government in 1924-26 1932-36 and 1936-51 and credited as the father of Swedish social security and its welfare state30 See William Beveridge ldquoSocial Insurance and Allied Servicesrdquo Parliamentary Archives BBKD495 194231 Gunnar Straumlng (1906-1992) was a Social Democratic politician and served as Minister for Finance in 1955-197632 Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkringhellip op cit
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s fr
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edis
h re
form
s
19
Tax Revenue and Government expenditure as a percentage of GDP 1900-2010
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Taxes Expenditures
1900 19701940 20101910 198019501920 199019601930 2000
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique Ekonomifakta IMF
The commission led by OA Aringkesson also suggested the introduction of a mandatory public income-related pension insurance for all 33 The members of the commission opted for writing their own opinions (sv saumlrskilda yttranden) along party lines wherein the Social Democratic member and the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) members were in favour of the Commissionrsquos opinion while the white-collar workers and Conservative representatives were opposed Despite these opinions the Social Democratic and Centre Party Coalition Government demanded a new independent commission instead of presenting the commissions proposal to Parliament 34
The political debate further increased during the early 1950s however despite several improvements to the pertinence of the system The indexation of the universal pension benefit was introduced and increased in 1948 However with the rapid increases in economic growth and standards of living it became obvious that the increases in benefits and coverage of workers were not enough to enable workers and low-income earners to live on their pensions 35 The pension struggle then became a power struggle between Prime Minister Tage Erlander and main opposition leader of the Liberal Party leader Bertil Ohlin 36
33 According to Bo Koumlnberg the basic ideas of the Income pension (NDC system) can be traced to the ideas in OA Aringkessons Commission (See Bo Koumlnberg ldquoThe Swedish Model for Pension ndash New Wine in New Bottlesrdquo Scandinavian Insurance Quarterly ndeg22008 February 2008 pp99-109httpsnftnusitesdefaultfiles2008202_0pdf)34 See Peter Ohlsson P Svensk politik Historiska media 201435 Ibid36 Bertil Ohlin (1899-1979) was a Liberal Party leader and economist and was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1977 See Dick Harrisson ldquoJag har ingen vilja till makt ndash Biografi oumlver Tage Erlanderrdquo Ordfront 2017
20
fond
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In 1955 the new pension commission produced its final report recommending a mandatory and universal public pension for all Furthermore the Commission proposed pension benefits that would mirror past wages and depend on national living standards 37 The Commission also proposed that the pension age should remain at 67 years of age Shortly after the 1956 election the Pension Commission led by Per Eckerberg presented its final report In this version the LO and Social Democrats proposed a universal earnings-related public pension (Allmaumln tillaumlggs pension) ATP 38 According to the proposal the target replacement rate would be 65 of the average workerrsquos earnings
In the fall of 1957 the Conservative party and the Liberals introduced the idea of holding a referendum on pension reforms 39 A referendum was held on 13 October 1957 The referendum had three options the first was the Social Democratic proposal to introduce a universal income-related pension This option received 458 of the referendum vote The second option was supported by the Centre Party to introduce optional pensions and it received 15 The last option supported by the Liberal party and Conservative party preferred giving social partners the responsibility for pensions and received 353 40 Although voter turnout was high at 724 and the Social Democratic option received more votes than the other options no policy received an outright majority
The struggle for the ATP also led to the dissolution of the Centre Partyrsquos coalition with the Social Democrats on 25 October 1957 41 The entire government resigned but Tage Erlander returned as Prime Minister with a Social Democratic Minority Government on 31 October 1957 The election of 1958 led to a renewed Social Democratic Government under the leadership of Prime Minister Tage Erlander With the smallest possible margin (one vote) in parliament the government secured a majority However as the speaker of the House did not vote in parliament the election resulted in a parliament without a majority
When the decision on ATP was to be made in 1959 the reform was passed with the smallest margin of votes and the Governmentrsquos proposal to introduce income-related public pension for all workers was passed through the lower House The right-of-centre parties soon conceded on the issue 42 It was after the ATP struggle in the 1950s that the Social Democrats became the majority party in Government 43 Tage Erlander remained Prime Minister until 1969
37 See Ohlsson op cit38 Ibid39 Goumlran Haumlgg Vaumllfaumlrdsaringren ndash svensk historia 1945-1986 Wallstroumlm amp Widstrand 200540 See Ohlsson op cit41 See Lennart Schoumln op cit42 See Urban Lundberg Juvelen i kronan Socialdemokraterna och den allmaumlnna pensionen Hjalmarson amp Houmlgberg 200343 See Harrison op cit
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s fr
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edis
h re
form
s
21
6 Reforms in the 1960-1970s
For twenty years from 1950 until 1970 average growth in Sweden and in many other industrialised countries was around 4 annually 44 In that time often referred to as the ldquogolden yearsrdquo 45 not only did living standards increase but many consumer goods such as cars refrigerators television etc became goods for the masses and vacation travel also increased due to better infrastructure throughout Europe and aviation
At the beginning of the 1970s Sweden like most other western countries entered an era of reduced growth There are many different explanations for this external shocks from the global recession the oil crisis as well as structural changes in the economy with new technology and services taking over the industrial sector
GDP per capita and economic growth in leading economies 1971-1975 and 2001-2005
Countries Income per capita Growth
1971-1975 1991-1995 2001-2005
1991-1995 1971-1975
2001-2005 1991-1995
2001-2005 1971-1975
Sweden 11252 14159 17951 + 12 + 24 + 16
Other Nordic countries 9520 14474 18525 + 21 + 25 + 22
Southern Europe 7703 11904 14591 + 22 + 20 + 21
Rest of Europe 9651 13791 16501 + 18 + 18 + 18
North America 13479 18395 22771 + 16 + 21 + 17
Japan 8815 15977 17504 + 30 + 09 + 23
Source Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia Tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel SNS Foumlrlag 2000
In 1969 the pension supplement a complementary benefit to the universal pension was passed (sv Pensionstillskott) 46 and remained in place until 2003
On 1 July 1976 the retirement age was lowered from 67 to 65 after an agreement made in 1974 between the Social Democratic Government and the Liberals A flexible part-time pension was also introduced for those aged 60 to 65 The flexible part-time pension was calculated generously which allowed for a benefit level of 65 including pension contributions The flexible
44 See Lennart Schoumln op cit45 These years are the equivalent of Les Trente Glorieuses in France46 ldquoLag om pensionstillskottrdquo 1969205 Socialdepartementet 9 May 1969 (httpslagennu1969205)
22
fond
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| lrsquoi
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litiq
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part-time pension became very popular and from 1976 until August 1980 about 89000 Swedes opted for this benefit 47 In the 1976 election the Social Democrats lost their majority for the first time in 40 years The non-socialist parties lead by Torbjoumlrn Faumllldin from the Centre Party formed a coalition government The non-socialist right-of centre parties would remain in power until 1982
The premature ageing of the population from 1970-1990 compared to other OECD countries together with sharp increases in the labour participation rates of women increased the political demand for more generous pension systems and child and elderly care 48 From 1950 until the 1990s Sweden experienced a rapid increase in the old-age dependency ratio
Old-age dependency ratio in Sweden and France from 1950 to 2015 (in )
04
035
03
025
02
015
01
005
0
France Sweden
1950 19851970 2005 2010 20151955 199019751960 199519801965 2000
The old-age dependency ratio is calculated as the number of individuals aged 65 and above divided by the number of individuals aged 20 to 64
Source United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2017) World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision
The figure below shows the employment ratio for men and women From 1963 to 1990 female employment continuously increased from 53 to 81 while for male employment it suffered a small but steady decline from 89 to 85 Employment rates which had fallen due to the economic crisis of the early 1990s then picked up again with a slow yet steady increase
47 See Urban Lundberg op cit48 Lindbeck op cit
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sson
s fr
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h re
form
s
23
Employment ratios for men and women 1963-2017
196
3
196
9
198
9
197
9
199
9
20
09
196
5
198
5
1975
199
5
20
05
1971
199
1
198
1
20
01
20
11
20
15
1967
198
7
197
7
199
7
20
07
197
3
199
3
198
3
20
03
20
13
20
17
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Men Women
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique OECDstat
Despite the rhetorical differences between the political parties there was a growing consensus across political lines that the pension system needed to be adjusted The ATP system was perceived as financially unsustainable as there was a substantial risk of the pension contributions increasing faster than income levels would 49 Given the high level of taxes as a percentage of GDP at around 50 of GDP in 1990 further increases to finance pensions seemed limited
Estimated pensions expenditure in the former pension system wage share based on different assumptions for real income growth (from 1995) and maintained price indexation
Growth rate0 1 2 3
2005 335 303 278 2512015 411 342 288 2392025 442 341 266 2032050 437 292 184 109
Source Prop 199394250
In addition the former system created few incentives to work Thirty years of work would earn a pension of which fifteen would impact the calculation the pension benefit formula was based on the best fifteen years of work The
49 See Allmaumln pension Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199076 1990 (httpslagennusou199076)
24
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benefit calculation was therefore beneficial for individuals with a short but fast-growing career later in life Hence it was less beneficial for individuals with a slow growth in earning but a long career
On 16 November 1984 the Social Democratic government lead by Olof Palme commissioned a Parliamentary Pension Commission (pensionsberedningen) lead by Sture Korpi 50 State Secretary to Minister for Social Affairs Sten Andersson The Commission united all the most relevant organisations in Swedish society political parties unions the confederation of Swedish enterprises pensionersrsquo organisations organisations for the disabled social insurance agencies etc 51 The Parliamentary Commission also became a breeding ground for future prominent members of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pension such as Anna Hedborg 52 Ingela Thalen 53 and Bo Koumlnberg 54
Although the Commission had not been mandated to propose any changes it was considered a huge success for its contributions to analysing how the pensions system worked and what challenges it faced 55 The Pension Commission presented its final report in 1990 56
7 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system
The first political step towards a new pension reform system was taken in the Government budget (finansplan) of 1991 The Social Democratic Government led by Ingvar Carlsson 57 opts for ldquoopportunities for financing pension pledges within a framework of unchanged levels of taxation and contributions are highly dependent on economic growth 58rdquo
In 1991 the Social Democrats were defeated by a four-party coalition led by the Moderate Party leader Carl Bildt 59 Shortly after the new Government
50 Sture Korpi (1939-2017) was a Social Democratic politician and served as State Secretary in 1982-199151 See Urban Lundberg op cit52 Anna Hedborg (b 1944) is a Social Democratic politician and official and served as Minister for Social Insurance (1994-1996)53 Ingela Thalen (b1943) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Minster of Labour (1987-1991) and Minister for Social Affairs (1990-1991 1994-1996)54 Bo Koumlnberg (b1945) is a Liberal Party politician and served as Minister for Health and Social Insurance in 1991-199455 See Urban Lundberg op cit56 See Allmaumln Pension op cit57 Ingvar Carlsson (b1934) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Prime Minister in 1986-1991 and 1994-199658 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreement and Pension Reform trad Anglaise du rapport Detta aumlr pensionsoumlverenskommelsen (Ds 200953) 2010 p53 (wwwgovernmentse49b757contentassets3d321fd499da48928de201abe43a558bthe-swedish-pension-agreement-and-pension-reform-ds-200953)59 Carl Bildt (born in 1949) is a Conservative Party politician and served as Prime Minister 1991-1994 and Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006-2014
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25
took office a Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions was formed The Working Group began its work in November 1991 when the Minister for Healthcare and Social Security Bo Koumlnberg took its direction In 1992 the Working Group published a ldquopreliminary draftrdquo containing almost all the elements of the reform 60 the starting point of the reform being the need for a higher savings rate in the economy as well as the need to strengthen the incentives to work Although the possibility of making changes within the framework of the existing ATP system had been thoroughly investigated by Pension Commission the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions settled that the retirement system should be built up according to principles other than those underpinning public pension and ATP systems of today The Working Group presented a draft of a new system in August 1992 containing almost all principal elements 61
A brutal economic crisis hit Sweden in 1992 Government expenditure reached almost 76 of GDP in 1995 and the employment rate declined consistently throughout the 1990s The many causes of the crisis are diverse and literature on this matter is vast A combination of rapid credit expansion both weak government finances and a weak current account together with a fixed currency towards the European Currency Unit 62 depleted the central bankrsquos power to defend its currency In one last attempt to protect the Swedish currency the Riksbank decided to raise its key interest rate to 500 on 16 September 1992 As a result investments and the employment rate fell and the country experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression In November 1992 the fixed rate towards the ECU 63 was abandoned and the Swedish krona quickly depreciated These events led to an immediate crisis on the financial market and in the banking sector which had to be restructured and bailed out Consequently the Government debt as a percentage of GDP soared from around 40 in 1990 to 74 in 1994
60 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit61 Ibid62 The ECU was a basket of currencies used from 1979 to 1999 and before the euro63 The European Currency Unit was a basket of currencies used as a unit of account before being replaced by the euro 1 January 1999
26
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Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
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27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
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| lrsquoi
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
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35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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37
38
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39
40
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41
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Prix de lrsquoeacutelectriciteacute entre marcheacute reacutegulation et subventionJacques Percebois feacutevrier 2019 64 pages
Vers une socieacuteteacute post-carbonePatrice Geoffron feacutevrier 2019 60 pages
Eacutenergie-climat en Europe pour une excellence eacutecologiqueEmmanuel Tuchscherer feacutevrier 2019 48 pages
42
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| lrsquoi
nnov
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litiq
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Innovation politique 2018 (tome 2)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2019 544 pages
Innovation politique 2018 (tome 1)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2019 472 pages
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La contestation animaliste radicaleEddy Fougier janvier 2019 56 pages
Le numeacuterique au secours de la santeacuteSerge Soudoplatoff janvier 2019 60 pages
Le nouveau pouvoir franccedilais et la coopeacuteration franco-japonaiseFondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2018 204 pages
Les apports du christianisme agrave lrsquouniteacute de lrsquoEuropeJean-Dominique Durand deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La crise orthodoxe (2) Les convulsions du XIXe siegravecle agrave nos joursJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La crise orthodoxe (1) Les fondations des origines au XIXe siegravecleJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La France et les chreacutetiens drsquoOrient derniegravere chanceJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 56 pages
Le christianisme et la moderniteacute europeacuteenne (2) Comprendre le retour de lrsquoinstitution religieusePhilippe Portier et Jean-Paul Willaime deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
Le christianisme et la moderniteacute europeacuteenne (1) Reacutecuser le deacuteni
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Lrsquoavenir de lrsquohydroeacutelectriciteacuteJean-Pierre Corniou novembre 2018 64 pages
Retraites Leccedilons des reacuteformes italiennesMichel Martone novembre 2018 48 pages
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43
Migrations la France singuliegravereDidier Leschi octobre 2018 56 pages
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France combattre la pauvreteacute des enfantsJulien Damon mai 2018 48 pages
Que pegravesent les syndicats Dominique Andolfatto avril 2018 56 pages
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Lrsquoeacutelan de la francophonie une communauteacute de langue et de destin (1)Benjamin Boutin mars 2018 48 pages
LrsquoItalie aux urnesSofia Ventura feacutevrier 2018 44 pages
Lrsquointelligence artificielle lrsquoexpertise partout accessible agrave tousSerge Soudoplatoff feacutevrier 2018 60 pages
Lrsquoinnovation agrave lrsquoegravere du bien communBenjamin Boscher Xavier Pavie feacutevrier 2018 64 pages
Libeacuterer lrsquoislam de lrsquoislamismeMohamed Louizi janvier 2018 84 pages
Gouverner le religieux dans un eacutetat laiumlcThierry Rambaud janvier 2018 56 pages
Innovation politique 2017 (tome 2)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 492 pages
Innovation politique 2017 (tome 1)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 468 pages
44
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| lrsquoi
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Une laquo norme intelligente raquo au service de la reacuteformeVictor Fabre Mathieu Kohmann Mathieu Luinaud deacutecembre 2017 44 pages
Autriche virage agrave droitePatrick Moreau novembre 2017 52 pages
Pour repenser le bac reacuteformons le lyceacutee et lrsquoapprentissageFayumlccedilal Hafied novembre 2017 76 pages
Ougrave va la deacutemocratie Sous la direction de Dominique Reynieacute Plon octobre 2017 320 pages
Violence antiseacutemite en Europe 2005-2015Johannes Due Enstad septembre 2017 48 pages
Pour lrsquoemploi la subrogation du creacutedit drsquoimpocirct des services agrave la personneBruno Despujol Olivier Peraldi et Dominique Reynieacute septembre 2017 52 pages
Marcheacute du travail pour la reacuteforme Fayumlccedilal Hafied juillet 2017 64 pages
Le fact-checking une reacuteponse agrave la crise de lrsquoinformation et de la deacutemocratieFarid Gueham juillet 2017 68 pages
Notre-Dame- des-Landes lrsquoEacutetat le droit et la deacutemocratie empecirccheacutesBruno Hug de Larauze mai 2017 56 pages
France les juifs vus par les musulmans Entre steacutereacuteotypes et meacuteconnaissancesMehdi Ghouirgate Iannis Roder et Dominique Schnapper mai 2017 44 pages
Dette publique la mesurer la reacuteduireJean-Marc Daniel avril 2017 52 pages
Parfaire le paritarisme par lrsquoindeacutependance financiegravereJulien Damon avril 2017 52 pages
Former de plus en plus de mieux en mieux Lrsquoenjeu de la formation professionnelleOlivier Faron avril 2017 48 pages
Les troubles du monde lrsquoislamisme et sa reacutecupeacuteration populiste lrsquoEurope deacutemocratique menaceacuteePierre-Adrien Hanania AJC Fondapol mars 2017 44 pages
Porno addiction nouvel enjeu de socieacuteteacuteDavid Reynieacute mars 2017 48 pages
Calais miroir franccedilais de la crise migratoire europeacuteenne (2)Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2017 72 pages
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Lrsquoactif eacutepargne logementPierre-Franccedilois Gouiffegraves feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Reacuteformer quel discours pour convaincre Christophe de Voogd feacutevrier 2017 52 pages
De lrsquoassurance maladie agrave lrsquoassurance santeacutePatrick Negaret feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Hocircpital libeacuterer lrsquoinnovationChristophe Marques et Nicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2017 44 pages
45
Le Front national face agrave lrsquoobstacle du second tourJeacuterocircme Jaffreacute feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
La Reacutepublique des entrepreneursVincent Lorphelin janvier 2017 52 pages
Des startups drsquoEacutetat agrave lrsquoEacutetat plateformePierre Pezziardi et Henri Verdier janvier 2017 52 pages
Vers la souveraineteacute numeacuteriqueFarid Gueham janvier 2017 44 pages
Repenser notre politique commercialeLaurence Daziano janvier 2017 48 pages
Mesures de la pauvreteacute mesures contre la pauvreteacuteJulien Damon deacutecembre 2016 40 pages
Lrsquo Autriche des populistesPatrick Moreau novembre 2016 72 pages
LrsquoEurope face aux deacutefis du peacutetro-solaireAlbert Bressand novembre 2016 52 pages
Le Front national en campagnes Les agriculteurs et le vote FNEddy Fougier et Jeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2016 52 pages
Innovation politique 2016Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2016 758 pages
Le nouveau monde de lrsquoautomobile (2) les promesses de la mobiliteacute eacutelectriqueJean-Pierre Corniou octobre 2016 68 pages
Le nouveau monde de lrsquoautomobile (1) lrsquoimpasse du moteur agrave explosionJean-Pierre Corniou octobre 2016 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2016Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2016 224 pages
Lrsquoindividu contre lrsquoeacutetatisme Actualiteacute de la penseacutee libeacuterale franccedilaise (XXe siegravecle)Jeacuterocircme Perrier septembre 2016 52 pages
Lrsquoindividu contre lrsquoeacutetatisme Actualiteacute de la penseacutee libeacuterale franccedilaise (XIXe siegravecle)Jeacuterocircme Perrier septembre 2016 52 pages
Refonder lrsquoaudiovisuel publicOlivier Babeau septembre 2016 48 pages
La concurrence au deacutefi du numeacuteriqueCharles-Antoine Schwerer juillet 2016 48 pages
Portrait des musulmans drsquoEurope uniteacute dans la diversiteacuteVincent Tournier juin 2016 68 pages
Portrait des musulmans de France une communauteacute plurielleNadia Henni-Moulaiuml juin 2016 48 pages
La blockchain ou la confiance distribueacuteeYves Caseau et Serge Soudoplatoff juin 2016 48 pages
La gauche radicale liens lieux et luttes (2012-2017)Sylvain Boulouque mai 2016 56 pages
46
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Gouverner pour reacuteformer eacuteleacutements de meacutethodeErwan Le Noan et Matthieu Montjotin mai 2016 64 pages
Les zadistes (2) la tentation de la violenceEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
Les zadistes (1) un nouvel anticapitalismeEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
Reacutegionales (2) les partis contesteacutes mais pas concurrenceacutesJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 52 pages
Reacutegionales (1) vote FN et attentatsJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 60 pages
Un droit pour lrsquoinnovation et la croissanceSophie Vermeille Mathieu Kohmann et Mathieu Luinaud feacutevrier 2016 52 pages
Le lobbying outil deacutemocratiqueAnthony Escurat feacutevrier 2016 44 pages
Valeurs drsquoislamDominique Reynieacute (dir) preacuteface par le cheikh Khaled Bentounegraves PUF janvier 2016 432 pages
Chiites et sunnites paix impossible Mathieu Terrier janvier 2016 44 pages
Projet drsquoentreprise renouveler le capitalismeDaniel Hurstel deacutecembre 2015 44 pages
Le mutualisme reacutepondre aux deacutefis assurantielsArnaud Chneiweiss et Steacutephane Tisserand novembre 2015 44 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2015Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres novembre 2015 140 pages
La noopolitique le pouvoir de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane novembre 2015 52 pages
Innovation politique 2015Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2015 576 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (2) une reacuteflexion agrave contre-courantAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (1) le Kant europeacuteen et le Machiavel chinoisAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
PME nouveaux modes de financementMohamed Abdesslam et Benjamin Le Pendeven octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (2) Pourquoi il faut deacutefendre la routeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (1) Les conditions drsquoune mobiliteacute convivialeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 40 pages
Crise de la conscience arabo-musulmaneMalik Bezouh septembre 2015 40 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (3) le second tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
47
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (2) le premier tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (1) le contexteJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 44 pages
Enseignement supeacuterieur les limites de la laquo masteacuterisation raquoJulien Gonzalez juillet 2015 44 pages
Politique eacuteconomique lrsquoenjeu franco-allemandWolfgang Glomb et Henry drsquoArcole juin 2015 36 pages
Les lois de la primaire Celles drsquohier celles de demainFranccedilois Bazin juin 2015 48 pages
Eacuteconomie de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane mai 2015 48 pages
Lutter contre les vols et cambriolages une approche eacuteconomiqueEmmanuel Combe et Seacutebastien Daziano mai 2015 56 pages
Unir pour agir un programme pour la croissanceAlain Madelin mai 2015 52 pages
Nouvelle entreprise et valeur humaineFrancis Mer avril 2015 32 pages
Les transports et le financement de la mobiliteacuteYves Crozet avril 2015 32 pages
Numeacuterique et mobiliteacute impacts et synergiesJean Coldefy avril 2015 36 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie face agrave la moderniteacuteMohamed Beddy Ebnou mars 2015 40 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie les fondementsAḥmad Al-Raysuni mars 2015 40 pages
Les femmes et lrsquoislam une vision reacuteformisteAsma Lamrabet mars 2015 48 pages
Eacuteducation et islamMustapha Cherif mars 2015 44 pages
Que nous disent les eacutelections leacutegislatives partielles depuis 2012 Dominique Reynieacute feacutevrier 2015 4 pages
Lrsquoislam et les valeurs de la ReacutepubliqueSaad Khiari feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Islam et contrat socialPhilippe Moulinet feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Le soufisme spiritualiteacute et citoyenneteacuteBariza Khiari feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
Lrsquohumanisme et lrsquohumaniteacute en islamAhmed Bouyerdene feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
Eacuteradiquer lrsquoheacutepatite C en France quelles strateacutegies publiques Nicolas Bouzou et Christophe Marques janvier 2015 40 pages
48
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Coran cleacutes de lectureTareq Oubrou janvier 2015 44 pages
Le pluralisme religieux en islam ou la conscience de lrsquoalteacuteriteacuteEacuteric Geoffroy janvier 2015 40 pages
Meacutemoires agrave venirDominique Reynieacute janvier 2015 enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec la Fondation pour la Meacutemoire de la Shoah 156 pages
La classe moyenne ameacutericaine en voie drsquoeffritementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2014 40 pages
Pour une compleacutementaire eacuteducation lrsquoeacutecole des classes moyennesErwan Le Noan et Dominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquoantiseacutemitisme dans lrsquoopinion publique franccedilaise Nouveaux eacuteclairagesDominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 48 pages
La politique de concurrence un atout pour notre industrieEmmanuel Combe novembre 2014 48 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (2) pousseacutee du FN recul de lrsquoUMP et vote bretonJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 52 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (1) la gauche en miettesJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 40 pages
Innovation politique 2014Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2014 554 pages
Eacutenergie-climat pour une politique efficaceAlbert Bressand septembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquourbanisation du monde Une chance pour la FranceLaurence Daziano juillet 2014 44 pages
Que peut-on demander agrave la politique moneacutetaire Pascal Salin mai 2014 48 pages
Le changement crsquoest tout le temps 1514 - 2014Suzanne Baverez et Jean Seacutenieacute mai 2014 48 pages
Trop drsquoeacutemigreacutes Regards sur ceux qui partent de FranceJulien Gonzalez mai 2014 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2014Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres avril 2014 284 pages
Taxer mieux gagner plusRobin Rivaton avril 2014 52 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (2) diversifier la haute administrationKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 44 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (1) renforcer les think tanksKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 52 pages
Pour un new deal fiscalGianmarco Monsellato mars 2014 8 pages
Faire cesser la mendiciteacute avec enfantsJulien Damon mars 2014 44 pages
49
Le low cost une reacutevolution eacuteconomique et deacutemocratiqueEmmanuel Combe feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Un accegraves eacutequitable aux theacuterapies contre le cancerNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Reacuteformer le statut des enseignantsLuc Chatel janvier 2014 8 pages
Un outil de finance sociale les social impact bondsYan de Kerorguen deacutecembre 2013 36 pages
Pour la croissance la deacutebureaucratisation par la confiancePierre Pezziardi Serge Soudoplatoff et Xavier Queacuterat-Heacutement novembre 2013 48 pages
Les valeurs des FranciliensGueacutenaeumllle Gault octobre 2013 36 pages
Sortir drsquoune gregraveve eacutetudiante le cas du QueacutebecJean-Patrick Brady et Steacutephane Paquin octobre 2013 40 pages
Un contrat de travail unique avec indemniteacutes de deacutepart inteacutegreacuteesCharles Beigbeder juillet 2013 8 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2013Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres juillet 2013 268 pages
La nouvelle vague des eacutemergents Bangladesh Eacutethiopie Nigeria Indoneacutesie Vietnam MexiqueLaurence Daziano juillet 2013 40 pages
Transition eacutenergeacutetique europeacuteenne bonnes intentions et mauvais calculsAlbert Bressand juillet 2013 44 pages
La deacutemobiliteacute travailler vivre autrementJulien Damon juin 2013 44 pages
Le Kapital Pour rebacirctir lrsquoindustrieChristian Saint-Eacutetienne et Robin Rivaton avril 2013 40 pages
Code eacutethique de la vie politique et des responsables publics en FranceLes Arvernes Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique avril 2013 12 pages
Les classes moyennes dans les pays eacutemergentsJulien Damon avril 2013 38 pages
Innovation politique 2013Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2013 652 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (2) les strateacutegiesRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (1) les enjeuxRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 52 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute passe aussi par la fiscaliteacuteAldo Cardoso Michel Didier Bertrand Jacquillat Dominique Reynieacute et Greacutegoire Sentilhes deacutecembre 2012 20 pages
Une autre politique moneacutetaire pour reacutesoudre la criseNicolas Goetzmann deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
50
fond
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| lrsquoi
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La nouvelle politique fiscale rend-elle lrsquoISF inconstitutionnel Aldo Cardoso novembre 2012 12 pages
Fiscaliteacute pourquoi et comment un pays sans riches est un pays pauvrehellipBertrand Jacquillat octobre 2012 40 pages
Youth and Sustainable DevelopmentFondapolNomadeacuteisUnited Nations juin 2012 80 pages
La philanthropie Des entrepreneurs de solidariteacuteFrancis Charhon mai juin 2012 44 pages
Les chiffres de la pauvreteacute le sens de la mesureJulien Damon mai 2012 40 pages
Libeacuterer le financement de lrsquoeacuteconomieRobin Rivaton avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoeacutepargne au service du logement socialJulie Merle avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2012Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2012 210 pages
Valeurs partageacuteesDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF mars 2012 362 pages
Les droites en EuropeDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF feacutevrier 2012 552 pages
Innovation politique 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2012 648 pages
Lrsquoeacutecole de la liberteacute initiative autonomie et responsabiliteacuteCharles Feuillerade janvier 2012 36 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (2) les strateacutegiesReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 40 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (1) les enjeuxReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 48 pages
Reacutevolution des valeurs et mondialisationLuc Ferry janvier 2012 36 pages
Quel avenir pour la social-deacutemocratie en Europe Sir Stuart Bell deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
La reacutegulation professionnelle des regravegles non eacutetatiques pour mieux responsabiliserJean-Pierre Teyssier deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
Lrsquohospitaliteacute une eacutethique du soinEmmanuel Hirsch deacutecembre 2011 32 pages
12 ideacutees pour 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2011 110 pages
Les classes moyennes et le logementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2011 40 pages
Reacuteformer la santeacute trois propositionsNicolas Bouzou novembre 2011 32 pages
51
Le nouveau Parlement la reacutevision du 23 juillet 2008Jean-Feacutelix de Bujadoux novembre 2011 40 pages
La responsabiliteacuteAlain-Geacuterard Slama novembre 2011 32 pages
Le vote des classes moyennesEacutelisabeth Dupoirier novembre 2011 40 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute par la qualiteacuteEmmanuel Combe et Jean-Louis Mucchielli octobre 2011 32 pages
Les classes moyennes et le creacuteditNicolas Peacutecourt octobre 2011 32 pages
Portrait des classes moyennesLaure Bonneval Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Fabienne Gomant octobre 2011 36 pages
Morale eacutethique deacuteontologieMichel Maffesoli octobre 2011 40 pages
Sortir du communisme changer drsquoeacutepoqueSteacutephane Courtois (dir) PUF octobre 2011 672 pages
Lrsquoeacutenergie nucleacuteaire apregraves Fukushima incident mineur ou nouvelle donne Malcolm Grimston septembre 2011 16 pages
La jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2011 132 pages
Pouvoir drsquoachat une politiqueEmmanuel Combe septembre 2011 52 pages
La liberteacute religieuseHenri Madelin septembre 2011 36 pages
Reacuteduire notre dette publiqueJean-Marc Daniel septembre 2011 40 pages
Eacutecologie et libeacuteralismeCorine Pelluchon aoucirct 2011 40 pages
Valoriser les monuments historiques de nouvelles strateacutegiesWladimir Mitrofanoff et Christiane Schmuckle-Mollard juillet 2011 28 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs raisonsEddy Fougier juillet 2011 40 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs reacuteseauxSylvain Boulouque juillet 2011 36 pages
La fraterniteacutePaul Thibaud juin 2011 36 pages
La transformation numeacuterique au service de la croissanceJean-Pierre Corniou juin 2011 52 pages
LrsquoengagementDominique Schnapper juin 2011 32 pages
Liberteacute Eacutegaliteacute FraterniteacuteAndreacute Glucksmann mai 2011 36 pages
52
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
ue
Quelle industrie pour la deacutefense franccedilaise Guillaume Lagane mai 2011 26 pages
La religion dans les affaires la responsabiliteacute sociale de lrsquoentrepriseAureacutelien Acquier Jean-Pascal Gond et Jacques Igalens mai 2011 44 pages
La religion dans les affaires la finance islamiqueLila Guermas-Sayegh mai 2011 36 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAllemagnePatrick Moreau avril 2011 56 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La SlovaquieEacutetienne Boisserie avril 2011 40 pages
Qui deacutetient la dette publique Guillaume Leroy avril 2011 36 pages
Le principe de preacutecaution dans le mondeNicolas de Sadeleer mars 2011 36 pages
Comprendre le Tea PartyHenri Hude mars 2011 40 pages
Ougrave en est la droite Les Pays-BasNiek Pas mars 2011 36 pages
Productiviteacute agricole et qualiteacute des eauxGeacuterard Morice mars 2011 44 pages
LrsquoEau du volume agrave la valeurJean-Louis Chaussade mars 2011 32 pages
Eau comment traiter les micropolluants Philippe Hartemann mars 2011 38 pages
Eau deacutefis mondiaux perspectives franccedilaisesGeacuterard Payen mars 2011 62 pages
Lrsquoirrigation pour une agriculture durableJean-Paul Renoux mars 2011 42 pages
Gestion de lrsquoeau vers de nouveaux modegravelesAntoine Freacuterot mars 2011 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAutrichePatrick Moreau feacutevrier 2011 42 pages
La participation au service de lrsquoemploi et du pouvoir drsquoachatJacques Perche et Antoine Pertinax feacutevrier 2011 32 pages
Le tandem franco-allemand face agrave la crise de lrsquoeuroWolfgang Glomb feacutevrier 2011 38 pages
2011 la jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) janvier 2011 88 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2011Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacutedition Lignes de Repegraveres janvier 2011 254 pages
Administration 20Thierry Weibel janvier 2011 48 pages
53
Ougrave en est la droite La BulgarieAntony Todorov deacutecembre 2010 32 pages
Le retour du tirage au sort en politiqueGil Delannoi deacutecembre 2010 38 pages
La compeacutetence morale du peupleRaymond Boudon novembre 2010 30 pages
LrsquoAcadeacutemie au pays du capitalBernard Belloc et Pierre-Franccedilois Mourier PUF novembre 2010 222 pages
Pour une nouvelle politique agricole communeBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Seacutecuriteacute alimentaire un enjeu globalBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Les vertus cacheacutees du low cost aeacuterienEmmanuel Combe novembre 2010 40 pages
Innovation politique 2011Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF novembre 2010 676 pages
Deacutefense surmonter lrsquoimpasse budgeacutetaireGuillaume Lagane octobre 2010 34 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoEspagneJoan Marcet octobre 2010 34 pages
Les vertus de la concurrenceDavid Sraer septembre 2010 44 pages
Internet politique et coproduction citoyenneRobin Berjon septembre 2010 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La PologneDominika Tomaszewska-Mortimer aoucirct 2010 42 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Suegravede et le DanemarkJacob Christensen juillet 2010 44 pages
Quel policier dans notre socieacuteteacute Mathieu Zagrodzki juillet 2010 28 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoItalieSofia Ventura juillet 2010 36 pages
Crise bancaire dette publique une vue allemandeWolfgang Glomb juillet 2010 28 pages
Dette publique inquieacutetude publiqueJeacuterocircme Fourquet juin 2010 32 pages
Une reacutegulation bancaire pour une croissance durableNathalie Janson juin 2010 36 pages
Quatre propositions pour reacutenover notre modegravele agricolePascal Perri mai 2010 32 pages
Reacutegionales 2010 que sont les eacutelecteurs devenus Pascal Perrineau mai 2010 56 pages
54
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
ue
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2010Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mai 2010 245 pages
Pays-Bas la tentation populisteChristophe de Voogd mai 2010 43 pages
Quatre ideacutees pour renforcer le pouvoir drsquoachatPascal Perri avril 2010 30 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Grande-BretagneDavid Hanley avril 2010 34 pages
Renforcer le rocircle eacuteconomique des reacutegionsNicolas Bouzou mars 2010 30 pages
Reacuteduire la dette gracircce agrave la ConstitutionJacques Delpla feacutevrier 2010 54 pages
Strateacutegie pour une reacuteduction de la dette publique franccedilaiseNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2010 30 pages
Iran une reacutevolution civile Nader Vahabi novembre 2009 19 pages
Ougrave va la politique de lrsquoeacuteglise catholique Drsquoune querelle du libeacuteralisme agrave lrsquoautreEacutemile Perreau-Saussine octobre 2009 26 pages
Agir pour la croissance verteValeacutery Morron et Deacuteborah Sanchez octobre 2009 11 pages
Lrsquoeacuteconomie allemande agrave la veille des leacutegislatives de 2009Nicolas Bouzou et Jeacuterocircme Duval-Hamel septembre 2009 10 pages
Eacutelections europeacuteennes 2009 analyse des reacutesultats en Europe et en FranceCorinne Deloy Dominique Reynieacute et Pascal Perrineau septembre 2009 32 pages
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Quatre propositions pour que lrsquoEurope ne tombe pas dans le protectionnismeNicolas Bouzou mars 2009 12 pages
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55
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La reacuteforme de lrsquoenseignement supeacuterieur en AustralieZoe McKenzie mars 2009 74 pages
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
7
SUMMARY
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
Swedish Political PartiesThe translations used for the names of political parties in this study are as followsCenterpartiet Centre PartyKristdemokraterna Christian DemocratsLiberaleerna LiberalsModerata samlingspartiete Moderate PartySveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti Social Democratic Party
9
INTRODUCTION
By international comparisons contemporary Sweden and the other Nordic countries are considered prosperous due to the even distribution of their resources Furthermore Sweden combines high levels of individual freedom and social mobility 1 due in large part to the Swedish economic and social model which was designed for inclusive growth The Swedish model consists of three fundamental pillars a labour market that facilitates adjustment to change a universal welfare policy and economic policy that promotes openness towards the world and macroeconomic stability 2
The Swedish welfare policy is based on universal principles by which all citizens have access to social protection in the form of both publicly financed welfare services and social security Welfare services can be offered by both private andor public providers These systems cover every individual throughout their lifetime The public pension system is by far the largest system within the Swedish social security apparatus It provided pension benefits for 1036311 men and 1167073 women or roughly 22 of the total population in 2017 2917171 men and 2816981 women of working age paid in pension contributions to the public pension system in 2017 or 60 of total population according to the Swedish Pensions Agency In total 82 of the entire population either paid contributions or received benefits from the national pension system
1 See Gender Equality Index 2017 (httpseigeeuropaeugender-equality-index) At-risk of poverty is used as a proxy for social mobility (ldquoIncome Mobility Statistics in Swedenrdquo 2018wwwscbsecontentassets7ad934d0c3794707984de372bd90f45ehe0110_2016a01_br_he80br1801pdf)2 See Government Offices of Sweden Ministry of Finance ldquoThe Swedish Modelrdquo 2017 (wwwgovernmentse4a5336contentassets8416c4ff1410419090181fe503920390the-swedish-modelpdf)
RETIREMENTLESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
Kristoffer LundbergKristoffer Lundberg Ministry of Health and Social Affairs Sweden
Views in this paper do not represent the official views of the Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs nor the Swedish Government Offices All possible errors are the authors own The author would like to thank Kiran Ahuja Bo Koumlnberg Stefan Oscarson Mattias Ossowicki and Olle Sundberg for their comments on this paper and its earlier drafts
10
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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In June of 1994 the Swedish Parliament approved a new pension system introducing a pay-as-you-go Notional Defined Contribution (NDC) system combined with a minor Financial Defined Contribution (FDC) system 3 The history of Swedish retirement reform can be understood in terms of the history of social welfare Its development is far more complex and harder fought politically than what is often perceived of modern Sweden It is easy to underestimate the uncertainties that riddled its historical past Our historical bias underestimates the struggles in political and social battles such as retirement reform
This paper aims to describe how and in what environment the Swedish pension reform was devised First we will give a historical overview of the Swedish retirement scheme from the end of the XVIIIth century to its recent changes agreed upon in 2017 We will then discuss the lessons learnt from the reform process and its implications The current retirement policy in Sweden is presented in detail in the annex
I THE EVOLUTION OF THE SWEDISH RETIREMENT SYSTEM
1 The appearance of the first occupational pension schemes at the end of the XVIIIth century
The development of income security within old-age and retirement reform in Sweden is tightly related to the history of modern Sweden and how it unfolded It is the story of how Sweden transitioned from a poor war-torn autocratic agricultural country in the north of Europe to the prosperous democratic country that it is today
By the turn of the XVIIIth century Sweden was much less developed than other European countries Although the country had flourished during the reign of freedom 1718-1772 (Frihetstiden) an era which had both provided peace and given rise to more freedom in society 4 the country was shaken by several transformative and disruptive events the assassination of Gustav III the coup deacutetat against the King Gustav IV Adolphe the loss of Finland (one-third of the
3 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten ldquoThe NDC Reform in Sweden the 1994 Legislation to the Presentrdquo in Robert Holzmann and Edward Palmer (eds) Pension Reform Issues and Prospects for Non-Financial Definede Contribution (NDC) Schemees The World Bank 2006 pp 449-466 (httpdocumentsworldbankorgcuratedpt713861468120840510pdf353470REV0Pension0Reform01PUBLIC1pdf )4 This era corresponds to le Siegravecle des Lumiegraveres 1715-1789 in France
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11
country and a fourth of the population) to the Russian Empire in 1809 and the lynching of the Marshal of the Realm Axel von Fersen on 20 June 1810 This period ended when one of Napoleonrsquos generals Mareacutechal Jean Baptiste Bernadotte ascended to the throne as King Karl XIV Johan of Sweden in 1818 and the country established a new Constitution finally returning to stability
In 1810 Sweden had 23 million inhabitants the majority of whom worked in the agricultural sector Aside from Stockholm with around 75000 inhabitants in 1800 most other cities were small Although most lived in poverty Swedes enjoyed more individual rights than most of their European neighbours Moreover due to the universal catechetical requirements implemented by the clergy literacy levels were also comparatively high with at least one person in each family being able read
The earliest pension schemes in Sweden were occupational (Allmaumlnna Aumlnke- and Pupillskassan 1788-1934) These pension schemes provided limited coverage for the upper levels of the clergy the armed forces and civil servants 5
2 The break-off the XIXth century
Starting around 1860 thanks to the industrial revolution the number of workers in manufacturing and services increased while the proportion of workers in agriculture began its one hundred and fifty year-old downward trend from well over half of the population to around 2 by the turn of the millennium It also prompted urbanisation as people began moving from the countryside to their new jobs and workplaces in the rapidly growing cites This dynamic is still at play today
The proportion of workers in each economic sector is also a rough illustration of the different professional retirement coverage options established in the first half of the XXth century that still exist today In present-day Sweden there are four different convention types one for central government employees one for municipal and county council employees one for white-collar employees in the private sector and one for blue-collar workers in the private sector ldquoGovernment servicesrdquo encompasses two pension agreements for central government employees and one for municipal and county council employees To some extent at least until at least the end of the XXth century white-collar workers could be assimilated in the category Services and blue-collar workers in the category Industry
5 See Tom Soumlderberg Foumlrsaumlkringsvaumlsendets historia i Sverige intill Karl Johantiden PA Nordstedt amp Soumlners Foumlrlag 1935
12
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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litiq
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Employment in economic sectors as a share of population aged 15-64 from 1860-2000
06
05
04
03
02
01
0
Agriculture Indsutry Services Governmental services
1860 19401880 19601900 19801920 2000
Source Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique data historiase Statistics Sweden
This figure portrays the relative economic and political strength which partly explains the political development of pensions and social coverage in Sweden throughout the period 1860-2000 Furthermore it also helps to explain the political views of the observed groups especially for individuals employed in the agricultural economic sector who by living off the land often had non-monetary incomes which could explain why these groups were less keen on introducing pension systems related to declared income and paid contributions The Centre Party (founded in 1913 as the Farmers league) would champion universal flat-rate benefits throughout most of the 20th century
See Gabriella Sjoumlrgen Lindquist and Eskil Wadenjsouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash note the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance(wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)
In the 1850s Sweden was hit with poor harvests which triggered a crisis in the agriculture sector This combined with rapid population growth and urbanisation created an unsustainable social and economic situation for many individuals and their families and many chose to leave Sweden for the promise of a better life in North America perhaps best described by the author Vilhelm
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s fr
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form
s
13
Moberg in his book series The Emigrants 6 In the mass migration that followed between 1850 and 1930 approximately 14 million people left the country Some years as many as 1 of total population emigrated In certain birth cohorts one in five men and one in six women chose to emigrate 7 The below figure also shows a marked shift from being a departure country to destination country during the 1950s
Immigrants and emigrants as a share of population between 1850-2017
0018
0016
0014
0012
0010
0008
0006
0004
0002
0000
Immigrants () Emigrants ()
1850 19501875 19751900 20001925
Source Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique data Statistics Sweden
Private life insurance and pension insurance emerged in Sweden starting around 1850 The principles for life insurance based on mathematical probability theories developed by French mathematicians Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal and the mortality tables developed the English mathematician Edmond Halley around the XVIIth century 8 were of fundamental importance The growing banking and insurance sectors were predominantly influenced by what happened in London which is why the Swedish insurance industry was anglophone from the very beginning
6 Vilhelm Moberg The Emigrants (Novel series) [1949-1959] Bonniers translated by Gustaf Lannestock7 See Statistics Sweden ldquoSveriges folkmaumlngd fraringn 1749 och fram till idagrdquo scbse 27 October 2017 (wwwscbsehitta-statistikartiklar2017svereiges-folkmangd-fran-1749-och-fram-till-idag)8 See Bengt Bergander Foumlrsaumlkringsvaumlsendet i Sverige 1814-1914 Berlingska Boktryckeriet 1967
14
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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n po
litiq
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The Riksdag of the Estates (Staringndsriksdag) was dissolved in 1866 The parliament of the four estates ndash the Nobility Clergy Burghers and Peasants ndash was replaced by a bicameral legislature Voting rights were still limited to men only and was dependent on declared income The bicameral legislature stood for over a century until the unicameral assembly was introduced in 1970
The first life insurance companies in Sweden operated in a limited market geared towards the upper echelons of society In 1880 only 03 of the population had some form of pension insurance coverage 9 Finding the market too limited both in scope and in size private insurance companies tried to expand their business to other groups in society 10
With the further pauperisation of families working in the agricultural sector the demand for other forms of insurance increased Demand for insurance coverage especially for those in their old age increased in many groups in society but primarily for workers and middle-class private sector groups (services and manufacturing sectors) The growth of the middle class in the cities also increased the demand for occupational pensions and private insurance The first parliamentary resolution on compulsory pension insurance for workers was submitted to parliament by the liberal Member of Parliament Adolf Hedin 11 in 1884 Although the Hedin motion did not pass through parliament it set in motion several new initiatives including an inquiry into occupational and pensions insurance for workers and more generally a process of social change that would span the next 30 years It also triggered a government commission on pensions (pensionsutredningen) in 1895 and 1898 However their findings were not implemented by the conservative government that advocated for more private insurance based systems Despite their reservations several reforms related to workersrsquo safety and insurance were gradually introduced over time 12
3 From 1900 to 1930 the establishment of universal pensions and the road to democracy
Political tensions continued to increase in Sweden in the lead-up to the First World War and the country came close to war and rebellion after the dissolution of their union with Norway in 1905 in the 1914 Courtyard crisis and following the revolutions in Russia and Germany in 1917 and 1918
9 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg and Sven-Erik Svaumlrd Den svenska foumlrsaumlkringsmodellens uppgaringng och fall Erlanders Foumlrlag AB 200510 Ibid11 Adolf Hedin (1934-1905) was a newspaper publisher writer and politician12 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg Sven-Erik Svaumlrd op cit The reforms included the law on occupational safety in 1889 support to sickness insurance funds in 1891 and accident insurance in 1901 (reformed in 1916)
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s
15
Somehow maybe thanks to a mixture of luck bravery and moderation Sweden overcame these tribulations peacefully The main issues were related to finding the fragile balance between passing democratic reforms all while preserving the existing social order and social cohesion Around this time the conservative government under Prime Minister Arvid Lindman 13 introduced proportional elections a system that remains to this day but with the right to vote which was then exclusively reserved for men and determined through an income-dependent system 14 In 1913 Karl Staaffrsquos 15 Liberal government introduced a universal pension system calculated in two parts one-part was calculated as accumulation annuities and one-part as a pay-as-you-go supplement subject to income The pension age was set at 67 but the accumulated resources could be paid out earlier in cases of disability The benefit level was low and it would remain as such until after the Second World War The first universal pension benefits were paid out starting on 1 January 1914 The universal pension benefit was probably the first of its kind and was considered one of the governmentrsquos greatest achievements 16
In 1918 the Liberal-Social Democratic coalition government under Prime Minister Nils Edeacuten 17 introduced equal voting rights for men Due to the political turmoil surrounding Europe towards the end of the war the voting rights were quickly expanded to all elections at all levels and more importantly to all women making Sweden a true democracy
The 1920s was a period of great economic growth but also marked by great political instability and labour market turmoil During this decade the country saw ten successive governments often from different political parties At the same time there was a resurgence of social movements as evidenced by the high number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees over this period
13 Arvid Lindman (1862-1936) was a naval admiral and conservative politician He served as Prime Minister from 1906-1911 and 1928-193014 Leif Lewin Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Arvid Lindman Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201015 Karl Staaff (1860-1915) was a liberal politician and lawyer He served as Prime Minister 1905-1906 1911-191416 See Peter Esaiasson Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Karl Staff Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201017 Nils Edeacuten (1871-1945) Liberal politician and Prime Minister from 1917-1920
16
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apol
| lrsquoi
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litiq
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Number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees in Sweden 1905-2005
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
01905 19851925 20051945 1965
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique wwwmedlingsinstitutetse Mikkelsen F 1992 Arbejdskonflikter i Skandinavien 1848-1980 Edvinsson R 2005 Growth Accumulation Crisis With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800-2000 wwwscbse historiase
Moreover because the universal pension benefits were so low demand for professional pensions increased By the 1920s the number of employees in manufacturing and services had almost doubled from 01 to 02 as a share of the population while the share of employees in the working-age population declined from 05 to 03 Furthermore debates related to the coverage of blue and white-collar workers in the private sector continued and discussions on voluntary versus mandatory occupational pensions public or private administration remained at the heart of political debates and negotiations with social partners for much of the post-war period Eventually in 1927 the law on voluntary occupational pensions for white-collar workers was passed (1927 aringrs lag om frivillig tjaumlnstepensionering)
The economic boom of the 1920s ended abruptly with several disruptive events the depression of 1931 the shootings in Aringdalen 1931 18 and the collapse of Ivar Kreugerrsquos 19 economic empire Despite all this Sweden matured as a democracy and contrary to many other less fortunate countries in Europe became an increasingly stable country throughout the 1930s
18 On 14 May 1931 five people were shot dead by military troops called in as reinforcement by the police during a protest The Aringdalen shootings was a series of events in and around the sawmill district of Aringdalen Kramfors Municipality Aringngermanland Sweden The events spawned raging national debate and deep division along political lines19 Ivar Kreuger (1880-1932) became one of the richest men of his time His empire was built around the company Kreuger amp Toll Ltd which was highly exposed as a leader on international markets and severely hit in the financial crisis of 1929 Ivar Kreuger supposedly committed suicide in his Parisian apartment on Avenue Franklin-D-Roosevelt on 12 March 1932
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s
17
In 1935 the universal annuity capitalisation was abolished and flat-rate universal pension benefits (folkpension) were introduced (Lag om folkpension) by Prime Minister Per Albin Hanssonrsquos 20 Social Democratic Government This reform also meant that Sweden moved away from traditional privately funded insurance to give way to more government-run pay-as-you-go pensions
4 From 1930 to 1950 the birth of Swedish corporatism and the Saltsjoumlbaden agreements
In the 1930s the labour movement demanded to see improvement in workersrsquo conditions specifically asking for a raise in wages 21 The unions became more focused on strengthening the long-term business environment within the industrial sector through high levels of investments and boosts in economic growth 22 This new dynamic led to the resolution of conflicts of interest on the labour market and a transition towards corporatism and macroeconomic stability In 1938 the centralist ldquoSaltsjoumlbaden Agreementrdquo between the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) and the Swedish Employers Confederation (SAF) was agreed upon This agreement aimed at the settlement of labour market conflicts without government intervention 23 According to the economist Assar Lindbeck a key driver of this change of pace and tone was the alliance between the Social Democratic Party and the unions
With higher economic growth increasing standards of living and rapid changes in family structures due to urbanisation the demand for occupational pensions among workers increased once again in the interwar period The issue of whether occupational pensions should be mandatory or optional for various categories of workers was addressed in parliamentary sessions in 1931 1933 1934 1935 1936 and 1938 as well as in several committees and government inquiries 24 In 1944 there was Government inquiry on mandatory occupational pensions but its scope was limited to white-collar workers 25
20 Per Albin Hansson (1885-1946) was Social Democratic politician and Prime Minister from 1932-1936 and 1936-1946 He is credited for creating the concept of general social welfare (Folkhemmet)21 See Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia ndash tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel Tredje upplagan SNS Foumlrlag 200022 Ibid23 See Assar Lindbeck ldquoThe Swedish Experimentrdquo Journal of Economic Literature vol 35 ndeg3 September 1997 pp 1273-131924 Committee regarding private sector employees (Kommittee angaringende privatanstaumlllda 1931) and the Hartelius committee (1936) Also see Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkring Undersoumlkningar av och foumlrslag av pensionsutredningen Principbetaumlnkande Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 195033 1950 (httpslagennusou195033attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)25 Ibid
18
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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litiq
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Another motion on mandatory pensions for all was raised by the parliamentarian Oskar Aringkerstroumlm 26 in 1944 (sv Riksdagsmotion om obligatorisk tillaumlggspension) Pension related issues continued to be discussed in the parliamentary sessions of 1944 1946 1947 and 1950
In 1946 the flat-rate universal pension benefit (folkpension) introduced in 1913 and reformed in 1935 was amended to a unified universal pension across all municipalities (enhetlig folkpension) Indexation is then introduced in 1948 The pension and disability pension benefits were increased considerably on 1 January of the same year In addition the Social Democratic Government under Prime Minister Tage Erlander 27 introduced survivorsrsquo pensions supplements for wives (hustrutilaumlgg) as well as national and municipal housing supplements 28
The political debate on whether to opt for income replacement or minimum income security was quite contested even within the Social Democratic party Prominent figures of the labour movement such the Minister for Social Affairs Gustav Moumlller 29 opted for a universal minimum income policy in accordance with what Sir William Beveridge had proposed in the United Kingdom in 1942 30 Gustav Moumlllerrsquos opinion had strong support within the party throughout the 1940s until the beginning of the 1950s when Gunnar Straumlng become the Minister of Finance 31
5 The 1950s The rise of the ATP system (Allmaumln Tillaumlggs Pension)
In the 1950s the Government commission on pensions established in 1947 concluded that ldquoThe way pension issues have been addressed in recent decades shows that they have always been a subject of interest from both societal and individual citizens groups Optional retirement has now been significantly expanded for white-collar workersrdquo 32
Government expenditure and taxes started to increase with the expansion of the ldquowelfare staterdquo From 1950 to 1970 government expenditure increased from 18 of GDP to 31 while taxes share of the GDP increased from 18 to 36 continuing until reaching its highest peak at 50 in 1990
26 Oskar Aringkerstroumlm (1896-1964) was a Social Democratic politician and member of Parliament27 Tage Erlander (1901-1985) was a Social Democratic politician and the longest serving Prime Minister in modern Swedish history from 1946-196928 See Betaumlnkande av Pensionarbetsgruppen Reformerat pensionssystem Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199420 1994 (httpslagennusou199420attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)29 Gustav Moumlller (1884-1970) was a Social Democratic politician and Member of Government in 1924-26 1932-36 and 1936-51 and credited as the father of Swedish social security and its welfare state30 See William Beveridge ldquoSocial Insurance and Allied Servicesrdquo Parliamentary Archives BBKD495 194231 Gunnar Straumlng (1906-1992) was a Social Democratic politician and served as Minister for Finance in 1955-197632 Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkringhellip op cit
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
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e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
19
Tax Revenue and Government expenditure as a percentage of GDP 1900-2010
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Taxes Expenditures
1900 19701940 20101910 198019501920 199019601930 2000
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique Ekonomifakta IMF
The commission led by OA Aringkesson also suggested the introduction of a mandatory public income-related pension insurance for all 33 The members of the commission opted for writing their own opinions (sv saumlrskilda yttranden) along party lines wherein the Social Democratic member and the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) members were in favour of the Commissionrsquos opinion while the white-collar workers and Conservative representatives were opposed Despite these opinions the Social Democratic and Centre Party Coalition Government demanded a new independent commission instead of presenting the commissions proposal to Parliament 34
The political debate further increased during the early 1950s however despite several improvements to the pertinence of the system The indexation of the universal pension benefit was introduced and increased in 1948 However with the rapid increases in economic growth and standards of living it became obvious that the increases in benefits and coverage of workers were not enough to enable workers and low-income earners to live on their pensions 35 The pension struggle then became a power struggle between Prime Minister Tage Erlander and main opposition leader of the Liberal Party leader Bertil Ohlin 36
33 According to Bo Koumlnberg the basic ideas of the Income pension (NDC system) can be traced to the ideas in OA Aringkessons Commission (See Bo Koumlnberg ldquoThe Swedish Model for Pension ndash New Wine in New Bottlesrdquo Scandinavian Insurance Quarterly ndeg22008 February 2008 pp99-109httpsnftnusitesdefaultfiles2008202_0pdf)34 See Peter Ohlsson P Svensk politik Historiska media 201435 Ibid36 Bertil Ohlin (1899-1979) was a Liberal Party leader and economist and was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1977 See Dick Harrisson ldquoJag har ingen vilja till makt ndash Biografi oumlver Tage Erlanderrdquo Ordfront 2017
20
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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litiq
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In 1955 the new pension commission produced its final report recommending a mandatory and universal public pension for all Furthermore the Commission proposed pension benefits that would mirror past wages and depend on national living standards 37 The Commission also proposed that the pension age should remain at 67 years of age Shortly after the 1956 election the Pension Commission led by Per Eckerberg presented its final report In this version the LO and Social Democrats proposed a universal earnings-related public pension (Allmaumln tillaumlggs pension) ATP 38 According to the proposal the target replacement rate would be 65 of the average workerrsquos earnings
In the fall of 1957 the Conservative party and the Liberals introduced the idea of holding a referendum on pension reforms 39 A referendum was held on 13 October 1957 The referendum had three options the first was the Social Democratic proposal to introduce a universal income-related pension This option received 458 of the referendum vote The second option was supported by the Centre Party to introduce optional pensions and it received 15 The last option supported by the Liberal party and Conservative party preferred giving social partners the responsibility for pensions and received 353 40 Although voter turnout was high at 724 and the Social Democratic option received more votes than the other options no policy received an outright majority
The struggle for the ATP also led to the dissolution of the Centre Partyrsquos coalition with the Social Democrats on 25 October 1957 41 The entire government resigned but Tage Erlander returned as Prime Minister with a Social Democratic Minority Government on 31 October 1957 The election of 1958 led to a renewed Social Democratic Government under the leadership of Prime Minister Tage Erlander With the smallest possible margin (one vote) in parliament the government secured a majority However as the speaker of the House did not vote in parliament the election resulted in a parliament without a majority
When the decision on ATP was to be made in 1959 the reform was passed with the smallest margin of votes and the Governmentrsquos proposal to introduce income-related public pension for all workers was passed through the lower House The right-of-centre parties soon conceded on the issue 42 It was after the ATP struggle in the 1950s that the Social Democrats became the majority party in Government 43 Tage Erlander remained Prime Minister until 1969
37 See Ohlsson op cit38 Ibid39 Goumlran Haumlgg Vaumllfaumlrdsaringren ndash svensk historia 1945-1986 Wallstroumlm amp Widstrand 200540 See Ohlsson op cit41 See Lennart Schoumln op cit42 See Urban Lundberg Juvelen i kronan Socialdemokraterna och den allmaumlnna pensionen Hjalmarson amp Houmlgberg 200343 See Harrison op cit
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emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
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edis
h re
form
s
21
6 Reforms in the 1960-1970s
For twenty years from 1950 until 1970 average growth in Sweden and in many other industrialised countries was around 4 annually 44 In that time often referred to as the ldquogolden yearsrdquo 45 not only did living standards increase but many consumer goods such as cars refrigerators television etc became goods for the masses and vacation travel also increased due to better infrastructure throughout Europe and aviation
At the beginning of the 1970s Sweden like most other western countries entered an era of reduced growth There are many different explanations for this external shocks from the global recession the oil crisis as well as structural changes in the economy with new technology and services taking over the industrial sector
GDP per capita and economic growth in leading economies 1971-1975 and 2001-2005
Countries Income per capita Growth
1971-1975 1991-1995 2001-2005
1991-1995 1971-1975
2001-2005 1991-1995
2001-2005 1971-1975
Sweden 11252 14159 17951 + 12 + 24 + 16
Other Nordic countries 9520 14474 18525 + 21 + 25 + 22
Southern Europe 7703 11904 14591 + 22 + 20 + 21
Rest of Europe 9651 13791 16501 + 18 + 18 + 18
North America 13479 18395 22771 + 16 + 21 + 17
Japan 8815 15977 17504 + 30 + 09 + 23
Source Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia Tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel SNS Foumlrlag 2000
In 1969 the pension supplement a complementary benefit to the universal pension was passed (sv Pensionstillskott) 46 and remained in place until 2003
On 1 July 1976 the retirement age was lowered from 67 to 65 after an agreement made in 1974 between the Social Democratic Government and the Liberals A flexible part-time pension was also introduced for those aged 60 to 65 The flexible part-time pension was calculated generously which allowed for a benefit level of 65 including pension contributions The flexible
44 See Lennart Schoumln op cit45 These years are the equivalent of Les Trente Glorieuses in France46 ldquoLag om pensionstillskottrdquo 1969205 Socialdepartementet 9 May 1969 (httpslagennu1969205)
22
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part-time pension became very popular and from 1976 until August 1980 about 89000 Swedes opted for this benefit 47 In the 1976 election the Social Democrats lost their majority for the first time in 40 years The non-socialist parties lead by Torbjoumlrn Faumllldin from the Centre Party formed a coalition government The non-socialist right-of centre parties would remain in power until 1982
The premature ageing of the population from 1970-1990 compared to other OECD countries together with sharp increases in the labour participation rates of women increased the political demand for more generous pension systems and child and elderly care 48 From 1950 until the 1990s Sweden experienced a rapid increase in the old-age dependency ratio
Old-age dependency ratio in Sweden and France from 1950 to 2015 (in )
04
035
03
025
02
015
01
005
0
France Sweden
1950 19851970 2005 2010 20151955 199019751960 199519801965 2000
The old-age dependency ratio is calculated as the number of individuals aged 65 and above divided by the number of individuals aged 20 to 64
Source United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2017) World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision
The figure below shows the employment ratio for men and women From 1963 to 1990 female employment continuously increased from 53 to 81 while for male employment it suffered a small but steady decline from 89 to 85 Employment rates which had fallen due to the economic crisis of the early 1990s then picked up again with a slow yet steady increase
47 See Urban Lundberg op cit48 Lindbeck op cit
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23
Employment ratios for men and women 1963-2017
196
3
196
9
198
9
197
9
199
9
20
09
196
5
198
5
1975
199
5
20
05
1971
199
1
198
1
20
01
20
11
20
15
1967
198
7
197
7
199
7
20
07
197
3
199
3
198
3
20
03
20
13
20
17
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Men Women
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique OECDstat
Despite the rhetorical differences between the political parties there was a growing consensus across political lines that the pension system needed to be adjusted The ATP system was perceived as financially unsustainable as there was a substantial risk of the pension contributions increasing faster than income levels would 49 Given the high level of taxes as a percentage of GDP at around 50 of GDP in 1990 further increases to finance pensions seemed limited
Estimated pensions expenditure in the former pension system wage share based on different assumptions for real income growth (from 1995) and maintained price indexation
Growth rate0 1 2 3
2005 335 303 278 2512015 411 342 288 2392025 442 341 266 2032050 437 292 184 109
Source Prop 199394250
In addition the former system created few incentives to work Thirty years of work would earn a pension of which fifteen would impact the calculation the pension benefit formula was based on the best fifteen years of work The
49 See Allmaumln pension Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199076 1990 (httpslagennusou199076)
24
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benefit calculation was therefore beneficial for individuals with a short but fast-growing career later in life Hence it was less beneficial for individuals with a slow growth in earning but a long career
On 16 November 1984 the Social Democratic government lead by Olof Palme commissioned a Parliamentary Pension Commission (pensionsberedningen) lead by Sture Korpi 50 State Secretary to Minister for Social Affairs Sten Andersson The Commission united all the most relevant organisations in Swedish society political parties unions the confederation of Swedish enterprises pensionersrsquo organisations organisations for the disabled social insurance agencies etc 51 The Parliamentary Commission also became a breeding ground for future prominent members of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pension such as Anna Hedborg 52 Ingela Thalen 53 and Bo Koumlnberg 54
Although the Commission had not been mandated to propose any changes it was considered a huge success for its contributions to analysing how the pensions system worked and what challenges it faced 55 The Pension Commission presented its final report in 1990 56
7 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system
The first political step towards a new pension reform system was taken in the Government budget (finansplan) of 1991 The Social Democratic Government led by Ingvar Carlsson 57 opts for ldquoopportunities for financing pension pledges within a framework of unchanged levels of taxation and contributions are highly dependent on economic growth 58rdquo
In 1991 the Social Democrats were defeated by a four-party coalition led by the Moderate Party leader Carl Bildt 59 Shortly after the new Government
50 Sture Korpi (1939-2017) was a Social Democratic politician and served as State Secretary in 1982-199151 See Urban Lundberg op cit52 Anna Hedborg (b 1944) is a Social Democratic politician and official and served as Minister for Social Insurance (1994-1996)53 Ingela Thalen (b1943) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Minster of Labour (1987-1991) and Minister for Social Affairs (1990-1991 1994-1996)54 Bo Koumlnberg (b1945) is a Liberal Party politician and served as Minister for Health and Social Insurance in 1991-199455 See Urban Lundberg op cit56 See Allmaumln Pension op cit57 Ingvar Carlsson (b1934) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Prime Minister in 1986-1991 and 1994-199658 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreement and Pension Reform trad Anglaise du rapport Detta aumlr pensionsoumlverenskommelsen (Ds 200953) 2010 p53 (wwwgovernmentse49b757contentassets3d321fd499da48928de201abe43a558bthe-swedish-pension-agreement-and-pension-reform-ds-200953)59 Carl Bildt (born in 1949) is a Conservative Party politician and served as Prime Minister 1991-1994 and Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006-2014
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25
took office a Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions was formed The Working Group began its work in November 1991 when the Minister for Healthcare and Social Security Bo Koumlnberg took its direction In 1992 the Working Group published a ldquopreliminary draftrdquo containing almost all the elements of the reform 60 the starting point of the reform being the need for a higher savings rate in the economy as well as the need to strengthen the incentives to work Although the possibility of making changes within the framework of the existing ATP system had been thoroughly investigated by Pension Commission the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions settled that the retirement system should be built up according to principles other than those underpinning public pension and ATP systems of today The Working Group presented a draft of a new system in August 1992 containing almost all principal elements 61
A brutal economic crisis hit Sweden in 1992 Government expenditure reached almost 76 of GDP in 1995 and the employment rate declined consistently throughout the 1990s The many causes of the crisis are diverse and literature on this matter is vast A combination of rapid credit expansion both weak government finances and a weak current account together with a fixed currency towards the European Currency Unit 62 depleted the central bankrsquos power to defend its currency In one last attempt to protect the Swedish currency the Riksbank decided to raise its key interest rate to 500 on 16 September 1992 As a result investments and the employment rate fell and the country experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression In November 1992 the fixed rate towards the ECU 63 was abandoned and the Swedish krona quickly depreciated These events led to an immediate crisis on the financial market and in the banking sector which had to be restructured and bailed out Consequently the Government debt as a percentage of GDP soared from around 40 in 1990 to 74 in 1994
60 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit61 Ibid62 The ECU was a basket of currencies used from 1979 to 1999 and before the euro63 The European Currency Unit was a basket of currencies used as a unit of account before being replaced by the euro 1 January 1999
26
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Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
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27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
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| lrsquoi
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
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| lrsquoi
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
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35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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37
38
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39
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OUR PUBLICATIONS
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Des plantes biotech au service de la santeacute du veacutegeacutetal et de lrsquoenvironnementCatherine Regnault-Roger janvier 2020 56 pages
Le soldat augmenteacute regards croiseacutes sur lrsquoaugmentation des performances du soldatCREC Saint-Cyr et la Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2019 128 pages
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LrsquoEurope face aux nationalismes eacuteconomiques ameacutericain et chinois (1) Politique de concurrence et industrie europeacuteenneEmmanuel Combe Paul-Adrien Hyppolite et Antoine Michon novembre 2019 60 pages
Les attentats islamistes dans le monde 1979-2019Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique novembre 2019 80 pages
Vers des prix personnaliseacutes agrave lrsquoheure du numeacuterique Emmanuel Combe octobre 2019 68 pages
2022 le risque populiste en FranceUn indicateur de la protestation eacutelectorale Dominique Reynieacute octobre 2019 44 pages
La cour europeacuteenne des droits de lrsquohomme protectrice critiqueacutee des laquo liberteacutes invisibles raquoJean-Luc Sauron octobre 2019 72 pages
41
1939 lrsquoalliance sovieacuteto-nazie aux origines de la fracture europeacuteenneSteacutephane Courtois septembre 2019 76 pages
Saxe et Brandebourg Perceacutee de lrsquoAfD aux eacutelections reacutegionales du 1er septembre 2019Patrick Moreau septembre 2019 46 pages
Campements de migrants sans-abri comparaisons europeacuteennes et recommandationsJulien Damon septembre 2019 68 pages
Vox la fin de lrsquoexception espagnoleAstrid Barrio aoucirct 2019 56 pages
Eacutelections europeacuteennes 2019 Le poids des eacutelectorats compareacute au poids eacutelectoral des groupes parlementairesRaphaeumll Grelon et Guillemette Lano Avec le concours de Victor Delage et Dominique Reynieacute juillet 2019 22 pages
Allocirc maman bobo (2) Lrsquoeacutelectorat urbain de la gentrification au deacutesenchantementNelly Garnier juillet 2019 64 pages
Allocirc maman bobo (1) Lrsquoeacutelectorat urbain de la gentrification au deacutesenchantementNelly Garnier juillet 2019 68 pages
Lrsquoaffaire Seacuteralini Lrsquoimpasse drsquoune science militanteMarcel Kuntz juin 2019 60 pages
Deacutemocraties sous tensionSous la direction de Dominique Reynieacute mai 2019 volume I Les enjeux 156 pages volume II Les pays 120 pages Enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec lrsquoInternational Republican Institute
La longue gouvernance de PoutineMichel Eltchaninoff mai 2019 52 pages
Politique du handicap pour une socieacuteteacute inclusiveSophie Cluzel avril 2019 44 pages
Ferroviaire ouverture agrave la concurrence une chance pour la SNCFDavid Valence et Franccedilois Bouchard mars 2019 64 pages
Un an de populisme italienAlberto Toscano mars 2019 56 pages
Une mosqueacutee mixte pour un islam spirituel et progressisteEva Janadin et Anne-Sophie Monsinay feacutevrier 2019 72 pages
Une civilisation eacutelectrique (2) Vers le reacuteenchantementAlain Beltran et Patrice Carreacute feacutevrier 2019 56 pages
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Prix de lrsquoeacutelectriciteacute entre marcheacute reacutegulation et subventionJacques Percebois feacutevrier 2019 64 pages
Vers une socieacuteteacute post-carbonePatrice Geoffron feacutevrier 2019 60 pages
Eacutenergie-climat en Europe pour une excellence eacutecologiqueEmmanuel Tuchscherer feacutevrier 2019 48 pages
42
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| lrsquoi
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litiq
ue
Innovation politique 2018 (tome 2)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2019 544 pages
Innovation politique 2018 (tome 1)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2019 472 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2018Dominique Reynieacute (dir) eacuteditions Marie Bcollection Lignes de Repegraveres janvier 2019 176 pages
La contestation animaliste radicaleEddy Fougier janvier 2019 56 pages
Le numeacuterique au secours de la santeacuteSerge Soudoplatoff janvier 2019 60 pages
Le nouveau pouvoir franccedilais et la coopeacuteration franco-japonaiseFondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2018 204 pages
Les apports du christianisme agrave lrsquouniteacute de lrsquoEuropeJean-Dominique Durand deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La crise orthodoxe (2) Les convulsions du XIXe siegravecle agrave nos joursJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La crise orthodoxe (1) Les fondations des origines au XIXe siegravecleJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La France et les chreacutetiens drsquoOrient derniegravere chanceJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 56 pages
Le christianisme et la moderniteacute europeacuteenne (2) Comprendre le retour de lrsquoinstitution religieusePhilippe Portier et Jean-Paul Willaime deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
Le christianisme et la moderniteacute europeacuteenne (1) Reacutecuser le deacuteni
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Commerce illicite de cigarettes les cas de Barbegraves-La Chapelle Saint-Denis et Aubervilliers-Quatre-CheminsMathieu Zagrodzki Romain Maneveau et Arthur Persais novembre 2018 84 pages
Lrsquoavenir de lrsquohydroeacutelectriciteacuteJean-Pierre Corniou novembre 2018 64 pages
Retraites Leccedilons des reacuteformes italiennesMichel Martone novembre 2018 48 pages
Les geacuteants du numeacuterique (2) un frein agrave lrsquoinnovation Paul-Adrien Hyppolite et Antoine Michon novembre 2018 84 pages
Les geacuteants du numeacuterique (1) magnats de la financePaul-Adrien Hyppolite et Antoine Michon novembre 2018 80 pages
Lrsquointelligence artificielle en Chine un eacutetat des lieuxAifang Ma novembre 2018 60 pages
Alternative fuumlr Deutschland eacutetablissement eacutelectoralPatrick Moreau octobre 2018 72 pages
Les Franccedilais jugent leur systegraveme de retraiteFondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique octobre 2018 28 pages
43
Migrations la France singuliegravereDidier Leschi octobre 2018 56 pages
La reacutevision constitutionnelle de 2008 un premier bilanHugues Hourdin octobre 2018 52 pages Preacuteface drsquoEacutedouard Balladur et de Jack Lang
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Les laquo Deacutemocrates de Suegravede raquo un vote anti-immigrationJohan Martinsson septembre 2018 64 pages
Les Sueacutedois et lrsquoimmigration (2) fin du consensus Tino Sanandaji septembre 2018 56 pages
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Eacutethiques de lrsquoimmigrationJean-Philippe Vincent juin 2018 56 pages
Les addictions chez les jeunes (14-24 ans)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique juin 2018 56 pages Enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec la Fondation Gabriel Peacuteri et le Fonds Actions Addictions
Villes et voitures pour une reacuteconciliationJean Coldefy juin 2018 60 pages
France combattre la pauvreteacute des enfantsJulien Damon mai 2018 48 pages
Que pegravesent les syndicats Dominique Andolfatto avril 2018 56 pages
Lrsquoeacutelan de la francophonie pour une ambition franccedilaise (2)Benjamin Boutin mars 2018 48 pages
Lrsquoeacutelan de la francophonie une communauteacute de langue et de destin (1)Benjamin Boutin mars 2018 48 pages
LrsquoItalie aux urnesSofia Ventura feacutevrier 2018 44 pages
Lrsquointelligence artificielle lrsquoexpertise partout accessible agrave tousSerge Soudoplatoff feacutevrier 2018 60 pages
Lrsquoinnovation agrave lrsquoegravere du bien communBenjamin Boscher Xavier Pavie feacutevrier 2018 64 pages
Libeacuterer lrsquoislam de lrsquoislamismeMohamed Louizi janvier 2018 84 pages
Gouverner le religieux dans un eacutetat laiumlcThierry Rambaud janvier 2018 56 pages
Innovation politique 2017 (tome 2)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 492 pages
Innovation politique 2017 (tome 1)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 468 pages
44
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| lrsquoi
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Une laquo norme intelligente raquo au service de la reacuteformeVictor Fabre Mathieu Kohmann Mathieu Luinaud deacutecembre 2017 44 pages
Autriche virage agrave droitePatrick Moreau novembre 2017 52 pages
Pour repenser le bac reacuteformons le lyceacutee et lrsquoapprentissageFayumlccedilal Hafied novembre 2017 76 pages
Ougrave va la deacutemocratie Sous la direction de Dominique Reynieacute Plon octobre 2017 320 pages
Violence antiseacutemite en Europe 2005-2015Johannes Due Enstad septembre 2017 48 pages
Pour lrsquoemploi la subrogation du creacutedit drsquoimpocirct des services agrave la personneBruno Despujol Olivier Peraldi et Dominique Reynieacute septembre 2017 52 pages
Marcheacute du travail pour la reacuteforme Fayumlccedilal Hafied juillet 2017 64 pages
Le fact-checking une reacuteponse agrave la crise de lrsquoinformation et de la deacutemocratieFarid Gueham juillet 2017 68 pages
Notre-Dame- des-Landes lrsquoEacutetat le droit et la deacutemocratie empecirccheacutesBruno Hug de Larauze mai 2017 56 pages
France les juifs vus par les musulmans Entre steacutereacuteotypes et meacuteconnaissancesMehdi Ghouirgate Iannis Roder et Dominique Schnapper mai 2017 44 pages
Dette publique la mesurer la reacuteduireJean-Marc Daniel avril 2017 52 pages
Parfaire le paritarisme par lrsquoindeacutependance financiegravereJulien Damon avril 2017 52 pages
Former de plus en plus de mieux en mieux Lrsquoenjeu de la formation professionnelleOlivier Faron avril 2017 48 pages
Les troubles du monde lrsquoislamisme et sa reacutecupeacuteration populiste lrsquoEurope deacutemocratique menaceacuteePierre-Adrien Hanania AJC Fondapol mars 2017 44 pages
Porno addiction nouvel enjeu de socieacuteteacuteDavid Reynieacute mars 2017 48 pages
Calais miroir franccedilais de la crise migratoire europeacuteenne (2)Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2017 72 pages
Calais miroir franccedilais de la crise migratoire europeacuteenne (1)Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2017 56 pages
Lrsquoactif eacutepargne logementPierre-Franccedilois Gouiffegraves feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Reacuteformer quel discours pour convaincre Christophe de Voogd feacutevrier 2017 52 pages
De lrsquoassurance maladie agrave lrsquoassurance santeacutePatrick Negaret feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Hocircpital libeacuterer lrsquoinnovationChristophe Marques et Nicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2017 44 pages
45
Le Front national face agrave lrsquoobstacle du second tourJeacuterocircme Jaffreacute feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
La Reacutepublique des entrepreneursVincent Lorphelin janvier 2017 52 pages
Des startups drsquoEacutetat agrave lrsquoEacutetat plateformePierre Pezziardi et Henri Verdier janvier 2017 52 pages
Vers la souveraineteacute numeacuteriqueFarid Gueham janvier 2017 44 pages
Repenser notre politique commercialeLaurence Daziano janvier 2017 48 pages
Mesures de la pauvreteacute mesures contre la pauvreteacuteJulien Damon deacutecembre 2016 40 pages
Lrsquo Autriche des populistesPatrick Moreau novembre 2016 72 pages
LrsquoEurope face aux deacutefis du peacutetro-solaireAlbert Bressand novembre 2016 52 pages
Le Front national en campagnes Les agriculteurs et le vote FNEddy Fougier et Jeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2016 52 pages
Innovation politique 2016Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2016 758 pages
Le nouveau monde de lrsquoautomobile (2) les promesses de la mobiliteacute eacutelectriqueJean-Pierre Corniou octobre 2016 68 pages
Le nouveau monde de lrsquoautomobile (1) lrsquoimpasse du moteur agrave explosionJean-Pierre Corniou octobre 2016 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2016Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2016 224 pages
Lrsquoindividu contre lrsquoeacutetatisme Actualiteacute de la penseacutee libeacuterale franccedilaise (XXe siegravecle)Jeacuterocircme Perrier septembre 2016 52 pages
Lrsquoindividu contre lrsquoeacutetatisme Actualiteacute de la penseacutee libeacuterale franccedilaise (XIXe siegravecle)Jeacuterocircme Perrier septembre 2016 52 pages
Refonder lrsquoaudiovisuel publicOlivier Babeau septembre 2016 48 pages
La concurrence au deacutefi du numeacuteriqueCharles-Antoine Schwerer juillet 2016 48 pages
Portrait des musulmans drsquoEurope uniteacute dans la diversiteacuteVincent Tournier juin 2016 68 pages
Portrait des musulmans de France une communauteacute plurielleNadia Henni-Moulaiuml juin 2016 48 pages
La blockchain ou la confiance distribueacuteeYves Caseau et Serge Soudoplatoff juin 2016 48 pages
La gauche radicale liens lieux et luttes (2012-2017)Sylvain Boulouque mai 2016 56 pages
46
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Gouverner pour reacuteformer eacuteleacutements de meacutethodeErwan Le Noan et Matthieu Montjotin mai 2016 64 pages
Les zadistes (2) la tentation de la violenceEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
Les zadistes (1) un nouvel anticapitalismeEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
Reacutegionales (2) les partis contesteacutes mais pas concurrenceacutesJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 52 pages
Reacutegionales (1) vote FN et attentatsJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 60 pages
Un droit pour lrsquoinnovation et la croissanceSophie Vermeille Mathieu Kohmann et Mathieu Luinaud feacutevrier 2016 52 pages
Le lobbying outil deacutemocratiqueAnthony Escurat feacutevrier 2016 44 pages
Valeurs drsquoislamDominique Reynieacute (dir) preacuteface par le cheikh Khaled Bentounegraves PUF janvier 2016 432 pages
Chiites et sunnites paix impossible Mathieu Terrier janvier 2016 44 pages
Projet drsquoentreprise renouveler le capitalismeDaniel Hurstel deacutecembre 2015 44 pages
Le mutualisme reacutepondre aux deacutefis assurantielsArnaud Chneiweiss et Steacutephane Tisserand novembre 2015 44 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2015Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres novembre 2015 140 pages
La noopolitique le pouvoir de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane novembre 2015 52 pages
Innovation politique 2015Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2015 576 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (2) une reacuteflexion agrave contre-courantAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (1) le Kant europeacuteen et le Machiavel chinoisAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
PME nouveaux modes de financementMohamed Abdesslam et Benjamin Le Pendeven octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (2) Pourquoi il faut deacutefendre la routeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (1) Les conditions drsquoune mobiliteacute convivialeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 40 pages
Crise de la conscience arabo-musulmaneMalik Bezouh septembre 2015 40 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (3) le second tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
47
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (2) le premier tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (1) le contexteJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 44 pages
Enseignement supeacuterieur les limites de la laquo masteacuterisation raquoJulien Gonzalez juillet 2015 44 pages
Politique eacuteconomique lrsquoenjeu franco-allemandWolfgang Glomb et Henry drsquoArcole juin 2015 36 pages
Les lois de la primaire Celles drsquohier celles de demainFranccedilois Bazin juin 2015 48 pages
Eacuteconomie de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane mai 2015 48 pages
Lutter contre les vols et cambriolages une approche eacuteconomiqueEmmanuel Combe et Seacutebastien Daziano mai 2015 56 pages
Unir pour agir un programme pour la croissanceAlain Madelin mai 2015 52 pages
Nouvelle entreprise et valeur humaineFrancis Mer avril 2015 32 pages
Les transports et le financement de la mobiliteacuteYves Crozet avril 2015 32 pages
Numeacuterique et mobiliteacute impacts et synergiesJean Coldefy avril 2015 36 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie face agrave la moderniteacuteMohamed Beddy Ebnou mars 2015 40 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie les fondementsAḥmad Al-Raysuni mars 2015 40 pages
Les femmes et lrsquoislam une vision reacuteformisteAsma Lamrabet mars 2015 48 pages
Eacuteducation et islamMustapha Cherif mars 2015 44 pages
Que nous disent les eacutelections leacutegislatives partielles depuis 2012 Dominique Reynieacute feacutevrier 2015 4 pages
Lrsquoislam et les valeurs de la ReacutepubliqueSaad Khiari feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Islam et contrat socialPhilippe Moulinet feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Le soufisme spiritualiteacute et citoyenneteacuteBariza Khiari feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
Lrsquohumanisme et lrsquohumaniteacute en islamAhmed Bouyerdene feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
Eacuteradiquer lrsquoheacutepatite C en France quelles strateacutegies publiques Nicolas Bouzou et Christophe Marques janvier 2015 40 pages
48
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Coran cleacutes de lectureTareq Oubrou janvier 2015 44 pages
Le pluralisme religieux en islam ou la conscience de lrsquoalteacuteriteacuteEacuteric Geoffroy janvier 2015 40 pages
Meacutemoires agrave venirDominique Reynieacute janvier 2015 enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec la Fondation pour la Meacutemoire de la Shoah 156 pages
La classe moyenne ameacutericaine en voie drsquoeffritementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2014 40 pages
Pour une compleacutementaire eacuteducation lrsquoeacutecole des classes moyennesErwan Le Noan et Dominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquoantiseacutemitisme dans lrsquoopinion publique franccedilaise Nouveaux eacuteclairagesDominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 48 pages
La politique de concurrence un atout pour notre industrieEmmanuel Combe novembre 2014 48 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (2) pousseacutee du FN recul de lrsquoUMP et vote bretonJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 52 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (1) la gauche en miettesJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 40 pages
Innovation politique 2014Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2014 554 pages
Eacutenergie-climat pour une politique efficaceAlbert Bressand septembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquourbanisation du monde Une chance pour la FranceLaurence Daziano juillet 2014 44 pages
Que peut-on demander agrave la politique moneacutetaire Pascal Salin mai 2014 48 pages
Le changement crsquoest tout le temps 1514 - 2014Suzanne Baverez et Jean Seacutenieacute mai 2014 48 pages
Trop drsquoeacutemigreacutes Regards sur ceux qui partent de FranceJulien Gonzalez mai 2014 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2014Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres avril 2014 284 pages
Taxer mieux gagner plusRobin Rivaton avril 2014 52 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (2) diversifier la haute administrationKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 44 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (1) renforcer les think tanksKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 52 pages
Pour un new deal fiscalGianmarco Monsellato mars 2014 8 pages
Faire cesser la mendiciteacute avec enfantsJulien Damon mars 2014 44 pages
49
Le low cost une reacutevolution eacuteconomique et deacutemocratiqueEmmanuel Combe feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Un accegraves eacutequitable aux theacuterapies contre le cancerNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Reacuteformer le statut des enseignantsLuc Chatel janvier 2014 8 pages
Un outil de finance sociale les social impact bondsYan de Kerorguen deacutecembre 2013 36 pages
Pour la croissance la deacutebureaucratisation par la confiancePierre Pezziardi Serge Soudoplatoff et Xavier Queacuterat-Heacutement novembre 2013 48 pages
Les valeurs des FranciliensGueacutenaeumllle Gault octobre 2013 36 pages
Sortir drsquoune gregraveve eacutetudiante le cas du QueacutebecJean-Patrick Brady et Steacutephane Paquin octobre 2013 40 pages
Un contrat de travail unique avec indemniteacutes de deacutepart inteacutegreacuteesCharles Beigbeder juillet 2013 8 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2013Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres juillet 2013 268 pages
La nouvelle vague des eacutemergents Bangladesh Eacutethiopie Nigeria Indoneacutesie Vietnam MexiqueLaurence Daziano juillet 2013 40 pages
Transition eacutenergeacutetique europeacuteenne bonnes intentions et mauvais calculsAlbert Bressand juillet 2013 44 pages
La deacutemobiliteacute travailler vivre autrementJulien Damon juin 2013 44 pages
Le Kapital Pour rebacirctir lrsquoindustrieChristian Saint-Eacutetienne et Robin Rivaton avril 2013 40 pages
Code eacutethique de la vie politique et des responsables publics en FranceLes Arvernes Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique avril 2013 12 pages
Les classes moyennes dans les pays eacutemergentsJulien Damon avril 2013 38 pages
Innovation politique 2013Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2013 652 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (2) les strateacutegiesRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (1) les enjeuxRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 52 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute passe aussi par la fiscaliteacuteAldo Cardoso Michel Didier Bertrand Jacquillat Dominique Reynieacute et Greacutegoire Sentilhes deacutecembre 2012 20 pages
Une autre politique moneacutetaire pour reacutesoudre la criseNicolas Goetzmann deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
50
fond
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| lrsquoi
nnov
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litiq
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La nouvelle politique fiscale rend-elle lrsquoISF inconstitutionnel Aldo Cardoso novembre 2012 12 pages
Fiscaliteacute pourquoi et comment un pays sans riches est un pays pauvrehellipBertrand Jacquillat octobre 2012 40 pages
Youth and Sustainable DevelopmentFondapolNomadeacuteisUnited Nations juin 2012 80 pages
La philanthropie Des entrepreneurs de solidariteacuteFrancis Charhon mai juin 2012 44 pages
Les chiffres de la pauvreteacute le sens de la mesureJulien Damon mai 2012 40 pages
Libeacuterer le financement de lrsquoeacuteconomieRobin Rivaton avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoeacutepargne au service du logement socialJulie Merle avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2012Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2012 210 pages
Valeurs partageacuteesDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF mars 2012 362 pages
Les droites en EuropeDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF feacutevrier 2012 552 pages
Innovation politique 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2012 648 pages
Lrsquoeacutecole de la liberteacute initiative autonomie et responsabiliteacuteCharles Feuillerade janvier 2012 36 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (2) les strateacutegiesReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 40 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (1) les enjeuxReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 48 pages
Reacutevolution des valeurs et mondialisationLuc Ferry janvier 2012 36 pages
Quel avenir pour la social-deacutemocratie en Europe Sir Stuart Bell deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
La reacutegulation professionnelle des regravegles non eacutetatiques pour mieux responsabiliserJean-Pierre Teyssier deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
Lrsquohospitaliteacute une eacutethique du soinEmmanuel Hirsch deacutecembre 2011 32 pages
12 ideacutees pour 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2011 110 pages
Les classes moyennes et le logementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2011 40 pages
Reacuteformer la santeacute trois propositionsNicolas Bouzou novembre 2011 32 pages
51
Le nouveau Parlement la reacutevision du 23 juillet 2008Jean-Feacutelix de Bujadoux novembre 2011 40 pages
La responsabiliteacuteAlain-Geacuterard Slama novembre 2011 32 pages
Le vote des classes moyennesEacutelisabeth Dupoirier novembre 2011 40 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute par la qualiteacuteEmmanuel Combe et Jean-Louis Mucchielli octobre 2011 32 pages
Les classes moyennes et le creacuteditNicolas Peacutecourt octobre 2011 32 pages
Portrait des classes moyennesLaure Bonneval Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Fabienne Gomant octobre 2011 36 pages
Morale eacutethique deacuteontologieMichel Maffesoli octobre 2011 40 pages
Sortir du communisme changer drsquoeacutepoqueSteacutephane Courtois (dir) PUF octobre 2011 672 pages
Lrsquoeacutenergie nucleacuteaire apregraves Fukushima incident mineur ou nouvelle donne Malcolm Grimston septembre 2011 16 pages
La jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2011 132 pages
Pouvoir drsquoachat une politiqueEmmanuel Combe septembre 2011 52 pages
La liberteacute religieuseHenri Madelin septembre 2011 36 pages
Reacuteduire notre dette publiqueJean-Marc Daniel septembre 2011 40 pages
Eacutecologie et libeacuteralismeCorine Pelluchon aoucirct 2011 40 pages
Valoriser les monuments historiques de nouvelles strateacutegiesWladimir Mitrofanoff et Christiane Schmuckle-Mollard juillet 2011 28 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs raisonsEddy Fougier juillet 2011 40 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs reacuteseauxSylvain Boulouque juillet 2011 36 pages
La fraterniteacutePaul Thibaud juin 2011 36 pages
La transformation numeacuterique au service de la croissanceJean-Pierre Corniou juin 2011 52 pages
LrsquoengagementDominique Schnapper juin 2011 32 pages
Liberteacute Eacutegaliteacute FraterniteacuteAndreacute Glucksmann mai 2011 36 pages
52
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
ue
Quelle industrie pour la deacutefense franccedilaise Guillaume Lagane mai 2011 26 pages
La religion dans les affaires la responsabiliteacute sociale de lrsquoentrepriseAureacutelien Acquier Jean-Pascal Gond et Jacques Igalens mai 2011 44 pages
La religion dans les affaires la finance islamiqueLila Guermas-Sayegh mai 2011 36 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAllemagnePatrick Moreau avril 2011 56 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La SlovaquieEacutetienne Boisserie avril 2011 40 pages
Qui deacutetient la dette publique Guillaume Leroy avril 2011 36 pages
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apol
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
Swedish Political PartiesThe translations used for the names of political parties in this study are as followsCenterpartiet Centre PartyKristdemokraterna Christian DemocratsLiberaleerna LiberalsModerata samlingspartiete Moderate PartySveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti Social Democratic Party
9
INTRODUCTION
By international comparisons contemporary Sweden and the other Nordic countries are considered prosperous due to the even distribution of their resources Furthermore Sweden combines high levels of individual freedom and social mobility 1 due in large part to the Swedish economic and social model which was designed for inclusive growth The Swedish model consists of three fundamental pillars a labour market that facilitates adjustment to change a universal welfare policy and economic policy that promotes openness towards the world and macroeconomic stability 2
The Swedish welfare policy is based on universal principles by which all citizens have access to social protection in the form of both publicly financed welfare services and social security Welfare services can be offered by both private andor public providers These systems cover every individual throughout their lifetime The public pension system is by far the largest system within the Swedish social security apparatus It provided pension benefits for 1036311 men and 1167073 women or roughly 22 of the total population in 2017 2917171 men and 2816981 women of working age paid in pension contributions to the public pension system in 2017 or 60 of total population according to the Swedish Pensions Agency In total 82 of the entire population either paid contributions or received benefits from the national pension system
1 See Gender Equality Index 2017 (httpseigeeuropaeugender-equality-index) At-risk of poverty is used as a proxy for social mobility (ldquoIncome Mobility Statistics in Swedenrdquo 2018wwwscbsecontentassets7ad934d0c3794707984de372bd90f45ehe0110_2016a01_br_he80br1801pdf)2 See Government Offices of Sweden Ministry of Finance ldquoThe Swedish Modelrdquo 2017 (wwwgovernmentse4a5336contentassets8416c4ff1410419090181fe503920390the-swedish-modelpdf)
RETIREMENTLESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
Kristoffer LundbergKristoffer Lundberg Ministry of Health and Social Affairs Sweden
Views in this paper do not represent the official views of the Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs nor the Swedish Government Offices All possible errors are the authors own The author would like to thank Kiran Ahuja Bo Koumlnberg Stefan Oscarson Mattias Ossowicki and Olle Sundberg for their comments on this paper and its earlier drafts
10
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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In June of 1994 the Swedish Parliament approved a new pension system introducing a pay-as-you-go Notional Defined Contribution (NDC) system combined with a minor Financial Defined Contribution (FDC) system 3 The history of Swedish retirement reform can be understood in terms of the history of social welfare Its development is far more complex and harder fought politically than what is often perceived of modern Sweden It is easy to underestimate the uncertainties that riddled its historical past Our historical bias underestimates the struggles in political and social battles such as retirement reform
This paper aims to describe how and in what environment the Swedish pension reform was devised First we will give a historical overview of the Swedish retirement scheme from the end of the XVIIIth century to its recent changes agreed upon in 2017 We will then discuss the lessons learnt from the reform process and its implications The current retirement policy in Sweden is presented in detail in the annex
I THE EVOLUTION OF THE SWEDISH RETIREMENT SYSTEM
1 The appearance of the first occupational pension schemes at the end of the XVIIIth century
The development of income security within old-age and retirement reform in Sweden is tightly related to the history of modern Sweden and how it unfolded It is the story of how Sweden transitioned from a poor war-torn autocratic agricultural country in the north of Europe to the prosperous democratic country that it is today
By the turn of the XVIIIth century Sweden was much less developed than other European countries Although the country had flourished during the reign of freedom 1718-1772 (Frihetstiden) an era which had both provided peace and given rise to more freedom in society 4 the country was shaken by several transformative and disruptive events the assassination of Gustav III the coup deacutetat against the King Gustav IV Adolphe the loss of Finland (one-third of the
3 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten ldquoThe NDC Reform in Sweden the 1994 Legislation to the Presentrdquo in Robert Holzmann and Edward Palmer (eds) Pension Reform Issues and Prospects for Non-Financial Definede Contribution (NDC) Schemees The World Bank 2006 pp 449-466 (httpdocumentsworldbankorgcuratedpt713861468120840510pdf353470REV0Pension0Reform01PUBLIC1pdf )4 This era corresponds to le Siegravecle des Lumiegraveres 1715-1789 in France
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s
11
country and a fourth of the population) to the Russian Empire in 1809 and the lynching of the Marshal of the Realm Axel von Fersen on 20 June 1810 This period ended when one of Napoleonrsquos generals Mareacutechal Jean Baptiste Bernadotte ascended to the throne as King Karl XIV Johan of Sweden in 1818 and the country established a new Constitution finally returning to stability
In 1810 Sweden had 23 million inhabitants the majority of whom worked in the agricultural sector Aside from Stockholm with around 75000 inhabitants in 1800 most other cities were small Although most lived in poverty Swedes enjoyed more individual rights than most of their European neighbours Moreover due to the universal catechetical requirements implemented by the clergy literacy levels were also comparatively high with at least one person in each family being able read
The earliest pension schemes in Sweden were occupational (Allmaumlnna Aumlnke- and Pupillskassan 1788-1934) These pension schemes provided limited coverage for the upper levels of the clergy the armed forces and civil servants 5
2 The break-off the XIXth century
Starting around 1860 thanks to the industrial revolution the number of workers in manufacturing and services increased while the proportion of workers in agriculture began its one hundred and fifty year-old downward trend from well over half of the population to around 2 by the turn of the millennium It also prompted urbanisation as people began moving from the countryside to their new jobs and workplaces in the rapidly growing cites This dynamic is still at play today
The proportion of workers in each economic sector is also a rough illustration of the different professional retirement coverage options established in the first half of the XXth century that still exist today In present-day Sweden there are four different convention types one for central government employees one for municipal and county council employees one for white-collar employees in the private sector and one for blue-collar workers in the private sector ldquoGovernment servicesrdquo encompasses two pension agreements for central government employees and one for municipal and county council employees To some extent at least until at least the end of the XXth century white-collar workers could be assimilated in the category Services and blue-collar workers in the category Industry
5 See Tom Soumlderberg Foumlrsaumlkringsvaumlsendets historia i Sverige intill Karl Johantiden PA Nordstedt amp Soumlners Foumlrlag 1935
12
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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litiq
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Employment in economic sectors as a share of population aged 15-64 from 1860-2000
06
05
04
03
02
01
0
Agriculture Indsutry Services Governmental services
1860 19401880 19601900 19801920 2000
Source Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique data historiase Statistics Sweden
This figure portrays the relative economic and political strength which partly explains the political development of pensions and social coverage in Sweden throughout the period 1860-2000 Furthermore it also helps to explain the political views of the observed groups especially for individuals employed in the agricultural economic sector who by living off the land often had non-monetary incomes which could explain why these groups were less keen on introducing pension systems related to declared income and paid contributions The Centre Party (founded in 1913 as the Farmers league) would champion universal flat-rate benefits throughout most of the 20th century
See Gabriella Sjoumlrgen Lindquist and Eskil Wadenjsouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash note the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance(wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)
In the 1850s Sweden was hit with poor harvests which triggered a crisis in the agriculture sector This combined with rapid population growth and urbanisation created an unsustainable social and economic situation for many individuals and their families and many chose to leave Sweden for the promise of a better life in North America perhaps best described by the author Vilhelm
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s fr
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edis
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form
s
13
Moberg in his book series The Emigrants 6 In the mass migration that followed between 1850 and 1930 approximately 14 million people left the country Some years as many as 1 of total population emigrated In certain birth cohorts one in five men and one in six women chose to emigrate 7 The below figure also shows a marked shift from being a departure country to destination country during the 1950s
Immigrants and emigrants as a share of population between 1850-2017
0018
0016
0014
0012
0010
0008
0006
0004
0002
0000
Immigrants () Emigrants ()
1850 19501875 19751900 20001925
Source Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique data Statistics Sweden
Private life insurance and pension insurance emerged in Sweden starting around 1850 The principles for life insurance based on mathematical probability theories developed by French mathematicians Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal and the mortality tables developed the English mathematician Edmond Halley around the XVIIth century 8 were of fundamental importance The growing banking and insurance sectors were predominantly influenced by what happened in London which is why the Swedish insurance industry was anglophone from the very beginning
6 Vilhelm Moberg The Emigrants (Novel series) [1949-1959] Bonniers translated by Gustaf Lannestock7 See Statistics Sweden ldquoSveriges folkmaumlngd fraringn 1749 och fram till idagrdquo scbse 27 October 2017 (wwwscbsehitta-statistikartiklar2017svereiges-folkmangd-fran-1749-och-fram-till-idag)8 See Bengt Bergander Foumlrsaumlkringsvaumlsendet i Sverige 1814-1914 Berlingska Boktryckeriet 1967
14
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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The Riksdag of the Estates (Staringndsriksdag) was dissolved in 1866 The parliament of the four estates ndash the Nobility Clergy Burghers and Peasants ndash was replaced by a bicameral legislature Voting rights were still limited to men only and was dependent on declared income The bicameral legislature stood for over a century until the unicameral assembly was introduced in 1970
The first life insurance companies in Sweden operated in a limited market geared towards the upper echelons of society In 1880 only 03 of the population had some form of pension insurance coverage 9 Finding the market too limited both in scope and in size private insurance companies tried to expand their business to other groups in society 10
With the further pauperisation of families working in the agricultural sector the demand for other forms of insurance increased Demand for insurance coverage especially for those in their old age increased in many groups in society but primarily for workers and middle-class private sector groups (services and manufacturing sectors) The growth of the middle class in the cities also increased the demand for occupational pensions and private insurance The first parliamentary resolution on compulsory pension insurance for workers was submitted to parliament by the liberal Member of Parliament Adolf Hedin 11 in 1884 Although the Hedin motion did not pass through parliament it set in motion several new initiatives including an inquiry into occupational and pensions insurance for workers and more generally a process of social change that would span the next 30 years It also triggered a government commission on pensions (pensionsutredningen) in 1895 and 1898 However their findings were not implemented by the conservative government that advocated for more private insurance based systems Despite their reservations several reforms related to workersrsquo safety and insurance were gradually introduced over time 12
3 From 1900 to 1930 the establishment of universal pensions and the road to democracy
Political tensions continued to increase in Sweden in the lead-up to the First World War and the country came close to war and rebellion after the dissolution of their union with Norway in 1905 in the 1914 Courtyard crisis and following the revolutions in Russia and Germany in 1917 and 1918
9 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg and Sven-Erik Svaumlrd Den svenska foumlrsaumlkringsmodellens uppgaringng och fall Erlanders Foumlrlag AB 200510 Ibid11 Adolf Hedin (1934-1905) was a newspaper publisher writer and politician12 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg Sven-Erik Svaumlrd op cit The reforms included the law on occupational safety in 1889 support to sickness insurance funds in 1891 and accident insurance in 1901 (reformed in 1916)
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15
Somehow maybe thanks to a mixture of luck bravery and moderation Sweden overcame these tribulations peacefully The main issues were related to finding the fragile balance between passing democratic reforms all while preserving the existing social order and social cohesion Around this time the conservative government under Prime Minister Arvid Lindman 13 introduced proportional elections a system that remains to this day but with the right to vote which was then exclusively reserved for men and determined through an income-dependent system 14 In 1913 Karl Staaffrsquos 15 Liberal government introduced a universal pension system calculated in two parts one-part was calculated as accumulation annuities and one-part as a pay-as-you-go supplement subject to income The pension age was set at 67 but the accumulated resources could be paid out earlier in cases of disability The benefit level was low and it would remain as such until after the Second World War The first universal pension benefits were paid out starting on 1 January 1914 The universal pension benefit was probably the first of its kind and was considered one of the governmentrsquos greatest achievements 16
In 1918 the Liberal-Social Democratic coalition government under Prime Minister Nils Edeacuten 17 introduced equal voting rights for men Due to the political turmoil surrounding Europe towards the end of the war the voting rights were quickly expanded to all elections at all levels and more importantly to all women making Sweden a true democracy
The 1920s was a period of great economic growth but also marked by great political instability and labour market turmoil During this decade the country saw ten successive governments often from different political parties At the same time there was a resurgence of social movements as evidenced by the high number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees over this period
13 Arvid Lindman (1862-1936) was a naval admiral and conservative politician He served as Prime Minister from 1906-1911 and 1928-193014 Leif Lewin Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Arvid Lindman Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201015 Karl Staaff (1860-1915) was a liberal politician and lawyer He served as Prime Minister 1905-1906 1911-191416 See Peter Esaiasson Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Karl Staff Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201017 Nils Edeacuten (1871-1945) Liberal politician and Prime Minister from 1917-1920
16
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apol
| lrsquoi
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litiq
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Number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees in Sweden 1905-2005
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
01905 19851925 20051945 1965
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique wwwmedlingsinstitutetse Mikkelsen F 1992 Arbejdskonflikter i Skandinavien 1848-1980 Edvinsson R 2005 Growth Accumulation Crisis With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800-2000 wwwscbse historiase
Moreover because the universal pension benefits were so low demand for professional pensions increased By the 1920s the number of employees in manufacturing and services had almost doubled from 01 to 02 as a share of the population while the share of employees in the working-age population declined from 05 to 03 Furthermore debates related to the coverage of blue and white-collar workers in the private sector continued and discussions on voluntary versus mandatory occupational pensions public or private administration remained at the heart of political debates and negotiations with social partners for much of the post-war period Eventually in 1927 the law on voluntary occupational pensions for white-collar workers was passed (1927 aringrs lag om frivillig tjaumlnstepensionering)
The economic boom of the 1920s ended abruptly with several disruptive events the depression of 1931 the shootings in Aringdalen 1931 18 and the collapse of Ivar Kreugerrsquos 19 economic empire Despite all this Sweden matured as a democracy and contrary to many other less fortunate countries in Europe became an increasingly stable country throughout the 1930s
18 On 14 May 1931 five people were shot dead by military troops called in as reinforcement by the police during a protest The Aringdalen shootings was a series of events in and around the sawmill district of Aringdalen Kramfors Municipality Aringngermanland Sweden The events spawned raging national debate and deep division along political lines19 Ivar Kreuger (1880-1932) became one of the richest men of his time His empire was built around the company Kreuger amp Toll Ltd which was highly exposed as a leader on international markets and severely hit in the financial crisis of 1929 Ivar Kreuger supposedly committed suicide in his Parisian apartment on Avenue Franklin-D-Roosevelt on 12 March 1932
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s
17
In 1935 the universal annuity capitalisation was abolished and flat-rate universal pension benefits (folkpension) were introduced (Lag om folkpension) by Prime Minister Per Albin Hanssonrsquos 20 Social Democratic Government This reform also meant that Sweden moved away from traditional privately funded insurance to give way to more government-run pay-as-you-go pensions
4 From 1930 to 1950 the birth of Swedish corporatism and the Saltsjoumlbaden agreements
In the 1930s the labour movement demanded to see improvement in workersrsquo conditions specifically asking for a raise in wages 21 The unions became more focused on strengthening the long-term business environment within the industrial sector through high levels of investments and boosts in economic growth 22 This new dynamic led to the resolution of conflicts of interest on the labour market and a transition towards corporatism and macroeconomic stability In 1938 the centralist ldquoSaltsjoumlbaden Agreementrdquo between the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) and the Swedish Employers Confederation (SAF) was agreed upon This agreement aimed at the settlement of labour market conflicts without government intervention 23 According to the economist Assar Lindbeck a key driver of this change of pace and tone was the alliance between the Social Democratic Party and the unions
With higher economic growth increasing standards of living and rapid changes in family structures due to urbanisation the demand for occupational pensions among workers increased once again in the interwar period The issue of whether occupational pensions should be mandatory or optional for various categories of workers was addressed in parliamentary sessions in 1931 1933 1934 1935 1936 and 1938 as well as in several committees and government inquiries 24 In 1944 there was Government inquiry on mandatory occupational pensions but its scope was limited to white-collar workers 25
20 Per Albin Hansson (1885-1946) was Social Democratic politician and Prime Minister from 1932-1936 and 1936-1946 He is credited for creating the concept of general social welfare (Folkhemmet)21 See Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia ndash tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel Tredje upplagan SNS Foumlrlag 200022 Ibid23 See Assar Lindbeck ldquoThe Swedish Experimentrdquo Journal of Economic Literature vol 35 ndeg3 September 1997 pp 1273-131924 Committee regarding private sector employees (Kommittee angaringende privatanstaumlllda 1931) and the Hartelius committee (1936) Also see Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkring Undersoumlkningar av och foumlrslag av pensionsutredningen Principbetaumlnkande Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 195033 1950 (httpslagennusou195033attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)25 Ibid
18
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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litiq
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Another motion on mandatory pensions for all was raised by the parliamentarian Oskar Aringkerstroumlm 26 in 1944 (sv Riksdagsmotion om obligatorisk tillaumlggspension) Pension related issues continued to be discussed in the parliamentary sessions of 1944 1946 1947 and 1950
In 1946 the flat-rate universal pension benefit (folkpension) introduced in 1913 and reformed in 1935 was amended to a unified universal pension across all municipalities (enhetlig folkpension) Indexation is then introduced in 1948 The pension and disability pension benefits were increased considerably on 1 January of the same year In addition the Social Democratic Government under Prime Minister Tage Erlander 27 introduced survivorsrsquo pensions supplements for wives (hustrutilaumlgg) as well as national and municipal housing supplements 28
The political debate on whether to opt for income replacement or minimum income security was quite contested even within the Social Democratic party Prominent figures of the labour movement such the Minister for Social Affairs Gustav Moumlller 29 opted for a universal minimum income policy in accordance with what Sir William Beveridge had proposed in the United Kingdom in 1942 30 Gustav Moumlllerrsquos opinion had strong support within the party throughout the 1940s until the beginning of the 1950s when Gunnar Straumlng become the Minister of Finance 31
5 The 1950s The rise of the ATP system (Allmaumln Tillaumlggs Pension)
In the 1950s the Government commission on pensions established in 1947 concluded that ldquoThe way pension issues have been addressed in recent decades shows that they have always been a subject of interest from both societal and individual citizens groups Optional retirement has now been significantly expanded for white-collar workersrdquo 32
Government expenditure and taxes started to increase with the expansion of the ldquowelfare staterdquo From 1950 to 1970 government expenditure increased from 18 of GDP to 31 while taxes share of the GDP increased from 18 to 36 continuing until reaching its highest peak at 50 in 1990
26 Oskar Aringkerstroumlm (1896-1964) was a Social Democratic politician and member of Parliament27 Tage Erlander (1901-1985) was a Social Democratic politician and the longest serving Prime Minister in modern Swedish history from 1946-196928 See Betaumlnkande av Pensionarbetsgruppen Reformerat pensionssystem Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199420 1994 (httpslagennusou199420attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)29 Gustav Moumlller (1884-1970) was a Social Democratic politician and Member of Government in 1924-26 1932-36 and 1936-51 and credited as the father of Swedish social security and its welfare state30 See William Beveridge ldquoSocial Insurance and Allied Servicesrdquo Parliamentary Archives BBKD495 194231 Gunnar Straumlng (1906-1992) was a Social Democratic politician and served as Minister for Finance in 1955-197632 Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkringhellip op cit
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
19
Tax Revenue and Government expenditure as a percentage of GDP 1900-2010
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Taxes Expenditures
1900 19701940 20101910 198019501920 199019601930 2000
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique Ekonomifakta IMF
The commission led by OA Aringkesson also suggested the introduction of a mandatory public income-related pension insurance for all 33 The members of the commission opted for writing their own opinions (sv saumlrskilda yttranden) along party lines wherein the Social Democratic member and the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) members were in favour of the Commissionrsquos opinion while the white-collar workers and Conservative representatives were opposed Despite these opinions the Social Democratic and Centre Party Coalition Government demanded a new independent commission instead of presenting the commissions proposal to Parliament 34
The political debate further increased during the early 1950s however despite several improvements to the pertinence of the system The indexation of the universal pension benefit was introduced and increased in 1948 However with the rapid increases in economic growth and standards of living it became obvious that the increases in benefits and coverage of workers were not enough to enable workers and low-income earners to live on their pensions 35 The pension struggle then became a power struggle between Prime Minister Tage Erlander and main opposition leader of the Liberal Party leader Bertil Ohlin 36
33 According to Bo Koumlnberg the basic ideas of the Income pension (NDC system) can be traced to the ideas in OA Aringkessons Commission (See Bo Koumlnberg ldquoThe Swedish Model for Pension ndash New Wine in New Bottlesrdquo Scandinavian Insurance Quarterly ndeg22008 February 2008 pp99-109httpsnftnusitesdefaultfiles2008202_0pdf)34 See Peter Ohlsson P Svensk politik Historiska media 201435 Ibid36 Bertil Ohlin (1899-1979) was a Liberal Party leader and economist and was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1977 See Dick Harrisson ldquoJag har ingen vilja till makt ndash Biografi oumlver Tage Erlanderrdquo Ordfront 2017
20
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In 1955 the new pension commission produced its final report recommending a mandatory and universal public pension for all Furthermore the Commission proposed pension benefits that would mirror past wages and depend on national living standards 37 The Commission also proposed that the pension age should remain at 67 years of age Shortly after the 1956 election the Pension Commission led by Per Eckerberg presented its final report In this version the LO and Social Democrats proposed a universal earnings-related public pension (Allmaumln tillaumlggs pension) ATP 38 According to the proposal the target replacement rate would be 65 of the average workerrsquos earnings
In the fall of 1957 the Conservative party and the Liberals introduced the idea of holding a referendum on pension reforms 39 A referendum was held on 13 October 1957 The referendum had three options the first was the Social Democratic proposal to introduce a universal income-related pension This option received 458 of the referendum vote The second option was supported by the Centre Party to introduce optional pensions and it received 15 The last option supported by the Liberal party and Conservative party preferred giving social partners the responsibility for pensions and received 353 40 Although voter turnout was high at 724 and the Social Democratic option received more votes than the other options no policy received an outright majority
The struggle for the ATP also led to the dissolution of the Centre Partyrsquos coalition with the Social Democrats on 25 October 1957 41 The entire government resigned but Tage Erlander returned as Prime Minister with a Social Democratic Minority Government on 31 October 1957 The election of 1958 led to a renewed Social Democratic Government under the leadership of Prime Minister Tage Erlander With the smallest possible margin (one vote) in parliament the government secured a majority However as the speaker of the House did not vote in parliament the election resulted in a parliament without a majority
When the decision on ATP was to be made in 1959 the reform was passed with the smallest margin of votes and the Governmentrsquos proposal to introduce income-related public pension for all workers was passed through the lower House The right-of-centre parties soon conceded on the issue 42 It was after the ATP struggle in the 1950s that the Social Democrats became the majority party in Government 43 Tage Erlander remained Prime Minister until 1969
37 See Ohlsson op cit38 Ibid39 Goumlran Haumlgg Vaumllfaumlrdsaringren ndash svensk historia 1945-1986 Wallstroumlm amp Widstrand 200540 See Ohlsson op cit41 See Lennart Schoumln op cit42 See Urban Lundberg Juvelen i kronan Socialdemokraterna och den allmaumlnna pensionen Hjalmarson amp Houmlgberg 200343 See Harrison op cit
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21
6 Reforms in the 1960-1970s
For twenty years from 1950 until 1970 average growth in Sweden and in many other industrialised countries was around 4 annually 44 In that time often referred to as the ldquogolden yearsrdquo 45 not only did living standards increase but many consumer goods such as cars refrigerators television etc became goods for the masses and vacation travel also increased due to better infrastructure throughout Europe and aviation
At the beginning of the 1970s Sweden like most other western countries entered an era of reduced growth There are many different explanations for this external shocks from the global recession the oil crisis as well as structural changes in the economy with new technology and services taking over the industrial sector
GDP per capita and economic growth in leading economies 1971-1975 and 2001-2005
Countries Income per capita Growth
1971-1975 1991-1995 2001-2005
1991-1995 1971-1975
2001-2005 1991-1995
2001-2005 1971-1975
Sweden 11252 14159 17951 + 12 + 24 + 16
Other Nordic countries 9520 14474 18525 + 21 + 25 + 22
Southern Europe 7703 11904 14591 + 22 + 20 + 21
Rest of Europe 9651 13791 16501 + 18 + 18 + 18
North America 13479 18395 22771 + 16 + 21 + 17
Japan 8815 15977 17504 + 30 + 09 + 23
Source Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia Tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel SNS Foumlrlag 2000
In 1969 the pension supplement a complementary benefit to the universal pension was passed (sv Pensionstillskott) 46 and remained in place until 2003
On 1 July 1976 the retirement age was lowered from 67 to 65 after an agreement made in 1974 between the Social Democratic Government and the Liberals A flexible part-time pension was also introduced for those aged 60 to 65 The flexible part-time pension was calculated generously which allowed for a benefit level of 65 including pension contributions The flexible
44 See Lennart Schoumln op cit45 These years are the equivalent of Les Trente Glorieuses in France46 ldquoLag om pensionstillskottrdquo 1969205 Socialdepartementet 9 May 1969 (httpslagennu1969205)
22
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part-time pension became very popular and from 1976 until August 1980 about 89000 Swedes opted for this benefit 47 In the 1976 election the Social Democrats lost their majority for the first time in 40 years The non-socialist parties lead by Torbjoumlrn Faumllldin from the Centre Party formed a coalition government The non-socialist right-of centre parties would remain in power until 1982
The premature ageing of the population from 1970-1990 compared to other OECD countries together with sharp increases in the labour participation rates of women increased the political demand for more generous pension systems and child and elderly care 48 From 1950 until the 1990s Sweden experienced a rapid increase in the old-age dependency ratio
Old-age dependency ratio in Sweden and France from 1950 to 2015 (in )
04
035
03
025
02
015
01
005
0
France Sweden
1950 19851970 2005 2010 20151955 199019751960 199519801965 2000
The old-age dependency ratio is calculated as the number of individuals aged 65 and above divided by the number of individuals aged 20 to 64
Source United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2017) World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision
The figure below shows the employment ratio for men and women From 1963 to 1990 female employment continuously increased from 53 to 81 while for male employment it suffered a small but steady decline from 89 to 85 Employment rates which had fallen due to the economic crisis of the early 1990s then picked up again with a slow yet steady increase
47 See Urban Lundberg op cit48 Lindbeck op cit
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23
Employment ratios for men and women 1963-2017
196
3
196
9
198
9
197
9
199
9
20
09
196
5
198
5
1975
199
5
20
05
1971
199
1
198
1
20
01
20
11
20
15
1967
198
7
197
7
199
7
20
07
197
3
199
3
198
3
20
03
20
13
20
17
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Men Women
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique OECDstat
Despite the rhetorical differences between the political parties there was a growing consensus across political lines that the pension system needed to be adjusted The ATP system was perceived as financially unsustainable as there was a substantial risk of the pension contributions increasing faster than income levels would 49 Given the high level of taxes as a percentage of GDP at around 50 of GDP in 1990 further increases to finance pensions seemed limited
Estimated pensions expenditure in the former pension system wage share based on different assumptions for real income growth (from 1995) and maintained price indexation
Growth rate0 1 2 3
2005 335 303 278 2512015 411 342 288 2392025 442 341 266 2032050 437 292 184 109
Source Prop 199394250
In addition the former system created few incentives to work Thirty years of work would earn a pension of which fifteen would impact the calculation the pension benefit formula was based on the best fifteen years of work The
49 See Allmaumln pension Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199076 1990 (httpslagennusou199076)
24
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benefit calculation was therefore beneficial for individuals with a short but fast-growing career later in life Hence it was less beneficial for individuals with a slow growth in earning but a long career
On 16 November 1984 the Social Democratic government lead by Olof Palme commissioned a Parliamentary Pension Commission (pensionsberedningen) lead by Sture Korpi 50 State Secretary to Minister for Social Affairs Sten Andersson The Commission united all the most relevant organisations in Swedish society political parties unions the confederation of Swedish enterprises pensionersrsquo organisations organisations for the disabled social insurance agencies etc 51 The Parliamentary Commission also became a breeding ground for future prominent members of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pension such as Anna Hedborg 52 Ingela Thalen 53 and Bo Koumlnberg 54
Although the Commission had not been mandated to propose any changes it was considered a huge success for its contributions to analysing how the pensions system worked and what challenges it faced 55 The Pension Commission presented its final report in 1990 56
7 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system
The first political step towards a new pension reform system was taken in the Government budget (finansplan) of 1991 The Social Democratic Government led by Ingvar Carlsson 57 opts for ldquoopportunities for financing pension pledges within a framework of unchanged levels of taxation and contributions are highly dependent on economic growth 58rdquo
In 1991 the Social Democrats were defeated by a four-party coalition led by the Moderate Party leader Carl Bildt 59 Shortly after the new Government
50 Sture Korpi (1939-2017) was a Social Democratic politician and served as State Secretary in 1982-199151 See Urban Lundberg op cit52 Anna Hedborg (b 1944) is a Social Democratic politician and official and served as Minister for Social Insurance (1994-1996)53 Ingela Thalen (b1943) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Minster of Labour (1987-1991) and Minister for Social Affairs (1990-1991 1994-1996)54 Bo Koumlnberg (b1945) is a Liberal Party politician and served as Minister for Health and Social Insurance in 1991-199455 See Urban Lundberg op cit56 See Allmaumln Pension op cit57 Ingvar Carlsson (b1934) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Prime Minister in 1986-1991 and 1994-199658 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreement and Pension Reform trad Anglaise du rapport Detta aumlr pensionsoumlverenskommelsen (Ds 200953) 2010 p53 (wwwgovernmentse49b757contentassets3d321fd499da48928de201abe43a558bthe-swedish-pension-agreement-and-pension-reform-ds-200953)59 Carl Bildt (born in 1949) is a Conservative Party politician and served as Prime Minister 1991-1994 and Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006-2014
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25
took office a Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions was formed The Working Group began its work in November 1991 when the Minister for Healthcare and Social Security Bo Koumlnberg took its direction In 1992 the Working Group published a ldquopreliminary draftrdquo containing almost all the elements of the reform 60 the starting point of the reform being the need for a higher savings rate in the economy as well as the need to strengthen the incentives to work Although the possibility of making changes within the framework of the existing ATP system had been thoroughly investigated by Pension Commission the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions settled that the retirement system should be built up according to principles other than those underpinning public pension and ATP systems of today The Working Group presented a draft of a new system in August 1992 containing almost all principal elements 61
A brutal economic crisis hit Sweden in 1992 Government expenditure reached almost 76 of GDP in 1995 and the employment rate declined consistently throughout the 1990s The many causes of the crisis are diverse and literature on this matter is vast A combination of rapid credit expansion both weak government finances and a weak current account together with a fixed currency towards the European Currency Unit 62 depleted the central bankrsquos power to defend its currency In one last attempt to protect the Swedish currency the Riksbank decided to raise its key interest rate to 500 on 16 September 1992 As a result investments and the employment rate fell and the country experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression In November 1992 the fixed rate towards the ECU 63 was abandoned and the Swedish krona quickly depreciated These events led to an immediate crisis on the financial market and in the banking sector which had to be restructured and bailed out Consequently the Government debt as a percentage of GDP soared from around 40 in 1990 to 74 in 1994
60 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit61 Ibid62 The ECU was a basket of currencies used from 1979 to 1999 and before the euro63 The European Currency Unit was a basket of currencies used as a unit of account before being replaced by the euro 1 January 1999
26
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Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
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27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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38
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40
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apol
| lrsquoi
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fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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47
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fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
litiq
ue
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fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
ue
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apol
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
9
INTRODUCTION
By international comparisons contemporary Sweden and the other Nordic countries are considered prosperous due to the even distribution of their resources Furthermore Sweden combines high levels of individual freedom and social mobility 1 due in large part to the Swedish economic and social model which was designed for inclusive growth The Swedish model consists of three fundamental pillars a labour market that facilitates adjustment to change a universal welfare policy and economic policy that promotes openness towards the world and macroeconomic stability 2
The Swedish welfare policy is based on universal principles by which all citizens have access to social protection in the form of both publicly financed welfare services and social security Welfare services can be offered by both private andor public providers These systems cover every individual throughout their lifetime The public pension system is by far the largest system within the Swedish social security apparatus It provided pension benefits for 1036311 men and 1167073 women or roughly 22 of the total population in 2017 2917171 men and 2816981 women of working age paid in pension contributions to the public pension system in 2017 or 60 of total population according to the Swedish Pensions Agency In total 82 of the entire population either paid contributions or received benefits from the national pension system
1 See Gender Equality Index 2017 (httpseigeeuropaeugender-equality-index) At-risk of poverty is used as a proxy for social mobility (ldquoIncome Mobility Statistics in Swedenrdquo 2018wwwscbsecontentassets7ad934d0c3794707984de372bd90f45ehe0110_2016a01_br_he80br1801pdf)2 See Government Offices of Sweden Ministry of Finance ldquoThe Swedish Modelrdquo 2017 (wwwgovernmentse4a5336contentassets8416c4ff1410419090181fe503920390the-swedish-modelpdf)
RETIREMENTLESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
Kristoffer LundbergKristoffer Lundberg Ministry of Health and Social Affairs Sweden
Views in this paper do not represent the official views of the Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs nor the Swedish Government Offices All possible errors are the authors own The author would like to thank Kiran Ahuja Bo Koumlnberg Stefan Oscarson Mattias Ossowicki and Olle Sundberg for their comments on this paper and its earlier drafts
10
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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In June of 1994 the Swedish Parliament approved a new pension system introducing a pay-as-you-go Notional Defined Contribution (NDC) system combined with a minor Financial Defined Contribution (FDC) system 3 The history of Swedish retirement reform can be understood in terms of the history of social welfare Its development is far more complex and harder fought politically than what is often perceived of modern Sweden It is easy to underestimate the uncertainties that riddled its historical past Our historical bias underestimates the struggles in political and social battles such as retirement reform
This paper aims to describe how and in what environment the Swedish pension reform was devised First we will give a historical overview of the Swedish retirement scheme from the end of the XVIIIth century to its recent changes agreed upon in 2017 We will then discuss the lessons learnt from the reform process and its implications The current retirement policy in Sweden is presented in detail in the annex
I THE EVOLUTION OF THE SWEDISH RETIREMENT SYSTEM
1 The appearance of the first occupational pension schemes at the end of the XVIIIth century
The development of income security within old-age and retirement reform in Sweden is tightly related to the history of modern Sweden and how it unfolded It is the story of how Sweden transitioned from a poor war-torn autocratic agricultural country in the north of Europe to the prosperous democratic country that it is today
By the turn of the XVIIIth century Sweden was much less developed than other European countries Although the country had flourished during the reign of freedom 1718-1772 (Frihetstiden) an era which had both provided peace and given rise to more freedom in society 4 the country was shaken by several transformative and disruptive events the assassination of Gustav III the coup deacutetat against the King Gustav IV Adolphe the loss of Finland (one-third of the
3 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten ldquoThe NDC Reform in Sweden the 1994 Legislation to the Presentrdquo in Robert Holzmann and Edward Palmer (eds) Pension Reform Issues and Prospects for Non-Financial Definede Contribution (NDC) Schemees The World Bank 2006 pp 449-466 (httpdocumentsworldbankorgcuratedpt713861468120840510pdf353470REV0Pension0Reform01PUBLIC1pdf )4 This era corresponds to le Siegravecle des Lumiegraveres 1715-1789 in France
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11
country and a fourth of the population) to the Russian Empire in 1809 and the lynching of the Marshal of the Realm Axel von Fersen on 20 June 1810 This period ended when one of Napoleonrsquos generals Mareacutechal Jean Baptiste Bernadotte ascended to the throne as King Karl XIV Johan of Sweden in 1818 and the country established a new Constitution finally returning to stability
In 1810 Sweden had 23 million inhabitants the majority of whom worked in the agricultural sector Aside from Stockholm with around 75000 inhabitants in 1800 most other cities were small Although most lived in poverty Swedes enjoyed more individual rights than most of their European neighbours Moreover due to the universal catechetical requirements implemented by the clergy literacy levels were also comparatively high with at least one person in each family being able read
The earliest pension schemes in Sweden were occupational (Allmaumlnna Aumlnke- and Pupillskassan 1788-1934) These pension schemes provided limited coverage for the upper levels of the clergy the armed forces and civil servants 5
2 The break-off the XIXth century
Starting around 1860 thanks to the industrial revolution the number of workers in manufacturing and services increased while the proportion of workers in agriculture began its one hundred and fifty year-old downward trend from well over half of the population to around 2 by the turn of the millennium It also prompted urbanisation as people began moving from the countryside to their new jobs and workplaces in the rapidly growing cites This dynamic is still at play today
The proportion of workers in each economic sector is also a rough illustration of the different professional retirement coverage options established in the first half of the XXth century that still exist today In present-day Sweden there are four different convention types one for central government employees one for municipal and county council employees one for white-collar employees in the private sector and one for blue-collar workers in the private sector ldquoGovernment servicesrdquo encompasses two pension agreements for central government employees and one for municipal and county council employees To some extent at least until at least the end of the XXth century white-collar workers could be assimilated in the category Services and blue-collar workers in the category Industry
5 See Tom Soumlderberg Foumlrsaumlkringsvaumlsendets historia i Sverige intill Karl Johantiden PA Nordstedt amp Soumlners Foumlrlag 1935
12
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Employment in economic sectors as a share of population aged 15-64 from 1860-2000
06
05
04
03
02
01
0
Agriculture Indsutry Services Governmental services
1860 19401880 19601900 19801920 2000
Source Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique data historiase Statistics Sweden
This figure portrays the relative economic and political strength which partly explains the political development of pensions and social coverage in Sweden throughout the period 1860-2000 Furthermore it also helps to explain the political views of the observed groups especially for individuals employed in the agricultural economic sector who by living off the land often had non-monetary incomes which could explain why these groups were less keen on introducing pension systems related to declared income and paid contributions The Centre Party (founded in 1913 as the Farmers league) would champion universal flat-rate benefits throughout most of the 20th century
See Gabriella Sjoumlrgen Lindquist and Eskil Wadenjsouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash note the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance(wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)
In the 1850s Sweden was hit with poor harvests which triggered a crisis in the agriculture sector This combined with rapid population growth and urbanisation created an unsustainable social and economic situation for many individuals and their families and many chose to leave Sweden for the promise of a better life in North America perhaps best described by the author Vilhelm
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s
13
Moberg in his book series The Emigrants 6 In the mass migration that followed between 1850 and 1930 approximately 14 million people left the country Some years as many as 1 of total population emigrated In certain birth cohorts one in five men and one in six women chose to emigrate 7 The below figure also shows a marked shift from being a departure country to destination country during the 1950s
Immigrants and emigrants as a share of population between 1850-2017
0018
0016
0014
0012
0010
0008
0006
0004
0002
0000
Immigrants () Emigrants ()
1850 19501875 19751900 20001925
Source Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique data Statistics Sweden
Private life insurance and pension insurance emerged in Sweden starting around 1850 The principles for life insurance based on mathematical probability theories developed by French mathematicians Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal and the mortality tables developed the English mathematician Edmond Halley around the XVIIth century 8 were of fundamental importance The growing banking and insurance sectors were predominantly influenced by what happened in London which is why the Swedish insurance industry was anglophone from the very beginning
6 Vilhelm Moberg The Emigrants (Novel series) [1949-1959] Bonniers translated by Gustaf Lannestock7 See Statistics Sweden ldquoSveriges folkmaumlngd fraringn 1749 och fram till idagrdquo scbse 27 October 2017 (wwwscbsehitta-statistikartiklar2017svereiges-folkmangd-fran-1749-och-fram-till-idag)8 See Bengt Bergander Foumlrsaumlkringsvaumlsendet i Sverige 1814-1914 Berlingska Boktryckeriet 1967
14
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| lrsquoi
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The Riksdag of the Estates (Staringndsriksdag) was dissolved in 1866 The parliament of the four estates ndash the Nobility Clergy Burghers and Peasants ndash was replaced by a bicameral legislature Voting rights were still limited to men only and was dependent on declared income The bicameral legislature stood for over a century until the unicameral assembly was introduced in 1970
The first life insurance companies in Sweden operated in a limited market geared towards the upper echelons of society In 1880 only 03 of the population had some form of pension insurance coverage 9 Finding the market too limited both in scope and in size private insurance companies tried to expand their business to other groups in society 10
With the further pauperisation of families working in the agricultural sector the demand for other forms of insurance increased Demand for insurance coverage especially for those in their old age increased in many groups in society but primarily for workers and middle-class private sector groups (services and manufacturing sectors) The growth of the middle class in the cities also increased the demand for occupational pensions and private insurance The first parliamentary resolution on compulsory pension insurance for workers was submitted to parliament by the liberal Member of Parliament Adolf Hedin 11 in 1884 Although the Hedin motion did not pass through parliament it set in motion several new initiatives including an inquiry into occupational and pensions insurance for workers and more generally a process of social change that would span the next 30 years It also triggered a government commission on pensions (pensionsutredningen) in 1895 and 1898 However their findings were not implemented by the conservative government that advocated for more private insurance based systems Despite their reservations several reforms related to workersrsquo safety and insurance were gradually introduced over time 12
3 From 1900 to 1930 the establishment of universal pensions and the road to democracy
Political tensions continued to increase in Sweden in the lead-up to the First World War and the country came close to war and rebellion after the dissolution of their union with Norway in 1905 in the 1914 Courtyard crisis and following the revolutions in Russia and Germany in 1917 and 1918
9 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg and Sven-Erik Svaumlrd Den svenska foumlrsaumlkringsmodellens uppgaringng och fall Erlanders Foumlrlag AB 200510 Ibid11 Adolf Hedin (1934-1905) was a newspaper publisher writer and politician12 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg Sven-Erik Svaumlrd op cit The reforms included the law on occupational safety in 1889 support to sickness insurance funds in 1891 and accident insurance in 1901 (reformed in 1916)
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15
Somehow maybe thanks to a mixture of luck bravery and moderation Sweden overcame these tribulations peacefully The main issues were related to finding the fragile balance between passing democratic reforms all while preserving the existing social order and social cohesion Around this time the conservative government under Prime Minister Arvid Lindman 13 introduced proportional elections a system that remains to this day but with the right to vote which was then exclusively reserved for men and determined through an income-dependent system 14 In 1913 Karl Staaffrsquos 15 Liberal government introduced a universal pension system calculated in two parts one-part was calculated as accumulation annuities and one-part as a pay-as-you-go supplement subject to income The pension age was set at 67 but the accumulated resources could be paid out earlier in cases of disability The benefit level was low and it would remain as such until after the Second World War The first universal pension benefits were paid out starting on 1 January 1914 The universal pension benefit was probably the first of its kind and was considered one of the governmentrsquos greatest achievements 16
In 1918 the Liberal-Social Democratic coalition government under Prime Minister Nils Edeacuten 17 introduced equal voting rights for men Due to the political turmoil surrounding Europe towards the end of the war the voting rights were quickly expanded to all elections at all levels and more importantly to all women making Sweden a true democracy
The 1920s was a period of great economic growth but also marked by great political instability and labour market turmoil During this decade the country saw ten successive governments often from different political parties At the same time there was a resurgence of social movements as evidenced by the high number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees over this period
13 Arvid Lindman (1862-1936) was a naval admiral and conservative politician He served as Prime Minister from 1906-1911 and 1928-193014 Leif Lewin Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Arvid Lindman Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201015 Karl Staaff (1860-1915) was a liberal politician and lawyer He served as Prime Minister 1905-1906 1911-191416 See Peter Esaiasson Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Karl Staff Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201017 Nils Edeacuten (1871-1945) Liberal politician and Prime Minister from 1917-1920
16
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apol
| lrsquoi
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Number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees in Sweden 1905-2005
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
01905 19851925 20051945 1965
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique wwwmedlingsinstitutetse Mikkelsen F 1992 Arbejdskonflikter i Skandinavien 1848-1980 Edvinsson R 2005 Growth Accumulation Crisis With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800-2000 wwwscbse historiase
Moreover because the universal pension benefits were so low demand for professional pensions increased By the 1920s the number of employees in manufacturing and services had almost doubled from 01 to 02 as a share of the population while the share of employees in the working-age population declined from 05 to 03 Furthermore debates related to the coverage of blue and white-collar workers in the private sector continued and discussions on voluntary versus mandatory occupational pensions public or private administration remained at the heart of political debates and negotiations with social partners for much of the post-war period Eventually in 1927 the law on voluntary occupational pensions for white-collar workers was passed (1927 aringrs lag om frivillig tjaumlnstepensionering)
The economic boom of the 1920s ended abruptly with several disruptive events the depression of 1931 the shootings in Aringdalen 1931 18 and the collapse of Ivar Kreugerrsquos 19 economic empire Despite all this Sweden matured as a democracy and contrary to many other less fortunate countries in Europe became an increasingly stable country throughout the 1930s
18 On 14 May 1931 five people were shot dead by military troops called in as reinforcement by the police during a protest The Aringdalen shootings was a series of events in and around the sawmill district of Aringdalen Kramfors Municipality Aringngermanland Sweden The events spawned raging national debate and deep division along political lines19 Ivar Kreuger (1880-1932) became one of the richest men of his time His empire was built around the company Kreuger amp Toll Ltd which was highly exposed as a leader on international markets and severely hit in the financial crisis of 1929 Ivar Kreuger supposedly committed suicide in his Parisian apartment on Avenue Franklin-D-Roosevelt on 12 March 1932
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17
In 1935 the universal annuity capitalisation was abolished and flat-rate universal pension benefits (folkpension) were introduced (Lag om folkpension) by Prime Minister Per Albin Hanssonrsquos 20 Social Democratic Government This reform also meant that Sweden moved away from traditional privately funded insurance to give way to more government-run pay-as-you-go pensions
4 From 1930 to 1950 the birth of Swedish corporatism and the Saltsjoumlbaden agreements
In the 1930s the labour movement demanded to see improvement in workersrsquo conditions specifically asking for a raise in wages 21 The unions became more focused on strengthening the long-term business environment within the industrial sector through high levels of investments and boosts in economic growth 22 This new dynamic led to the resolution of conflicts of interest on the labour market and a transition towards corporatism and macroeconomic stability In 1938 the centralist ldquoSaltsjoumlbaden Agreementrdquo between the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) and the Swedish Employers Confederation (SAF) was agreed upon This agreement aimed at the settlement of labour market conflicts without government intervention 23 According to the economist Assar Lindbeck a key driver of this change of pace and tone was the alliance between the Social Democratic Party and the unions
With higher economic growth increasing standards of living and rapid changes in family structures due to urbanisation the demand for occupational pensions among workers increased once again in the interwar period The issue of whether occupational pensions should be mandatory or optional for various categories of workers was addressed in parliamentary sessions in 1931 1933 1934 1935 1936 and 1938 as well as in several committees and government inquiries 24 In 1944 there was Government inquiry on mandatory occupational pensions but its scope was limited to white-collar workers 25
20 Per Albin Hansson (1885-1946) was Social Democratic politician and Prime Minister from 1932-1936 and 1936-1946 He is credited for creating the concept of general social welfare (Folkhemmet)21 See Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia ndash tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel Tredje upplagan SNS Foumlrlag 200022 Ibid23 See Assar Lindbeck ldquoThe Swedish Experimentrdquo Journal of Economic Literature vol 35 ndeg3 September 1997 pp 1273-131924 Committee regarding private sector employees (Kommittee angaringende privatanstaumlllda 1931) and the Hartelius committee (1936) Also see Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkring Undersoumlkningar av och foumlrslag av pensionsutredningen Principbetaumlnkande Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 195033 1950 (httpslagennusou195033attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)25 Ibid
18
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litiq
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Another motion on mandatory pensions for all was raised by the parliamentarian Oskar Aringkerstroumlm 26 in 1944 (sv Riksdagsmotion om obligatorisk tillaumlggspension) Pension related issues continued to be discussed in the parliamentary sessions of 1944 1946 1947 and 1950
In 1946 the flat-rate universal pension benefit (folkpension) introduced in 1913 and reformed in 1935 was amended to a unified universal pension across all municipalities (enhetlig folkpension) Indexation is then introduced in 1948 The pension and disability pension benefits were increased considerably on 1 January of the same year In addition the Social Democratic Government under Prime Minister Tage Erlander 27 introduced survivorsrsquo pensions supplements for wives (hustrutilaumlgg) as well as national and municipal housing supplements 28
The political debate on whether to opt for income replacement or minimum income security was quite contested even within the Social Democratic party Prominent figures of the labour movement such the Minister for Social Affairs Gustav Moumlller 29 opted for a universal minimum income policy in accordance with what Sir William Beveridge had proposed in the United Kingdom in 1942 30 Gustav Moumlllerrsquos opinion had strong support within the party throughout the 1940s until the beginning of the 1950s when Gunnar Straumlng become the Minister of Finance 31
5 The 1950s The rise of the ATP system (Allmaumln Tillaumlggs Pension)
In the 1950s the Government commission on pensions established in 1947 concluded that ldquoThe way pension issues have been addressed in recent decades shows that they have always been a subject of interest from both societal and individual citizens groups Optional retirement has now been significantly expanded for white-collar workersrdquo 32
Government expenditure and taxes started to increase with the expansion of the ldquowelfare staterdquo From 1950 to 1970 government expenditure increased from 18 of GDP to 31 while taxes share of the GDP increased from 18 to 36 continuing until reaching its highest peak at 50 in 1990
26 Oskar Aringkerstroumlm (1896-1964) was a Social Democratic politician and member of Parliament27 Tage Erlander (1901-1985) was a Social Democratic politician and the longest serving Prime Minister in modern Swedish history from 1946-196928 See Betaumlnkande av Pensionarbetsgruppen Reformerat pensionssystem Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199420 1994 (httpslagennusou199420attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)29 Gustav Moumlller (1884-1970) was a Social Democratic politician and Member of Government in 1924-26 1932-36 and 1936-51 and credited as the father of Swedish social security and its welfare state30 See William Beveridge ldquoSocial Insurance and Allied Servicesrdquo Parliamentary Archives BBKD495 194231 Gunnar Straumlng (1906-1992) was a Social Democratic politician and served as Minister for Finance in 1955-197632 Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkringhellip op cit
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19
Tax Revenue and Government expenditure as a percentage of GDP 1900-2010
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Taxes Expenditures
1900 19701940 20101910 198019501920 199019601930 2000
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique Ekonomifakta IMF
The commission led by OA Aringkesson also suggested the introduction of a mandatory public income-related pension insurance for all 33 The members of the commission opted for writing their own opinions (sv saumlrskilda yttranden) along party lines wherein the Social Democratic member and the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) members were in favour of the Commissionrsquos opinion while the white-collar workers and Conservative representatives were opposed Despite these opinions the Social Democratic and Centre Party Coalition Government demanded a new independent commission instead of presenting the commissions proposal to Parliament 34
The political debate further increased during the early 1950s however despite several improvements to the pertinence of the system The indexation of the universal pension benefit was introduced and increased in 1948 However with the rapid increases in economic growth and standards of living it became obvious that the increases in benefits and coverage of workers were not enough to enable workers and low-income earners to live on their pensions 35 The pension struggle then became a power struggle between Prime Minister Tage Erlander and main opposition leader of the Liberal Party leader Bertil Ohlin 36
33 According to Bo Koumlnberg the basic ideas of the Income pension (NDC system) can be traced to the ideas in OA Aringkessons Commission (See Bo Koumlnberg ldquoThe Swedish Model for Pension ndash New Wine in New Bottlesrdquo Scandinavian Insurance Quarterly ndeg22008 February 2008 pp99-109httpsnftnusitesdefaultfiles2008202_0pdf)34 See Peter Ohlsson P Svensk politik Historiska media 201435 Ibid36 Bertil Ohlin (1899-1979) was a Liberal Party leader and economist and was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1977 See Dick Harrisson ldquoJag har ingen vilja till makt ndash Biografi oumlver Tage Erlanderrdquo Ordfront 2017
20
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In 1955 the new pension commission produced its final report recommending a mandatory and universal public pension for all Furthermore the Commission proposed pension benefits that would mirror past wages and depend on national living standards 37 The Commission also proposed that the pension age should remain at 67 years of age Shortly after the 1956 election the Pension Commission led by Per Eckerberg presented its final report In this version the LO and Social Democrats proposed a universal earnings-related public pension (Allmaumln tillaumlggs pension) ATP 38 According to the proposal the target replacement rate would be 65 of the average workerrsquos earnings
In the fall of 1957 the Conservative party and the Liberals introduced the idea of holding a referendum on pension reforms 39 A referendum was held on 13 October 1957 The referendum had three options the first was the Social Democratic proposal to introduce a universal income-related pension This option received 458 of the referendum vote The second option was supported by the Centre Party to introduce optional pensions and it received 15 The last option supported by the Liberal party and Conservative party preferred giving social partners the responsibility for pensions and received 353 40 Although voter turnout was high at 724 and the Social Democratic option received more votes than the other options no policy received an outright majority
The struggle for the ATP also led to the dissolution of the Centre Partyrsquos coalition with the Social Democrats on 25 October 1957 41 The entire government resigned but Tage Erlander returned as Prime Minister with a Social Democratic Minority Government on 31 October 1957 The election of 1958 led to a renewed Social Democratic Government under the leadership of Prime Minister Tage Erlander With the smallest possible margin (one vote) in parliament the government secured a majority However as the speaker of the House did not vote in parliament the election resulted in a parliament without a majority
When the decision on ATP was to be made in 1959 the reform was passed with the smallest margin of votes and the Governmentrsquos proposal to introduce income-related public pension for all workers was passed through the lower House The right-of-centre parties soon conceded on the issue 42 It was after the ATP struggle in the 1950s that the Social Democrats became the majority party in Government 43 Tage Erlander remained Prime Minister until 1969
37 See Ohlsson op cit38 Ibid39 Goumlran Haumlgg Vaumllfaumlrdsaringren ndash svensk historia 1945-1986 Wallstroumlm amp Widstrand 200540 See Ohlsson op cit41 See Lennart Schoumln op cit42 See Urban Lundberg Juvelen i kronan Socialdemokraterna och den allmaumlnna pensionen Hjalmarson amp Houmlgberg 200343 See Harrison op cit
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21
6 Reforms in the 1960-1970s
For twenty years from 1950 until 1970 average growth in Sweden and in many other industrialised countries was around 4 annually 44 In that time often referred to as the ldquogolden yearsrdquo 45 not only did living standards increase but many consumer goods such as cars refrigerators television etc became goods for the masses and vacation travel also increased due to better infrastructure throughout Europe and aviation
At the beginning of the 1970s Sweden like most other western countries entered an era of reduced growth There are many different explanations for this external shocks from the global recession the oil crisis as well as structural changes in the economy with new technology and services taking over the industrial sector
GDP per capita and economic growth in leading economies 1971-1975 and 2001-2005
Countries Income per capita Growth
1971-1975 1991-1995 2001-2005
1991-1995 1971-1975
2001-2005 1991-1995
2001-2005 1971-1975
Sweden 11252 14159 17951 + 12 + 24 + 16
Other Nordic countries 9520 14474 18525 + 21 + 25 + 22
Southern Europe 7703 11904 14591 + 22 + 20 + 21
Rest of Europe 9651 13791 16501 + 18 + 18 + 18
North America 13479 18395 22771 + 16 + 21 + 17
Japan 8815 15977 17504 + 30 + 09 + 23
Source Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia Tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel SNS Foumlrlag 2000
In 1969 the pension supplement a complementary benefit to the universal pension was passed (sv Pensionstillskott) 46 and remained in place until 2003
On 1 July 1976 the retirement age was lowered from 67 to 65 after an agreement made in 1974 between the Social Democratic Government and the Liberals A flexible part-time pension was also introduced for those aged 60 to 65 The flexible part-time pension was calculated generously which allowed for a benefit level of 65 including pension contributions The flexible
44 See Lennart Schoumln op cit45 These years are the equivalent of Les Trente Glorieuses in France46 ldquoLag om pensionstillskottrdquo 1969205 Socialdepartementet 9 May 1969 (httpslagennu1969205)
22
fond
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| lrsquoi
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part-time pension became very popular and from 1976 until August 1980 about 89000 Swedes opted for this benefit 47 In the 1976 election the Social Democrats lost their majority for the first time in 40 years The non-socialist parties lead by Torbjoumlrn Faumllldin from the Centre Party formed a coalition government The non-socialist right-of centre parties would remain in power until 1982
The premature ageing of the population from 1970-1990 compared to other OECD countries together with sharp increases in the labour participation rates of women increased the political demand for more generous pension systems and child and elderly care 48 From 1950 until the 1990s Sweden experienced a rapid increase in the old-age dependency ratio
Old-age dependency ratio in Sweden and France from 1950 to 2015 (in )
04
035
03
025
02
015
01
005
0
France Sweden
1950 19851970 2005 2010 20151955 199019751960 199519801965 2000
The old-age dependency ratio is calculated as the number of individuals aged 65 and above divided by the number of individuals aged 20 to 64
Source United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2017) World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision
The figure below shows the employment ratio for men and women From 1963 to 1990 female employment continuously increased from 53 to 81 while for male employment it suffered a small but steady decline from 89 to 85 Employment rates which had fallen due to the economic crisis of the early 1990s then picked up again with a slow yet steady increase
47 See Urban Lundberg op cit48 Lindbeck op cit
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23
Employment ratios for men and women 1963-2017
196
3
196
9
198
9
197
9
199
9
20
09
196
5
198
5
1975
199
5
20
05
1971
199
1
198
1
20
01
20
11
20
15
1967
198
7
197
7
199
7
20
07
197
3
199
3
198
3
20
03
20
13
20
17
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Men Women
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique OECDstat
Despite the rhetorical differences between the political parties there was a growing consensus across political lines that the pension system needed to be adjusted The ATP system was perceived as financially unsustainable as there was a substantial risk of the pension contributions increasing faster than income levels would 49 Given the high level of taxes as a percentage of GDP at around 50 of GDP in 1990 further increases to finance pensions seemed limited
Estimated pensions expenditure in the former pension system wage share based on different assumptions for real income growth (from 1995) and maintained price indexation
Growth rate0 1 2 3
2005 335 303 278 2512015 411 342 288 2392025 442 341 266 2032050 437 292 184 109
Source Prop 199394250
In addition the former system created few incentives to work Thirty years of work would earn a pension of which fifteen would impact the calculation the pension benefit formula was based on the best fifteen years of work The
49 See Allmaumln pension Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199076 1990 (httpslagennusou199076)
24
fond
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benefit calculation was therefore beneficial for individuals with a short but fast-growing career later in life Hence it was less beneficial for individuals with a slow growth in earning but a long career
On 16 November 1984 the Social Democratic government lead by Olof Palme commissioned a Parliamentary Pension Commission (pensionsberedningen) lead by Sture Korpi 50 State Secretary to Minister for Social Affairs Sten Andersson The Commission united all the most relevant organisations in Swedish society political parties unions the confederation of Swedish enterprises pensionersrsquo organisations organisations for the disabled social insurance agencies etc 51 The Parliamentary Commission also became a breeding ground for future prominent members of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pension such as Anna Hedborg 52 Ingela Thalen 53 and Bo Koumlnberg 54
Although the Commission had not been mandated to propose any changes it was considered a huge success for its contributions to analysing how the pensions system worked and what challenges it faced 55 The Pension Commission presented its final report in 1990 56
7 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system
The first political step towards a new pension reform system was taken in the Government budget (finansplan) of 1991 The Social Democratic Government led by Ingvar Carlsson 57 opts for ldquoopportunities for financing pension pledges within a framework of unchanged levels of taxation and contributions are highly dependent on economic growth 58rdquo
In 1991 the Social Democrats were defeated by a four-party coalition led by the Moderate Party leader Carl Bildt 59 Shortly after the new Government
50 Sture Korpi (1939-2017) was a Social Democratic politician and served as State Secretary in 1982-199151 See Urban Lundberg op cit52 Anna Hedborg (b 1944) is a Social Democratic politician and official and served as Minister for Social Insurance (1994-1996)53 Ingela Thalen (b1943) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Minster of Labour (1987-1991) and Minister for Social Affairs (1990-1991 1994-1996)54 Bo Koumlnberg (b1945) is a Liberal Party politician and served as Minister for Health and Social Insurance in 1991-199455 See Urban Lundberg op cit56 See Allmaumln Pension op cit57 Ingvar Carlsson (b1934) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Prime Minister in 1986-1991 and 1994-199658 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreement and Pension Reform trad Anglaise du rapport Detta aumlr pensionsoumlverenskommelsen (Ds 200953) 2010 p53 (wwwgovernmentse49b757contentassets3d321fd499da48928de201abe43a558bthe-swedish-pension-agreement-and-pension-reform-ds-200953)59 Carl Bildt (born in 1949) is a Conservative Party politician and served as Prime Minister 1991-1994 and Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006-2014
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25
took office a Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions was formed The Working Group began its work in November 1991 when the Minister for Healthcare and Social Security Bo Koumlnberg took its direction In 1992 the Working Group published a ldquopreliminary draftrdquo containing almost all the elements of the reform 60 the starting point of the reform being the need for a higher savings rate in the economy as well as the need to strengthen the incentives to work Although the possibility of making changes within the framework of the existing ATP system had been thoroughly investigated by Pension Commission the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions settled that the retirement system should be built up according to principles other than those underpinning public pension and ATP systems of today The Working Group presented a draft of a new system in August 1992 containing almost all principal elements 61
A brutal economic crisis hit Sweden in 1992 Government expenditure reached almost 76 of GDP in 1995 and the employment rate declined consistently throughout the 1990s The many causes of the crisis are diverse and literature on this matter is vast A combination of rapid credit expansion both weak government finances and a weak current account together with a fixed currency towards the European Currency Unit 62 depleted the central bankrsquos power to defend its currency In one last attempt to protect the Swedish currency the Riksbank decided to raise its key interest rate to 500 on 16 September 1992 As a result investments and the employment rate fell and the country experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression In November 1992 the fixed rate towards the ECU 63 was abandoned and the Swedish krona quickly depreciated These events led to an immediate crisis on the financial market and in the banking sector which had to be restructured and bailed out Consequently the Government debt as a percentage of GDP soared from around 40 in 1990 to 74 in 1994
60 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit61 Ibid62 The ECU was a basket of currencies used from 1979 to 1999 and before the euro63 The European Currency Unit was a basket of currencies used as a unit of account before being replaced by the euro 1 January 1999
26
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Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
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27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
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litiq
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
fond
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litiq
ue
The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
Retir
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om th
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
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35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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38
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39
40
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OUR PUBLICATIONS
1979 ndash 2019 -ملاعلا ي ف ةفرطتملا ةيمالسل إ ا تامجهلاFondation pour linnovation politique mars 2020 80 pages
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Les attentats islamistes dans le monde 1979-2019Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique novembre 2019 80 pages
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42
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46
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| lrsquoi
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47
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (2) le premier tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
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Eacuteconomie de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane mai 2015 48 pages
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48
fond
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| lrsquoi
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Coran cleacutes de lectureTareq Oubrou janvier 2015 44 pages
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apol
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n po
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
10
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In June of 1994 the Swedish Parliament approved a new pension system introducing a pay-as-you-go Notional Defined Contribution (NDC) system combined with a minor Financial Defined Contribution (FDC) system 3 The history of Swedish retirement reform can be understood in terms of the history of social welfare Its development is far more complex and harder fought politically than what is often perceived of modern Sweden It is easy to underestimate the uncertainties that riddled its historical past Our historical bias underestimates the struggles in political and social battles such as retirement reform
This paper aims to describe how and in what environment the Swedish pension reform was devised First we will give a historical overview of the Swedish retirement scheme from the end of the XVIIIth century to its recent changes agreed upon in 2017 We will then discuss the lessons learnt from the reform process and its implications The current retirement policy in Sweden is presented in detail in the annex
I THE EVOLUTION OF THE SWEDISH RETIREMENT SYSTEM
1 The appearance of the first occupational pension schemes at the end of the XVIIIth century
The development of income security within old-age and retirement reform in Sweden is tightly related to the history of modern Sweden and how it unfolded It is the story of how Sweden transitioned from a poor war-torn autocratic agricultural country in the north of Europe to the prosperous democratic country that it is today
By the turn of the XVIIIth century Sweden was much less developed than other European countries Although the country had flourished during the reign of freedom 1718-1772 (Frihetstiden) an era which had both provided peace and given rise to more freedom in society 4 the country was shaken by several transformative and disruptive events the assassination of Gustav III the coup deacutetat against the King Gustav IV Adolphe the loss of Finland (one-third of the
3 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten ldquoThe NDC Reform in Sweden the 1994 Legislation to the Presentrdquo in Robert Holzmann and Edward Palmer (eds) Pension Reform Issues and Prospects for Non-Financial Definede Contribution (NDC) Schemees The World Bank 2006 pp 449-466 (httpdocumentsworldbankorgcuratedpt713861468120840510pdf353470REV0Pension0Reform01PUBLIC1pdf )4 This era corresponds to le Siegravecle des Lumiegraveres 1715-1789 in France
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11
country and a fourth of the population) to the Russian Empire in 1809 and the lynching of the Marshal of the Realm Axel von Fersen on 20 June 1810 This period ended when one of Napoleonrsquos generals Mareacutechal Jean Baptiste Bernadotte ascended to the throne as King Karl XIV Johan of Sweden in 1818 and the country established a new Constitution finally returning to stability
In 1810 Sweden had 23 million inhabitants the majority of whom worked in the agricultural sector Aside from Stockholm with around 75000 inhabitants in 1800 most other cities were small Although most lived in poverty Swedes enjoyed more individual rights than most of their European neighbours Moreover due to the universal catechetical requirements implemented by the clergy literacy levels were also comparatively high with at least one person in each family being able read
The earliest pension schemes in Sweden were occupational (Allmaumlnna Aumlnke- and Pupillskassan 1788-1934) These pension schemes provided limited coverage for the upper levels of the clergy the armed forces and civil servants 5
2 The break-off the XIXth century
Starting around 1860 thanks to the industrial revolution the number of workers in manufacturing and services increased while the proportion of workers in agriculture began its one hundred and fifty year-old downward trend from well over half of the population to around 2 by the turn of the millennium It also prompted urbanisation as people began moving from the countryside to their new jobs and workplaces in the rapidly growing cites This dynamic is still at play today
The proportion of workers in each economic sector is also a rough illustration of the different professional retirement coverage options established in the first half of the XXth century that still exist today In present-day Sweden there are four different convention types one for central government employees one for municipal and county council employees one for white-collar employees in the private sector and one for blue-collar workers in the private sector ldquoGovernment servicesrdquo encompasses two pension agreements for central government employees and one for municipal and county council employees To some extent at least until at least the end of the XXth century white-collar workers could be assimilated in the category Services and blue-collar workers in the category Industry
5 See Tom Soumlderberg Foumlrsaumlkringsvaumlsendets historia i Sverige intill Karl Johantiden PA Nordstedt amp Soumlners Foumlrlag 1935
12
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Employment in economic sectors as a share of population aged 15-64 from 1860-2000
06
05
04
03
02
01
0
Agriculture Indsutry Services Governmental services
1860 19401880 19601900 19801920 2000
Source Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique data historiase Statistics Sweden
This figure portrays the relative economic and political strength which partly explains the political development of pensions and social coverage in Sweden throughout the period 1860-2000 Furthermore it also helps to explain the political views of the observed groups especially for individuals employed in the agricultural economic sector who by living off the land often had non-monetary incomes which could explain why these groups were less keen on introducing pension systems related to declared income and paid contributions The Centre Party (founded in 1913 as the Farmers league) would champion universal flat-rate benefits throughout most of the 20th century
See Gabriella Sjoumlrgen Lindquist and Eskil Wadenjsouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash note the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance(wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)
In the 1850s Sweden was hit with poor harvests which triggered a crisis in the agriculture sector This combined with rapid population growth and urbanisation created an unsustainable social and economic situation for many individuals and their families and many chose to leave Sweden for the promise of a better life in North America perhaps best described by the author Vilhelm
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13
Moberg in his book series The Emigrants 6 In the mass migration that followed between 1850 and 1930 approximately 14 million people left the country Some years as many as 1 of total population emigrated In certain birth cohorts one in five men and one in six women chose to emigrate 7 The below figure also shows a marked shift from being a departure country to destination country during the 1950s
Immigrants and emigrants as a share of population between 1850-2017
0018
0016
0014
0012
0010
0008
0006
0004
0002
0000
Immigrants () Emigrants ()
1850 19501875 19751900 20001925
Source Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique data Statistics Sweden
Private life insurance and pension insurance emerged in Sweden starting around 1850 The principles for life insurance based on mathematical probability theories developed by French mathematicians Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal and the mortality tables developed the English mathematician Edmond Halley around the XVIIth century 8 were of fundamental importance The growing banking and insurance sectors were predominantly influenced by what happened in London which is why the Swedish insurance industry was anglophone from the very beginning
6 Vilhelm Moberg The Emigrants (Novel series) [1949-1959] Bonniers translated by Gustaf Lannestock7 See Statistics Sweden ldquoSveriges folkmaumlngd fraringn 1749 och fram till idagrdquo scbse 27 October 2017 (wwwscbsehitta-statistikartiklar2017svereiges-folkmangd-fran-1749-och-fram-till-idag)8 See Bengt Bergander Foumlrsaumlkringsvaumlsendet i Sverige 1814-1914 Berlingska Boktryckeriet 1967
14
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The Riksdag of the Estates (Staringndsriksdag) was dissolved in 1866 The parliament of the four estates ndash the Nobility Clergy Burghers and Peasants ndash was replaced by a bicameral legislature Voting rights were still limited to men only and was dependent on declared income The bicameral legislature stood for over a century until the unicameral assembly was introduced in 1970
The first life insurance companies in Sweden operated in a limited market geared towards the upper echelons of society In 1880 only 03 of the population had some form of pension insurance coverage 9 Finding the market too limited both in scope and in size private insurance companies tried to expand their business to other groups in society 10
With the further pauperisation of families working in the agricultural sector the demand for other forms of insurance increased Demand for insurance coverage especially for those in their old age increased in many groups in society but primarily for workers and middle-class private sector groups (services and manufacturing sectors) The growth of the middle class in the cities also increased the demand for occupational pensions and private insurance The first parliamentary resolution on compulsory pension insurance for workers was submitted to parliament by the liberal Member of Parliament Adolf Hedin 11 in 1884 Although the Hedin motion did not pass through parliament it set in motion several new initiatives including an inquiry into occupational and pensions insurance for workers and more generally a process of social change that would span the next 30 years It also triggered a government commission on pensions (pensionsutredningen) in 1895 and 1898 However their findings were not implemented by the conservative government that advocated for more private insurance based systems Despite their reservations several reforms related to workersrsquo safety and insurance were gradually introduced over time 12
3 From 1900 to 1930 the establishment of universal pensions and the road to democracy
Political tensions continued to increase in Sweden in the lead-up to the First World War and the country came close to war and rebellion after the dissolution of their union with Norway in 1905 in the 1914 Courtyard crisis and following the revolutions in Russia and Germany in 1917 and 1918
9 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg and Sven-Erik Svaumlrd Den svenska foumlrsaumlkringsmodellens uppgaringng och fall Erlanders Foumlrlag AB 200510 Ibid11 Adolf Hedin (1934-1905) was a newspaper publisher writer and politician12 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg Sven-Erik Svaumlrd op cit The reforms included the law on occupational safety in 1889 support to sickness insurance funds in 1891 and accident insurance in 1901 (reformed in 1916)
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15
Somehow maybe thanks to a mixture of luck bravery and moderation Sweden overcame these tribulations peacefully The main issues were related to finding the fragile balance between passing democratic reforms all while preserving the existing social order and social cohesion Around this time the conservative government under Prime Minister Arvid Lindman 13 introduced proportional elections a system that remains to this day but with the right to vote which was then exclusively reserved for men and determined through an income-dependent system 14 In 1913 Karl Staaffrsquos 15 Liberal government introduced a universal pension system calculated in two parts one-part was calculated as accumulation annuities and one-part as a pay-as-you-go supplement subject to income The pension age was set at 67 but the accumulated resources could be paid out earlier in cases of disability The benefit level was low and it would remain as such until after the Second World War The first universal pension benefits were paid out starting on 1 January 1914 The universal pension benefit was probably the first of its kind and was considered one of the governmentrsquos greatest achievements 16
In 1918 the Liberal-Social Democratic coalition government under Prime Minister Nils Edeacuten 17 introduced equal voting rights for men Due to the political turmoil surrounding Europe towards the end of the war the voting rights were quickly expanded to all elections at all levels and more importantly to all women making Sweden a true democracy
The 1920s was a period of great economic growth but also marked by great political instability and labour market turmoil During this decade the country saw ten successive governments often from different political parties At the same time there was a resurgence of social movements as evidenced by the high number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees over this period
13 Arvid Lindman (1862-1936) was a naval admiral and conservative politician He served as Prime Minister from 1906-1911 and 1928-193014 Leif Lewin Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Arvid Lindman Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201015 Karl Staaff (1860-1915) was a liberal politician and lawyer He served as Prime Minister 1905-1906 1911-191416 See Peter Esaiasson Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Karl Staff Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201017 Nils Edeacuten (1871-1945) Liberal politician and Prime Minister from 1917-1920
16
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Number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees in Sweden 1905-2005
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
01905 19851925 20051945 1965
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique wwwmedlingsinstitutetse Mikkelsen F 1992 Arbejdskonflikter i Skandinavien 1848-1980 Edvinsson R 2005 Growth Accumulation Crisis With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800-2000 wwwscbse historiase
Moreover because the universal pension benefits were so low demand for professional pensions increased By the 1920s the number of employees in manufacturing and services had almost doubled from 01 to 02 as a share of the population while the share of employees in the working-age population declined from 05 to 03 Furthermore debates related to the coverage of blue and white-collar workers in the private sector continued and discussions on voluntary versus mandatory occupational pensions public or private administration remained at the heart of political debates and negotiations with social partners for much of the post-war period Eventually in 1927 the law on voluntary occupational pensions for white-collar workers was passed (1927 aringrs lag om frivillig tjaumlnstepensionering)
The economic boom of the 1920s ended abruptly with several disruptive events the depression of 1931 the shootings in Aringdalen 1931 18 and the collapse of Ivar Kreugerrsquos 19 economic empire Despite all this Sweden matured as a democracy and contrary to many other less fortunate countries in Europe became an increasingly stable country throughout the 1930s
18 On 14 May 1931 five people were shot dead by military troops called in as reinforcement by the police during a protest The Aringdalen shootings was a series of events in and around the sawmill district of Aringdalen Kramfors Municipality Aringngermanland Sweden The events spawned raging national debate and deep division along political lines19 Ivar Kreuger (1880-1932) became one of the richest men of his time His empire was built around the company Kreuger amp Toll Ltd which was highly exposed as a leader on international markets and severely hit in the financial crisis of 1929 Ivar Kreuger supposedly committed suicide in his Parisian apartment on Avenue Franklin-D-Roosevelt on 12 March 1932
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s
17
In 1935 the universal annuity capitalisation was abolished and flat-rate universal pension benefits (folkpension) were introduced (Lag om folkpension) by Prime Minister Per Albin Hanssonrsquos 20 Social Democratic Government This reform also meant that Sweden moved away from traditional privately funded insurance to give way to more government-run pay-as-you-go pensions
4 From 1930 to 1950 the birth of Swedish corporatism and the Saltsjoumlbaden agreements
In the 1930s the labour movement demanded to see improvement in workersrsquo conditions specifically asking for a raise in wages 21 The unions became more focused on strengthening the long-term business environment within the industrial sector through high levels of investments and boosts in economic growth 22 This new dynamic led to the resolution of conflicts of interest on the labour market and a transition towards corporatism and macroeconomic stability In 1938 the centralist ldquoSaltsjoumlbaden Agreementrdquo between the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) and the Swedish Employers Confederation (SAF) was agreed upon This agreement aimed at the settlement of labour market conflicts without government intervention 23 According to the economist Assar Lindbeck a key driver of this change of pace and tone was the alliance between the Social Democratic Party and the unions
With higher economic growth increasing standards of living and rapid changes in family structures due to urbanisation the demand for occupational pensions among workers increased once again in the interwar period The issue of whether occupational pensions should be mandatory or optional for various categories of workers was addressed in parliamentary sessions in 1931 1933 1934 1935 1936 and 1938 as well as in several committees and government inquiries 24 In 1944 there was Government inquiry on mandatory occupational pensions but its scope was limited to white-collar workers 25
20 Per Albin Hansson (1885-1946) was Social Democratic politician and Prime Minister from 1932-1936 and 1936-1946 He is credited for creating the concept of general social welfare (Folkhemmet)21 See Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia ndash tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel Tredje upplagan SNS Foumlrlag 200022 Ibid23 See Assar Lindbeck ldquoThe Swedish Experimentrdquo Journal of Economic Literature vol 35 ndeg3 September 1997 pp 1273-131924 Committee regarding private sector employees (Kommittee angaringende privatanstaumlllda 1931) and the Hartelius committee (1936) Also see Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkring Undersoumlkningar av och foumlrslag av pensionsutredningen Principbetaumlnkande Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 195033 1950 (httpslagennusou195033attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)25 Ibid
18
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| lrsquoi
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litiq
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Another motion on mandatory pensions for all was raised by the parliamentarian Oskar Aringkerstroumlm 26 in 1944 (sv Riksdagsmotion om obligatorisk tillaumlggspension) Pension related issues continued to be discussed in the parliamentary sessions of 1944 1946 1947 and 1950
In 1946 the flat-rate universal pension benefit (folkpension) introduced in 1913 and reformed in 1935 was amended to a unified universal pension across all municipalities (enhetlig folkpension) Indexation is then introduced in 1948 The pension and disability pension benefits were increased considerably on 1 January of the same year In addition the Social Democratic Government under Prime Minister Tage Erlander 27 introduced survivorsrsquo pensions supplements for wives (hustrutilaumlgg) as well as national and municipal housing supplements 28
The political debate on whether to opt for income replacement or minimum income security was quite contested even within the Social Democratic party Prominent figures of the labour movement such the Minister for Social Affairs Gustav Moumlller 29 opted for a universal minimum income policy in accordance with what Sir William Beveridge had proposed in the United Kingdom in 1942 30 Gustav Moumlllerrsquos opinion had strong support within the party throughout the 1940s until the beginning of the 1950s when Gunnar Straumlng become the Minister of Finance 31
5 The 1950s The rise of the ATP system (Allmaumln Tillaumlggs Pension)
In the 1950s the Government commission on pensions established in 1947 concluded that ldquoThe way pension issues have been addressed in recent decades shows that they have always been a subject of interest from both societal and individual citizens groups Optional retirement has now been significantly expanded for white-collar workersrdquo 32
Government expenditure and taxes started to increase with the expansion of the ldquowelfare staterdquo From 1950 to 1970 government expenditure increased from 18 of GDP to 31 while taxes share of the GDP increased from 18 to 36 continuing until reaching its highest peak at 50 in 1990
26 Oskar Aringkerstroumlm (1896-1964) was a Social Democratic politician and member of Parliament27 Tage Erlander (1901-1985) was a Social Democratic politician and the longest serving Prime Minister in modern Swedish history from 1946-196928 See Betaumlnkande av Pensionarbetsgruppen Reformerat pensionssystem Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199420 1994 (httpslagennusou199420attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)29 Gustav Moumlller (1884-1970) was a Social Democratic politician and Member of Government in 1924-26 1932-36 and 1936-51 and credited as the father of Swedish social security and its welfare state30 See William Beveridge ldquoSocial Insurance and Allied Servicesrdquo Parliamentary Archives BBKD495 194231 Gunnar Straumlng (1906-1992) was a Social Democratic politician and served as Minister for Finance in 1955-197632 Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkringhellip op cit
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s fr
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19
Tax Revenue and Government expenditure as a percentage of GDP 1900-2010
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Taxes Expenditures
1900 19701940 20101910 198019501920 199019601930 2000
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique Ekonomifakta IMF
The commission led by OA Aringkesson also suggested the introduction of a mandatory public income-related pension insurance for all 33 The members of the commission opted for writing their own opinions (sv saumlrskilda yttranden) along party lines wherein the Social Democratic member and the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) members were in favour of the Commissionrsquos opinion while the white-collar workers and Conservative representatives were opposed Despite these opinions the Social Democratic and Centre Party Coalition Government demanded a new independent commission instead of presenting the commissions proposal to Parliament 34
The political debate further increased during the early 1950s however despite several improvements to the pertinence of the system The indexation of the universal pension benefit was introduced and increased in 1948 However with the rapid increases in economic growth and standards of living it became obvious that the increases in benefits and coverage of workers were not enough to enable workers and low-income earners to live on their pensions 35 The pension struggle then became a power struggle between Prime Minister Tage Erlander and main opposition leader of the Liberal Party leader Bertil Ohlin 36
33 According to Bo Koumlnberg the basic ideas of the Income pension (NDC system) can be traced to the ideas in OA Aringkessons Commission (See Bo Koumlnberg ldquoThe Swedish Model for Pension ndash New Wine in New Bottlesrdquo Scandinavian Insurance Quarterly ndeg22008 February 2008 pp99-109httpsnftnusitesdefaultfiles2008202_0pdf)34 See Peter Ohlsson P Svensk politik Historiska media 201435 Ibid36 Bertil Ohlin (1899-1979) was a Liberal Party leader and economist and was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1977 See Dick Harrisson ldquoJag har ingen vilja till makt ndash Biografi oumlver Tage Erlanderrdquo Ordfront 2017
20
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In 1955 the new pension commission produced its final report recommending a mandatory and universal public pension for all Furthermore the Commission proposed pension benefits that would mirror past wages and depend on national living standards 37 The Commission also proposed that the pension age should remain at 67 years of age Shortly after the 1956 election the Pension Commission led by Per Eckerberg presented its final report In this version the LO and Social Democrats proposed a universal earnings-related public pension (Allmaumln tillaumlggs pension) ATP 38 According to the proposal the target replacement rate would be 65 of the average workerrsquos earnings
In the fall of 1957 the Conservative party and the Liberals introduced the idea of holding a referendum on pension reforms 39 A referendum was held on 13 October 1957 The referendum had three options the first was the Social Democratic proposal to introduce a universal income-related pension This option received 458 of the referendum vote The second option was supported by the Centre Party to introduce optional pensions and it received 15 The last option supported by the Liberal party and Conservative party preferred giving social partners the responsibility for pensions and received 353 40 Although voter turnout was high at 724 and the Social Democratic option received more votes than the other options no policy received an outright majority
The struggle for the ATP also led to the dissolution of the Centre Partyrsquos coalition with the Social Democrats on 25 October 1957 41 The entire government resigned but Tage Erlander returned as Prime Minister with a Social Democratic Minority Government on 31 October 1957 The election of 1958 led to a renewed Social Democratic Government under the leadership of Prime Minister Tage Erlander With the smallest possible margin (one vote) in parliament the government secured a majority However as the speaker of the House did not vote in parliament the election resulted in a parliament without a majority
When the decision on ATP was to be made in 1959 the reform was passed with the smallest margin of votes and the Governmentrsquos proposal to introduce income-related public pension for all workers was passed through the lower House The right-of-centre parties soon conceded on the issue 42 It was after the ATP struggle in the 1950s that the Social Democrats became the majority party in Government 43 Tage Erlander remained Prime Minister until 1969
37 See Ohlsson op cit38 Ibid39 Goumlran Haumlgg Vaumllfaumlrdsaringren ndash svensk historia 1945-1986 Wallstroumlm amp Widstrand 200540 See Ohlsson op cit41 See Lennart Schoumln op cit42 See Urban Lundberg Juvelen i kronan Socialdemokraterna och den allmaumlnna pensionen Hjalmarson amp Houmlgberg 200343 See Harrison op cit
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21
6 Reforms in the 1960-1970s
For twenty years from 1950 until 1970 average growth in Sweden and in many other industrialised countries was around 4 annually 44 In that time often referred to as the ldquogolden yearsrdquo 45 not only did living standards increase but many consumer goods such as cars refrigerators television etc became goods for the masses and vacation travel also increased due to better infrastructure throughout Europe and aviation
At the beginning of the 1970s Sweden like most other western countries entered an era of reduced growth There are many different explanations for this external shocks from the global recession the oil crisis as well as structural changes in the economy with new technology and services taking over the industrial sector
GDP per capita and economic growth in leading economies 1971-1975 and 2001-2005
Countries Income per capita Growth
1971-1975 1991-1995 2001-2005
1991-1995 1971-1975
2001-2005 1991-1995
2001-2005 1971-1975
Sweden 11252 14159 17951 + 12 + 24 + 16
Other Nordic countries 9520 14474 18525 + 21 + 25 + 22
Southern Europe 7703 11904 14591 + 22 + 20 + 21
Rest of Europe 9651 13791 16501 + 18 + 18 + 18
North America 13479 18395 22771 + 16 + 21 + 17
Japan 8815 15977 17504 + 30 + 09 + 23
Source Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia Tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel SNS Foumlrlag 2000
In 1969 the pension supplement a complementary benefit to the universal pension was passed (sv Pensionstillskott) 46 and remained in place until 2003
On 1 July 1976 the retirement age was lowered from 67 to 65 after an agreement made in 1974 between the Social Democratic Government and the Liberals A flexible part-time pension was also introduced for those aged 60 to 65 The flexible part-time pension was calculated generously which allowed for a benefit level of 65 including pension contributions The flexible
44 See Lennart Schoumln op cit45 These years are the equivalent of Les Trente Glorieuses in France46 ldquoLag om pensionstillskottrdquo 1969205 Socialdepartementet 9 May 1969 (httpslagennu1969205)
22
fond
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| lrsquoi
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litiq
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part-time pension became very popular and from 1976 until August 1980 about 89000 Swedes opted for this benefit 47 In the 1976 election the Social Democrats lost their majority for the first time in 40 years The non-socialist parties lead by Torbjoumlrn Faumllldin from the Centre Party formed a coalition government The non-socialist right-of centre parties would remain in power until 1982
The premature ageing of the population from 1970-1990 compared to other OECD countries together with sharp increases in the labour participation rates of women increased the political demand for more generous pension systems and child and elderly care 48 From 1950 until the 1990s Sweden experienced a rapid increase in the old-age dependency ratio
Old-age dependency ratio in Sweden and France from 1950 to 2015 (in )
04
035
03
025
02
015
01
005
0
France Sweden
1950 19851970 2005 2010 20151955 199019751960 199519801965 2000
The old-age dependency ratio is calculated as the number of individuals aged 65 and above divided by the number of individuals aged 20 to 64
Source United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2017) World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision
The figure below shows the employment ratio for men and women From 1963 to 1990 female employment continuously increased from 53 to 81 while for male employment it suffered a small but steady decline from 89 to 85 Employment rates which had fallen due to the economic crisis of the early 1990s then picked up again with a slow yet steady increase
47 See Urban Lundberg op cit48 Lindbeck op cit
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s
23
Employment ratios for men and women 1963-2017
196
3
196
9
198
9
197
9
199
9
20
09
196
5
198
5
1975
199
5
20
05
1971
199
1
198
1
20
01
20
11
20
15
1967
198
7
197
7
199
7
20
07
197
3
199
3
198
3
20
03
20
13
20
17
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Men Women
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique OECDstat
Despite the rhetorical differences between the political parties there was a growing consensus across political lines that the pension system needed to be adjusted The ATP system was perceived as financially unsustainable as there was a substantial risk of the pension contributions increasing faster than income levels would 49 Given the high level of taxes as a percentage of GDP at around 50 of GDP in 1990 further increases to finance pensions seemed limited
Estimated pensions expenditure in the former pension system wage share based on different assumptions for real income growth (from 1995) and maintained price indexation
Growth rate0 1 2 3
2005 335 303 278 2512015 411 342 288 2392025 442 341 266 2032050 437 292 184 109
Source Prop 199394250
In addition the former system created few incentives to work Thirty years of work would earn a pension of which fifteen would impact the calculation the pension benefit formula was based on the best fifteen years of work The
49 See Allmaumln pension Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199076 1990 (httpslagennusou199076)
24
fond
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benefit calculation was therefore beneficial for individuals with a short but fast-growing career later in life Hence it was less beneficial for individuals with a slow growth in earning but a long career
On 16 November 1984 the Social Democratic government lead by Olof Palme commissioned a Parliamentary Pension Commission (pensionsberedningen) lead by Sture Korpi 50 State Secretary to Minister for Social Affairs Sten Andersson The Commission united all the most relevant organisations in Swedish society political parties unions the confederation of Swedish enterprises pensionersrsquo organisations organisations for the disabled social insurance agencies etc 51 The Parliamentary Commission also became a breeding ground for future prominent members of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pension such as Anna Hedborg 52 Ingela Thalen 53 and Bo Koumlnberg 54
Although the Commission had not been mandated to propose any changes it was considered a huge success for its contributions to analysing how the pensions system worked and what challenges it faced 55 The Pension Commission presented its final report in 1990 56
7 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system
The first political step towards a new pension reform system was taken in the Government budget (finansplan) of 1991 The Social Democratic Government led by Ingvar Carlsson 57 opts for ldquoopportunities for financing pension pledges within a framework of unchanged levels of taxation and contributions are highly dependent on economic growth 58rdquo
In 1991 the Social Democrats were defeated by a four-party coalition led by the Moderate Party leader Carl Bildt 59 Shortly after the new Government
50 Sture Korpi (1939-2017) was a Social Democratic politician and served as State Secretary in 1982-199151 See Urban Lundberg op cit52 Anna Hedborg (b 1944) is a Social Democratic politician and official and served as Minister for Social Insurance (1994-1996)53 Ingela Thalen (b1943) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Minster of Labour (1987-1991) and Minister for Social Affairs (1990-1991 1994-1996)54 Bo Koumlnberg (b1945) is a Liberal Party politician and served as Minister for Health and Social Insurance in 1991-199455 See Urban Lundberg op cit56 See Allmaumln Pension op cit57 Ingvar Carlsson (b1934) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Prime Minister in 1986-1991 and 1994-199658 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreement and Pension Reform trad Anglaise du rapport Detta aumlr pensionsoumlverenskommelsen (Ds 200953) 2010 p53 (wwwgovernmentse49b757contentassets3d321fd499da48928de201abe43a558bthe-swedish-pension-agreement-and-pension-reform-ds-200953)59 Carl Bildt (born in 1949) is a Conservative Party politician and served as Prime Minister 1991-1994 and Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006-2014
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25
took office a Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions was formed The Working Group began its work in November 1991 when the Minister for Healthcare and Social Security Bo Koumlnberg took its direction In 1992 the Working Group published a ldquopreliminary draftrdquo containing almost all the elements of the reform 60 the starting point of the reform being the need for a higher savings rate in the economy as well as the need to strengthen the incentives to work Although the possibility of making changes within the framework of the existing ATP system had been thoroughly investigated by Pension Commission the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions settled that the retirement system should be built up according to principles other than those underpinning public pension and ATP systems of today The Working Group presented a draft of a new system in August 1992 containing almost all principal elements 61
A brutal economic crisis hit Sweden in 1992 Government expenditure reached almost 76 of GDP in 1995 and the employment rate declined consistently throughout the 1990s The many causes of the crisis are diverse and literature on this matter is vast A combination of rapid credit expansion both weak government finances and a weak current account together with a fixed currency towards the European Currency Unit 62 depleted the central bankrsquos power to defend its currency In one last attempt to protect the Swedish currency the Riksbank decided to raise its key interest rate to 500 on 16 September 1992 As a result investments and the employment rate fell and the country experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression In November 1992 the fixed rate towards the ECU 63 was abandoned and the Swedish krona quickly depreciated These events led to an immediate crisis on the financial market and in the banking sector which had to be restructured and bailed out Consequently the Government debt as a percentage of GDP soared from around 40 in 1990 to 74 in 1994
60 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit61 Ibid62 The ECU was a basket of currencies used from 1979 to 1999 and before the euro63 The European Currency Unit was a basket of currencies used as a unit of account before being replaced by the euro 1 January 1999
26
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Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
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form
s
27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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litiq
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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h re
form
s
29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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s
31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
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35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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37
38
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OUR PUBLICATIONS
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46
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
litiq
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47
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
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11
country and a fourth of the population) to the Russian Empire in 1809 and the lynching of the Marshal of the Realm Axel von Fersen on 20 June 1810 This period ended when one of Napoleonrsquos generals Mareacutechal Jean Baptiste Bernadotte ascended to the throne as King Karl XIV Johan of Sweden in 1818 and the country established a new Constitution finally returning to stability
In 1810 Sweden had 23 million inhabitants the majority of whom worked in the agricultural sector Aside from Stockholm with around 75000 inhabitants in 1800 most other cities were small Although most lived in poverty Swedes enjoyed more individual rights than most of their European neighbours Moreover due to the universal catechetical requirements implemented by the clergy literacy levels were also comparatively high with at least one person in each family being able read
The earliest pension schemes in Sweden were occupational (Allmaumlnna Aumlnke- and Pupillskassan 1788-1934) These pension schemes provided limited coverage for the upper levels of the clergy the armed forces and civil servants 5
2 The break-off the XIXth century
Starting around 1860 thanks to the industrial revolution the number of workers in manufacturing and services increased while the proportion of workers in agriculture began its one hundred and fifty year-old downward trend from well over half of the population to around 2 by the turn of the millennium It also prompted urbanisation as people began moving from the countryside to their new jobs and workplaces in the rapidly growing cites This dynamic is still at play today
The proportion of workers in each economic sector is also a rough illustration of the different professional retirement coverage options established in the first half of the XXth century that still exist today In present-day Sweden there are four different convention types one for central government employees one for municipal and county council employees one for white-collar employees in the private sector and one for blue-collar workers in the private sector ldquoGovernment servicesrdquo encompasses two pension agreements for central government employees and one for municipal and county council employees To some extent at least until at least the end of the XXth century white-collar workers could be assimilated in the category Services and blue-collar workers in the category Industry
5 See Tom Soumlderberg Foumlrsaumlkringsvaumlsendets historia i Sverige intill Karl Johantiden PA Nordstedt amp Soumlners Foumlrlag 1935
12
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Employment in economic sectors as a share of population aged 15-64 from 1860-2000
06
05
04
03
02
01
0
Agriculture Indsutry Services Governmental services
1860 19401880 19601900 19801920 2000
Source Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique data historiase Statistics Sweden
This figure portrays the relative economic and political strength which partly explains the political development of pensions and social coverage in Sweden throughout the period 1860-2000 Furthermore it also helps to explain the political views of the observed groups especially for individuals employed in the agricultural economic sector who by living off the land often had non-monetary incomes which could explain why these groups were less keen on introducing pension systems related to declared income and paid contributions The Centre Party (founded in 1913 as the Farmers league) would champion universal flat-rate benefits throughout most of the 20th century
See Gabriella Sjoumlrgen Lindquist and Eskil Wadenjsouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash note the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance(wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)
In the 1850s Sweden was hit with poor harvests which triggered a crisis in the agriculture sector This combined with rapid population growth and urbanisation created an unsustainable social and economic situation for many individuals and their families and many chose to leave Sweden for the promise of a better life in North America perhaps best described by the author Vilhelm
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s
13
Moberg in his book series The Emigrants 6 In the mass migration that followed between 1850 and 1930 approximately 14 million people left the country Some years as many as 1 of total population emigrated In certain birth cohorts one in five men and one in six women chose to emigrate 7 The below figure also shows a marked shift from being a departure country to destination country during the 1950s
Immigrants and emigrants as a share of population between 1850-2017
0018
0016
0014
0012
0010
0008
0006
0004
0002
0000
Immigrants () Emigrants ()
1850 19501875 19751900 20001925
Source Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique data Statistics Sweden
Private life insurance and pension insurance emerged in Sweden starting around 1850 The principles for life insurance based on mathematical probability theories developed by French mathematicians Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal and the mortality tables developed the English mathematician Edmond Halley around the XVIIth century 8 were of fundamental importance The growing banking and insurance sectors were predominantly influenced by what happened in London which is why the Swedish insurance industry was anglophone from the very beginning
6 Vilhelm Moberg The Emigrants (Novel series) [1949-1959] Bonniers translated by Gustaf Lannestock7 See Statistics Sweden ldquoSveriges folkmaumlngd fraringn 1749 och fram till idagrdquo scbse 27 October 2017 (wwwscbsehitta-statistikartiklar2017svereiges-folkmangd-fran-1749-och-fram-till-idag)8 See Bengt Bergander Foumlrsaumlkringsvaumlsendet i Sverige 1814-1914 Berlingska Boktryckeriet 1967
14
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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The Riksdag of the Estates (Staringndsriksdag) was dissolved in 1866 The parliament of the four estates ndash the Nobility Clergy Burghers and Peasants ndash was replaced by a bicameral legislature Voting rights were still limited to men only and was dependent on declared income The bicameral legislature stood for over a century until the unicameral assembly was introduced in 1970
The first life insurance companies in Sweden operated in a limited market geared towards the upper echelons of society In 1880 only 03 of the population had some form of pension insurance coverage 9 Finding the market too limited both in scope and in size private insurance companies tried to expand their business to other groups in society 10
With the further pauperisation of families working in the agricultural sector the demand for other forms of insurance increased Demand for insurance coverage especially for those in their old age increased in many groups in society but primarily for workers and middle-class private sector groups (services and manufacturing sectors) The growth of the middle class in the cities also increased the demand for occupational pensions and private insurance The first parliamentary resolution on compulsory pension insurance for workers was submitted to parliament by the liberal Member of Parliament Adolf Hedin 11 in 1884 Although the Hedin motion did not pass through parliament it set in motion several new initiatives including an inquiry into occupational and pensions insurance for workers and more generally a process of social change that would span the next 30 years It also triggered a government commission on pensions (pensionsutredningen) in 1895 and 1898 However their findings were not implemented by the conservative government that advocated for more private insurance based systems Despite their reservations several reforms related to workersrsquo safety and insurance were gradually introduced over time 12
3 From 1900 to 1930 the establishment of universal pensions and the road to democracy
Political tensions continued to increase in Sweden in the lead-up to the First World War and the country came close to war and rebellion after the dissolution of their union with Norway in 1905 in the 1914 Courtyard crisis and following the revolutions in Russia and Germany in 1917 and 1918
9 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg and Sven-Erik Svaumlrd Den svenska foumlrsaumlkringsmodellens uppgaringng och fall Erlanders Foumlrlag AB 200510 Ibid11 Adolf Hedin (1934-1905) was a newspaper publisher writer and politician12 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg Sven-Erik Svaumlrd op cit The reforms included the law on occupational safety in 1889 support to sickness insurance funds in 1891 and accident insurance in 1901 (reformed in 1916)
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15
Somehow maybe thanks to a mixture of luck bravery and moderation Sweden overcame these tribulations peacefully The main issues were related to finding the fragile balance between passing democratic reforms all while preserving the existing social order and social cohesion Around this time the conservative government under Prime Minister Arvid Lindman 13 introduced proportional elections a system that remains to this day but with the right to vote which was then exclusively reserved for men and determined through an income-dependent system 14 In 1913 Karl Staaffrsquos 15 Liberal government introduced a universal pension system calculated in two parts one-part was calculated as accumulation annuities and one-part as a pay-as-you-go supplement subject to income The pension age was set at 67 but the accumulated resources could be paid out earlier in cases of disability The benefit level was low and it would remain as such until after the Second World War The first universal pension benefits were paid out starting on 1 January 1914 The universal pension benefit was probably the first of its kind and was considered one of the governmentrsquos greatest achievements 16
In 1918 the Liberal-Social Democratic coalition government under Prime Minister Nils Edeacuten 17 introduced equal voting rights for men Due to the political turmoil surrounding Europe towards the end of the war the voting rights were quickly expanded to all elections at all levels and more importantly to all women making Sweden a true democracy
The 1920s was a period of great economic growth but also marked by great political instability and labour market turmoil During this decade the country saw ten successive governments often from different political parties At the same time there was a resurgence of social movements as evidenced by the high number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees over this period
13 Arvid Lindman (1862-1936) was a naval admiral and conservative politician He served as Prime Minister from 1906-1911 and 1928-193014 Leif Lewin Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Arvid Lindman Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201015 Karl Staaff (1860-1915) was a liberal politician and lawyer He served as Prime Minister 1905-1906 1911-191416 See Peter Esaiasson Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Karl Staff Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201017 Nils Edeacuten (1871-1945) Liberal politician and Prime Minister from 1917-1920
16
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apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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Number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees in Sweden 1905-2005
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
01905 19851925 20051945 1965
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique wwwmedlingsinstitutetse Mikkelsen F 1992 Arbejdskonflikter i Skandinavien 1848-1980 Edvinsson R 2005 Growth Accumulation Crisis With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800-2000 wwwscbse historiase
Moreover because the universal pension benefits were so low demand for professional pensions increased By the 1920s the number of employees in manufacturing and services had almost doubled from 01 to 02 as a share of the population while the share of employees in the working-age population declined from 05 to 03 Furthermore debates related to the coverage of blue and white-collar workers in the private sector continued and discussions on voluntary versus mandatory occupational pensions public or private administration remained at the heart of political debates and negotiations with social partners for much of the post-war period Eventually in 1927 the law on voluntary occupational pensions for white-collar workers was passed (1927 aringrs lag om frivillig tjaumlnstepensionering)
The economic boom of the 1920s ended abruptly with several disruptive events the depression of 1931 the shootings in Aringdalen 1931 18 and the collapse of Ivar Kreugerrsquos 19 economic empire Despite all this Sweden matured as a democracy and contrary to many other less fortunate countries in Europe became an increasingly stable country throughout the 1930s
18 On 14 May 1931 five people were shot dead by military troops called in as reinforcement by the police during a protest The Aringdalen shootings was a series of events in and around the sawmill district of Aringdalen Kramfors Municipality Aringngermanland Sweden The events spawned raging national debate and deep division along political lines19 Ivar Kreuger (1880-1932) became one of the richest men of his time His empire was built around the company Kreuger amp Toll Ltd which was highly exposed as a leader on international markets and severely hit in the financial crisis of 1929 Ivar Kreuger supposedly committed suicide in his Parisian apartment on Avenue Franklin-D-Roosevelt on 12 March 1932
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s
17
In 1935 the universal annuity capitalisation was abolished and flat-rate universal pension benefits (folkpension) were introduced (Lag om folkpension) by Prime Minister Per Albin Hanssonrsquos 20 Social Democratic Government This reform also meant that Sweden moved away from traditional privately funded insurance to give way to more government-run pay-as-you-go pensions
4 From 1930 to 1950 the birth of Swedish corporatism and the Saltsjoumlbaden agreements
In the 1930s the labour movement demanded to see improvement in workersrsquo conditions specifically asking for a raise in wages 21 The unions became more focused on strengthening the long-term business environment within the industrial sector through high levels of investments and boosts in economic growth 22 This new dynamic led to the resolution of conflicts of interest on the labour market and a transition towards corporatism and macroeconomic stability In 1938 the centralist ldquoSaltsjoumlbaden Agreementrdquo between the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) and the Swedish Employers Confederation (SAF) was agreed upon This agreement aimed at the settlement of labour market conflicts without government intervention 23 According to the economist Assar Lindbeck a key driver of this change of pace and tone was the alliance between the Social Democratic Party and the unions
With higher economic growth increasing standards of living and rapid changes in family structures due to urbanisation the demand for occupational pensions among workers increased once again in the interwar period The issue of whether occupational pensions should be mandatory or optional for various categories of workers was addressed in parliamentary sessions in 1931 1933 1934 1935 1936 and 1938 as well as in several committees and government inquiries 24 In 1944 there was Government inquiry on mandatory occupational pensions but its scope was limited to white-collar workers 25
20 Per Albin Hansson (1885-1946) was Social Democratic politician and Prime Minister from 1932-1936 and 1936-1946 He is credited for creating the concept of general social welfare (Folkhemmet)21 See Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia ndash tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel Tredje upplagan SNS Foumlrlag 200022 Ibid23 See Assar Lindbeck ldquoThe Swedish Experimentrdquo Journal of Economic Literature vol 35 ndeg3 September 1997 pp 1273-131924 Committee regarding private sector employees (Kommittee angaringende privatanstaumlllda 1931) and the Hartelius committee (1936) Also see Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkring Undersoumlkningar av och foumlrslag av pensionsutredningen Principbetaumlnkande Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 195033 1950 (httpslagennusou195033attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)25 Ibid
18
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| lrsquoi
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litiq
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Another motion on mandatory pensions for all was raised by the parliamentarian Oskar Aringkerstroumlm 26 in 1944 (sv Riksdagsmotion om obligatorisk tillaumlggspension) Pension related issues continued to be discussed in the parliamentary sessions of 1944 1946 1947 and 1950
In 1946 the flat-rate universal pension benefit (folkpension) introduced in 1913 and reformed in 1935 was amended to a unified universal pension across all municipalities (enhetlig folkpension) Indexation is then introduced in 1948 The pension and disability pension benefits were increased considerably on 1 January of the same year In addition the Social Democratic Government under Prime Minister Tage Erlander 27 introduced survivorsrsquo pensions supplements for wives (hustrutilaumlgg) as well as national and municipal housing supplements 28
The political debate on whether to opt for income replacement or minimum income security was quite contested even within the Social Democratic party Prominent figures of the labour movement such the Minister for Social Affairs Gustav Moumlller 29 opted for a universal minimum income policy in accordance with what Sir William Beveridge had proposed in the United Kingdom in 1942 30 Gustav Moumlllerrsquos opinion had strong support within the party throughout the 1940s until the beginning of the 1950s when Gunnar Straumlng become the Minister of Finance 31
5 The 1950s The rise of the ATP system (Allmaumln Tillaumlggs Pension)
In the 1950s the Government commission on pensions established in 1947 concluded that ldquoThe way pension issues have been addressed in recent decades shows that they have always been a subject of interest from both societal and individual citizens groups Optional retirement has now been significantly expanded for white-collar workersrdquo 32
Government expenditure and taxes started to increase with the expansion of the ldquowelfare staterdquo From 1950 to 1970 government expenditure increased from 18 of GDP to 31 while taxes share of the GDP increased from 18 to 36 continuing until reaching its highest peak at 50 in 1990
26 Oskar Aringkerstroumlm (1896-1964) was a Social Democratic politician and member of Parliament27 Tage Erlander (1901-1985) was a Social Democratic politician and the longest serving Prime Minister in modern Swedish history from 1946-196928 See Betaumlnkande av Pensionarbetsgruppen Reformerat pensionssystem Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199420 1994 (httpslagennusou199420attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)29 Gustav Moumlller (1884-1970) was a Social Democratic politician and Member of Government in 1924-26 1932-36 and 1936-51 and credited as the father of Swedish social security and its welfare state30 See William Beveridge ldquoSocial Insurance and Allied Servicesrdquo Parliamentary Archives BBKD495 194231 Gunnar Straumlng (1906-1992) was a Social Democratic politician and served as Minister for Finance in 1955-197632 Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkringhellip op cit
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s fr
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s
19
Tax Revenue and Government expenditure as a percentage of GDP 1900-2010
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Taxes Expenditures
1900 19701940 20101910 198019501920 199019601930 2000
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique Ekonomifakta IMF
The commission led by OA Aringkesson also suggested the introduction of a mandatory public income-related pension insurance for all 33 The members of the commission opted for writing their own opinions (sv saumlrskilda yttranden) along party lines wherein the Social Democratic member and the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) members were in favour of the Commissionrsquos opinion while the white-collar workers and Conservative representatives were opposed Despite these opinions the Social Democratic and Centre Party Coalition Government demanded a new independent commission instead of presenting the commissions proposal to Parliament 34
The political debate further increased during the early 1950s however despite several improvements to the pertinence of the system The indexation of the universal pension benefit was introduced and increased in 1948 However with the rapid increases in economic growth and standards of living it became obvious that the increases in benefits and coverage of workers were not enough to enable workers and low-income earners to live on their pensions 35 The pension struggle then became a power struggle between Prime Minister Tage Erlander and main opposition leader of the Liberal Party leader Bertil Ohlin 36
33 According to Bo Koumlnberg the basic ideas of the Income pension (NDC system) can be traced to the ideas in OA Aringkessons Commission (See Bo Koumlnberg ldquoThe Swedish Model for Pension ndash New Wine in New Bottlesrdquo Scandinavian Insurance Quarterly ndeg22008 February 2008 pp99-109httpsnftnusitesdefaultfiles2008202_0pdf)34 See Peter Ohlsson P Svensk politik Historiska media 201435 Ibid36 Bertil Ohlin (1899-1979) was a Liberal Party leader and economist and was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1977 See Dick Harrisson ldquoJag har ingen vilja till makt ndash Biografi oumlver Tage Erlanderrdquo Ordfront 2017
20
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In 1955 the new pension commission produced its final report recommending a mandatory and universal public pension for all Furthermore the Commission proposed pension benefits that would mirror past wages and depend on national living standards 37 The Commission also proposed that the pension age should remain at 67 years of age Shortly after the 1956 election the Pension Commission led by Per Eckerberg presented its final report In this version the LO and Social Democrats proposed a universal earnings-related public pension (Allmaumln tillaumlggs pension) ATP 38 According to the proposal the target replacement rate would be 65 of the average workerrsquos earnings
In the fall of 1957 the Conservative party and the Liberals introduced the idea of holding a referendum on pension reforms 39 A referendum was held on 13 October 1957 The referendum had three options the first was the Social Democratic proposal to introduce a universal income-related pension This option received 458 of the referendum vote The second option was supported by the Centre Party to introduce optional pensions and it received 15 The last option supported by the Liberal party and Conservative party preferred giving social partners the responsibility for pensions and received 353 40 Although voter turnout was high at 724 and the Social Democratic option received more votes than the other options no policy received an outright majority
The struggle for the ATP also led to the dissolution of the Centre Partyrsquos coalition with the Social Democrats on 25 October 1957 41 The entire government resigned but Tage Erlander returned as Prime Minister with a Social Democratic Minority Government on 31 October 1957 The election of 1958 led to a renewed Social Democratic Government under the leadership of Prime Minister Tage Erlander With the smallest possible margin (one vote) in parliament the government secured a majority However as the speaker of the House did not vote in parliament the election resulted in a parliament without a majority
When the decision on ATP was to be made in 1959 the reform was passed with the smallest margin of votes and the Governmentrsquos proposal to introduce income-related public pension for all workers was passed through the lower House The right-of-centre parties soon conceded on the issue 42 It was after the ATP struggle in the 1950s that the Social Democrats became the majority party in Government 43 Tage Erlander remained Prime Minister until 1969
37 See Ohlsson op cit38 Ibid39 Goumlran Haumlgg Vaumllfaumlrdsaringren ndash svensk historia 1945-1986 Wallstroumlm amp Widstrand 200540 See Ohlsson op cit41 See Lennart Schoumln op cit42 See Urban Lundberg Juvelen i kronan Socialdemokraterna och den allmaumlnna pensionen Hjalmarson amp Houmlgberg 200343 See Harrison op cit
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21
6 Reforms in the 1960-1970s
For twenty years from 1950 until 1970 average growth in Sweden and in many other industrialised countries was around 4 annually 44 In that time often referred to as the ldquogolden yearsrdquo 45 not only did living standards increase but many consumer goods such as cars refrigerators television etc became goods for the masses and vacation travel also increased due to better infrastructure throughout Europe and aviation
At the beginning of the 1970s Sweden like most other western countries entered an era of reduced growth There are many different explanations for this external shocks from the global recession the oil crisis as well as structural changes in the economy with new technology and services taking over the industrial sector
GDP per capita and economic growth in leading economies 1971-1975 and 2001-2005
Countries Income per capita Growth
1971-1975 1991-1995 2001-2005
1991-1995 1971-1975
2001-2005 1991-1995
2001-2005 1971-1975
Sweden 11252 14159 17951 + 12 + 24 + 16
Other Nordic countries 9520 14474 18525 + 21 + 25 + 22
Southern Europe 7703 11904 14591 + 22 + 20 + 21
Rest of Europe 9651 13791 16501 + 18 + 18 + 18
North America 13479 18395 22771 + 16 + 21 + 17
Japan 8815 15977 17504 + 30 + 09 + 23
Source Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia Tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel SNS Foumlrlag 2000
In 1969 the pension supplement a complementary benefit to the universal pension was passed (sv Pensionstillskott) 46 and remained in place until 2003
On 1 July 1976 the retirement age was lowered from 67 to 65 after an agreement made in 1974 between the Social Democratic Government and the Liberals A flexible part-time pension was also introduced for those aged 60 to 65 The flexible part-time pension was calculated generously which allowed for a benefit level of 65 including pension contributions The flexible
44 See Lennart Schoumln op cit45 These years are the equivalent of Les Trente Glorieuses in France46 ldquoLag om pensionstillskottrdquo 1969205 Socialdepartementet 9 May 1969 (httpslagennu1969205)
22
fond
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| lrsquoi
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part-time pension became very popular and from 1976 until August 1980 about 89000 Swedes opted for this benefit 47 In the 1976 election the Social Democrats lost their majority for the first time in 40 years The non-socialist parties lead by Torbjoumlrn Faumllldin from the Centre Party formed a coalition government The non-socialist right-of centre parties would remain in power until 1982
The premature ageing of the population from 1970-1990 compared to other OECD countries together with sharp increases in the labour participation rates of women increased the political demand for more generous pension systems and child and elderly care 48 From 1950 until the 1990s Sweden experienced a rapid increase in the old-age dependency ratio
Old-age dependency ratio in Sweden and France from 1950 to 2015 (in )
04
035
03
025
02
015
01
005
0
France Sweden
1950 19851970 2005 2010 20151955 199019751960 199519801965 2000
The old-age dependency ratio is calculated as the number of individuals aged 65 and above divided by the number of individuals aged 20 to 64
Source United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2017) World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision
The figure below shows the employment ratio for men and women From 1963 to 1990 female employment continuously increased from 53 to 81 while for male employment it suffered a small but steady decline from 89 to 85 Employment rates which had fallen due to the economic crisis of the early 1990s then picked up again with a slow yet steady increase
47 See Urban Lundberg op cit48 Lindbeck op cit
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23
Employment ratios for men and women 1963-2017
196
3
196
9
198
9
197
9
199
9
20
09
196
5
198
5
1975
199
5
20
05
1971
199
1
198
1
20
01
20
11
20
15
1967
198
7
197
7
199
7
20
07
197
3
199
3
198
3
20
03
20
13
20
17
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Men Women
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique OECDstat
Despite the rhetorical differences between the political parties there was a growing consensus across political lines that the pension system needed to be adjusted The ATP system was perceived as financially unsustainable as there was a substantial risk of the pension contributions increasing faster than income levels would 49 Given the high level of taxes as a percentage of GDP at around 50 of GDP in 1990 further increases to finance pensions seemed limited
Estimated pensions expenditure in the former pension system wage share based on different assumptions for real income growth (from 1995) and maintained price indexation
Growth rate0 1 2 3
2005 335 303 278 2512015 411 342 288 2392025 442 341 266 2032050 437 292 184 109
Source Prop 199394250
In addition the former system created few incentives to work Thirty years of work would earn a pension of which fifteen would impact the calculation the pension benefit formula was based on the best fifteen years of work The
49 See Allmaumln pension Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199076 1990 (httpslagennusou199076)
24
fond
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| lrsquoi
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benefit calculation was therefore beneficial for individuals with a short but fast-growing career later in life Hence it was less beneficial for individuals with a slow growth in earning but a long career
On 16 November 1984 the Social Democratic government lead by Olof Palme commissioned a Parliamentary Pension Commission (pensionsberedningen) lead by Sture Korpi 50 State Secretary to Minister for Social Affairs Sten Andersson The Commission united all the most relevant organisations in Swedish society political parties unions the confederation of Swedish enterprises pensionersrsquo organisations organisations for the disabled social insurance agencies etc 51 The Parliamentary Commission also became a breeding ground for future prominent members of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pension such as Anna Hedborg 52 Ingela Thalen 53 and Bo Koumlnberg 54
Although the Commission had not been mandated to propose any changes it was considered a huge success for its contributions to analysing how the pensions system worked and what challenges it faced 55 The Pension Commission presented its final report in 1990 56
7 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system
The first political step towards a new pension reform system was taken in the Government budget (finansplan) of 1991 The Social Democratic Government led by Ingvar Carlsson 57 opts for ldquoopportunities for financing pension pledges within a framework of unchanged levels of taxation and contributions are highly dependent on economic growth 58rdquo
In 1991 the Social Democrats were defeated by a four-party coalition led by the Moderate Party leader Carl Bildt 59 Shortly after the new Government
50 Sture Korpi (1939-2017) was a Social Democratic politician and served as State Secretary in 1982-199151 See Urban Lundberg op cit52 Anna Hedborg (b 1944) is a Social Democratic politician and official and served as Minister for Social Insurance (1994-1996)53 Ingela Thalen (b1943) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Minster of Labour (1987-1991) and Minister for Social Affairs (1990-1991 1994-1996)54 Bo Koumlnberg (b1945) is a Liberal Party politician and served as Minister for Health and Social Insurance in 1991-199455 See Urban Lundberg op cit56 See Allmaumln Pension op cit57 Ingvar Carlsson (b1934) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Prime Minister in 1986-1991 and 1994-199658 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreement and Pension Reform trad Anglaise du rapport Detta aumlr pensionsoumlverenskommelsen (Ds 200953) 2010 p53 (wwwgovernmentse49b757contentassets3d321fd499da48928de201abe43a558bthe-swedish-pension-agreement-and-pension-reform-ds-200953)59 Carl Bildt (born in 1949) is a Conservative Party politician and served as Prime Minister 1991-1994 and Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006-2014
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25
took office a Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions was formed The Working Group began its work in November 1991 when the Minister for Healthcare and Social Security Bo Koumlnberg took its direction In 1992 the Working Group published a ldquopreliminary draftrdquo containing almost all the elements of the reform 60 the starting point of the reform being the need for a higher savings rate in the economy as well as the need to strengthen the incentives to work Although the possibility of making changes within the framework of the existing ATP system had been thoroughly investigated by Pension Commission the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions settled that the retirement system should be built up according to principles other than those underpinning public pension and ATP systems of today The Working Group presented a draft of a new system in August 1992 containing almost all principal elements 61
A brutal economic crisis hit Sweden in 1992 Government expenditure reached almost 76 of GDP in 1995 and the employment rate declined consistently throughout the 1990s The many causes of the crisis are diverse and literature on this matter is vast A combination of rapid credit expansion both weak government finances and a weak current account together with a fixed currency towards the European Currency Unit 62 depleted the central bankrsquos power to defend its currency In one last attempt to protect the Swedish currency the Riksbank decided to raise its key interest rate to 500 on 16 September 1992 As a result investments and the employment rate fell and the country experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression In November 1992 the fixed rate towards the ECU 63 was abandoned and the Swedish krona quickly depreciated These events led to an immediate crisis on the financial market and in the banking sector which had to be restructured and bailed out Consequently the Government debt as a percentage of GDP soared from around 40 in 1990 to 74 in 1994
60 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit61 Ibid62 The ECU was a basket of currencies used from 1979 to 1999 and before the euro63 The European Currency Unit was a basket of currencies used as a unit of account before being replaced by the euro 1 January 1999
26
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Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
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s
27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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litiq
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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form
s
29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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litiq
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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s
31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
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35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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OUR PUBLICATIONS
1979 ndash 2019 -ملاعلا ي ف ةفرطتملا ةيمالسل إ ا تامجهلاFondation pour linnovation politique mars 2020 80 pages
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46
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| lrsquoi
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47
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48
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apol
| lrsquoi
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
12
fond
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| lrsquoi
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Employment in economic sectors as a share of population aged 15-64 from 1860-2000
06
05
04
03
02
01
0
Agriculture Indsutry Services Governmental services
1860 19401880 19601900 19801920 2000
Source Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique data historiase Statistics Sweden
This figure portrays the relative economic and political strength which partly explains the political development of pensions and social coverage in Sweden throughout the period 1860-2000 Furthermore it also helps to explain the political views of the observed groups especially for individuals employed in the agricultural economic sector who by living off the land often had non-monetary incomes which could explain why these groups were less keen on introducing pension systems related to declared income and paid contributions The Centre Party (founded in 1913 as the Farmers league) would champion universal flat-rate benefits throughout most of the 20th century
See Gabriella Sjoumlrgen Lindquist and Eskil Wadenjsouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash note the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance(wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)
In the 1850s Sweden was hit with poor harvests which triggered a crisis in the agriculture sector This combined with rapid population growth and urbanisation created an unsustainable social and economic situation for many individuals and their families and many chose to leave Sweden for the promise of a better life in North America perhaps best described by the author Vilhelm
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edis
h re
form
s
13
Moberg in his book series The Emigrants 6 In the mass migration that followed between 1850 and 1930 approximately 14 million people left the country Some years as many as 1 of total population emigrated In certain birth cohorts one in five men and one in six women chose to emigrate 7 The below figure also shows a marked shift from being a departure country to destination country during the 1950s
Immigrants and emigrants as a share of population between 1850-2017
0018
0016
0014
0012
0010
0008
0006
0004
0002
0000
Immigrants () Emigrants ()
1850 19501875 19751900 20001925
Source Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique data Statistics Sweden
Private life insurance and pension insurance emerged in Sweden starting around 1850 The principles for life insurance based on mathematical probability theories developed by French mathematicians Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal and the mortality tables developed the English mathematician Edmond Halley around the XVIIth century 8 were of fundamental importance The growing banking and insurance sectors were predominantly influenced by what happened in London which is why the Swedish insurance industry was anglophone from the very beginning
6 Vilhelm Moberg The Emigrants (Novel series) [1949-1959] Bonniers translated by Gustaf Lannestock7 See Statistics Sweden ldquoSveriges folkmaumlngd fraringn 1749 och fram till idagrdquo scbse 27 October 2017 (wwwscbsehitta-statistikartiklar2017svereiges-folkmangd-fran-1749-och-fram-till-idag)8 See Bengt Bergander Foumlrsaumlkringsvaumlsendet i Sverige 1814-1914 Berlingska Boktryckeriet 1967
14
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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The Riksdag of the Estates (Staringndsriksdag) was dissolved in 1866 The parliament of the four estates ndash the Nobility Clergy Burghers and Peasants ndash was replaced by a bicameral legislature Voting rights were still limited to men only and was dependent on declared income The bicameral legislature stood for over a century until the unicameral assembly was introduced in 1970
The first life insurance companies in Sweden operated in a limited market geared towards the upper echelons of society In 1880 only 03 of the population had some form of pension insurance coverage 9 Finding the market too limited both in scope and in size private insurance companies tried to expand their business to other groups in society 10
With the further pauperisation of families working in the agricultural sector the demand for other forms of insurance increased Demand for insurance coverage especially for those in their old age increased in many groups in society but primarily for workers and middle-class private sector groups (services and manufacturing sectors) The growth of the middle class in the cities also increased the demand for occupational pensions and private insurance The first parliamentary resolution on compulsory pension insurance for workers was submitted to parliament by the liberal Member of Parliament Adolf Hedin 11 in 1884 Although the Hedin motion did not pass through parliament it set in motion several new initiatives including an inquiry into occupational and pensions insurance for workers and more generally a process of social change that would span the next 30 years It also triggered a government commission on pensions (pensionsutredningen) in 1895 and 1898 However their findings were not implemented by the conservative government that advocated for more private insurance based systems Despite their reservations several reforms related to workersrsquo safety and insurance were gradually introduced over time 12
3 From 1900 to 1930 the establishment of universal pensions and the road to democracy
Political tensions continued to increase in Sweden in the lead-up to the First World War and the country came close to war and rebellion after the dissolution of their union with Norway in 1905 in the 1914 Courtyard crisis and following the revolutions in Russia and Germany in 1917 and 1918
9 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg and Sven-Erik Svaumlrd Den svenska foumlrsaumlkringsmodellens uppgaringng och fall Erlanders Foumlrlag AB 200510 Ibid11 Adolf Hedin (1934-1905) was a newspaper publisher writer and politician12 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg Sven-Erik Svaumlrd op cit The reforms included the law on occupational safety in 1889 support to sickness insurance funds in 1891 and accident insurance in 1901 (reformed in 1916)
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
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e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
15
Somehow maybe thanks to a mixture of luck bravery and moderation Sweden overcame these tribulations peacefully The main issues were related to finding the fragile balance between passing democratic reforms all while preserving the existing social order and social cohesion Around this time the conservative government under Prime Minister Arvid Lindman 13 introduced proportional elections a system that remains to this day but with the right to vote which was then exclusively reserved for men and determined through an income-dependent system 14 In 1913 Karl Staaffrsquos 15 Liberal government introduced a universal pension system calculated in two parts one-part was calculated as accumulation annuities and one-part as a pay-as-you-go supplement subject to income The pension age was set at 67 but the accumulated resources could be paid out earlier in cases of disability The benefit level was low and it would remain as such until after the Second World War The first universal pension benefits were paid out starting on 1 January 1914 The universal pension benefit was probably the first of its kind and was considered one of the governmentrsquos greatest achievements 16
In 1918 the Liberal-Social Democratic coalition government under Prime Minister Nils Edeacuten 17 introduced equal voting rights for men Due to the political turmoil surrounding Europe towards the end of the war the voting rights were quickly expanded to all elections at all levels and more importantly to all women making Sweden a true democracy
The 1920s was a period of great economic growth but also marked by great political instability and labour market turmoil During this decade the country saw ten successive governments often from different political parties At the same time there was a resurgence of social movements as evidenced by the high number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees over this period
13 Arvid Lindman (1862-1936) was a naval admiral and conservative politician He served as Prime Minister from 1906-1911 and 1928-193014 Leif Lewin Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Arvid Lindman Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201015 Karl Staaff (1860-1915) was a liberal politician and lawyer He served as Prime Minister 1905-1906 1911-191416 See Peter Esaiasson Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Karl Staff Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201017 Nils Edeacuten (1871-1945) Liberal politician and Prime Minister from 1917-1920
16
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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Number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees in Sweden 1905-2005
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
01905 19851925 20051945 1965
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique wwwmedlingsinstitutetse Mikkelsen F 1992 Arbejdskonflikter i Skandinavien 1848-1980 Edvinsson R 2005 Growth Accumulation Crisis With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800-2000 wwwscbse historiase
Moreover because the universal pension benefits were so low demand for professional pensions increased By the 1920s the number of employees in manufacturing and services had almost doubled from 01 to 02 as a share of the population while the share of employees in the working-age population declined from 05 to 03 Furthermore debates related to the coverage of blue and white-collar workers in the private sector continued and discussions on voluntary versus mandatory occupational pensions public or private administration remained at the heart of political debates and negotiations with social partners for much of the post-war period Eventually in 1927 the law on voluntary occupational pensions for white-collar workers was passed (1927 aringrs lag om frivillig tjaumlnstepensionering)
The economic boom of the 1920s ended abruptly with several disruptive events the depression of 1931 the shootings in Aringdalen 1931 18 and the collapse of Ivar Kreugerrsquos 19 economic empire Despite all this Sweden matured as a democracy and contrary to many other less fortunate countries in Europe became an increasingly stable country throughout the 1930s
18 On 14 May 1931 five people were shot dead by military troops called in as reinforcement by the police during a protest The Aringdalen shootings was a series of events in and around the sawmill district of Aringdalen Kramfors Municipality Aringngermanland Sweden The events spawned raging national debate and deep division along political lines19 Ivar Kreuger (1880-1932) became one of the richest men of his time His empire was built around the company Kreuger amp Toll Ltd which was highly exposed as a leader on international markets and severely hit in the financial crisis of 1929 Ivar Kreuger supposedly committed suicide in his Parisian apartment on Avenue Franklin-D-Roosevelt on 12 March 1932
Retir
emen
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s fr
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edis
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form
s
17
In 1935 the universal annuity capitalisation was abolished and flat-rate universal pension benefits (folkpension) were introduced (Lag om folkpension) by Prime Minister Per Albin Hanssonrsquos 20 Social Democratic Government This reform also meant that Sweden moved away from traditional privately funded insurance to give way to more government-run pay-as-you-go pensions
4 From 1930 to 1950 the birth of Swedish corporatism and the Saltsjoumlbaden agreements
In the 1930s the labour movement demanded to see improvement in workersrsquo conditions specifically asking for a raise in wages 21 The unions became more focused on strengthening the long-term business environment within the industrial sector through high levels of investments and boosts in economic growth 22 This new dynamic led to the resolution of conflicts of interest on the labour market and a transition towards corporatism and macroeconomic stability In 1938 the centralist ldquoSaltsjoumlbaden Agreementrdquo between the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) and the Swedish Employers Confederation (SAF) was agreed upon This agreement aimed at the settlement of labour market conflicts without government intervention 23 According to the economist Assar Lindbeck a key driver of this change of pace and tone was the alliance between the Social Democratic Party and the unions
With higher economic growth increasing standards of living and rapid changes in family structures due to urbanisation the demand for occupational pensions among workers increased once again in the interwar period The issue of whether occupational pensions should be mandatory or optional for various categories of workers was addressed in parliamentary sessions in 1931 1933 1934 1935 1936 and 1938 as well as in several committees and government inquiries 24 In 1944 there was Government inquiry on mandatory occupational pensions but its scope was limited to white-collar workers 25
20 Per Albin Hansson (1885-1946) was Social Democratic politician and Prime Minister from 1932-1936 and 1936-1946 He is credited for creating the concept of general social welfare (Folkhemmet)21 See Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia ndash tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel Tredje upplagan SNS Foumlrlag 200022 Ibid23 See Assar Lindbeck ldquoThe Swedish Experimentrdquo Journal of Economic Literature vol 35 ndeg3 September 1997 pp 1273-131924 Committee regarding private sector employees (Kommittee angaringende privatanstaumlllda 1931) and the Hartelius committee (1936) Also see Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkring Undersoumlkningar av och foumlrslag av pensionsutredningen Principbetaumlnkande Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 195033 1950 (httpslagennusou195033attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)25 Ibid
18
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litiq
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Another motion on mandatory pensions for all was raised by the parliamentarian Oskar Aringkerstroumlm 26 in 1944 (sv Riksdagsmotion om obligatorisk tillaumlggspension) Pension related issues continued to be discussed in the parliamentary sessions of 1944 1946 1947 and 1950
In 1946 the flat-rate universal pension benefit (folkpension) introduced in 1913 and reformed in 1935 was amended to a unified universal pension across all municipalities (enhetlig folkpension) Indexation is then introduced in 1948 The pension and disability pension benefits were increased considerably on 1 January of the same year In addition the Social Democratic Government under Prime Minister Tage Erlander 27 introduced survivorsrsquo pensions supplements for wives (hustrutilaumlgg) as well as national and municipal housing supplements 28
The political debate on whether to opt for income replacement or minimum income security was quite contested even within the Social Democratic party Prominent figures of the labour movement such the Minister for Social Affairs Gustav Moumlller 29 opted for a universal minimum income policy in accordance with what Sir William Beveridge had proposed in the United Kingdom in 1942 30 Gustav Moumlllerrsquos opinion had strong support within the party throughout the 1940s until the beginning of the 1950s when Gunnar Straumlng become the Minister of Finance 31
5 The 1950s The rise of the ATP system (Allmaumln Tillaumlggs Pension)
In the 1950s the Government commission on pensions established in 1947 concluded that ldquoThe way pension issues have been addressed in recent decades shows that they have always been a subject of interest from both societal and individual citizens groups Optional retirement has now been significantly expanded for white-collar workersrdquo 32
Government expenditure and taxes started to increase with the expansion of the ldquowelfare staterdquo From 1950 to 1970 government expenditure increased from 18 of GDP to 31 while taxes share of the GDP increased from 18 to 36 continuing until reaching its highest peak at 50 in 1990
26 Oskar Aringkerstroumlm (1896-1964) was a Social Democratic politician and member of Parliament27 Tage Erlander (1901-1985) was a Social Democratic politician and the longest serving Prime Minister in modern Swedish history from 1946-196928 See Betaumlnkande av Pensionarbetsgruppen Reformerat pensionssystem Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199420 1994 (httpslagennusou199420attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)29 Gustav Moumlller (1884-1970) was a Social Democratic politician and Member of Government in 1924-26 1932-36 and 1936-51 and credited as the father of Swedish social security and its welfare state30 See William Beveridge ldquoSocial Insurance and Allied Servicesrdquo Parliamentary Archives BBKD495 194231 Gunnar Straumlng (1906-1992) was a Social Democratic politician and served as Minister for Finance in 1955-197632 Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkringhellip op cit
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19
Tax Revenue and Government expenditure as a percentage of GDP 1900-2010
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Taxes Expenditures
1900 19701940 20101910 198019501920 199019601930 2000
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique Ekonomifakta IMF
The commission led by OA Aringkesson also suggested the introduction of a mandatory public income-related pension insurance for all 33 The members of the commission opted for writing their own opinions (sv saumlrskilda yttranden) along party lines wherein the Social Democratic member and the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) members were in favour of the Commissionrsquos opinion while the white-collar workers and Conservative representatives were opposed Despite these opinions the Social Democratic and Centre Party Coalition Government demanded a new independent commission instead of presenting the commissions proposal to Parliament 34
The political debate further increased during the early 1950s however despite several improvements to the pertinence of the system The indexation of the universal pension benefit was introduced and increased in 1948 However with the rapid increases in economic growth and standards of living it became obvious that the increases in benefits and coverage of workers were not enough to enable workers and low-income earners to live on their pensions 35 The pension struggle then became a power struggle between Prime Minister Tage Erlander and main opposition leader of the Liberal Party leader Bertil Ohlin 36
33 According to Bo Koumlnberg the basic ideas of the Income pension (NDC system) can be traced to the ideas in OA Aringkessons Commission (See Bo Koumlnberg ldquoThe Swedish Model for Pension ndash New Wine in New Bottlesrdquo Scandinavian Insurance Quarterly ndeg22008 February 2008 pp99-109httpsnftnusitesdefaultfiles2008202_0pdf)34 See Peter Ohlsson P Svensk politik Historiska media 201435 Ibid36 Bertil Ohlin (1899-1979) was a Liberal Party leader and economist and was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1977 See Dick Harrisson ldquoJag har ingen vilja till makt ndash Biografi oumlver Tage Erlanderrdquo Ordfront 2017
20
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In 1955 the new pension commission produced its final report recommending a mandatory and universal public pension for all Furthermore the Commission proposed pension benefits that would mirror past wages and depend on national living standards 37 The Commission also proposed that the pension age should remain at 67 years of age Shortly after the 1956 election the Pension Commission led by Per Eckerberg presented its final report In this version the LO and Social Democrats proposed a universal earnings-related public pension (Allmaumln tillaumlggs pension) ATP 38 According to the proposal the target replacement rate would be 65 of the average workerrsquos earnings
In the fall of 1957 the Conservative party and the Liberals introduced the idea of holding a referendum on pension reforms 39 A referendum was held on 13 October 1957 The referendum had three options the first was the Social Democratic proposal to introduce a universal income-related pension This option received 458 of the referendum vote The second option was supported by the Centre Party to introduce optional pensions and it received 15 The last option supported by the Liberal party and Conservative party preferred giving social partners the responsibility for pensions and received 353 40 Although voter turnout was high at 724 and the Social Democratic option received more votes than the other options no policy received an outright majority
The struggle for the ATP also led to the dissolution of the Centre Partyrsquos coalition with the Social Democrats on 25 October 1957 41 The entire government resigned but Tage Erlander returned as Prime Minister with a Social Democratic Minority Government on 31 October 1957 The election of 1958 led to a renewed Social Democratic Government under the leadership of Prime Minister Tage Erlander With the smallest possible margin (one vote) in parliament the government secured a majority However as the speaker of the House did not vote in parliament the election resulted in a parliament without a majority
When the decision on ATP was to be made in 1959 the reform was passed with the smallest margin of votes and the Governmentrsquos proposal to introduce income-related public pension for all workers was passed through the lower House The right-of-centre parties soon conceded on the issue 42 It was after the ATP struggle in the 1950s that the Social Democrats became the majority party in Government 43 Tage Erlander remained Prime Minister until 1969
37 See Ohlsson op cit38 Ibid39 Goumlran Haumlgg Vaumllfaumlrdsaringren ndash svensk historia 1945-1986 Wallstroumlm amp Widstrand 200540 See Ohlsson op cit41 See Lennart Schoumln op cit42 See Urban Lundberg Juvelen i kronan Socialdemokraterna och den allmaumlnna pensionen Hjalmarson amp Houmlgberg 200343 See Harrison op cit
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21
6 Reforms in the 1960-1970s
For twenty years from 1950 until 1970 average growth in Sweden and in many other industrialised countries was around 4 annually 44 In that time often referred to as the ldquogolden yearsrdquo 45 not only did living standards increase but many consumer goods such as cars refrigerators television etc became goods for the masses and vacation travel also increased due to better infrastructure throughout Europe and aviation
At the beginning of the 1970s Sweden like most other western countries entered an era of reduced growth There are many different explanations for this external shocks from the global recession the oil crisis as well as structural changes in the economy with new technology and services taking over the industrial sector
GDP per capita and economic growth in leading economies 1971-1975 and 2001-2005
Countries Income per capita Growth
1971-1975 1991-1995 2001-2005
1991-1995 1971-1975
2001-2005 1991-1995
2001-2005 1971-1975
Sweden 11252 14159 17951 + 12 + 24 + 16
Other Nordic countries 9520 14474 18525 + 21 + 25 + 22
Southern Europe 7703 11904 14591 + 22 + 20 + 21
Rest of Europe 9651 13791 16501 + 18 + 18 + 18
North America 13479 18395 22771 + 16 + 21 + 17
Japan 8815 15977 17504 + 30 + 09 + 23
Source Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia Tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel SNS Foumlrlag 2000
In 1969 the pension supplement a complementary benefit to the universal pension was passed (sv Pensionstillskott) 46 and remained in place until 2003
On 1 July 1976 the retirement age was lowered from 67 to 65 after an agreement made in 1974 between the Social Democratic Government and the Liberals A flexible part-time pension was also introduced for those aged 60 to 65 The flexible part-time pension was calculated generously which allowed for a benefit level of 65 including pension contributions The flexible
44 See Lennart Schoumln op cit45 These years are the equivalent of Les Trente Glorieuses in France46 ldquoLag om pensionstillskottrdquo 1969205 Socialdepartementet 9 May 1969 (httpslagennu1969205)
22
fond
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| lrsquoi
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part-time pension became very popular and from 1976 until August 1980 about 89000 Swedes opted for this benefit 47 In the 1976 election the Social Democrats lost their majority for the first time in 40 years The non-socialist parties lead by Torbjoumlrn Faumllldin from the Centre Party formed a coalition government The non-socialist right-of centre parties would remain in power until 1982
The premature ageing of the population from 1970-1990 compared to other OECD countries together with sharp increases in the labour participation rates of women increased the political demand for more generous pension systems and child and elderly care 48 From 1950 until the 1990s Sweden experienced a rapid increase in the old-age dependency ratio
Old-age dependency ratio in Sweden and France from 1950 to 2015 (in )
04
035
03
025
02
015
01
005
0
France Sweden
1950 19851970 2005 2010 20151955 199019751960 199519801965 2000
The old-age dependency ratio is calculated as the number of individuals aged 65 and above divided by the number of individuals aged 20 to 64
Source United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2017) World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision
The figure below shows the employment ratio for men and women From 1963 to 1990 female employment continuously increased from 53 to 81 while for male employment it suffered a small but steady decline from 89 to 85 Employment rates which had fallen due to the economic crisis of the early 1990s then picked up again with a slow yet steady increase
47 See Urban Lundberg op cit48 Lindbeck op cit
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23
Employment ratios for men and women 1963-2017
196
3
196
9
198
9
197
9
199
9
20
09
196
5
198
5
1975
199
5
20
05
1971
199
1
198
1
20
01
20
11
20
15
1967
198
7
197
7
199
7
20
07
197
3
199
3
198
3
20
03
20
13
20
17
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Men Women
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique OECDstat
Despite the rhetorical differences between the political parties there was a growing consensus across political lines that the pension system needed to be adjusted The ATP system was perceived as financially unsustainable as there was a substantial risk of the pension contributions increasing faster than income levels would 49 Given the high level of taxes as a percentage of GDP at around 50 of GDP in 1990 further increases to finance pensions seemed limited
Estimated pensions expenditure in the former pension system wage share based on different assumptions for real income growth (from 1995) and maintained price indexation
Growth rate0 1 2 3
2005 335 303 278 2512015 411 342 288 2392025 442 341 266 2032050 437 292 184 109
Source Prop 199394250
In addition the former system created few incentives to work Thirty years of work would earn a pension of which fifteen would impact the calculation the pension benefit formula was based on the best fifteen years of work The
49 See Allmaumln pension Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199076 1990 (httpslagennusou199076)
24
fond
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benefit calculation was therefore beneficial for individuals with a short but fast-growing career later in life Hence it was less beneficial for individuals with a slow growth in earning but a long career
On 16 November 1984 the Social Democratic government lead by Olof Palme commissioned a Parliamentary Pension Commission (pensionsberedningen) lead by Sture Korpi 50 State Secretary to Minister for Social Affairs Sten Andersson The Commission united all the most relevant organisations in Swedish society political parties unions the confederation of Swedish enterprises pensionersrsquo organisations organisations for the disabled social insurance agencies etc 51 The Parliamentary Commission also became a breeding ground for future prominent members of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pension such as Anna Hedborg 52 Ingela Thalen 53 and Bo Koumlnberg 54
Although the Commission had not been mandated to propose any changes it was considered a huge success for its contributions to analysing how the pensions system worked and what challenges it faced 55 The Pension Commission presented its final report in 1990 56
7 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system
The first political step towards a new pension reform system was taken in the Government budget (finansplan) of 1991 The Social Democratic Government led by Ingvar Carlsson 57 opts for ldquoopportunities for financing pension pledges within a framework of unchanged levels of taxation and contributions are highly dependent on economic growth 58rdquo
In 1991 the Social Democrats were defeated by a four-party coalition led by the Moderate Party leader Carl Bildt 59 Shortly after the new Government
50 Sture Korpi (1939-2017) was a Social Democratic politician and served as State Secretary in 1982-199151 See Urban Lundberg op cit52 Anna Hedborg (b 1944) is a Social Democratic politician and official and served as Minister for Social Insurance (1994-1996)53 Ingela Thalen (b1943) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Minster of Labour (1987-1991) and Minister for Social Affairs (1990-1991 1994-1996)54 Bo Koumlnberg (b1945) is a Liberal Party politician and served as Minister for Health and Social Insurance in 1991-199455 See Urban Lundberg op cit56 See Allmaumln Pension op cit57 Ingvar Carlsson (b1934) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Prime Minister in 1986-1991 and 1994-199658 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreement and Pension Reform trad Anglaise du rapport Detta aumlr pensionsoumlverenskommelsen (Ds 200953) 2010 p53 (wwwgovernmentse49b757contentassets3d321fd499da48928de201abe43a558bthe-swedish-pension-agreement-and-pension-reform-ds-200953)59 Carl Bildt (born in 1949) is a Conservative Party politician and served as Prime Minister 1991-1994 and Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006-2014
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25
took office a Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions was formed The Working Group began its work in November 1991 when the Minister for Healthcare and Social Security Bo Koumlnberg took its direction In 1992 the Working Group published a ldquopreliminary draftrdquo containing almost all the elements of the reform 60 the starting point of the reform being the need for a higher savings rate in the economy as well as the need to strengthen the incentives to work Although the possibility of making changes within the framework of the existing ATP system had been thoroughly investigated by Pension Commission the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions settled that the retirement system should be built up according to principles other than those underpinning public pension and ATP systems of today The Working Group presented a draft of a new system in August 1992 containing almost all principal elements 61
A brutal economic crisis hit Sweden in 1992 Government expenditure reached almost 76 of GDP in 1995 and the employment rate declined consistently throughout the 1990s The many causes of the crisis are diverse and literature on this matter is vast A combination of rapid credit expansion both weak government finances and a weak current account together with a fixed currency towards the European Currency Unit 62 depleted the central bankrsquos power to defend its currency In one last attempt to protect the Swedish currency the Riksbank decided to raise its key interest rate to 500 on 16 September 1992 As a result investments and the employment rate fell and the country experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression In November 1992 the fixed rate towards the ECU 63 was abandoned and the Swedish krona quickly depreciated These events led to an immediate crisis on the financial market and in the banking sector which had to be restructured and bailed out Consequently the Government debt as a percentage of GDP soared from around 40 in 1990 to 74 in 1994
60 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit61 Ibid62 The ECU was a basket of currencies used from 1979 to 1999 and before the euro63 The European Currency Unit was a basket of currencies used as a unit of account before being replaced by the euro 1 January 1999
26
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Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
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27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
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litiq
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
fond
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litiq
ue
The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
Retir
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om th
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
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35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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38
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39
40
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OUR PUBLICATIONS
1979 ndash 2019 -ملاعلا ي ف ةفرطتملا ةيمالسل إ ا تامجهلاFondation pour linnovation politique mars 2020 80 pages
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Les attentats islamistes dans le monde 1979-2019Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique novembre 2019 80 pages
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42
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46
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| lrsquoi
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47
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (2) le premier tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
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Eacuteconomie de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane mai 2015 48 pages
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48
fond
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| lrsquoi
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Coran cleacutes de lectureTareq Oubrou janvier 2015 44 pages
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apol
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apol
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Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
13
Moberg in his book series The Emigrants 6 In the mass migration that followed between 1850 and 1930 approximately 14 million people left the country Some years as many as 1 of total population emigrated In certain birth cohorts one in five men and one in six women chose to emigrate 7 The below figure also shows a marked shift from being a departure country to destination country during the 1950s
Immigrants and emigrants as a share of population between 1850-2017
0018
0016
0014
0012
0010
0008
0006
0004
0002
0000
Immigrants () Emigrants ()
1850 19501875 19751900 20001925
Source Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique data Statistics Sweden
Private life insurance and pension insurance emerged in Sweden starting around 1850 The principles for life insurance based on mathematical probability theories developed by French mathematicians Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal and the mortality tables developed the English mathematician Edmond Halley around the XVIIth century 8 were of fundamental importance The growing banking and insurance sectors were predominantly influenced by what happened in London which is why the Swedish insurance industry was anglophone from the very beginning
6 Vilhelm Moberg The Emigrants (Novel series) [1949-1959] Bonniers translated by Gustaf Lannestock7 See Statistics Sweden ldquoSveriges folkmaumlngd fraringn 1749 och fram till idagrdquo scbse 27 October 2017 (wwwscbsehitta-statistikartiklar2017svereiges-folkmangd-fran-1749-och-fram-till-idag)8 See Bengt Bergander Foumlrsaumlkringsvaumlsendet i Sverige 1814-1914 Berlingska Boktryckeriet 1967
14
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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The Riksdag of the Estates (Staringndsriksdag) was dissolved in 1866 The parliament of the four estates ndash the Nobility Clergy Burghers and Peasants ndash was replaced by a bicameral legislature Voting rights were still limited to men only and was dependent on declared income The bicameral legislature stood for over a century until the unicameral assembly was introduced in 1970
The first life insurance companies in Sweden operated in a limited market geared towards the upper echelons of society In 1880 only 03 of the population had some form of pension insurance coverage 9 Finding the market too limited both in scope and in size private insurance companies tried to expand their business to other groups in society 10
With the further pauperisation of families working in the agricultural sector the demand for other forms of insurance increased Demand for insurance coverage especially for those in their old age increased in many groups in society but primarily for workers and middle-class private sector groups (services and manufacturing sectors) The growth of the middle class in the cities also increased the demand for occupational pensions and private insurance The first parliamentary resolution on compulsory pension insurance for workers was submitted to parliament by the liberal Member of Parliament Adolf Hedin 11 in 1884 Although the Hedin motion did not pass through parliament it set in motion several new initiatives including an inquiry into occupational and pensions insurance for workers and more generally a process of social change that would span the next 30 years It also triggered a government commission on pensions (pensionsutredningen) in 1895 and 1898 However their findings were not implemented by the conservative government that advocated for more private insurance based systems Despite their reservations several reforms related to workersrsquo safety and insurance were gradually introduced over time 12
3 From 1900 to 1930 the establishment of universal pensions and the road to democracy
Political tensions continued to increase in Sweden in the lead-up to the First World War and the country came close to war and rebellion after the dissolution of their union with Norway in 1905 in the 1914 Courtyard crisis and following the revolutions in Russia and Germany in 1917 and 1918
9 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg and Sven-Erik Svaumlrd Den svenska foumlrsaumlkringsmodellens uppgaringng och fall Erlanders Foumlrlag AB 200510 Ibid11 Adolf Hedin (1934-1905) was a newspaper publisher writer and politician12 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg Sven-Erik Svaumlrd op cit The reforms included the law on occupational safety in 1889 support to sickness insurance funds in 1891 and accident insurance in 1901 (reformed in 1916)
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
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edis
h re
form
s
15
Somehow maybe thanks to a mixture of luck bravery and moderation Sweden overcame these tribulations peacefully The main issues were related to finding the fragile balance between passing democratic reforms all while preserving the existing social order and social cohesion Around this time the conservative government under Prime Minister Arvid Lindman 13 introduced proportional elections a system that remains to this day but with the right to vote which was then exclusively reserved for men and determined through an income-dependent system 14 In 1913 Karl Staaffrsquos 15 Liberal government introduced a universal pension system calculated in two parts one-part was calculated as accumulation annuities and one-part as a pay-as-you-go supplement subject to income The pension age was set at 67 but the accumulated resources could be paid out earlier in cases of disability The benefit level was low and it would remain as such until after the Second World War The first universal pension benefits were paid out starting on 1 January 1914 The universal pension benefit was probably the first of its kind and was considered one of the governmentrsquos greatest achievements 16
In 1918 the Liberal-Social Democratic coalition government under Prime Minister Nils Edeacuten 17 introduced equal voting rights for men Due to the political turmoil surrounding Europe towards the end of the war the voting rights were quickly expanded to all elections at all levels and more importantly to all women making Sweden a true democracy
The 1920s was a period of great economic growth but also marked by great political instability and labour market turmoil During this decade the country saw ten successive governments often from different political parties At the same time there was a resurgence of social movements as evidenced by the high number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees over this period
13 Arvid Lindman (1862-1936) was a naval admiral and conservative politician He served as Prime Minister from 1906-1911 and 1928-193014 Leif Lewin Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Arvid Lindman Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201015 Karl Staaff (1860-1915) was a liberal politician and lawyer He served as Prime Minister 1905-1906 1911-191416 See Peter Esaiasson Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Karl Staff Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201017 Nils Edeacuten (1871-1945) Liberal politician and Prime Minister from 1917-1920
16
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
litiq
ue
Number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees in Sweden 1905-2005
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
01905 19851925 20051945 1965
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique wwwmedlingsinstitutetse Mikkelsen F 1992 Arbejdskonflikter i Skandinavien 1848-1980 Edvinsson R 2005 Growth Accumulation Crisis With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800-2000 wwwscbse historiase
Moreover because the universal pension benefits were so low demand for professional pensions increased By the 1920s the number of employees in manufacturing and services had almost doubled from 01 to 02 as a share of the population while the share of employees in the working-age population declined from 05 to 03 Furthermore debates related to the coverage of blue and white-collar workers in the private sector continued and discussions on voluntary versus mandatory occupational pensions public or private administration remained at the heart of political debates and negotiations with social partners for much of the post-war period Eventually in 1927 the law on voluntary occupational pensions for white-collar workers was passed (1927 aringrs lag om frivillig tjaumlnstepensionering)
The economic boom of the 1920s ended abruptly with several disruptive events the depression of 1931 the shootings in Aringdalen 1931 18 and the collapse of Ivar Kreugerrsquos 19 economic empire Despite all this Sweden matured as a democracy and contrary to many other less fortunate countries in Europe became an increasingly stable country throughout the 1930s
18 On 14 May 1931 five people were shot dead by military troops called in as reinforcement by the police during a protest The Aringdalen shootings was a series of events in and around the sawmill district of Aringdalen Kramfors Municipality Aringngermanland Sweden The events spawned raging national debate and deep division along political lines19 Ivar Kreuger (1880-1932) became one of the richest men of his time His empire was built around the company Kreuger amp Toll Ltd which was highly exposed as a leader on international markets and severely hit in the financial crisis of 1929 Ivar Kreuger supposedly committed suicide in his Parisian apartment on Avenue Franklin-D-Roosevelt on 12 March 1932
Retir
emen
t Le
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s fr
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edis
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s
17
In 1935 the universal annuity capitalisation was abolished and flat-rate universal pension benefits (folkpension) were introduced (Lag om folkpension) by Prime Minister Per Albin Hanssonrsquos 20 Social Democratic Government This reform also meant that Sweden moved away from traditional privately funded insurance to give way to more government-run pay-as-you-go pensions
4 From 1930 to 1950 the birth of Swedish corporatism and the Saltsjoumlbaden agreements
In the 1930s the labour movement demanded to see improvement in workersrsquo conditions specifically asking for a raise in wages 21 The unions became more focused on strengthening the long-term business environment within the industrial sector through high levels of investments and boosts in economic growth 22 This new dynamic led to the resolution of conflicts of interest on the labour market and a transition towards corporatism and macroeconomic stability In 1938 the centralist ldquoSaltsjoumlbaden Agreementrdquo between the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) and the Swedish Employers Confederation (SAF) was agreed upon This agreement aimed at the settlement of labour market conflicts without government intervention 23 According to the economist Assar Lindbeck a key driver of this change of pace and tone was the alliance between the Social Democratic Party and the unions
With higher economic growth increasing standards of living and rapid changes in family structures due to urbanisation the demand for occupational pensions among workers increased once again in the interwar period The issue of whether occupational pensions should be mandatory or optional for various categories of workers was addressed in parliamentary sessions in 1931 1933 1934 1935 1936 and 1938 as well as in several committees and government inquiries 24 In 1944 there was Government inquiry on mandatory occupational pensions but its scope was limited to white-collar workers 25
20 Per Albin Hansson (1885-1946) was Social Democratic politician and Prime Minister from 1932-1936 and 1936-1946 He is credited for creating the concept of general social welfare (Folkhemmet)21 See Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia ndash tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel Tredje upplagan SNS Foumlrlag 200022 Ibid23 See Assar Lindbeck ldquoThe Swedish Experimentrdquo Journal of Economic Literature vol 35 ndeg3 September 1997 pp 1273-131924 Committee regarding private sector employees (Kommittee angaringende privatanstaumlllda 1931) and the Hartelius committee (1936) Also see Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkring Undersoumlkningar av och foumlrslag av pensionsutredningen Principbetaumlnkande Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 195033 1950 (httpslagennusou195033attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)25 Ibid
18
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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Another motion on mandatory pensions for all was raised by the parliamentarian Oskar Aringkerstroumlm 26 in 1944 (sv Riksdagsmotion om obligatorisk tillaumlggspension) Pension related issues continued to be discussed in the parliamentary sessions of 1944 1946 1947 and 1950
In 1946 the flat-rate universal pension benefit (folkpension) introduced in 1913 and reformed in 1935 was amended to a unified universal pension across all municipalities (enhetlig folkpension) Indexation is then introduced in 1948 The pension and disability pension benefits were increased considerably on 1 January of the same year In addition the Social Democratic Government under Prime Minister Tage Erlander 27 introduced survivorsrsquo pensions supplements for wives (hustrutilaumlgg) as well as national and municipal housing supplements 28
The political debate on whether to opt for income replacement or minimum income security was quite contested even within the Social Democratic party Prominent figures of the labour movement such the Minister for Social Affairs Gustav Moumlller 29 opted for a universal minimum income policy in accordance with what Sir William Beveridge had proposed in the United Kingdom in 1942 30 Gustav Moumlllerrsquos opinion had strong support within the party throughout the 1940s until the beginning of the 1950s when Gunnar Straumlng become the Minister of Finance 31
5 The 1950s The rise of the ATP system (Allmaumln Tillaumlggs Pension)
In the 1950s the Government commission on pensions established in 1947 concluded that ldquoThe way pension issues have been addressed in recent decades shows that they have always been a subject of interest from both societal and individual citizens groups Optional retirement has now been significantly expanded for white-collar workersrdquo 32
Government expenditure and taxes started to increase with the expansion of the ldquowelfare staterdquo From 1950 to 1970 government expenditure increased from 18 of GDP to 31 while taxes share of the GDP increased from 18 to 36 continuing until reaching its highest peak at 50 in 1990
26 Oskar Aringkerstroumlm (1896-1964) was a Social Democratic politician and member of Parliament27 Tage Erlander (1901-1985) was a Social Democratic politician and the longest serving Prime Minister in modern Swedish history from 1946-196928 See Betaumlnkande av Pensionarbetsgruppen Reformerat pensionssystem Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199420 1994 (httpslagennusou199420attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)29 Gustav Moumlller (1884-1970) was a Social Democratic politician and Member of Government in 1924-26 1932-36 and 1936-51 and credited as the father of Swedish social security and its welfare state30 See William Beveridge ldquoSocial Insurance and Allied Servicesrdquo Parliamentary Archives BBKD495 194231 Gunnar Straumlng (1906-1992) was a Social Democratic politician and served as Minister for Finance in 1955-197632 Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkringhellip op cit
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s fr
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form
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19
Tax Revenue and Government expenditure as a percentage of GDP 1900-2010
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Taxes Expenditures
1900 19701940 20101910 198019501920 199019601930 2000
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique Ekonomifakta IMF
The commission led by OA Aringkesson also suggested the introduction of a mandatory public income-related pension insurance for all 33 The members of the commission opted for writing their own opinions (sv saumlrskilda yttranden) along party lines wherein the Social Democratic member and the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) members were in favour of the Commissionrsquos opinion while the white-collar workers and Conservative representatives were opposed Despite these opinions the Social Democratic and Centre Party Coalition Government demanded a new independent commission instead of presenting the commissions proposal to Parliament 34
The political debate further increased during the early 1950s however despite several improvements to the pertinence of the system The indexation of the universal pension benefit was introduced and increased in 1948 However with the rapid increases in economic growth and standards of living it became obvious that the increases in benefits and coverage of workers were not enough to enable workers and low-income earners to live on their pensions 35 The pension struggle then became a power struggle between Prime Minister Tage Erlander and main opposition leader of the Liberal Party leader Bertil Ohlin 36
33 According to Bo Koumlnberg the basic ideas of the Income pension (NDC system) can be traced to the ideas in OA Aringkessons Commission (See Bo Koumlnberg ldquoThe Swedish Model for Pension ndash New Wine in New Bottlesrdquo Scandinavian Insurance Quarterly ndeg22008 February 2008 pp99-109httpsnftnusitesdefaultfiles2008202_0pdf)34 See Peter Ohlsson P Svensk politik Historiska media 201435 Ibid36 Bertil Ohlin (1899-1979) was a Liberal Party leader and economist and was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1977 See Dick Harrisson ldquoJag har ingen vilja till makt ndash Biografi oumlver Tage Erlanderrdquo Ordfront 2017
20
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In 1955 the new pension commission produced its final report recommending a mandatory and universal public pension for all Furthermore the Commission proposed pension benefits that would mirror past wages and depend on national living standards 37 The Commission also proposed that the pension age should remain at 67 years of age Shortly after the 1956 election the Pension Commission led by Per Eckerberg presented its final report In this version the LO and Social Democrats proposed a universal earnings-related public pension (Allmaumln tillaumlggs pension) ATP 38 According to the proposal the target replacement rate would be 65 of the average workerrsquos earnings
In the fall of 1957 the Conservative party and the Liberals introduced the idea of holding a referendum on pension reforms 39 A referendum was held on 13 October 1957 The referendum had three options the first was the Social Democratic proposal to introduce a universal income-related pension This option received 458 of the referendum vote The second option was supported by the Centre Party to introduce optional pensions and it received 15 The last option supported by the Liberal party and Conservative party preferred giving social partners the responsibility for pensions and received 353 40 Although voter turnout was high at 724 and the Social Democratic option received more votes than the other options no policy received an outright majority
The struggle for the ATP also led to the dissolution of the Centre Partyrsquos coalition with the Social Democrats on 25 October 1957 41 The entire government resigned but Tage Erlander returned as Prime Minister with a Social Democratic Minority Government on 31 October 1957 The election of 1958 led to a renewed Social Democratic Government under the leadership of Prime Minister Tage Erlander With the smallest possible margin (one vote) in parliament the government secured a majority However as the speaker of the House did not vote in parliament the election resulted in a parliament without a majority
When the decision on ATP was to be made in 1959 the reform was passed with the smallest margin of votes and the Governmentrsquos proposal to introduce income-related public pension for all workers was passed through the lower House The right-of-centre parties soon conceded on the issue 42 It was after the ATP struggle in the 1950s that the Social Democrats became the majority party in Government 43 Tage Erlander remained Prime Minister until 1969
37 See Ohlsson op cit38 Ibid39 Goumlran Haumlgg Vaumllfaumlrdsaringren ndash svensk historia 1945-1986 Wallstroumlm amp Widstrand 200540 See Ohlsson op cit41 See Lennart Schoumln op cit42 See Urban Lundberg Juvelen i kronan Socialdemokraterna och den allmaumlnna pensionen Hjalmarson amp Houmlgberg 200343 See Harrison op cit
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21
6 Reforms in the 1960-1970s
For twenty years from 1950 until 1970 average growth in Sweden and in many other industrialised countries was around 4 annually 44 In that time often referred to as the ldquogolden yearsrdquo 45 not only did living standards increase but many consumer goods such as cars refrigerators television etc became goods for the masses and vacation travel also increased due to better infrastructure throughout Europe and aviation
At the beginning of the 1970s Sweden like most other western countries entered an era of reduced growth There are many different explanations for this external shocks from the global recession the oil crisis as well as structural changes in the economy with new technology and services taking over the industrial sector
GDP per capita and economic growth in leading economies 1971-1975 and 2001-2005
Countries Income per capita Growth
1971-1975 1991-1995 2001-2005
1991-1995 1971-1975
2001-2005 1991-1995
2001-2005 1971-1975
Sweden 11252 14159 17951 + 12 + 24 + 16
Other Nordic countries 9520 14474 18525 + 21 + 25 + 22
Southern Europe 7703 11904 14591 + 22 + 20 + 21
Rest of Europe 9651 13791 16501 + 18 + 18 + 18
North America 13479 18395 22771 + 16 + 21 + 17
Japan 8815 15977 17504 + 30 + 09 + 23
Source Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia Tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel SNS Foumlrlag 2000
In 1969 the pension supplement a complementary benefit to the universal pension was passed (sv Pensionstillskott) 46 and remained in place until 2003
On 1 July 1976 the retirement age was lowered from 67 to 65 after an agreement made in 1974 between the Social Democratic Government and the Liberals A flexible part-time pension was also introduced for those aged 60 to 65 The flexible part-time pension was calculated generously which allowed for a benefit level of 65 including pension contributions The flexible
44 See Lennart Schoumln op cit45 These years are the equivalent of Les Trente Glorieuses in France46 ldquoLag om pensionstillskottrdquo 1969205 Socialdepartementet 9 May 1969 (httpslagennu1969205)
22
fond
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part-time pension became very popular and from 1976 until August 1980 about 89000 Swedes opted for this benefit 47 In the 1976 election the Social Democrats lost their majority for the first time in 40 years The non-socialist parties lead by Torbjoumlrn Faumllldin from the Centre Party formed a coalition government The non-socialist right-of centre parties would remain in power until 1982
The premature ageing of the population from 1970-1990 compared to other OECD countries together with sharp increases in the labour participation rates of women increased the political demand for more generous pension systems and child and elderly care 48 From 1950 until the 1990s Sweden experienced a rapid increase in the old-age dependency ratio
Old-age dependency ratio in Sweden and France from 1950 to 2015 (in )
04
035
03
025
02
015
01
005
0
France Sweden
1950 19851970 2005 2010 20151955 199019751960 199519801965 2000
The old-age dependency ratio is calculated as the number of individuals aged 65 and above divided by the number of individuals aged 20 to 64
Source United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2017) World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision
The figure below shows the employment ratio for men and women From 1963 to 1990 female employment continuously increased from 53 to 81 while for male employment it suffered a small but steady decline from 89 to 85 Employment rates which had fallen due to the economic crisis of the early 1990s then picked up again with a slow yet steady increase
47 See Urban Lundberg op cit48 Lindbeck op cit
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23
Employment ratios for men and women 1963-2017
196
3
196
9
198
9
197
9
199
9
20
09
196
5
198
5
1975
199
5
20
05
1971
199
1
198
1
20
01
20
11
20
15
1967
198
7
197
7
199
7
20
07
197
3
199
3
198
3
20
03
20
13
20
17
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Men Women
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique OECDstat
Despite the rhetorical differences between the political parties there was a growing consensus across political lines that the pension system needed to be adjusted The ATP system was perceived as financially unsustainable as there was a substantial risk of the pension contributions increasing faster than income levels would 49 Given the high level of taxes as a percentage of GDP at around 50 of GDP in 1990 further increases to finance pensions seemed limited
Estimated pensions expenditure in the former pension system wage share based on different assumptions for real income growth (from 1995) and maintained price indexation
Growth rate0 1 2 3
2005 335 303 278 2512015 411 342 288 2392025 442 341 266 2032050 437 292 184 109
Source Prop 199394250
In addition the former system created few incentives to work Thirty years of work would earn a pension of which fifteen would impact the calculation the pension benefit formula was based on the best fifteen years of work The
49 See Allmaumln pension Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199076 1990 (httpslagennusou199076)
24
fond
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| lrsquoi
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benefit calculation was therefore beneficial for individuals with a short but fast-growing career later in life Hence it was less beneficial for individuals with a slow growth in earning but a long career
On 16 November 1984 the Social Democratic government lead by Olof Palme commissioned a Parliamentary Pension Commission (pensionsberedningen) lead by Sture Korpi 50 State Secretary to Minister for Social Affairs Sten Andersson The Commission united all the most relevant organisations in Swedish society political parties unions the confederation of Swedish enterprises pensionersrsquo organisations organisations for the disabled social insurance agencies etc 51 The Parliamentary Commission also became a breeding ground for future prominent members of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pension such as Anna Hedborg 52 Ingela Thalen 53 and Bo Koumlnberg 54
Although the Commission had not been mandated to propose any changes it was considered a huge success for its contributions to analysing how the pensions system worked and what challenges it faced 55 The Pension Commission presented its final report in 1990 56
7 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system
The first political step towards a new pension reform system was taken in the Government budget (finansplan) of 1991 The Social Democratic Government led by Ingvar Carlsson 57 opts for ldquoopportunities for financing pension pledges within a framework of unchanged levels of taxation and contributions are highly dependent on economic growth 58rdquo
In 1991 the Social Democrats were defeated by a four-party coalition led by the Moderate Party leader Carl Bildt 59 Shortly after the new Government
50 Sture Korpi (1939-2017) was a Social Democratic politician and served as State Secretary in 1982-199151 See Urban Lundberg op cit52 Anna Hedborg (b 1944) is a Social Democratic politician and official and served as Minister for Social Insurance (1994-1996)53 Ingela Thalen (b1943) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Minster of Labour (1987-1991) and Minister for Social Affairs (1990-1991 1994-1996)54 Bo Koumlnberg (b1945) is a Liberal Party politician and served as Minister for Health and Social Insurance in 1991-199455 See Urban Lundberg op cit56 See Allmaumln Pension op cit57 Ingvar Carlsson (b1934) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Prime Minister in 1986-1991 and 1994-199658 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreement and Pension Reform trad Anglaise du rapport Detta aumlr pensionsoumlverenskommelsen (Ds 200953) 2010 p53 (wwwgovernmentse49b757contentassets3d321fd499da48928de201abe43a558bthe-swedish-pension-agreement-and-pension-reform-ds-200953)59 Carl Bildt (born in 1949) is a Conservative Party politician and served as Prime Minister 1991-1994 and Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006-2014
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25
took office a Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions was formed The Working Group began its work in November 1991 when the Minister for Healthcare and Social Security Bo Koumlnberg took its direction In 1992 the Working Group published a ldquopreliminary draftrdquo containing almost all the elements of the reform 60 the starting point of the reform being the need for a higher savings rate in the economy as well as the need to strengthen the incentives to work Although the possibility of making changes within the framework of the existing ATP system had been thoroughly investigated by Pension Commission the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions settled that the retirement system should be built up according to principles other than those underpinning public pension and ATP systems of today The Working Group presented a draft of a new system in August 1992 containing almost all principal elements 61
A brutal economic crisis hit Sweden in 1992 Government expenditure reached almost 76 of GDP in 1995 and the employment rate declined consistently throughout the 1990s The many causes of the crisis are diverse and literature on this matter is vast A combination of rapid credit expansion both weak government finances and a weak current account together with a fixed currency towards the European Currency Unit 62 depleted the central bankrsquos power to defend its currency In one last attempt to protect the Swedish currency the Riksbank decided to raise its key interest rate to 500 on 16 September 1992 As a result investments and the employment rate fell and the country experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression In November 1992 the fixed rate towards the ECU 63 was abandoned and the Swedish krona quickly depreciated These events led to an immediate crisis on the financial market and in the banking sector which had to be restructured and bailed out Consequently the Government debt as a percentage of GDP soared from around 40 in 1990 to 74 in 1994
60 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit61 Ibid62 The ECU was a basket of currencies used from 1979 to 1999 and before the euro63 The European Currency Unit was a basket of currencies used as a unit of account before being replaced by the euro 1 January 1999
26
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Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
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27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
fond
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| lrsquoi
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
fond
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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37
38
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39
40
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OUR PUBLICATIONS
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46
fond
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| lrsquoi
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47
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48
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
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49
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50
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apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
litiq
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apol
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
14
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
litiq
ue
The Riksdag of the Estates (Staringndsriksdag) was dissolved in 1866 The parliament of the four estates ndash the Nobility Clergy Burghers and Peasants ndash was replaced by a bicameral legislature Voting rights were still limited to men only and was dependent on declared income The bicameral legislature stood for over a century until the unicameral assembly was introduced in 1970
The first life insurance companies in Sweden operated in a limited market geared towards the upper echelons of society In 1880 only 03 of the population had some form of pension insurance coverage 9 Finding the market too limited both in scope and in size private insurance companies tried to expand their business to other groups in society 10
With the further pauperisation of families working in the agricultural sector the demand for other forms of insurance increased Demand for insurance coverage especially for those in their old age increased in many groups in society but primarily for workers and middle-class private sector groups (services and manufacturing sectors) The growth of the middle class in the cities also increased the demand for occupational pensions and private insurance The first parliamentary resolution on compulsory pension insurance for workers was submitted to parliament by the liberal Member of Parliament Adolf Hedin 11 in 1884 Although the Hedin motion did not pass through parliament it set in motion several new initiatives including an inquiry into occupational and pensions insurance for workers and more generally a process of social change that would span the next 30 years It also triggered a government commission on pensions (pensionsutredningen) in 1895 and 1898 However their findings were not implemented by the conservative government that advocated for more private insurance based systems Despite their reservations several reforms related to workersrsquo safety and insurance were gradually introduced over time 12
3 From 1900 to 1930 the establishment of universal pensions and the road to democracy
Political tensions continued to increase in Sweden in the lead-up to the First World War and the country came close to war and rebellion after the dissolution of their union with Norway in 1905 in the 1914 Courtyard crisis and following the revolutions in Russia and Germany in 1917 and 1918
9 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg and Sven-Erik Svaumlrd Den svenska foumlrsaumlkringsmodellens uppgaringng och fall Erlanders Foumlrlag AB 200510 Ibid11 Adolf Hedin (1934-1905) was a newspaper publisher writer and politician12 See Mats Larsson Mikael Loumlnnborg Sven-Erik Svaumlrd op cit The reforms included the law on occupational safety in 1889 support to sickness insurance funds in 1891 and accident insurance in 1901 (reformed in 1916)
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
15
Somehow maybe thanks to a mixture of luck bravery and moderation Sweden overcame these tribulations peacefully The main issues were related to finding the fragile balance between passing democratic reforms all while preserving the existing social order and social cohesion Around this time the conservative government under Prime Minister Arvid Lindman 13 introduced proportional elections a system that remains to this day but with the right to vote which was then exclusively reserved for men and determined through an income-dependent system 14 In 1913 Karl Staaffrsquos 15 Liberal government introduced a universal pension system calculated in two parts one-part was calculated as accumulation annuities and one-part as a pay-as-you-go supplement subject to income The pension age was set at 67 but the accumulated resources could be paid out earlier in cases of disability The benefit level was low and it would remain as such until after the Second World War The first universal pension benefits were paid out starting on 1 January 1914 The universal pension benefit was probably the first of its kind and was considered one of the governmentrsquos greatest achievements 16
In 1918 the Liberal-Social Democratic coalition government under Prime Minister Nils Edeacuten 17 introduced equal voting rights for men Due to the political turmoil surrounding Europe towards the end of the war the voting rights were quickly expanded to all elections at all levels and more importantly to all women making Sweden a true democracy
The 1920s was a period of great economic growth but also marked by great political instability and labour market turmoil During this decade the country saw ten successive governments often from different political parties At the same time there was a resurgence of social movements as evidenced by the high number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees over this period
13 Arvid Lindman (1862-1936) was a naval admiral and conservative politician He served as Prime Minister from 1906-1911 and 1928-193014 Leif Lewin Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Arvid Lindman Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201015 Karl Staaff (1860-1915) was a liberal politician and lawyer He served as Prime Minister 1905-1906 1911-191416 See Peter Esaiasson Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Karl Staff Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201017 Nils Edeacuten (1871-1945) Liberal politician and Prime Minister from 1917-1920
16
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
litiq
ue
Number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees in Sweden 1905-2005
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
01905 19851925 20051945 1965
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique wwwmedlingsinstitutetse Mikkelsen F 1992 Arbejdskonflikter i Skandinavien 1848-1980 Edvinsson R 2005 Growth Accumulation Crisis With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800-2000 wwwscbse historiase
Moreover because the universal pension benefits were so low demand for professional pensions increased By the 1920s the number of employees in manufacturing and services had almost doubled from 01 to 02 as a share of the population while the share of employees in the working-age population declined from 05 to 03 Furthermore debates related to the coverage of blue and white-collar workers in the private sector continued and discussions on voluntary versus mandatory occupational pensions public or private administration remained at the heart of political debates and negotiations with social partners for much of the post-war period Eventually in 1927 the law on voluntary occupational pensions for white-collar workers was passed (1927 aringrs lag om frivillig tjaumlnstepensionering)
The economic boom of the 1920s ended abruptly with several disruptive events the depression of 1931 the shootings in Aringdalen 1931 18 and the collapse of Ivar Kreugerrsquos 19 economic empire Despite all this Sweden matured as a democracy and contrary to many other less fortunate countries in Europe became an increasingly stable country throughout the 1930s
18 On 14 May 1931 five people were shot dead by military troops called in as reinforcement by the police during a protest The Aringdalen shootings was a series of events in and around the sawmill district of Aringdalen Kramfors Municipality Aringngermanland Sweden The events spawned raging national debate and deep division along political lines19 Ivar Kreuger (1880-1932) became one of the richest men of his time His empire was built around the company Kreuger amp Toll Ltd which was highly exposed as a leader on international markets and severely hit in the financial crisis of 1929 Ivar Kreuger supposedly committed suicide in his Parisian apartment on Avenue Franklin-D-Roosevelt on 12 March 1932
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
17
In 1935 the universal annuity capitalisation was abolished and flat-rate universal pension benefits (folkpension) were introduced (Lag om folkpension) by Prime Minister Per Albin Hanssonrsquos 20 Social Democratic Government This reform also meant that Sweden moved away from traditional privately funded insurance to give way to more government-run pay-as-you-go pensions
4 From 1930 to 1950 the birth of Swedish corporatism and the Saltsjoumlbaden agreements
In the 1930s the labour movement demanded to see improvement in workersrsquo conditions specifically asking for a raise in wages 21 The unions became more focused on strengthening the long-term business environment within the industrial sector through high levels of investments and boosts in economic growth 22 This new dynamic led to the resolution of conflicts of interest on the labour market and a transition towards corporatism and macroeconomic stability In 1938 the centralist ldquoSaltsjoumlbaden Agreementrdquo between the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) and the Swedish Employers Confederation (SAF) was agreed upon This agreement aimed at the settlement of labour market conflicts without government intervention 23 According to the economist Assar Lindbeck a key driver of this change of pace and tone was the alliance between the Social Democratic Party and the unions
With higher economic growth increasing standards of living and rapid changes in family structures due to urbanisation the demand for occupational pensions among workers increased once again in the interwar period The issue of whether occupational pensions should be mandatory or optional for various categories of workers was addressed in parliamentary sessions in 1931 1933 1934 1935 1936 and 1938 as well as in several committees and government inquiries 24 In 1944 there was Government inquiry on mandatory occupational pensions but its scope was limited to white-collar workers 25
20 Per Albin Hansson (1885-1946) was Social Democratic politician and Prime Minister from 1932-1936 and 1936-1946 He is credited for creating the concept of general social welfare (Folkhemmet)21 See Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia ndash tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel Tredje upplagan SNS Foumlrlag 200022 Ibid23 See Assar Lindbeck ldquoThe Swedish Experimentrdquo Journal of Economic Literature vol 35 ndeg3 September 1997 pp 1273-131924 Committee regarding private sector employees (Kommittee angaringende privatanstaumlllda 1931) and the Hartelius committee (1936) Also see Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkring Undersoumlkningar av och foumlrslag av pensionsutredningen Principbetaumlnkande Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 195033 1950 (httpslagennusou195033attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)25 Ibid
18
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
litiq
ue
Another motion on mandatory pensions for all was raised by the parliamentarian Oskar Aringkerstroumlm 26 in 1944 (sv Riksdagsmotion om obligatorisk tillaumlggspension) Pension related issues continued to be discussed in the parliamentary sessions of 1944 1946 1947 and 1950
In 1946 the flat-rate universal pension benefit (folkpension) introduced in 1913 and reformed in 1935 was amended to a unified universal pension across all municipalities (enhetlig folkpension) Indexation is then introduced in 1948 The pension and disability pension benefits were increased considerably on 1 January of the same year In addition the Social Democratic Government under Prime Minister Tage Erlander 27 introduced survivorsrsquo pensions supplements for wives (hustrutilaumlgg) as well as national and municipal housing supplements 28
The political debate on whether to opt for income replacement or minimum income security was quite contested even within the Social Democratic party Prominent figures of the labour movement such the Minister for Social Affairs Gustav Moumlller 29 opted for a universal minimum income policy in accordance with what Sir William Beveridge had proposed in the United Kingdom in 1942 30 Gustav Moumlllerrsquos opinion had strong support within the party throughout the 1940s until the beginning of the 1950s when Gunnar Straumlng become the Minister of Finance 31
5 The 1950s The rise of the ATP system (Allmaumln Tillaumlggs Pension)
In the 1950s the Government commission on pensions established in 1947 concluded that ldquoThe way pension issues have been addressed in recent decades shows that they have always been a subject of interest from both societal and individual citizens groups Optional retirement has now been significantly expanded for white-collar workersrdquo 32
Government expenditure and taxes started to increase with the expansion of the ldquowelfare staterdquo From 1950 to 1970 government expenditure increased from 18 of GDP to 31 while taxes share of the GDP increased from 18 to 36 continuing until reaching its highest peak at 50 in 1990
26 Oskar Aringkerstroumlm (1896-1964) was a Social Democratic politician and member of Parliament27 Tage Erlander (1901-1985) was a Social Democratic politician and the longest serving Prime Minister in modern Swedish history from 1946-196928 See Betaumlnkande av Pensionarbetsgruppen Reformerat pensionssystem Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199420 1994 (httpslagennusou199420attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)29 Gustav Moumlller (1884-1970) was a Social Democratic politician and Member of Government in 1924-26 1932-36 and 1936-51 and credited as the father of Swedish social security and its welfare state30 See William Beveridge ldquoSocial Insurance and Allied Servicesrdquo Parliamentary Archives BBKD495 194231 Gunnar Straumlng (1906-1992) was a Social Democratic politician and served as Minister for Finance in 1955-197632 Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkringhellip op cit
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
19
Tax Revenue and Government expenditure as a percentage of GDP 1900-2010
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Taxes Expenditures
1900 19701940 20101910 198019501920 199019601930 2000
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique Ekonomifakta IMF
The commission led by OA Aringkesson also suggested the introduction of a mandatory public income-related pension insurance for all 33 The members of the commission opted for writing their own opinions (sv saumlrskilda yttranden) along party lines wherein the Social Democratic member and the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) members were in favour of the Commissionrsquos opinion while the white-collar workers and Conservative representatives were opposed Despite these opinions the Social Democratic and Centre Party Coalition Government demanded a new independent commission instead of presenting the commissions proposal to Parliament 34
The political debate further increased during the early 1950s however despite several improvements to the pertinence of the system The indexation of the universal pension benefit was introduced and increased in 1948 However with the rapid increases in economic growth and standards of living it became obvious that the increases in benefits and coverage of workers were not enough to enable workers and low-income earners to live on their pensions 35 The pension struggle then became a power struggle between Prime Minister Tage Erlander and main opposition leader of the Liberal Party leader Bertil Ohlin 36
33 According to Bo Koumlnberg the basic ideas of the Income pension (NDC system) can be traced to the ideas in OA Aringkessons Commission (See Bo Koumlnberg ldquoThe Swedish Model for Pension ndash New Wine in New Bottlesrdquo Scandinavian Insurance Quarterly ndeg22008 February 2008 pp99-109httpsnftnusitesdefaultfiles2008202_0pdf)34 See Peter Ohlsson P Svensk politik Historiska media 201435 Ibid36 Bertil Ohlin (1899-1979) was a Liberal Party leader and economist and was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1977 See Dick Harrisson ldquoJag har ingen vilja till makt ndash Biografi oumlver Tage Erlanderrdquo Ordfront 2017
20
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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litiq
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In 1955 the new pension commission produced its final report recommending a mandatory and universal public pension for all Furthermore the Commission proposed pension benefits that would mirror past wages and depend on national living standards 37 The Commission also proposed that the pension age should remain at 67 years of age Shortly after the 1956 election the Pension Commission led by Per Eckerberg presented its final report In this version the LO and Social Democrats proposed a universal earnings-related public pension (Allmaumln tillaumlggs pension) ATP 38 According to the proposal the target replacement rate would be 65 of the average workerrsquos earnings
In the fall of 1957 the Conservative party and the Liberals introduced the idea of holding a referendum on pension reforms 39 A referendum was held on 13 October 1957 The referendum had three options the first was the Social Democratic proposal to introduce a universal income-related pension This option received 458 of the referendum vote The second option was supported by the Centre Party to introduce optional pensions and it received 15 The last option supported by the Liberal party and Conservative party preferred giving social partners the responsibility for pensions and received 353 40 Although voter turnout was high at 724 and the Social Democratic option received more votes than the other options no policy received an outright majority
The struggle for the ATP also led to the dissolution of the Centre Partyrsquos coalition with the Social Democrats on 25 October 1957 41 The entire government resigned but Tage Erlander returned as Prime Minister with a Social Democratic Minority Government on 31 October 1957 The election of 1958 led to a renewed Social Democratic Government under the leadership of Prime Minister Tage Erlander With the smallest possible margin (one vote) in parliament the government secured a majority However as the speaker of the House did not vote in parliament the election resulted in a parliament without a majority
When the decision on ATP was to be made in 1959 the reform was passed with the smallest margin of votes and the Governmentrsquos proposal to introduce income-related public pension for all workers was passed through the lower House The right-of-centre parties soon conceded on the issue 42 It was after the ATP struggle in the 1950s that the Social Democrats became the majority party in Government 43 Tage Erlander remained Prime Minister until 1969
37 See Ohlsson op cit38 Ibid39 Goumlran Haumlgg Vaumllfaumlrdsaringren ndash svensk historia 1945-1986 Wallstroumlm amp Widstrand 200540 See Ohlsson op cit41 See Lennart Schoumln op cit42 See Urban Lundberg Juvelen i kronan Socialdemokraterna och den allmaumlnna pensionen Hjalmarson amp Houmlgberg 200343 See Harrison op cit
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
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edis
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form
s
21
6 Reforms in the 1960-1970s
For twenty years from 1950 until 1970 average growth in Sweden and in many other industrialised countries was around 4 annually 44 In that time often referred to as the ldquogolden yearsrdquo 45 not only did living standards increase but many consumer goods such as cars refrigerators television etc became goods for the masses and vacation travel also increased due to better infrastructure throughout Europe and aviation
At the beginning of the 1970s Sweden like most other western countries entered an era of reduced growth There are many different explanations for this external shocks from the global recession the oil crisis as well as structural changes in the economy with new technology and services taking over the industrial sector
GDP per capita and economic growth in leading economies 1971-1975 and 2001-2005
Countries Income per capita Growth
1971-1975 1991-1995 2001-2005
1991-1995 1971-1975
2001-2005 1991-1995
2001-2005 1971-1975
Sweden 11252 14159 17951 + 12 + 24 + 16
Other Nordic countries 9520 14474 18525 + 21 + 25 + 22
Southern Europe 7703 11904 14591 + 22 + 20 + 21
Rest of Europe 9651 13791 16501 + 18 + 18 + 18
North America 13479 18395 22771 + 16 + 21 + 17
Japan 8815 15977 17504 + 30 + 09 + 23
Source Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia Tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel SNS Foumlrlag 2000
In 1969 the pension supplement a complementary benefit to the universal pension was passed (sv Pensionstillskott) 46 and remained in place until 2003
On 1 July 1976 the retirement age was lowered from 67 to 65 after an agreement made in 1974 between the Social Democratic Government and the Liberals A flexible part-time pension was also introduced for those aged 60 to 65 The flexible part-time pension was calculated generously which allowed for a benefit level of 65 including pension contributions The flexible
44 See Lennart Schoumln op cit45 These years are the equivalent of Les Trente Glorieuses in France46 ldquoLag om pensionstillskottrdquo 1969205 Socialdepartementet 9 May 1969 (httpslagennu1969205)
22
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part-time pension became very popular and from 1976 until August 1980 about 89000 Swedes opted for this benefit 47 In the 1976 election the Social Democrats lost their majority for the first time in 40 years The non-socialist parties lead by Torbjoumlrn Faumllldin from the Centre Party formed a coalition government The non-socialist right-of centre parties would remain in power until 1982
The premature ageing of the population from 1970-1990 compared to other OECD countries together with sharp increases in the labour participation rates of women increased the political demand for more generous pension systems and child and elderly care 48 From 1950 until the 1990s Sweden experienced a rapid increase in the old-age dependency ratio
Old-age dependency ratio in Sweden and France from 1950 to 2015 (in )
04
035
03
025
02
015
01
005
0
France Sweden
1950 19851970 2005 2010 20151955 199019751960 199519801965 2000
The old-age dependency ratio is calculated as the number of individuals aged 65 and above divided by the number of individuals aged 20 to 64
Source United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2017) World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision
The figure below shows the employment ratio for men and women From 1963 to 1990 female employment continuously increased from 53 to 81 while for male employment it suffered a small but steady decline from 89 to 85 Employment rates which had fallen due to the economic crisis of the early 1990s then picked up again with a slow yet steady increase
47 See Urban Lundberg op cit48 Lindbeck op cit
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23
Employment ratios for men and women 1963-2017
196
3
196
9
198
9
197
9
199
9
20
09
196
5
198
5
1975
199
5
20
05
1971
199
1
198
1
20
01
20
11
20
15
1967
198
7
197
7
199
7
20
07
197
3
199
3
198
3
20
03
20
13
20
17
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Men Women
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique OECDstat
Despite the rhetorical differences between the political parties there was a growing consensus across political lines that the pension system needed to be adjusted The ATP system was perceived as financially unsustainable as there was a substantial risk of the pension contributions increasing faster than income levels would 49 Given the high level of taxes as a percentage of GDP at around 50 of GDP in 1990 further increases to finance pensions seemed limited
Estimated pensions expenditure in the former pension system wage share based on different assumptions for real income growth (from 1995) and maintained price indexation
Growth rate0 1 2 3
2005 335 303 278 2512015 411 342 288 2392025 442 341 266 2032050 437 292 184 109
Source Prop 199394250
In addition the former system created few incentives to work Thirty years of work would earn a pension of which fifteen would impact the calculation the pension benefit formula was based on the best fifteen years of work The
49 See Allmaumln pension Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199076 1990 (httpslagennusou199076)
24
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benefit calculation was therefore beneficial for individuals with a short but fast-growing career later in life Hence it was less beneficial for individuals with a slow growth in earning but a long career
On 16 November 1984 the Social Democratic government lead by Olof Palme commissioned a Parliamentary Pension Commission (pensionsberedningen) lead by Sture Korpi 50 State Secretary to Minister for Social Affairs Sten Andersson The Commission united all the most relevant organisations in Swedish society political parties unions the confederation of Swedish enterprises pensionersrsquo organisations organisations for the disabled social insurance agencies etc 51 The Parliamentary Commission also became a breeding ground for future prominent members of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pension such as Anna Hedborg 52 Ingela Thalen 53 and Bo Koumlnberg 54
Although the Commission had not been mandated to propose any changes it was considered a huge success for its contributions to analysing how the pensions system worked and what challenges it faced 55 The Pension Commission presented its final report in 1990 56
7 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system
The first political step towards a new pension reform system was taken in the Government budget (finansplan) of 1991 The Social Democratic Government led by Ingvar Carlsson 57 opts for ldquoopportunities for financing pension pledges within a framework of unchanged levels of taxation and contributions are highly dependent on economic growth 58rdquo
In 1991 the Social Democrats were defeated by a four-party coalition led by the Moderate Party leader Carl Bildt 59 Shortly after the new Government
50 Sture Korpi (1939-2017) was a Social Democratic politician and served as State Secretary in 1982-199151 See Urban Lundberg op cit52 Anna Hedborg (b 1944) is a Social Democratic politician and official and served as Minister for Social Insurance (1994-1996)53 Ingela Thalen (b1943) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Minster of Labour (1987-1991) and Minister for Social Affairs (1990-1991 1994-1996)54 Bo Koumlnberg (b1945) is a Liberal Party politician and served as Minister for Health and Social Insurance in 1991-199455 See Urban Lundberg op cit56 See Allmaumln Pension op cit57 Ingvar Carlsson (b1934) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Prime Minister in 1986-1991 and 1994-199658 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreement and Pension Reform trad Anglaise du rapport Detta aumlr pensionsoumlverenskommelsen (Ds 200953) 2010 p53 (wwwgovernmentse49b757contentassets3d321fd499da48928de201abe43a558bthe-swedish-pension-agreement-and-pension-reform-ds-200953)59 Carl Bildt (born in 1949) is a Conservative Party politician and served as Prime Minister 1991-1994 and Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006-2014
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25
took office a Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions was formed The Working Group began its work in November 1991 when the Minister for Healthcare and Social Security Bo Koumlnberg took its direction In 1992 the Working Group published a ldquopreliminary draftrdquo containing almost all the elements of the reform 60 the starting point of the reform being the need for a higher savings rate in the economy as well as the need to strengthen the incentives to work Although the possibility of making changes within the framework of the existing ATP system had been thoroughly investigated by Pension Commission the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions settled that the retirement system should be built up according to principles other than those underpinning public pension and ATP systems of today The Working Group presented a draft of a new system in August 1992 containing almost all principal elements 61
A brutal economic crisis hit Sweden in 1992 Government expenditure reached almost 76 of GDP in 1995 and the employment rate declined consistently throughout the 1990s The many causes of the crisis are diverse and literature on this matter is vast A combination of rapid credit expansion both weak government finances and a weak current account together with a fixed currency towards the European Currency Unit 62 depleted the central bankrsquos power to defend its currency In one last attempt to protect the Swedish currency the Riksbank decided to raise its key interest rate to 500 on 16 September 1992 As a result investments and the employment rate fell and the country experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression In November 1992 the fixed rate towards the ECU 63 was abandoned and the Swedish krona quickly depreciated These events led to an immediate crisis on the financial market and in the banking sector which had to be restructured and bailed out Consequently the Government debt as a percentage of GDP soared from around 40 in 1990 to 74 in 1994
60 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit61 Ibid62 The ECU was a basket of currencies used from 1979 to 1999 and before the euro63 The European Currency Unit was a basket of currencies used as a unit of account before being replaced by the euro 1 January 1999
26
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Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
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27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
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| lrsquoi
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
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apol
| lrsquoi
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litiq
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
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| lrsquoi
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
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35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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37
38
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39
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La cour europeacuteenne des droits de lrsquohomme protectrice critiqueacutee des laquo liberteacutes invisibles raquoJean-Luc Sauron octobre 2019 72 pages
41
1939 lrsquoalliance sovieacuteto-nazie aux origines de la fracture europeacuteenneSteacutephane Courtois septembre 2019 76 pages
Saxe et Brandebourg Perceacutee de lrsquoAfD aux eacutelections reacutegionales du 1er septembre 2019Patrick Moreau septembre 2019 46 pages
Campements de migrants sans-abri comparaisons europeacuteennes et recommandationsJulien Damon septembre 2019 68 pages
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Eacutelections europeacuteennes 2019 Le poids des eacutelectorats compareacute au poids eacutelectoral des groupes parlementairesRaphaeumll Grelon et Guillemette Lano Avec le concours de Victor Delage et Dominique Reynieacute juillet 2019 22 pages
Allocirc maman bobo (2) Lrsquoeacutelectorat urbain de la gentrification au deacutesenchantementNelly Garnier juillet 2019 64 pages
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Lrsquoaffaire Seacuteralini Lrsquoimpasse drsquoune science militanteMarcel Kuntz juin 2019 60 pages
Deacutemocraties sous tensionSous la direction de Dominique Reynieacute mai 2019 volume I Les enjeux 156 pages volume II Les pays 120 pages Enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec lrsquoInternational Republican Institute
La longue gouvernance de PoutineMichel Eltchaninoff mai 2019 52 pages
Politique du handicap pour une socieacuteteacute inclusiveSophie Cluzel avril 2019 44 pages
Ferroviaire ouverture agrave la concurrence une chance pour la SNCFDavid Valence et Franccedilois Bouchard mars 2019 64 pages
Un an de populisme italienAlberto Toscano mars 2019 56 pages
Une mosqueacutee mixte pour un islam spirituel et progressisteEva Janadin et Anne-Sophie Monsinay feacutevrier 2019 72 pages
Une civilisation eacutelectrique (2) Vers le reacuteenchantementAlain Beltran et Patrice Carreacute feacutevrier 2019 56 pages
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Prix de lrsquoeacutelectriciteacute entre marcheacute reacutegulation et subventionJacques Percebois feacutevrier 2019 64 pages
Vers une socieacuteteacute post-carbonePatrice Geoffron feacutevrier 2019 60 pages
Eacutenergie-climat en Europe pour une excellence eacutecologiqueEmmanuel Tuchscherer feacutevrier 2019 48 pages
42
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
litiq
ue
Innovation politique 2018 (tome 2)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2019 544 pages
Innovation politique 2018 (tome 1)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2019 472 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2018Dominique Reynieacute (dir) eacuteditions Marie Bcollection Lignes de Repegraveres janvier 2019 176 pages
La contestation animaliste radicaleEddy Fougier janvier 2019 56 pages
Le numeacuterique au secours de la santeacuteSerge Soudoplatoff janvier 2019 60 pages
Le nouveau pouvoir franccedilais et la coopeacuteration franco-japonaiseFondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2018 204 pages
Les apports du christianisme agrave lrsquouniteacute de lrsquoEuropeJean-Dominique Durand deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La crise orthodoxe (2) Les convulsions du XIXe siegravecle agrave nos joursJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La crise orthodoxe (1) Les fondations des origines au XIXe siegravecleJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La France et les chreacutetiens drsquoOrient derniegravere chanceJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 56 pages
Le christianisme et la moderniteacute europeacuteenne (2) Comprendre le retour de lrsquoinstitution religieusePhilippe Portier et Jean-Paul Willaime deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
Le christianisme et la moderniteacute europeacuteenne (1) Reacutecuser le deacuteni
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Commerce illicite de cigarettes les cas de Barbegraves-La Chapelle Saint-Denis et Aubervilliers-Quatre-CheminsMathieu Zagrodzki Romain Maneveau et Arthur Persais novembre 2018 84 pages
Lrsquoavenir de lrsquohydroeacutelectriciteacuteJean-Pierre Corniou novembre 2018 64 pages
Retraites Leccedilons des reacuteformes italiennesMichel Martone novembre 2018 48 pages
Les geacuteants du numeacuterique (2) un frein agrave lrsquoinnovation Paul-Adrien Hyppolite et Antoine Michon novembre 2018 84 pages
Les geacuteants du numeacuterique (1) magnats de la financePaul-Adrien Hyppolite et Antoine Michon novembre 2018 80 pages
Lrsquointelligence artificielle en Chine un eacutetat des lieuxAifang Ma novembre 2018 60 pages
Alternative fuumlr Deutschland eacutetablissement eacutelectoralPatrick Moreau octobre 2018 72 pages
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43
Migrations la France singuliegravereDidier Leschi octobre 2018 56 pages
La reacutevision constitutionnelle de 2008 un premier bilanHugues Hourdin octobre 2018 52 pages Preacuteface drsquoEacutedouard Balladur et de Jack Lang
Les Franccedilais face agrave la crise deacutemocratique Immigration populisme Trump EuropehellipAJC Europe et la Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique septembre 2018 72 pages
Les laquo Deacutemocrates de Suegravede raquo un vote anti-immigrationJohan Martinsson septembre 2018 64 pages
Les Sueacutedois et lrsquoimmigration (2) fin du consensus Tino Sanandaji septembre 2018 56 pages
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Eacutethiques de lrsquoimmigrationJean-Philippe Vincent juin 2018 56 pages
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Villes et voitures pour une reacuteconciliationJean Coldefy juin 2018 60 pages
France combattre la pauvreteacute des enfantsJulien Damon mai 2018 48 pages
Que pegravesent les syndicats Dominique Andolfatto avril 2018 56 pages
Lrsquoeacutelan de la francophonie pour une ambition franccedilaise (2)Benjamin Boutin mars 2018 48 pages
Lrsquoeacutelan de la francophonie une communauteacute de langue et de destin (1)Benjamin Boutin mars 2018 48 pages
LrsquoItalie aux urnesSofia Ventura feacutevrier 2018 44 pages
Lrsquointelligence artificielle lrsquoexpertise partout accessible agrave tousSerge Soudoplatoff feacutevrier 2018 60 pages
Lrsquoinnovation agrave lrsquoegravere du bien communBenjamin Boscher Xavier Pavie feacutevrier 2018 64 pages
Libeacuterer lrsquoislam de lrsquoislamismeMohamed Louizi janvier 2018 84 pages
Gouverner le religieux dans un eacutetat laiumlcThierry Rambaud janvier 2018 56 pages
Innovation politique 2017 (tome 2)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 492 pages
Innovation politique 2017 (tome 1)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 468 pages
44
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| lrsquoi
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Une laquo norme intelligente raquo au service de la reacuteformeVictor Fabre Mathieu Kohmann Mathieu Luinaud deacutecembre 2017 44 pages
Autriche virage agrave droitePatrick Moreau novembre 2017 52 pages
Pour repenser le bac reacuteformons le lyceacutee et lrsquoapprentissageFayumlccedilal Hafied novembre 2017 76 pages
Ougrave va la deacutemocratie Sous la direction de Dominique Reynieacute Plon octobre 2017 320 pages
Violence antiseacutemite en Europe 2005-2015Johannes Due Enstad septembre 2017 48 pages
Pour lrsquoemploi la subrogation du creacutedit drsquoimpocirct des services agrave la personneBruno Despujol Olivier Peraldi et Dominique Reynieacute septembre 2017 52 pages
Marcheacute du travail pour la reacuteforme Fayumlccedilal Hafied juillet 2017 64 pages
Le fact-checking une reacuteponse agrave la crise de lrsquoinformation et de la deacutemocratieFarid Gueham juillet 2017 68 pages
Notre-Dame- des-Landes lrsquoEacutetat le droit et la deacutemocratie empecirccheacutesBruno Hug de Larauze mai 2017 56 pages
France les juifs vus par les musulmans Entre steacutereacuteotypes et meacuteconnaissancesMehdi Ghouirgate Iannis Roder et Dominique Schnapper mai 2017 44 pages
Dette publique la mesurer la reacuteduireJean-Marc Daniel avril 2017 52 pages
Parfaire le paritarisme par lrsquoindeacutependance financiegravereJulien Damon avril 2017 52 pages
Former de plus en plus de mieux en mieux Lrsquoenjeu de la formation professionnelleOlivier Faron avril 2017 48 pages
Les troubles du monde lrsquoislamisme et sa reacutecupeacuteration populiste lrsquoEurope deacutemocratique menaceacuteePierre-Adrien Hanania AJC Fondapol mars 2017 44 pages
Porno addiction nouvel enjeu de socieacuteteacuteDavid Reynieacute mars 2017 48 pages
Calais miroir franccedilais de la crise migratoire europeacuteenne (2)Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2017 72 pages
Calais miroir franccedilais de la crise migratoire europeacuteenne (1)Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2017 56 pages
Lrsquoactif eacutepargne logementPierre-Franccedilois Gouiffegraves feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Reacuteformer quel discours pour convaincre Christophe de Voogd feacutevrier 2017 52 pages
De lrsquoassurance maladie agrave lrsquoassurance santeacutePatrick Negaret feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Hocircpital libeacuterer lrsquoinnovationChristophe Marques et Nicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2017 44 pages
45
Le Front national face agrave lrsquoobstacle du second tourJeacuterocircme Jaffreacute feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
La Reacutepublique des entrepreneursVincent Lorphelin janvier 2017 52 pages
Des startups drsquoEacutetat agrave lrsquoEacutetat plateformePierre Pezziardi et Henri Verdier janvier 2017 52 pages
Vers la souveraineteacute numeacuteriqueFarid Gueham janvier 2017 44 pages
Repenser notre politique commercialeLaurence Daziano janvier 2017 48 pages
Mesures de la pauvreteacute mesures contre la pauvreteacuteJulien Damon deacutecembre 2016 40 pages
Lrsquo Autriche des populistesPatrick Moreau novembre 2016 72 pages
LrsquoEurope face aux deacutefis du peacutetro-solaireAlbert Bressand novembre 2016 52 pages
Le Front national en campagnes Les agriculteurs et le vote FNEddy Fougier et Jeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2016 52 pages
Innovation politique 2016Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2016 758 pages
Le nouveau monde de lrsquoautomobile (2) les promesses de la mobiliteacute eacutelectriqueJean-Pierre Corniou octobre 2016 68 pages
Le nouveau monde de lrsquoautomobile (1) lrsquoimpasse du moteur agrave explosionJean-Pierre Corniou octobre 2016 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2016Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2016 224 pages
Lrsquoindividu contre lrsquoeacutetatisme Actualiteacute de la penseacutee libeacuterale franccedilaise (XXe siegravecle)Jeacuterocircme Perrier septembre 2016 52 pages
Lrsquoindividu contre lrsquoeacutetatisme Actualiteacute de la penseacutee libeacuterale franccedilaise (XIXe siegravecle)Jeacuterocircme Perrier septembre 2016 52 pages
Refonder lrsquoaudiovisuel publicOlivier Babeau septembre 2016 48 pages
La concurrence au deacutefi du numeacuteriqueCharles-Antoine Schwerer juillet 2016 48 pages
Portrait des musulmans drsquoEurope uniteacute dans la diversiteacuteVincent Tournier juin 2016 68 pages
Portrait des musulmans de France une communauteacute plurielleNadia Henni-Moulaiuml juin 2016 48 pages
La blockchain ou la confiance distribueacuteeYves Caseau et Serge Soudoplatoff juin 2016 48 pages
La gauche radicale liens lieux et luttes (2012-2017)Sylvain Boulouque mai 2016 56 pages
46
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| lrsquoi
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Gouverner pour reacuteformer eacuteleacutements de meacutethodeErwan Le Noan et Matthieu Montjotin mai 2016 64 pages
Les zadistes (2) la tentation de la violenceEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
Les zadistes (1) un nouvel anticapitalismeEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
Reacutegionales (2) les partis contesteacutes mais pas concurrenceacutesJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 52 pages
Reacutegionales (1) vote FN et attentatsJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 60 pages
Un droit pour lrsquoinnovation et la croissanceSophie Vermeille Mathieu Kohmann et Mathieu Luinaud feacutevrier 2016 52 pages
Le lobbying outil deacutemocratiqueAnthony Escurat feacutevrier 2016 44 pages
Valeurs drsquoislamDominique Reynieacute (dir) preacuteface par le cheikh Khaled Bentounegraves PUF janvier 2016 432 pages
Chiites et sunnites paix impossible Mathieu Terrier janvier 2016 44 pages
Projet drsquoentreprise renouveler le capitalismeDaniel Hurstel deacutecembre 2015 44 pages
Le mutualisme reacutepondre aux deacutefis assurantielsArnaud Chneiweiss et Steacutephane Tisserand novembre 2015 44 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2015Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres novembre 2015 140 pages
La noopolitique le pouvoir de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane novembre 2015 52 pages
Innovation politique 2015Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2015 576 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (2) une reacuteflexion agrave contre-courantAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (1) le Kant europeacuteen et le Machiavel chinoisAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
PME nouveaux modes de financementMohamed Abdesslam et Benjamin Le Pendeven octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (2) Pourquoi il faut deacutefendre la routeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (1) Les conditions drsquoune mobiliteacute convivialeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 40 pages
Crise de la conscience arabo-musulmaneMalik Bezouh septembre 2015 40 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (3) le second tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
47
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (2) le premier tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (1) le contexteJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 44 pages
Enseignement supeacuterieur les limites de la laquo masteacuterisation raquoJulien Gonzalez juillet 2015 44 pages
Politique eacuteconomique lrsquoenjeu franco-allemandWolfgang Glomb et Henry drsquoArcole juin 2015 36 pages
Les lois de la primaire Celles drsquohier celles de demainFranccedilois Bazin juin 2015 48 pages
Eacuteconomie de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane mai 2015 48 pages
Lutter contre les vols et cambriolages une approche eacuteconomiqueEmmanuel Combe et Seacutebastien Daziano mai 2015 56 pages
Unir pour agir un programme pour la croissanceAlain Madelin mai 2015 52 pages
Nouvelle entreprise et valeur humaineFrancis Mer avril 2015 32 pages
Les transports et le financement de la mobiliteacuteYves Crozet avril 2015 32 pages
Numeacuterique et mobiliteacute impacts et synergiesJean Coldefy avril 2015 36 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie face agrave la moderniteacuteMohamed Beddy Ebnou mars 2015 40 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie les fondementsAḥmad Al-Raysuni mars 2015 40 pages
Les femmes et lrsquoislam une vision reacuteformisteAsma Lamrabet mars 2015 48 pages
Eacuteducation et islamMustapha Cherif mars 2015 44 pages
Que nous disent les eacutelections leacutegislatives partielles depuis 2012 Dominique Reynieacute feacutevrier 2015 4 pages
Lrsquoislam et les valeurs de la ReacutepubliqueSaad Khiari feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Islam et contrat socialPhilippe Moulinet feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Le soufisme spiritualiteacute et citoyenneteacuteBariza Khiari feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
Lrsquohumanisme et lrsquohumaniteacute en islamAhmed Bouyerdene feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
Eacuteradiquer lrsquoheacutepatite C en France quelles strateacutegies publiques Nicolas Bouzou et Christophe Marques janvier 2015 40 pages
48
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| lrsquoi
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litiq
ue
Coran cleacutes de lectureTareq Oubrou janvier 2015 44 pages
Le pluralisme religieux en islam ou la conscience de lrsquoalteacuteriteacuteEacuteric Geoffroy janvier 2015 40 pages
Meacutemoires agrave venirDominique Reynieacute janvier 2015 enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec la Fondation pour la Meacutemoire de la Shoah 156 pages
La classe moyenne ameacutericaine en voie drsquoeffritementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2014 40 pages
Pour une compleacutementaire eacuteducation lrsquoeacutecole des classes moyennesErwan Le Noan et Dominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquoantiseacutemitisme dans lrsquoopinion publique franccedilaise Nouveaux eacuteclairagesDominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 48 pages
La politique de concurrence un atout pour notre industrieEmmanuel Combe novembre 2014 48 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (2) pousseacutee du FN recul de lrsquoUMP et vote bretonJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 52 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (1) la gauche en miettesJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 40 pages
Innovation politique 2014Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2014 554 pages
Eacutenergie-climat pour une politique efficaceAlbert Bressand septembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquourbanisation du monde Une chance pour la FranceLaurence Daziano juillet 2014 44 pages
Que peut-on demander agrave la politique moneacutetaire Pascal Salin mai 2014 48 pages
Le changement crsquoest tout le temps 1514 - 2014Suzanne Baverez et Jean Seacutenieacute mai 2014 48 pages
Trop drsquoeacutemigreacutes Regards sur ceux qui partent de FranceJulien Gonzalez mai 2014 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2014Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres avril 2014 284 pages
Taxer mieux gagner plusRobin Rivaton avril 2014 52 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (2) diversifier la haute administrationKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 44 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (1) renforcer les think tanksKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 52 pages
Pour un new deal fiscalGianmarco Monsellato mars 2014 8 pages
Faire cesser la mendiciteacute avec enfantsJulien Damon mars 2014 44 pages
49
Le low cost une reacutevolution eacuteconomique et deacutemocratiqueEmmanuel Combe feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Un accegraves eacutequitable aux theacuterapies contre le cancerNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Reacuteformer le statut des enseignantsLuc Chatel janvier 2014 8 pages
Un outil de finance sociale les social impact bondsYan de Kerorguen deacutecembre 2013 36 pages
Pour la croissance la deacutebureaucratisation par la confiancePierre Pezziardi Serge Soudoplatoff et Xavier Queacuterat-Heacutement novembre 2013 48 pages
Les valeurs des FranciliensGueacutenaeumllle Gault octobre 2013 36 pages
Sortir drsquoune gregraveve eacutetudiante le cas du QueacutebecJean-Patrick Brady et Steacutephane Paquin octobre 2013 40 pages
Un contrat de travail unique avec indemniteacutes de deacutepart inteacutegreacuteesCharles Beigbeder juillet 2013 8 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2013Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres juillet 2013 268 pages
La nouvelle vague des eacutemergents Bangladesh Eacutethiopie Nigeria Indoneacutesie Vietnam MexiqueLaurence Daziano juillet 2013 40 pages
Transition eacutenergeacutetique europeacuteenne bonnes intentions et mauvais calculsAlbert Bressand juillet 2013 44 pages
La deacutemobiliteacute travailler vivre autrementJulien Damon juin 2013 44 pages
Le Kapital Pour rebacirctir lrsquoindustrieChristian Saint-Eacutetienne et Robin Rivaton avril 2013 40 pages
Code eacutethique de la vie politique et des responsables publics en FranceLes Arvernes Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique avril 2013 12 pages
Les classes moyennes dans les pays eacutemergentsJulien Damon avril 2013 38 pages
Innovation politique 2013Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2013 652 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (2) les strateacutegiesRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (1) les enjeuxRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 52 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute passe aussi par la fiscaliteacuteAldo Cardoso Michel Didier Bertrand Jacquillat Dominique Reynieacute et Greacutegoire Sentilhes deacutecembre 2012 20 pages
Une autre politique moneacutetaire pour reacutesoudre la criseNicolas Goetzmann deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
50
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
ue
La nouvelle politique fiscale rend-elle lrsquoISF inconstitutionnel Aldo Cardoso novembre 2012 12 pages
Fiscaliteacute pourquoi et comment un pays sans riches est un pays pauvrehellipBertrand Jacquillat octobre 2012 40 pages
Youth and Sustainable DevelopmentFondapolNomadeacuteisUnited Nations juin 2012 80 pages
La philanthropie Des entrepreneurs de solidariteacuteFrancis Charhon mai juin 2012 44 pages
Les chiffres de la pauvreteacute le sens de la mesureJulien Damon mai 2012 40 pages
Libeacuterer le financement de lrsquoeacuteconomieRobin Rivaton avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoeacutepargne au service du logement socialJulie Merle avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2012Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2012 210 pages
Valeurs partageacuteesDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF mars 2012 362 pages
Les droites en EuropeDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF feacutevrier 2012 552 pages
Innovation politique 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2012 648 pages
Lrsquoeacutecole de la liberteacute initiative autonomie et responsabiliteacuteCharles Feuillerade janvier 2012 36 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (2) les strateacutegiesReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 40 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (1) les enjeuxReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 48 pages
Reacutevolution des valeurs et mondialisationLuc Ferry janvier 2012 36 pages
Quel avenir pour la social-deacutemocratie en Europe Sir Stuart Bell deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
La reacutegulation professionnelle des regravegles non eacutetatiques pour mieux responsabiliserJean-Pierre Teyssier deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
Lrsquohospitaliteacute une eacutethique du soinEmmanuel Hirsch deacutecembre 2011 32 pages
12 ideacutees pour 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2011 110 pages
Les classes moyennes et le logementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2011 40 pages
Reacuteformer la santeacute trois propositionsNicolas Bouzou novembre 2011 32 pages
51
Le nouveau Parlement la reacutevision du 23 juillet 2008Jean-Feacutelix de Bujadoux novembre 2011 40 pages
La responsabiliteacuteAlain-Geacuterard Slama novembre 2011 32 pages
Le vote des classes moyennesEacutelisabeth Dupoirier novembre 2011 40 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute par la qualiteacuteEmmanuel Combe et Jean-Louis Mucchielli octobre 2011 32 pages
Les classes moyennes et le creacuteditNicolas Peacutecourt octobre 2011 32 pages
Portrait des classes moyennesLaure Bonneval Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Fabienne Gomant octobre 2011 36 pages
Morale eacutethique deacuteontologieMichel Maffesoli octobre 2011 40 pages
Sortir du communisme changer drsquoeacutepoqueSteacutephane Courtois (dir) PUF octobre 2011 672 pages
Lrsquoeacutenergie nucleacuteaire apregraves Fukushima incident mineur ou nouvelle donne Malcolm Grimston septembre 2011 16 pages
La jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2011 132 pages
Pouvoir drsquoachat une politiqueEmmanuel Combe septembre 2011 52 pages
La liberteacute religieuseHenri Madelin septembre 2011 36 pages
Reacuteduire notre dette publiqueJean-Marc Daniel septembre 2011 40 pages
Eacutecologie et libeacuteralismeCorine Pelluchon aoucirct 2011 40 pages
Valoriser les monuments historiques de nouvelles strateacutegiesWladimir Mitrofanoff et Christiane Schmuckle-Mollard juillet 2011 28 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs raisonsEddy Fougier juillet 2011 40 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs reacuteseauxSylvain Boulouque juillet 2011 36 pages
La fraterniteacutePaul Thibaud juin 2011 36 pages
La transformation numeacuterique au service de la croissanceJean-Pierre Corniou juin 2011 52 pages
LrsquoengagementDominique Schnapper juin 2011 32 pages
Liberteacute Eacutegaliteacute FraterniteacuteAndreacute Glucksmann mai 2011 36 pages
52
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
ue
Quelle industrie pour la deacutefense franccedilaise Guillaume Lagane mai 2011 26 pages
La religion dans les affaires la responsabiliteacute sociale de lrsquoentrepriseAureacutelien Acquier Jean-Pascal Gond et Jacques Igalens mai 2011 44 pages
La religion dans les affaires la finance islamiqueLila Guermas-Sayegh mai 2011 36 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAllemagnePatrick Moreau avril 2011 56 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La SlovaquieEacutetienne Boisserie avril 2011 40 pages
Qui deacutetient la dette publique Guillaume Leroy avril 2011 36 pages
Le principe de preacutecaution dans le mondeNicolas de Sadeleer mars 2011 36 pages
Comprendre le Tea PartyHenri Hude mars 2011 40 pages
Ougrave en est la droite Les Pays-BasNiek Pas mars 2011 36 pages
Productiviteacute agricole et qualiteacute des eauxGeacuterard Morice mars 2011 44 pages
LrsquoEau du volume agrave la valeurJean-Louis Chaussade mars 2011 32 pages
Eau comment traiter les micropolluants Philippe Hartemann mars 2011 38 pages
Eau deacutefis mondiaux perspectives franccedilaisesGeacuterard Payen mars 2011 62 pages
Lrsquoirrigation pour une agriculture durableJean-Paul Renoux mars 2011 42 pages
Gestion de lrsquoeau vers de nouveaux modegravelesAntoine Freacuterot mars 2011 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAutrichePatrick Moreau feacutevrier 2011 42 pages
La participation au service de lrsquoemploi et du pouvoir drsquoachatJacques Perche et Antoine Pertinax feacutevrier 2011 32 pages
Le tandem franco-allemand face agrave la crise de lrsquoeuroWolfgang Glomb feacutevrier 2011 38 pages
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apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
15
Somehow maybe thanks to a mixture of luck bravery and moderation Sweden overcame these tribulations peacefully The main issues were related to finding the fragile balance between passing democratic reforms all while preserving the existing social order and social cohesion Around this time the conservative government under Prime Minister Arvid Lindman 13 introduced proportional elections a system that remains to this day but with the right to vote which was then exclusively reserved for men and determined through an income-dependent system 14 In 1913 Karl Staaffrsquos 15 Liberal government introduced a universal pension system calculated in two parts one-part was calculated as accumulation annuities and one-part as a pay-as-you-go supplement subject to income The pension age was set at 67 but the accumulated resources could be paid out earlier in cases of disability The benefit level was low and it would remain as such until after the Second World War The first universal pension benefits were paid out starting on 1 January 1914 The universal pension benefit was probably the first of its kind and was considered one of the governmentrsquos greatest achievements 16
In 1918 the Liberal-Social Democratic coalition government under Prime Minister Nils Edeacuten 17 introduced equal voting rights for men Due to the political turmoil surrounding Europe towards the end of the war the voting rights were quickly expanded to all elections at all levels and more importantly to all women making Sweden a true democracy
The 1920s was a period of great economic growth but also marked by great political instability and labour market turmoil During this decade the country saw ten successive governments often from different political parties At the same time there was a resurgence of social movements as evidenced by the high number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees over this period
13 Arvid Lindman (1862-1936) was a naval admiral and conservative politician He served as Prime Minister from 1906-1911 and 1928-193014 Leif Lewin Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Arvid Lindman Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201015 Karl Staaff (1860-1915) was a liberal politician and lawyer He served as Prime Minister 1905-1906 1911-191416 See Peter Esaiasson Sveriges statsministrar under 100 aringr Karl Staff Albert Bonniers Foumlrlag 201017 Nils Edeacuten (1871-1945) Liberal politician and Prime Minister from 1917-1920
16
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
ue
Number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees in Sweden 1905-2005
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
01905 19851925 20051945 1965
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique wwwmedlingsinstitutetse Mikkelsen F 1992 Arbejdskonflikter i Skandinavien 1848-1980 Edvinsson R 2005 Growth Accumulation Crisis With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800-2000 wwwscbse historiase
Moreover because the universal pension benefits were so low demand for professional pensions increased By the 1920s the number of employees in manufacturing and services had almost doubled from 01 to 02 as a share of the population while the share of employees in the working-age population declined from 05 to 03 Furthermore debates related to the coverage of blue and white-collar workers in the private sector continued and discussions on voluntary versus mandatory occupational pensions public or private administration remained at the heart of political debates and negotiations with social partners for much of the post-war period Eventually in 1927 the law on voluntary occupational pensions for white-collar workers was passed (1927 aringrs lag om frivillig tjaumlnstepensionering)
The economic boom of the 1920s ended abruptly with several disruptive events the depression of 1931 the shootings in Aringdalen 1931 18 and the collapse of Ivar Kreugerrsquos 19 economic empire Despite all this Sweden matured as a democracy and contrary to many other less fortunate countries in Europe became an increasingly stable country throughout the 1930s
18 On 14 May 1931 five people were shot dead by military troops called in as reinforcement by the police during a protest The Aringdalen shootings was a series of events in and around the sawmill district of Aringdalen Kramfors Municipality Aringngermanland Sweden The events spawned raging national debate and deep division along political lines19 Ivar Kreuger (1880-1932) became one of the richest men of his time His empire was built around the company Kreuger amp Toll Ltd which was highly exposed as a leader on international markets and severely hit in the financial crisis of 1929 Ivar Kreuger supposedly committed suicide in his Parisian apartment on Avenue Franklin-D-Roosevelt on 12 March 1932
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
17
In 1935 the universal annuity capitalisation was abolished and flat-rate universal pension benefits (folkpension) were introduced (Lag om folkpension) by Prime Minister Per Albin Hanssonrsquos 20 Social Democratic Government This reform also meant that Sweden moved away from traditional privately funded insurance to give way to more government-run pay-as-you-go pensions
4 From 1930 to 1950 the birth of Swedish corporatism and the Saltsjoumlbaden agreements
In the 1930s the labour movement demanded to see improvement in workersrsquo conditions specifically asking for a raise in wages 21 The unions became more focused on strengthening the long-term business environment within the industrial sector through high levels of investments and boosts in economic growth 22 This new dynamic led to the resolution of conflicts of interest on the labour market and a transition towards corporatism and macroeconomic stability In 1938 the centralist ldquoSaltsjoumlbaden Agreementrdquo between the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) and the Swedish Employers Confederation (SAF) was agreed upon This agreement aimed at the settlement of labour market conflicts without government intervention 23 According to the economist Assar Lindbeck a key driver of this change of pace and tone was the alliance between the Social Democratic Party and the unions
With higher economic growth increasing standards of living and rapid changes in family structures due to urbanisation the demand for occupational pensions among workers increased once again in the interwar period The issue of whether occupational pensions should be mandatory or optional for various categories of workers was addressed in parliamentary sessions in 1931 1933 1934 1935 1936 and 1938 as well as in several committees and government inquiries 24 In 1944 there was Government inquiry on mandatory occupational pensions but its scope was limited to white-collar workers 25
20 Per Albin Hansson (1885-1946) was Social Democratic politician and Prime Minister from 1932-1936 and 1936-1946 He is credited for creating the concept of general social welfare (Folkhemmet)21 See Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia ndash tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel Tredje upplagan SNS Foumlrlag 200022 Ibid23 See Assar Lindbeck ldquoThe Swedish Experimentrdquo Journal of Economic Literature vol 35 ndeg3 September 1997 pp 1273-131924 Committee regarding private sector employees (Kommittee angaringende privatanstaumlllda 1931) and the Hartelius committee (1936) Also see Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkring Undersoumlkningar av och foumlrslag av pensionsutredningen Principbetaumlnkande Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 195033 1950 (httpslagennusou195033attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)25 Ibid
18
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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litiq
ue
Another motion on mandatory pensions for all was raised by the parliamentarian Oskar Aringkerstroumlm 26 in 1944 (sv Riksdagsmotion om obligatorisk tillaumlggspension) Pension related issues continued to be discussed in the parliamentary sessions of 1944 1946 1947 and 1950
In 1946 the flat-rate universal pension benefit (folkpension) introduced in 1913 and reformed in 1935 was amended to a unified universal pension across all municipalities (enhetlig folkpension) Indexation is then introduced in 1948 The pension and disability pension benefits were increased considerably on 1 January of the same year In addition the Social Democratic Government under Prime Minister Tage Erlander 27 introduced survivorsrsquo pensions supplements for wives (hustrutilaumlgg) as well as national and municipal housing supplements 28
The political debate on whether to opt for income replacement or minimum income security was quite contested even within the Social Democratic party Prominent figures of the labour movement such the Minister for Social Affairs Gustav Moumlller 29 opted for a universal minimum income policy in accordance with what Sir William Beveridge had proposed in the United Kingdom in 1942 30 Gustav Moumlllerrsquos opinion had strong support within the party throughout the 1940s until the beginning of the 1950s when Gunnar Straumlng become the Minister of Finance 31
5 The 1950s The rise of the ATP system (Allmaumln Tillaumlggs Pension)
In the 1950s the Government commission on pensions established in 1947 concluded that ldquoThe way pension issues have been addressed in recent decades shows that they have always been a subject of interest from both societal and individual citizens groups Optional retirement has now been significantly expanded for white-collar workersrdquo 32
Government expenditure and taxes started to increase with the expansion of the ldquowelfare staterdquo From 1950 to 1970 government expenditure increased from 18 of GDP to 31 while taxes share of the GDP increased from 18 to 36 continuing until reaching its highest peak at 50 in 1990
26 Oskar Aringkerstroumlm (1896-1964) was a Social Democratic politician and member of Parliament27 Tage Erlander (1901-1985) was a Social Democratic politician and the longest serving Prime Minister in modern Swedish history from 1946-196928 See Betaumlnkande av Pensionarbetsgruppen Reformerat pensionssystem Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199420 1994 (httpslagennusou199420attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)29 Gustav Moumlller (1884-1970) was a Social Democratic politician and Member of Government in 1924-26 1932-36 and 1936-51 and credited as the father of Swedish social security and its welfare state30 See William Beveridge ldquoSocial Insurance and Allied Servicesrdquo Parliamentary Archives BBKD495 194231 Gunnar Straumlng (1906-1992) was a Social Democratic politician and served as Minister for Finance in 1955-197632 Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkringhellip op cit
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
19
Tax Revenue and Government expenditure as a percentage of GDP 1900-2010
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Taxes Expenditures
1900 19701940 20101910 198019501920 199019601930 2000
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique Ekonomifakta IMF
The commission led by OA Aringkesson also suggested the introduction of a mandatory public income-related pension insurance for all 33 The members of the commission opted for writing their own opinions (sv saumlrskilda yttranden) along party lines wherein the Social Democratic member and the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) members were in favour of the Commissionrsquos opinion while the white-collar workers and Conservative representatives were opposed Despite these opinions the Social Democratic and Centre Party Coalition Government demanded a new independent commission instead of presenting the commissions proposal to Parliament 34
The political debate further increased during the early 1950s however despite several improvements to the pertinence of the system The indexation of the universal pension benefit was introduced and increased in 1948 However with the rapid increases in economic growth and standards of living it became obvious that the increases in benefits and coverage of workers were not enough to enable workers and low-income earners to live on their pensions 35 The pension struggle then became a power struggle between Prime Minister Tage Erlander and main opposition leader of the Liberal Party leader Bertil Ohlin 36
33 According to Bo Koumlnberg the basic ideas of the Income pension (NDC system) can be traced to the ideas in OA Aringkessons Commission (See Bo Koumlnberg ldquoThe Swedish Model for Pension ndash New Wine in New Bottlesrdquo Scandinavian Insurance Quarterly ndeg22008 February 2008 pp99-109httpsnftnusitesdefaultfiles2008202_0pdf)34 See Peter Ohlsson P Svensk politik Historiska media 201435 Ibid36 Bertil Ohlin (1899-1979) was a Liberal Party leader and economist and was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1977 See Dick Harrisson ldquoJag har ingen vilja till makt ndash Biografi oumlver Tage Erlanderrdquo Ordfront 2017
20
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apol
| lrsquoi
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litiq
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In 1955 the new pension commission produced its final report recommending a mandatory and universal public pension for all Furthermore the Commission proposed pension benefits that would mirror past wages and depend on national living standards 37 The Commission also proposed that the pension age should remain at 67 years of age Shortly after the 1956 election the Pension Commission led by Per Eckerberg presented its final report In this version the LO and Social Democrats proposed a universal earnings-related public pension (Allmaumln tillaumlggs pension) ATP 38 According to the proposal the target replacement rate would be 65 of the average workerrsquos earnings
In the fall of 1957 the Conservative party and the Liberals introduced the idea of holding a referendum on pension reforms 39 A referendum was held on 13 October 1957 The referendum had three options the first was the Social Democratic proposal to introduce a universal income-related pension This option received 458 of the referendum vote The second option was supported by the Centre Party to introduce optional pensions and it received 15 The last option supported by the Liberal party and Conservative party preferred giving social partners the responsibility for pensions and received 353 40 Although voter turnout was high at 724 and the Social Democratic option received more votes than the other options no policy received an outright majority
The struggle for the ATP also led to the dissolution of the Centre Partyrsquos coalition with the Social Democrats on 25 October 1957 41 The entire government resigned but Tage Erlander returned as Prime Minister with a Social Democratic Minority Government on 31 October 1957 The election of 1958 led to a renewed Social Democratic Government under the leadership of Prime Minister Tage Erlander With the smallest possible margin (one vote) in parliament the government secured a majority However as the speaker of the House did not vote in parliament the election resulted in a parliament without a majority
When the decision on ATP was to be made in 1959 the reform was passed with the smallest margin of votes and the Governmentrsquos proposal to introduce income-related public pension for all workers was passed through the lower House The right-of-centre parties soon conceded on the issue 42 It was after the ATP struggle in the 1950s that the Social Democrats became the majority party in Government 43 Tage Erlander remained Prime Minister until 1969
37 See Ohlsson op cit38 Ibid39 Goumlran Haumlgg Vaumllfaumlrdsaringren ndash svensk historia 1945-1986 Wallstroumlm amp Widstrand 200540 See Ohlsson op cit41 See Lennart Schoumln op cit42 See Urban Lundberg Juvelen i kronan Socialdemokraterna och den allmaumlnna pensionen Hjalmarson amp Houmlgberg 200343 See Harrison op cit
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
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edis
h re
form
s
21
6 Reforms in the 1960-1970s
For twenty years from 1950 until 1970 average growth in Sweden and in many other industrialised countries was around 4 annually 44 In that time often referred to as the ldquogolden yearsrdquo 45 not only did living standards increase but many consumer goods such as cars refrigerators television etc became goods for the masses and vacation travel also increased due to better infrastructure throughout Europe and aviation
At the beginning of the 1970s Sweden like most other western countries entered an era of reduced growth There are many different explanations for this external shocks from the global recession the oil crisis as well as structural changes in the economy with new technology and services taking over the industrial sector
GDP per capita and economic growth in leading economies 1971-1975 and 2001-2005
Countries Income per capita Growth
1971-1975 1991-1995 2001-2005
1991-1995 1971-1975
2001-2005 1991-1995
2001-2005 1971-1975
Sweden 11252 14159 17951 + 12 + 24 + 16
Other Nordic countries 9520 14474 18525 + 21 + 25 + 22
Southern Europe 7703 11904 14591 + 22 + 20 + 21
Rest of Europe 9651 13791 16501 + 18 + 18 + 18
North America 13479 18395 22771 + 16 + 21 + 17
Japan 8815 15977 17504 + 30 + 09 + 23
Source Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia Tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel SNS Foumlrlag 2000
In 1969 the pension supplement a complementary benefit to the universal pension was passed (sv Pensionstillskott) 46 and remained in place until 2003
On 1 July 1976 the retirement age was lowered from 67 to 65 after an agreement made in 1974 between the Social Democratic Government and the Liberals A flexible part-time pension was also introduced for those aged 60 to 65 The flexible part-time pension was calculated generously which allowed for a benefit level of 65 including pension contributions The flexible
44 See Lennart Schoumln op cit45 These years are the equivalent of Les Trente Glorieuses in France46 ldquoLag om pensionstillskottrdquo 1969205 Socialdepartementet 9 May 1969 (httpslagennu1969205)
22
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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litiq
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part-time pension became very popular and from 1976 until August 1980 about 89000 Swedes opted for this benefit 47 In the 1976 election the Social Democrats lost their majority for the first time in 40 years The non-socialist parties lead by Torbjoumlrn Faumllldin from the Centre Party formed a coalition government The non-socialist right-of centre parties would remain in power until 1982
The premature ageing of the population from 1970-1990 compared to other OECD countries together with sharp increases in the labour participation rates of women increased the political demand for more generous pension systems and child and elderly care 48 From 1950 until the 1990s Sweden experienced a rapid increase in the old-age dependency ratio
Old-age dependency ratio in Sweden and France from 1950 to 2015 (in )
04
035
03
025
02
015
01
005
0
France Sweden
1950 19851970 2005 2010 20151955 199019751960 199519801965 2000
The old-age dependency ratio is calculated as the number of individuals aged 65 and above divided by the number of individuals aged 20 to 64
Source United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2017) World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision
The figure below shows the employment ratio for men and women From 1963 to 1990 female employment continuously increased from 53 to 81 while for male employment it suffered a small but steady decline from 89 to 85 Employment rates which had fallen due to the economic crisis of the early 1990s then picked up again with a slow yet steady increase
47 See Urban Lundberg op cit48 Lindbeck op cit
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
23
Employment ratios for men and women 1963-2017
196
3
196
9
198
9
197
9
199
9
20
09
196
5
198
5
1975
199
5
20
05
1971
199
1
198
1
20
01
20
11
20
15
1967
198
7
197
7
199
7
20
07
197
3
199
3
198
3
20
03
20
13
20
17
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Men Women
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique OECDstat
Despite the rhetorical differences between the political parties there was a growing consensus across political lines that the pension system needed to be adjusted The ATP system was perceived as financially unsustainable as there was a substantial risk of the pension contributions increasing faster than income levels would 49 Given the high level of taxes as a percentage of GDP at around 50 of GDP in 1990 further increases to finance pensions seemed limited
Estimated pensions expenditure in the former pension system wage share based on different assumptions for real income growth (from 1995) and maintained price indexation
Growth rate0 1 2 3
2005 335 303 278 2512015 411 342 288 2392025 442 341 266 2032050 437 292 184 109
Source Prop 199394250
In addition the former system created few incentives to work Thirty years of work would earn a pension of which fifteen would impact the calculation the pension benefit formula was based on the best fifteen years of work The
49 See Allmaumln pension Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199076 1990 (httpslagennusou199076)
24
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
litiq
ue
benefit calculation was therefore beneficial for individuals with a short but fast-growing career later in life Hence it was less beneficial for individuals with a slow growth in earning but a long career
On 16 November 1984 the Social Democratic government lead by Olof Palme commissioned a Parliamentary Pension Commission (pensionsberedningen) lead by Sture Korpi 50 State Secretary to Minister for Social Affairs Sten Andersson The Commission united all the most relevant organisations in Swedish society political parties unions the confederation of Swedish enterprises pensionersrsquo organisations organisations for the disabled social insurance agencies etc 51 The Parliamentary Commission also became a breeding ground for future prominent members of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pension such as Anna Hedborg 52 Ingela Thalen 53 and Bo Koumlnberg 54
Although the Commission had not been mandated to propose any changes it was considered a huge success for its contributions to analysing how the pensions system worked and what challenges it faced 55 The Pension Commission presented its final report in 1990 56
7 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system
The first political step towards a new pension reform system was taken in the Government budget (finansplan) of 1991 The Social Democratic Government led by Ingvar Carlsson 57 opts for ldquoopportunities for financing pension pledges within a framework of unchanged levels of taxation and contributions are highly dependent on economic growth 58rdquo
In 1991 the Social Democrats were defeated by a four-party coalition led by the Moderate Party leader Carl Bildt 59 Shortly after the new Government
50 Sture Korpi (1939-2017) was a Social Democratic politician and served as State Secretary in 1982-199151 See Urban Lundberg op cit52 Anna Hedborg (b 1944) is a Social Democratic politician and official and served as Minister for Social Insurance (1994-1996)53 Ingela Thalen (b1943) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Minster of Labour (1987-1991) and Minister for Social Affairs (1990-1991 1994-1996)54 Bo Koumlnberg (b1945) is a Liberal Party politician and served as Minister for Health and Social Insurance in 1991-199455 See Urban Lundberg op cit56 See Allmaumln Pension op cit57 Ingvar Carlsson (b1934) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Prime Minister in 1986-1991 and 1994-199658 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreement and Pension Reform trad Anglaise du rapport Detta aumlr pensionsoumlverenskommelsen (Ds 200953) 2010 p53 (wwwgovernmentse49b757contentassets3d321fd499da48928de201abe43a558bthe-swedish-pension-agreement-and-pension-reform-ds-200953)59 Carl Bildt (born in 1949) is a Conservative Party politician and served as Prime Minister 1991-1994 and Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006-2014
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
25
took office a Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions was formed The Working Group began its work in November 1991 when the Minister for Healthcare and Social Security Bo Koumlnberg took its direction In 1992 the Working Group published a ldquopreliminary draftrdquo containing almost all the elements of the reform 60 the starting point of the reform being the need for a higher savings rate in the economy as well as the need to strengthen the incentives to work Although the possibility of making changes within the framework of the existing ATP system had been thoroughly investigated by Pension Commission the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions settled that the retirement system should be built up according to principles other than those underpinning public pension and ATP systems of today The Working Group presented a draft of a new system in August 1992 containing almost all principal elements 61
A brutal economic crisis hit Sweden in 1992 Government expenditure reached almost 76 of GDP in 1995 and the employment rate declined consistently throughout the 1990s The many causes of the crisis are diverse and literature on this matter is vast A combination of rapid credit expansion both weak government finances and a weak current account together with a fixed currency towards the European Currency Unit 62 depleted the central bankrsquos power to defend its currency In one last attempt to protect the Swedish currency the Riksbank decided to raise its key interest rate to 500 on 16 September 1992 As a result investments and the employment rate fell and the country experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression In November 1992 the fixed rate towards the ECU 63 was abandoned and the Swedish krona quickly depreciated These events led to an immediate crisis on the financial market and in the banking sector which had to be restructured and bailed out Consequently the Government debt as a percentage of GDP soared from around 40 in 1990 to 74 in 1994
60 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit61 Ibid62 The ECU was a basket of currencies used from 1979 to 1999 and before the euro63 The European Currency Unit was a basket of currencies used as a unit of account before being replaced by the euro 1 January 1999
26
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
ue
Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
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27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
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35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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37
38
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47
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49
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51
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52
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Quelle industrie pour la deacutefense franccedilaise Guillaume Lagane mai 2011 26 pages
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Ougrave en est la droite Les Pays-BasNiek Pas mars 2011 36 pages
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Eau comment traiter les micropolluants Philippe Hartemann mars 2011 38 pages
Eau deacutefis mondiaux perspectives franccedilaisesGeacuterard Payen mars 2011 62 pages
Lrsquoirrigation pour une agriculture durableJean-Paul Renoux mars 2011 42 pages
Gestion de lrsquoeau vers de nouveaux modegravelesAntoine Freacuterot mars 2011 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAutrichePatrick Moreau feacutevrier 2011 42 pages
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Le tandem franco-allemand face agrave la crise de lrsquoeuroWolfgang Glomb feacutevrier 2011 38 pages
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Administration 20Thierry Weibel janvier 2011 48 pages
53
Ougrave en est la droite La BulgarieAntony Todorov deacutecembre 2010 32 pages
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Reacutegionales 2010 que sont les eacutelecteurs devenus Pascal Perrineau mai 2010 56 pages
54
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Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2010Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mai 2010 245 pages
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55
Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
La reacuteforme de lrsquoenseignement supeacuterieur en AustralieZoe McKenzie mars 2009 74 pages
Les reacuteformes face au conflit socialDominique Reynieacute janvier 2009 14 pages
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Deacutefense immigration eacutenergie regards croiseacutes franco-allemands sur trois prioriteacutes de la preacutesidence franccedilaise de lrsquoUEElvire Fabry octobre 2008 35 pages
56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
16
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Number of disrupted workdays per 1000 employees in Sweden 1905-2005
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
01905 19851925 20051945 1965
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique wwwmedlingsinstitutetse Mikkelsen F 1992 Arbejdskonflikter i Skandinavien 1848-1980 Edvinsson R 2005 Growth Accumulation Crisis With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800-2000 wwwscbse historiase
Moreover because the universal pension benefits were so low demand for professional pensions increased By the 1920s the number of employees in manufacturing and services had almost doubled from 01 to 02 as a share of the population while the share of employees in the working-age population declined from 05 to 03 Furthermore debates related to the coverage of blue and white-collar workers in the private sector continued and discussions on voluntary versus mandatory occupational pensions public or private administration remained at the heart of political debates and negotiations with social partners for much of the post-war period Eventually in 1927 the law on voluntary occupational pensions for white-collar workers was passed (1927 aringrs lag om frivillig tjaumlnstepensionering)
The economic boom of the 1920s ended abruptly with several disruptive events the depression of 1931 the shootings in Aringdalen 1931 18 and the collapse of Ivar Kreugerrsquos 19 economic empire Despite all this Sweden matured as a democracy and contrary to many other less fortunate countries in Europe became an increasingly stable country throughout the 1930s
18 On 14 May 1931 five people were shot dead by military troops called in as reinforcement by the police during a protest The Aringdalen shootings was a series of events in and around the sawmill district of Aringdalen Kramfors Municipality Aringngermanland Sweden The events spawned raging national debate and deep division along political lines19 Ivar Kreuger (1880-1932) became one of the richest men of his time His empire was built around the company Kreuger amp Toll Ltd which was highly exposed as a leader on international markets and severely hit in the financial crisis of 1929 Ivar Kreuger supposedly committed suicide in his Parisian apartment on Avenue Franklin-D-Roosevelt on 12 March 1932
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s
17
In 1935 the universal annuity capitalisation was abolished and flat-rate universal pension benefits (folkpension) were introduced (Lag om folkpension) by Prime Minister Per Albin Hanssonrsquos 20 Social Democratic Government This reform also meant that Sweden moved away from traditional privately funded insurance to give way to more government-run pay-as-you-go pensions
4 From 1930 to 1950 the birth of Swedish corporatism and the Saltsjoumlbaden agreements
In the 1930s the labour movement demanded to see improvement in workersrsquo conditions specifically asking for a raise in wages 21 The unions became more focused on strengthening the long-term business environment within the industrial sector through high levels of investments and boosts in economic growth 22 This new dynamic led to the resolution of conflicts of interest on the labour market and a transition towards corporatism and macroeconomic stability In 1938 the centralist ldquoSaltsjoumlbaden Agreementrdquo between the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) and the Swedish Employers Confederation (SAF) was agreed upon This agreement aimed at the settlement of labour market conflicts without government intervention 23 According to the economist Assar Lindbeck a key driver of this change of pace and tone was the alliance between the Social Democratic Party and the unions
With higher economic growth increasing standards of living and rapid changes in family structures due to urbanisation the demand for occupational pensions among workers increased once again in the interwar period The issue of whether occupational pensions should be mandatory or optional for various categories of workers was addressed in parliamentary sessions in 1931 1933 1934 1935 1936 and 1938 as well as in several committees and government inquiries 24 In 1944 there was Government inquiry on mandatory occupational pensions but its scope was limited to white-collar workers 25
20 Per Albin Hansson (1885-1946) was Social Democratic politician and Prime Minister from 1932-1936 and 1936-1946 He is credited for creating the concept of general social welfare (Folkhemmet)21 See Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia ndash tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel Tredje upplagan SNS Foumlrlag 200022 Ibid23 See Assar Lindbeck ldquoThe Swedish Experimentrdquo Journal of Economic Literature vol 35 ndeg3 September 1997 pp 1273-131924 Committee regarding private sector employees (Kommittee angaringende privatanstaumlllda 1931) and the Hartelius committee (1936) Also see Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkring Undersoumlkningar av och foumlrslag av pensionsutredningen Principbetaumlnkande Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 195033 1950 (httpslagennusou195033attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)25 Ibid
18
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litiq
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Another motion on mandatory pensions for all was raised by the parliamentarian Oskar Aringkerstroumlm 26 in 1944 (sv Riksdagsmotion om obligatorisk tillaumlggspension) Pension related issues continued to be discussed in the parliamentary sessions of 1944 1946 1947 and 1950
In 1946 the flat-rate universal pension benefit (folkpension) introduced in 1913 and reformed in 1935 was amended to a unified universal pension across all municipalities (enhetlig folkpension) Indexation is then introduced in 1948 The pension and disability pension benefits were increased considerably on 1 January of the same year In addition the Social Democratic Government under Prime Minister Tage Erlander 27 introduced survivorsrsquo pensions supplements for wives (hustrutilaumlgg) as well as national and municipal housing supplements 28
The political debate on whether to opt for income replacement or minimum income security was quite contested even within the Social Democratic party Prominent figures of the labour movement such the Minister for Social Affairs Gustav Moumlller 29 opted for a universal minimum income policy in accordance with what Sir William Beveridge had proposed in the United Kingdom in 1942 30 Gustav Moumlllerrsquos opinion had strong support within the party throughout the 1940s until the beginning of the 1950s when Gunnar Straumlng become the Minister of Finance 31
5 The 1950s The rise of the ATP system (Allmaumln Tillaumlggs Pension)
In the 1950s the Government commission on pensions established in 1947 concluded that ldquoThe way pension issues have been addressed in recent decades shows that they have always been a subject of interest from both societal and individual citizens groups Optional retirement has now been significantly expanded for white-collar workersrdquo 32
Government expenditure and taxes started to increase with the expansion of the ldquowelfare staterdquo From 1950 to 1970 government expenditure increased from 18 of GDP to 31 while taxes share of the GDP increased from 18 to 36 continuing until reaching its highest peak at 50 in 1990
26 Oskar Aringkerstroumlm (1896-1964) was a Social Democratic politician and member of Parliament27 Tage Erlander (1901-1985) was a Social Democratic politician and the longest serving Prime Minister in modern Swedish history from 1946-196928 See Betaumlnkande av Pensionarbetsgruppen Reformerat pensionssystem Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199420 1994 (httpslagennusou199420attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)29 Gustav Moumlller (1884-1970) was a Social Democratic politician and Member of Government in 1924-26 1932-36 and 1936-51 and credited as the father of Swedish social security and its welfare state30 See William Beveridge ldquoSocial Insurance and Allied Servicesrdquo Parliamentary Archives BBKD495 194231 Gunnar Straumlng (1906-1992) was a Social Democratic politician and served as Minister for Finance in 1955-197632 Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkringhellip op cit
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s fr
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19
Tax Revenue and Government expenditure as a percentage of GDP 1900-2010
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Taxes Expenditures
1900 19701940 20101910 198019501920 199019601930 2000
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique Ekonomifakta IMF
The commission led by OA Aringkesson also suggested the introduction of a mandatory public income-related pension insurance for all 33 The members of the commission opted for writing their own opinions (sv saumlrskilda yttranden) along party lines wherein the Social Democratic member and the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) members were in favour of the Commissionrsquos opinion while the white-collar workers and Conservative representatives were opposed Despite these opinions the Social Democratic and Centre Party Coalition Government demanded a new independent commission instead of presenting the commissions proposal to Parliament 34
The political debate further increased during the early 1950s however despite several improvements to the pertinence of the system The indexation of the universal pension benefit was introduced and increased in 1948 However with the rapid increases in economic growth and standards of living it became obvious that the increases in benefits and coverage of workers were not enough to enable workers and low-income earners to live on their pensions 35 The pension struggle then became a power struggle between Prime Minister Tage Erlander and main opposition leader of the Liberal Party leader Bertil Ohlin 36
33 According to Bo Koumlnberg the basic ideas of the Income pension (NDC system) can be traced to the ideas in OA Aringkessons Commission (See Bo Koumlnberg ldquoThe Swedish Model for Pension ndash New Wine in New Bottlesrdquo Scandinavian Insurance Quarterly ndeg22008 February 2008 pp99-109httpsnftnusitesdefaultfiles2008202_0pdf)34 See Peter Ohlsson P Svensk politik Historiska media 201435 Ibid36 Bertil Ohlin (1899-1979) was a Liberal Party leader and economist and was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1977 See Dick Harrisson ldquoJag har ingen vilja till makt ndash Biografi oumlver Tage Erlanderrdquo Ordfront 2017
20
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In 1955 the new pension commission produced its final report recommending a mandatory and universal public pension for all Furthermore the Commission proposed pension benefits that would mirror past wages and depend on national living standards 37 The Commission also proposed that the pension age should remain at 67 years of age Shortly after the 1956 election the Pension Commission led by Per Eckerberg presented its final report In this version the LO and Social Democrats proposed a universal earnings-related public pension (Allmaumln tillaumlggs pension) ATP 38 According to the proposal the target replacement rate would be 65 of the average workerrsquos earnings
In the fall of 1957 the Conservative party and the Liberals introduced the idea of holding a referendum on pension reforms 39 A referendum was held on 13 October 1957 The referendum had three options the first was the Social Democratic proposal to introduce a universal income-related pension This option received 458 of the referendum vote The second option was supported by the Centre Party to introduce optional pensions and it received 15 The last option supported by the Liberal party and Conservative party preferred giving social partners the responsibility for pensions and received 353 40 Although voter turnout was high at 724 and the Social Democratic option received more votes than the other options no policy received an outright majority
The struggle for the ATP also led to the dissolution of the Centre Partyrsquos coalition with the Social Democrats on 25 October 1957 41 The entire government resigned but Tage Erlander returned as Prime Minister with a Social Democratic Minority Government on 31 October 1957 The election of 1958 led to a renewed Social Democratic Government under the leadership of Prime Minister Tage Erlander With the smallest possible margin (one vote) in parliament the government secured a majority However as the speaker of the House did not vote in parliament the election resulted in a parliament without a majority
When the decision on ATP was to be made in 1959 the reform was passed with the smallest margin of votes and the Governmentrsquos proposal to introduce income-related public pension for all workers was passed through the lower House The right-of-centre parties soon conceded on the issue 42 It was after the ATP struggle in the 1950s that the Social Democrats became the majority party in Government 43 Tage Erlander remained Prime Minister until 1969
37 See Ohlsson op cit38 Ibid39 Goumlran Haumlgg Vaumllfaumlrdsaringren ndash svensk historia 1945-1986 Wallstroumlm amp Widstrand 200540 See Ohlsson op cit41 See Lennart Schoumln op cit42 See Urban Lundberg Juvelen i kronan Socialdemokraterna och den allmaumlnna pensionen Hjalmarson amp Houmlgberg 200343 See Harrison op cit
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21
6 Reforms in the 1960-1970s
For twenty years from 1950 until 1970 average growth in Sweden and in many other industrialised countries was around 4 annually 44 In that time often referred to as the ldquogolden yearsrdquo 45 not only did living standards increase but many consumer goods such as cars refrigerators television etc became goods for the masses and vacation travel also increased due to better infrastructure throughout Europe and aviation
At the beginning of the 1970s Sweden like most other western countries entered an era of reduced growth There are many different explanations for this external shocks from the global recession the oil crisis as well as structural changes in the economy with new technology and services taking over the industrial sector
GDP per capita and economic growth in leading economies 1971-1975 and 2001-2005
Countries Income per capita Growth
1971-1975 1991-1995 2001-2005
1991-1995 1971-1975
2001-2005 1991-1995
2001-2005 1971-1975
Sweden 11252 14159 17951 + 12 + 24 + 16
Other Nordic countries 9520 14474 18525 + 21 + 25 + 22
Southern Europe 7703 11904 14591 + 22 + 20 + 21
Rest of Europe 9651 13791 16501 + 18 + 18 + 18
North America 13479 18395 22771 + 16 + 21 + 17
Japan 8815 15977 17504 + 30 + 09 + 23
Source Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia Tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel SNS Foumlrlag 2000
In 1969 the pension supplement a complementary benefit to the universal pension was passed (sv Pensionstillskott) 46 and remained in place until 2003
On 1 July 1976 the retirement age was lowered from 67 to 65 after an agreement made in 1974 between the Social Democratic Government and the Liberals A flexible part-time pension was also introduced for those aged 60 to 65 The flexible part-time pension was calculated generously which allowed for a benefit level of 65 including pension contributions The flexible
44 See Lennart Schoumln op cit45 These years are the equivalent of Les Trente Glorieuses in France46 ldquoLag om pensionstillskottrdquo 1969205 Socialdepartementet 9 May 1969 (httpslagennu1969205)
22
fond
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| lrsquoi
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litiq
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part-time pension became very popular and from 1976 until August 1980 about 89000 Swedes opted for this benefit 47 In the 1976 election the Social Democrats lost their majority for the first time in 40 years The non-socialist parties lead by Torbjoumlrn Faumllldin from the Centre Party formed a coalition government The non-socialist right-of centre parties would remain in power until 1982
The premature ageing of the population from 1970-1990 compared to other OECD countries together with sharp increases in the labour participation rates of women increased the political demand for more generous pension systems and child and elderly care 48 From 1950 until the 1990s Sweden experienced a rapid increase in the old-age dependency ratio
Old-age dependency ratio in Sweden and France from 1950 to 2015 (in )
04
035
03
025
02
015
01
005
0
France Sweden
1950 19851970 2005 2010 20151955 199019751960 199519801965 2000
The old-age dependency ratio is calculated as the number of individuals aged 65 and above divided by the number of individuals aged 20 to 64
Source United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2017) World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision
The figure below shows the employment ratio for men and women From 1963 to 1990 female employment continuously increased from 53 to 81 while for male employment it suffered a small but steady decline from 89 to 85 Employment rates which had fallen due to the economic crisis of the early 1990s then picked up again with a slow yet steady increase
47 See Urban Lundberg op cit48 Lindbeck op cit
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s
23
Employment ratios for men and women 1963-2017
196
3
196
9
198
9
197
9
199
9
20
09
196
5
198
5
1975
199
5
20
05
1971
199
1
198
1
20
01
20
11
20
15
1967
198
7
197
7
199
7
20
07
197
3
199
3
198
3
20
03
20
13
20
17
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Men Women
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique OECDstat
Despite the rhetorical differences between the political parties there was a growing consensus across political lines that the pension system needed to be adjusted The ATP system was perceived as financially unsustainable as there was a substantial risk of the pension contributions increasing faster than income levels would 49 Given the high level of taxes as a percentage of GDP at around 50 of GDP in 1990 further increases to finance pensions seemed limited
Estimated pensions expenditure in the former pension system wage share based on different assumptions for real income growth (from 1995) and maintained price indexation
Growth rate0 1 2 3
2005 335 303 278 2512015 411 342 288 2392025 442 341 266 2032050 437 292 184 109
Source Prop 199394250
In addition the former system created few incentives to work Thirty years of work would earn a pension of which fifteen would impact the calculation the pension benefit formula was based on the best fifteen years of work The
49 See Allmaumln pension Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199076 1990 (httpslagennusou199076)
24
fond
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| lrsquoi
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benefit calculation was therefore beneficial for individuals with a short but fast-growing career later in life Hence it was less beneficial for individuals with a slow growth in earning but a long career
On 16 November 1984 the Social Democratic government lead by Olof Palme commissioned a Parliamentary Pension Commission (pensionsberedningen) lead by Sture Korpi 50 State Secretary to Minister for Social Affairs Sten Andersson The Commission united all the most relevant organisations in Swedish society political parties unions the confederation of Swedish enterprises pensionersrsquo organisations organisations for the disabled social insurance agencies etc 51 The Parliamentary Commission also became a breeding ground for future prominent members of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pension such as Anna Hedborg 52 Ingela Thalen 53 and Bo Koumlnberg 54
Although the Commission had not been mandated to propose any changes it was considered a huge success for its contributions to analysing how the pensions system worked and what challenges it faced 55 The Pension Commission presented its final report in 1990 56
7 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system
The first political step towards a new pension reform system was taken in the Government budget (finansplan) of 1991 The Social Democratic Government led by Ingvar Carlsson 57 opts for ldquoopportunities for financing pension pledges within a framework of unchanged levels of taxation and contributions are highly dependent on economic growth 58rdquo
In 1991 the Social Democrats were defeated by a four-party coalition led by the Moderate Party leader Carl Bildt 59 Shortly after the new Government
50 Sture Korpi (1939-2017) was a Social Democratic politician and served as State Secretary in 1982-199151 See Urban Lundberg op cit52 Anna Hedborg (b 1944) is a Social Democratic politician and official and served as Minister for Social Insurance (1994-1996)53 Ingela Thalen (b1943) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Minster of Labour (1987-1991) and Minister for Social Affairs (1990-1991 1994-1996)54 Bo Koumlnberg (b1945) is a Liberal Party politician and served as Minister for Health and Social Insurance in 1991-199455 See Urban Lundberg op cit56 See Allmaumln Pension op cit57 Ingvar Carlsson (b1934) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Prime Minister in 1986-1991 and 1994-199658 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreement and Pension Reform trad Anglaise du rapport Detta aumlr pensionsoumlverenskommelsen (Ds 200953) 2010 p53 (wwwgovernmentse49b757contentassets3d321fd499da48928de201abe43a558bthe-swedish-pension-agreement-and-pension-reform-ds-200953)59 Carl Bildt (born in 1949) is a Conservative Party politician and served as Prime Minister 1991-1994 and Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006-2014
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25
took office a Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions was formed The Working Group began its work in November 1991 when the Minister for Healthcare and Social Security Bo Koumlnberg took its direction In 1992 the Working Group published a ldquopreliminary draftrdquo containing almost all the elements of the reform 60 the starting point of the reform being the need for a higher savings rate in the economy as well as the need to strengthen the incentives to work Although the possibility of making changes within the framework of the existing ATP system had been thoroughly investigated by Pension Commission the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions settled that the retirement system should be built up according to principles other than those underpinning public pension and ATP systems of today The Working Group presented a draft of a new system in August 1992 containing almost all principal elements 61
A brutal economic crisis hit Sweden in 1992 Government expenditure reached almost 76 of GDP in 1995 and the employment rate declined consistently throughout the 1990s The many causes of the crisis are diverse and literature on this matter is vast A combination of rapid credit expansion both weak government finances and a weak current account together with a fixed currency towards the European Currency Unit 62 depleted the central bankrsquos power to defend its currency In one last attempt to protect the Swedish currency the Riksbank decided to raise its key interest rate to 500 on 16 September 1992 As a result investments and the employment rate fell and the country experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression In November 1992 the fixed rate towards the ECU 63 was abandoned and the Swedish krona quickly depreciated These events led to an immediate crisis on the financial market and in the banking sector which had to be restructured and bailed out Consequently the Government debt as a percentage of GDP soared from around 40 in 1990 to 74 in 1994
60 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit61 Ibid62 The ECU was a basket of currencies used from 1979 to 1999 and before the euro63 The European Currency Unit was a basket of currencies used as a unit of account before being replaced by the euro 1 January 1999
26
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Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
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s
27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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litiq
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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form
s
29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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atio
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litiq
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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s
31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
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35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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37
38
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OUR PUBLICATIONS
1979 ndash 2019 -ملاعلا ي ف ةفرطتملا ةيمالسل إ ا تامجهلاFondation pour linnovation politique mars 2020 80 pages
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46
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
litiq
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47
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
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17
In 1935 the universal annuity capitalisation was abolished and flat-rate universal pension benefits (folkpension) were introduced (Lag om folkpension) by Prime Minister Per Albin Hanssonrsquos 20 Social Democratic Government This reform also meant that Sweden moved away from traditional privately funded insurance to give way to more government-run pay-as-you-go pensions
4 From 1930 to 1950 the birth of Swedish corporatism and the Saltsjoumlbaden agreements
In the 1930s the labour movement demanded to see improvement in workersrsquo conditions specifically asking for a raise in wages 21 The unions became more focused on strengthening the long-term business environment within the industrial sector through high levels of investments and boosts in economic growth 22 This new dynamic led to the resolution of conflicts of interest on the labour market and a transition towards corporatism and macroeconomic stability In 1938 the centralist ldquoSaltsjoumlbaden Agreementrdquo between the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) and the Swedish Employers Confederation (SAF) was agreed upon This agreement aimed at the settlement of labour market conflicts without government intervention 23 According to the economist Assar Lindbeck a key driver of this change of pace and tone was the alliance between the Social Democratic Party and the unions
With higher economic growth increasing standards of living and rapid changes in family structures due to urbanisation the demand for occupational pensions among workers increased once again in the interwar period The issue of whether occupational pensions should be mandatory or optional for various categories of workers was addressed in parliamentary sessions in 1931 1933 1934 1935 1936 and 1938 as well as in several committees and government inquiries 24 In 1944 there was Government inquiry on mandatory occupational pensions but its scope was limited to white-collar workers 25
20 Per Albin Hansson (1885-1946) was Social Democratic politician and Prime Minister from 1932-1936 and 1936-1946 He is credited for creating the concept of general social welfare (Folkhemmet)21 See Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia ndash tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel Tredje upplagan SNS Foumlrlag 200022 Ibid23 See Assar Lindbeck ldquoThe Swedish Experimentrdquo Journal of Economic Literature vol 35 ndeg3 September 1997 pp 1273-131924 Committee regarding private sector employees (Kommittee angaringende privatanstaumlllda 1931) and the Hartelius committee (1936) Also see Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkring Undersoumlkningar av och foumlrslag av pensionsutredningen Principbetaumlnkande Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 195033 1950 (httpslagennusou195033attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)25 Ibid
18
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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litiq
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Another motion on mandatory pensions for all was raised by the parliamentarian Oskar Aringkerstroumlm 26 in 1944 (sv Riksdagsmotion om obligatorisk tillaumlggspension) Pension related issues continued to be discussed in the parliamentary sessions of 1944 1946 1947 and 1950
In 1946 the flat-rate universal pension benefit (folkpension) introduced in 1913 and reformed in 1935 was amended to a unified universal pension across all municipalities (enhetlig folkpension) Indexation is then introduced in 1948 The pension and disability pension benefits were increased considerably on 1 January of the same year In addition the Social Democratic Government under Prime Minister Tage Erlander 27 introduced survivorsrsquo pensions supplements for wives (hustrutilaumlgg) as well as national and municipal housing supplements 28
The political debate on whether to opt for income replacement or minimum income security was quite contested even within the Social Democratic party Prominent figures of the labour movement such the Minister for Social Affairs Gustav Moumlller 29 opted for a universal minimum income policy in accordance with what Sir William Beveridge had proposed in the United Kingdom in 1942 30 Gustav Moumlllerrsquos opinion had strong support within the party throughout the 1940s until the beginning of the 1950s when Gunnar Straumlng become the Minister of Finance 31
5 The 1950s The rise of the ATP system (Allmaumln Tillaumlggs Pension)
In the 1950s the Government commission on pensions established in 1947 concluded that ldquoThe way pension issues have been addressed in recent decades shows that they have always been a subject of interest from both societal and individual citizens groups Optional retirement has now been significantly expanded for white-collar workersrdquo 32
Government expenditure and taxes started to increase with the expansion of the ldquowelfare staterdquo From 1950 to 1970 government expenditure increased from 18 of GDP to 31 while taxes share of the GDP increased from 18 to 36 continuing until reaching its highest peak at 50 in 1990
26 Oskar Aringkerstroumlm (1896-1964) was a Social Democratic politician and member of Parliament27 Tage Erlander (1901-1985) was a Social Democratic politician and the longest serving Prime Minister in modern Swedish history from 1946-196928 See Betaumlnkande av Pensionarbetsgruppen Reformerat pensionssystem Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199420 1994 (httpslagennusou199420attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)29 Gustav Moumlller (1884-1970) was a Social Democratic politician and Member of Government in 1924-26 1932-36 and 1936-51 and credited as the father of Swedish social security and its welfare state30 See William Beveridge ldquoSocial Insurance and Allied Servicesrdquo Parliamentary Archives BBKD495 194231 Gunnar Straumlng (1906-1992) was a Social Democratic politician and served as Minister for Finance in 1955-197632 Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkringhellip op cit
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
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e Sw
edis
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form
s
19
Tax Revenue and Government expenditure as a percentage of GDP 1900-2010
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Taxes Expenditures
1900 19701940 20101910 198019501920 199019601930 2000
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique Ekonomifakta IMF
The commission led by OA Aringkesson also suggested the introduction of a mandatory public income-related pension insurance for all 33 The members of the commission opted for writing their own opinions (sv saumlrskilda yttranden) along party lines wherein the Social Democratic member and the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) members were in favour of the Commissionrsquos opinion while the white-collar workers and Conservative representatives were opposed Despite these opinions the Social Democratic and Centre Party Coalition Government demanded a new independent commission instead of presenting the commissions proposal to Parliament 34
The political debate further increased during the early 1950s however despite several improvements to the pertinence of the system The indexation of the universal pension benefit was introduced and increased in 1948 However with the rapid increases in economic growth and standards of living it became obvious that the increases in benefits and coverage of workers were not enough to enable workers and low-income earners to live on their pensions 35 The pension struggle then became a power struggle between Prime Minister Tage Erlander and main opposition leader of the Liberal Party leader Bertil Ohlin 36
33 According to Bo Koumlnberg the basic ideas of the Income pension (NDC system) can be traced to the ideas in OA Aringkessons Commission (See Bo Koumlnberg ldquoThe Swedish Model for Pension ndash New Wine in New Bottlesrdquo Scandinavian Insurance Quarterly ndeg22008 February 2008 pp99-109httpsnftnusitesdefaultfiles2008202_0pdf)34 See Peter Ohlsson P Svensk politik Historiska media 201435 Ibid36 Bertil Ohlin (1899-1979) was a Liberal Party leader and economist and was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1977 See Dick Harrisson ldquoJag har ingen vilja till makt ndash Biografi oumlver Tage Erlanderrdquo Ordfront 2017
20
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In 1955 the new pension commission produced its final report recommending a mandatory and universal public pension for all Furthermore the Commission proposed pension benefits that would mirror past wages and depend on national living standards 37 The Commission also proposed that the pension age should remain at 67 years of age Shortly after the 1956 election the Pension Commission led by Per Eckerberg presented its final report In this version the LO and Social Democrats proposed a universal earnings-related public pension (Allmaumln tillaumlggs pension) ATP 38 According to the proposal the target replacement rate would be 65 of the average workerrsquos earnings
In the fall of 1957 the Conservative party and the Liberals introduced the idea of holding a referendum on pension reforms 39 A referendum was held on 13 October 1957 The referendum had three options the first was the Social Democratic proposal to introduce a universal income-related pension This option received 458 of the referendum vote The second option was supported by the Centre Party to introduce optional pensions and it received 15 The last option supported by the Liberal party and Conservative party preferred giving social partners the responsibility for pensions and received 353 40 Although voter turnout was high at 724 and the Social Democratic option received more votes than the other options no policy received an outright majority
The struggle for the ATP also led to the dissolution of the Centre Partyrsquos coalition with the Social Democrats on 25 October 1957 41 The entire government resigned but Tage Erlander returned as Prime Minister with a Social Democratic Minority Government on 31 October 1957 The election of 1958 led to a renewed Social Democratic Government under the leadership of Prime Minister Tage Erlander With the smallest possible margin (one vote) in parliament the government secured a majority However as the speaker of the House did not vote in parliament the election resulted in a parliament without a majority
When the decision on ATP was to be made in 1959 the reform was passed with the smallest margin of votes and the Governmentrsquos proposal to introduce income-related public pension for all workers was passed through the lower House The right-of-centre parties soon conceded on the issue 42 It was after the ATP struggle in the 1950s that the Social Democrats became the majority party in Government 43 Tage Erlander remained Prime Minister until 1969
37 See Ohlsson op cit38 Ibid39 Goumlran Haumlgg Vaumllfaumlrdsaringren ndash svensk historia 1945-1986 Wallstroumlm amp Widstrand 200540 See Ohlsson op cit41 See Lennart Schoumln op cit42 See Urban Lundberg Juvelen i kronan Socialdemokraterna och den allmaumlnna pensionen Hjalmarson amp Houmlgberg 200343 See Harrison op cit
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emen
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21
6 Reforms in the 1960-1970s
For twenty years from 1950 until 1970 average growth in Sweden and in many other industrialised countries was around 4 annually 44 In that time often referred to as the ldquogolden yearsrdquo 45 not only did living standards increase but many consumer goods such as cars refrigerators television etc became goods for the masses and vacation travel also increased due to better infrastructure throughout Europe and aviation
At the beginning of the 1970s Sweden like most other western countries entered an era of reduced growth There are many different explanations for this external shocks from the global recession the oil crisis as well as structural changes in the economy with new technology and services taking over the industrial sector
GDP per capita and economic growth in leading economies 1971-1975 and 2001-2005
Countries Income per capita Growth
1971-1975 1991-1995 2001-2005
1991-1995 1971-1975
2001-2005 1991-1995
2001-2005 1971-1975
Sweden 11252 14159 17951 + 12 + 24 + 16
Other Nordic countries 9520 14474 18525 + 21 + 25 + 22
Southern Europe 7703 11904 14591 + 22 + 20 + 21
Rest of Europe 9651 13791 16501 + 18 + 18 + 18
North America 13479 18395 22771 + 16 + 21 + 17
Japan 8815 15977 17504 + 30 + 09 + 23
Source Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia Tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel SNS Foumlrlag 2000
In 1969 the pension supplement a complementary benefit to the universal pension was passed (sv Pensionstillskott) 46 and remained in place until 2003
On 1 July 1976 the retirement age was lowered from 67 to 65 after an agreement made in 1974 between the Social Democratic Government and the Liberals A flexible part-time pension was also introduced for those aged 60 to 65 The flexible part-time pension was calculated generously which allowed for a benefit level of 65 including pension contributions The flexible
44 See Lennart Schoumln op cit45 These years are the equivalent of Les Trente Glorieuses in France46 ldquoLag om pensionstillskottrdquo 1969205 Socialdepartementet 9 May 1969 (httpslagennu1969205)
22
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part-time pension became very popular and from 1976 until August 1980 about 89000 Swedes opted for this benefit 47 In the 1976 election the Social Democrats lost their majority for the first time in 40 years The non-socialist parties lead by Torbjoumlrn Faumllldin from the Centre Party formed a coalition government The non-socialist right-of centre parties would remain in power until 1982
The premature ageing of the population from 1970-1990 compared to other OECD countries together with sharp increases in the labour participation rates of women increased the political demand for more generous pension systems and child and elderly care 48 From 1950 until the 1990s Sweden experienced a rapid increase in the old-age dependency ratio
Old-age dependency ratio in Sweden and France from 1950 to 2015 (in )
04
035
03
025
02
015
01
005
0
France Sweden
1950 19851970 2005 2010 20151955 199019751960 199519801965 2000
The old-age dependency ratio is calculated as the number of individuals aged 65 and above divided by the number of individuals aged 20 to 64
Source United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2017) World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision
The figure below shows the employment ratio for men and women From 1963 to 1990 female employment continuously increased from 53 to 81 while for male employment it suffered a small but steady decline from 89 to 85 Employment rates which had fallen due to the economic crisis of the early 1990s then picked up again with a slow yet steady increase
47 See Urban Lundberg op cit48 Lindbeck op cit
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23
Employment ratios for men and women 1963-2017
196
3
196
9
198
9
197
9
199
9
20
09
196
5
198
5
1975
199
5
20
05
1971
199
1
198
1
20
01
20
11
20
15
1967
198
7
197
7
199
7
20
07
197
3
199
3
198
3
20
03
20
13
20
17
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Men Women
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique OECDstat
Despite the rhetorical differences between the political parties there was a growing consensus across political lines that the pension system needed to be adjusted The ATP system was perceived as financially unsustainable as there was a substantial risk of the pension contributions increasing faster than income levels would 49 Given the high level of taxes as a percentage of GDP at around 50 of GDP in 1990 further increases to finance pensions seemed limited
Estimated pensions expenditure in the former pension system wage share based on different assumptions for real income growth (from 1995) and maintained price indexation
Growth rate0 1 2 3
2005 335 303 278 2512015 411 342 288 2392025 442 341 266 2032050 437 292 184 109
Source Prop 199394250
In addition the former system created few incentives to work Thirty years of work would earn a pension of which fifteen would impact the calculation the pension benefit formula was based on the best fifteen years of work The
49 See Allmaumln pension Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199076 1990 (httpslagennusou199076)
24
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benefit calculation was therefore beneficial for individuals with a short but fast-growing career later in life Hence it was less beneficial for individuals with a slow growth in earning but a long career
On 16 November 1984 the Social Democratic government lead by Olof Palme commissioned a Parliamentary Pension Commission (pensionsberedningen) lead by Sture Korpi 50 State Secretary to Minister for Social Affairs Sten Andersson The Commission united all the most relevant organisations in Swedish society political parties unions the confederation of Swedish enterprises pensionersrsquo organisations organisations for the disabled social insurance agencies etc 51 The Parliamentary Commission also became a breeding ground for future prominent members of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pension such as Anna Hedborg 52 Ingela Thalen 53 and Bo Koumlnberg 54
Although the Commission had not been mandated to propose any changes it was considered a huge success for its contributions to analysing how the pensions system worked and what challenges it faced 55 The Pension Commission presented its final report in 1990 56
7 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system
The first political step towards a new pension reform system was taken in the Government budget (finansplan) of 1991 The Social Democratic Government led by Ingvar Carlsson 57 opts for ldquoopportunities for financing pension pledges within a framework of unchanged levels of taxation and contributions are highly dependent on economic growth 58rdquo
In 1991 the Social Democrats were defeated by a four-party coalition led by the Moderate Party leader Carl Bildt 59 Shortly after the new Government
50 Sture Korpi (1939-2017) was a Social Democratic politician and served as State Secretary in 1982-199151 See Urban Lundberg op cit52 Anna Hedborg (b 1944) is a Social Democratic politician and official and served as Minister for Social Insurance (1994-1996)53 Ingela Thalen (b1943) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Minster of Labour (1987-1991) and Minister for Social Affairs (1990-1991 1994-1996)54 Bo Koumlnberg (b1945) is a Liberal Party politician and served as Minister for Health and Social Insurance in 1991-199455 See Urban Lundberg op cit56 See Allmaumln Pension op cit57 Ingvar Carlsson (b1934) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Prime Minister in 1986-1991 and 1994-199658 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreement and Pension Reform trad Anglaise du rapport Detta aumlr pensionsoumlverenskommelsen (Ds 200953) 2010 p53 (wwwgovernmentse49b757contentassets3d321fd499da48928de201abe43a558bthe-swedish-pension-agreement-and-pension-reform-ds-200953)59 Carl Bildt (born in 1949) is a Conservative Party politician and served as Prime Minister 1991-1994 and Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006-2014
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25
took office a Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions was formed The Working Group began its work in November 1991 when the Minister for Healthcare and Social Security Bo Koumlnberg took its direction In 1992 the Working Group published a ldquopreliminary draftrdquo containing almost all the elements of the reform 60 the starting point of the reform being the need for a higher savings rate in the economy as well as the need to strengthen the incentives to work Although the possibility of making changes within the framework of the existing ATP system had been thoroughly investigated by Pension Commission the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions settled that the retirement system should be built up according to principles other than those underpinning public pension and ATP systems of today The Working Group presented a draft of a new system in August 1992 containing almost all principal elements 61
A brutal economic crisis hit Sweden in 1992 Government expenditure reached almost 76 of GDP in 1995 and the employment rate declined consistently throughout the 1990s The many causes of the crisis are diverse and literature on this matter is vast A combination of rapid credit expansion both weak government finances and a weak current account together with a fixed currency towards the European Currency Unit 62 depleted the central bankrsquos power to defend its currency In one last attempt to protect the Swedish currency the Riksbank decided to raise its key interest rate to 500 on 16 September 1992 As a result investments and the employment rate fell and the country experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression In November 1992 the fixed rate towards the ECU 63 was abandoned and the Swedish krona quickly depreciated These events led to an immediate crisis on the financial market and in the banking sector which had to be restructured and bailed out Consequently the Government debt as a percentage of GDP soared from around 40 in 1990 to 74 in 1994
60 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit61 Ibid62 The ECU was a basket of currencies used from 1979 to 1999 and before the euro63 The European Currency Unit was a basket of currencies used as a unit of account before being replaced by the euro 1 January 1999
26
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Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
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27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
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| lrsquoi
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
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| lrsquoi
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
fond
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
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35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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37
38
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39
40
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OUR PUBLICATIONS
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Les attentats islamistes dans le monde 1979-2019Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique novembre 2019 80 pages
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41
1939 lrsquoalliance sovieacuteto-nazie aux origines de la fracture europeacuteenneSteacutephane Courtois septembre 2019 76 pages
Saxe et Brandebourg Perceacutee de lrsquoAfD aux eacutelections reacutegionales du 1er septembre 2019Patrick Moreau septembre 2019 46 pages
Campements de migrants sans-abri comparaisons europeacuteennes et recommandationsJulien Damon septembre 2019 68 pages
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Deacutemocraties sous tensionSous la direction de Dominique Reynieacute mai 2019 volume I Les enjeux 156 pages volume II Les pays 120 pages Enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec lrsquoInternational Republican Institute
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Politique du handicap pour une socieacuteteacute inclusiveSophie Cluzel avril 2019 44 pages
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Un an de populisme italienAlberto Toscano mars 2019 56 pages
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Une civilisation eacutelectrique (2) Vers le reacuteenchantementAlain Beltran et Patrice Carreacute feacutevrier 2019 56 pages
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Prix de lrsquoeacutelectriciteacute entre marcheacute reacutegulation et subventionJacques Percebois feacutevrier 2019 64 pages
Vers une socieacuteteacute post-carbonePatrice Geoffron feacutevrier 2019 60 pages
Eacutenergie-climat en Europe pour une excellence eacutecologiqueEmmanuel Tuchscherer feacutevrier 2019 48 pages
42
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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litiq
ue
Innovation politique 2018 (tome 2)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2019 544 pages
Innovation politique 2018 (tome 1)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2019 472 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2018Dominique Reynieacute (dir) eacuteditions Marie Bcollection Lignes de Repegraveres janvier 2019 176 pages
La contestation animaliste radicaleEddy Fougier janvier 2019 56 pages
Le numeacuterique au secours de la santeacuteSerge Soudoplatoff janvier 2019 60 pages
Le nouveau pouvoir franccedilais et la coopeacuteration franco-japonaiseFondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2018 204 pages
Les apports du christianisme agrave lrsquouniteacute de lrsquoEuropeJean-Dominique Durand deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La crise orthodoxe (2) Les convulsions du XIXe siegravecle agrave nos joursJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La crise orthodoxe (1) Les fondations des origines au XIXe siegravecleJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La France et les chreacutetiens drsquoOrient derniegravere chanceJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 56 pages
Le christianisme et la moderniteacute europeacuteenne (2) Comprendre le retour de lrsquoinstitution religieusePhilippe Portier et Jean-Paul Willaime deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
Le christianisme et la moderniteacute europeacuteenne (1) Reacutecuser le deacuteni
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Lrsquoavenir de lrsquohydroeacutelectriciteacuteJean-Pierre Corniou novembre 2018 64 pages
Retraites Leccedilons des reacuteformes italiennesMichel Martone novembre 2018 48 pages
Les geacuteants du numeacuterique (2) un frein agrave lrsquoinnovation Paul-Adrien Hyppolite et Antoine Michon novembre 2018 84 pages
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43
Migrations la France singuliegravereDidier Leschi octobre 2018 56 pages
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Les laquo Deacutemocrates de Suegravede raquo un vote anti-immigrationJohan Martinsson septembre 2018 64 pages
Les Sueacutedois et lrsquoimmigration (2) fin du consensus Tino Sanandaji septembre 2018 56 pages
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France combattre la pauvreteacute des enfantsJulien Damon mai 2018 48 pages
Que pegravesent les syndicats Dominique Andolfatto avril 2018 56 pages
Lrsquoeacutelan de la francophonie pour une ambition franccedilaise (2)Benjamin Boutin mars 2018 48 pages
Lrsquoeacutelan de la francophonie une communauteacute de langue et de destin (1)Benjamin Boutin mars 2018 48 pages
LrsquoItalie aux urnesSofia Ventura feacutevrier 2018 44 pages
Lrsquointelligence artificielle lrsquoexpertise partout accessible agrave tousSerge Soudoplatoff feacutevrier 2018 60 pages
Lrsquoinnovation agrave lrsquoegravere du bien communBenjamin Boscher Xavier Pavie feacutevrier 2018 64 pages
Libeacuterer lrsquoislam de lrsquoislamismeMohamed Louizi janvier 2018 84 pages
Gouverner le religieux dans un eacutetat laiumlcThierry Rambaud janvier 2018 56 pages
Innovation politique 2017 (tome 2)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 492 pages
Innovation politique 2017 (tome 1)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 468 pages
44
fond
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| lrsquoi
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ue
Une laquo norme intelligente raquo au service de la reacuteformeVictor Fabre Mathieu Kohmann Mathieu Luinaud deacutecembre 2017 44 pages
Autriche virage agrave droitePatrick Moreau novembre 2017 52 pages
Pour repenser le bac reacuteformons le lyceacutee et lrsquoapprentissageFayumlccedilal Hafied novembre 2017 76 pages
Ougrave va la deacutemocratie Sous la direction de Dominique Reynieacute Plon octobre 2017 320 pages
Violence antiseacutemite en Europe 2005-2015Johannes Due Enstad septembre 2017 48 pages
Pour lrsquoemploi la subrogation du creacutedit drsquoimpocirct des services agrave la personneBruno Despujol Olivier Peraldi et Dominique Reynieacute septembre 2017 52 pages
Marcheacute du travail pour la reacuteforme Fayumlccedilal Hafied juillet 2017 64 pages
Le fact-checking une reacuteponse agrave la crise de lrsquoinformation et de la deacutemocratieFarid Gueham juillet 2017 68 pages
Notre-Dame- des-Landes lrsquoEacutetat le droit et la deacutemocratie empecirccheacutesBruno Hug de Larauze mai 2017 56 pages
France les juifs vus par les musulmans Entre steacutereacuteotypes et meacuteconnaissancesMehdi Ghouirgate Iannis Roder et Dominique Schnapper mai 2017 44 pages
Dette publique la mesurer la reacuteduireJean-Marc Daniel avril 2017 52 pages
Parfaire le paritarisme par lrsquoindeacutependance financiegravereJulien Damon avril 2017 52 pages
Former de plus en plus de mieux en mieux Lrsquoenjeu de la formation professionnelleOlivier Faron avril 2017 48 pages
Les troubles du monde lrsquoislamisme et sa reacutecupeacuteration populiste lrsquoEurope deacutemocratique menaceacuteePierre-Adrien Hanania AJC Fondapol mars 2017 44 pages
Porno addiction nouvel enjeu de socieacuteteacuteDavid Reynieacute mars 2017 48 pages
Calais miroir franccedilais de la crise migratoire europeacuteenne (2)Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2017 72 pages
Calais miroir franccedilais de la crise migratoire europeacuteenne (1)Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2017 56 pages
Lrsquoactif eacutepargne logementPierre-Franccedilois Gouiffegraves feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Reacuteformer quel discours pour convaincre Christophe de Voogd feacutevrier 2017 52 pages
De lrsquoassurance maladie agrave lrsquoassurance santeacutePatrick Negaret feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Hocircpital libeacuterer lrsquoinnovationChristophe Marques et Nicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2017 44 pages
45
Le Front national face agrave lrsquoobstacle du second tourJeacuterocircme Jaffreacute feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
La Reacutepublique des entrepreneursVincent Lorphelin janvier 2017 52 pages
Des startups drsquoEacutetat agrave lrsquoEacutetat plateformePierre Pezziardi et Henri Verdier janvier 2017 52 pages
Vers la souveraineteacute numeacuteriqueFarid Gueham janvier 2017 44 pages
Repenser notre politique commercialeLaurence Daziano janvier 2017 48 pages
Mesures de la pauvreteacute mesures contre la pauvreteacuteJulien Damon deacutecembre 2016 40 pages
Lrsquo Autriche des populistesPatrick Moreau novembre 2016 72 pages
LrsquoEurope face aux deacutefis du peacutetro-solaireAlbert Bressand novembre 2016 52 pages
Le Front national en campagnes Les agriculteurs et le vote FNEddy Fougier et Jeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2016 52 pages
Innovation politique 2016Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2016 758 pages
Le nouveau monde de lrsquoautomobile (2) les promesses de la mobiliteacute eacutelectriqueJean-Pierre Corniou octobre 2016 68 pages
Le nouveau monde de lrsquoautomobile (1) lrsquoimpasse du moteur agrave explosionJean-Pierre Corniou octobre 2016 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2016Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2016 224 pages
Lrsquoindividu contre lrsquoeacutetatisme Actualiteacute de la penseacutee libeacuterale franccedilaise (XXe siegravecle)Jeacuterocircme Perrier septembre 2016 52 pages
Lrsquoindividu contre lrsquoeacutetatisme Actualiteacute de la penseacutee libeacuterale franccedilaise (XIXe siegravecle)Jeacuterocircme Perrier septembre 2016 52 pages
Refonder lrsquoaudiovisuel publicOlivier Babeau septembre 2016 48 pages
La concurrence au deacutefi du numeacuteriqueCharles-Antoine Schwerer juillet 2016 48 pages
Portrait des musulmans drsquoEurope uniteacute dans la diversiteacuteVincent Tournier juin 2016 68 pages
Portrait des musulmans de France une communauteacute plurielleNadia Henni-Moulaiuml juin 2016 48 pages
La blockchain ou la confiance distribueacuteeYves Caseau et Serge Soudoplatoff juin 2016 48 pages
La gauche radicale liens lieux et luttes (2012-2017)Sylvain Boulouque mai 2016 56 pages
46
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| lrsquoi
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Gouverner pour reacuteformer eacuteleacutements de meacutethodeErwan Le Noan et Matthieu Montjotin mai 2016 64 pages
Les zadistes (2) la tentation de la violenceEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
Les zadistes (1) un nouvel anticapitalismeEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
Reacutegionales (2) les partis contesteacutes mais pas concurrenceacutesJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 52 pages
Reacutegionales (1) vote FN et attentatsJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 60 pages
Un droit pour lrsquoinnovation et la croissanceSophie Vermeille Mathieu Kohmann et Mathieu Luinaud feacutevrier 2016 52 pages
Le lobbying outil deacutemocratiqueAnthony Escurat feacutevrier 2016 44 pages
Valeurs drsquoislamDominique Reynieacute (dir) preacuteface par le cheikh Khaled Bentounegraves PUF janvier 2016 432 pages
Chiites et sunnites paix impossible Mathieu Terrier janvier 2016 44 pages
Projet drsquoentreprise renouveler le capitalismeDaniel Hurstel deacutecembre 2015 44 pages
Le mutualisme reacutepondre aux deacutefis assurantielsArnaud Chneiweiss et Steacutephane Tisserand novembre 2015 44 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2015Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres novembre 2015 140 pages
La noopolitique le pouvoir de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane novembre 2015 52 pages
Innovation politique 2015Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2015 576 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (2) une reacuteflexion agrave contre-courantAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (1) le Kant europeacuteen et le Machiavel chinoisAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
PME nouveaux modes de financementMohamed Abdesslam et Benjamin Le Pendeven octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (2) Pourquoi il faut deacutefendre la routeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (1) Les conditions drsquoune mobiliteacute convivialeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 40 pages
Crise de la conscience arabo-musulmaneMalik Bezouh septembre 2015 40 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (3) le second tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
47
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (2) le premier tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (1) le contexteJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 44 pages
Enseignement supeacuterieur les limites de la laquo masteacuterisation raquoJulien Gonzalez juillet 2015 44 pages
Politique eacuteconomique lrsquoenjeu franco-allemandWolfgang Glomb et Henry drsquoArcole juin 2015 36 pages
Les lois de la primaire Celles drsquohier celles de demainFranccedilois Bazin juin 2015 48 pages
Eacuteconomie de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane mai 2015 48 pages
Lutter contre les vols et cambriolages une approche eacuteconomiqueEmmanuel Combe et Seacutebastien Daziano mai 2015 56 pages
Unir pour agir un programme pour la croissanceAlain Madelin mai 2015 52 pages
Nouvelle entreprise et valeur humaineFrancis Mer avril 2015 32 pages
Les transports et le financement de la mobiliteacuteYves Crozet avril 2015 32 pages
Numeacuterique et mobiliteacute impacts et synergiesJean Coldefy avril 2015 36 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie face agrave la moderniteacuteMohamed Beddy Ebnou mars 2015 40 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie les fondementsAḥmad Al-Raysuni mars 2015 40 pages
Les femmes et lrsquoislam une vision reacuteformisteAsma Lamrabet mars 2015 48 pages
Eacuteducation et islamMustapha Cherif mars 2015 44 pages
Que nous disent les eacutelections leacutegislatives partielles depuis 2012 Dominique Reynieacute feacutevrier 2015 4 pages
Lrsquoislam et les valeurs de la ReacutepubliqueSaad Khiari feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Islam et contrat socialPhilippe Moulinet feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Le soufisme spiritualiteacute et citoyenneteacuteBariza Khiari feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
Lrsquohumanisme et lrsquohumaniteacute en islamAhmed Bouyerdene feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
Eacuteradiquer lrsquoheacutepatite C en France quelles strateacutegies publiques Nicolas Bouzou et Christophe Marques janvier 2015 40 pages
48
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| lrsquoi
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litiq
ue
Coran cleacutes de lectureTareq Oubrou janvier 2015 44 pages
Le pluralisme religieux en islam ou la conscience de lrsquoalteacuteriteacuteEacuteric Geoffroy janvier 2015 40 pages
Meacutemoires agrave venirDominique Reynieacute janvier 2015 enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec la Fondation pour la Meacutemoire de la Shoah 156 pages
La classe moyenne ameacutericaine en voie drsquoeffritementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2014 40 pages
Pour une compleacutementaire eacuteducation lrsquoeacutecole des classes moyennesErwan Le Noan et Dominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquoantiseacutemitisme dans lrsquoopinion publique franccedilaise Nouveaux eacuteclairagesDominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 48 pages
La politique de concurrence un atout pour notre industrieEmmanuel Combe novembre 2014 48 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (2) pousseacutee du FN recul de lrsquoUMP et vote bretonJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 52 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (1) la gauche en miettesJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 40 pages
Innovation politique 2014Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2014 554 pages
Eacutenergie-climat pour une politique efficaceAlbert Bressand septembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquourbanisation du monde Une chance pour la FranceLaurence Daziano juillet 2014 44 pages
Que peut-on demander agrave la politique moneacutetaire Pascal Salin mai 2014 48 pages
Le changement crsquoest tout le temps 1514 - 2014Suzanne Baverez et Jean Seacutenieacute mai 2014 48 pages
Trop drsquoeacutemigreacutes Regards sur ceux qui partent de FranceJulien Gonzalez mai 2014 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2014Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres avril 2014 284 pages
Taxer mieux gagner plusRobin Rivaton avril 2014 52 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (2) diversifier la haute administrationKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 44 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (1) renforcer les think tanksKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 52 pages
Pour un new deal fiscalGianmarco Monsellato mars 2014 8 pages
Faire cesser la mendiciteacute avec enfantsJulien Damon mars 2014 44 pages
49
Le low cost une reacutevolution eacuteconomique et deacutemocratiqueEmmanuel Combe feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Un accegraves eacutequitable aux theacuterapies contre le cancerNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Reacuteformer le statut des enseignantsLuc Chatel janvier 2014 8 pages
Un outil de finance sociale les social impact bondsYan de Kerorguen deacutecembre 2013 36 pages
Pour la croissance la deacutebureaucratisation par la confiancePierre Pezziardi Serge Soudoplatoff et Xavier Queacuterat-Heacutement novembre 2013 48 pages
Les valeurs des FranciliensGueacutenaeumllle Gault octobre 2013 36 pages
Sortir drsquoune gregraveve eacutetudiante le cas du QueacutebecJean-Patrick Brady et Steacutephane Paquin octobre 2013 40 pages
Un contrat de travail unique avec indemniteacutes de deacutepart inteacutegreacuteesCharles Beigbeder juillet 2013 8 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2013Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres juillet 2013 268 pages
La nouvelle vague des eacutemergents Bangladesh Eacutethiopie Nigeria Indoneacutesie Vietnam MexiqueLaurence Daziano juillet 2013 40 pages
Transition eacutenergeacutetique europeacuteenne bonnes intentions et mauvais calculsAlbert Bressand juillet 2013 44 pages
La deacutemobiliteacute travailler vivre autrementJulien Damon juin 2013 44 pages
Le Kapital Pour rebacirctir lrsquoindustrieChristian Saint-Eacutetienne et Robin Rivaton avril 2013 40 pages
Code eacutethique de la vie politique et des responsables publics en FranceLes Arvernes Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique avril 2013 12 pages
Les classes moyennes dans les pays eacutemergentsJulien Damon avril 2013 38 pages
Innovation politique 2013Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2013 652 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (2) les strateacutegiesRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (1) les enjeuxRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 52 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute passe aussi par la fiscaliteacuteAldo Cardoso Michel Didier Bertrand Jacquillat Dominique Reynieacute et Greacutegoire Sentilhes deacutecembre 2012 20 pages
Une autre politique moneacutetaire pour reacutesoudre la criseNicolas Goetzmann deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
50
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
litiq
ue
La nouvelle politique fiscale rend-elle lrsquoISF inconstitutionnel Aldo Cardoso novembre 2012 12 pages
Fiscaliteacute pourquoi et comment un pays sans riches est un pays pauvrehellipBertrand Jacquillat octobre 2012 40 pages
Youth and Sustainable DevelopmentFondapolNomadeacuteisUnited Nations juin 2012 80 pages
La philanthropie Des entrepreneurs de solidariteacuteFrancis Charhon mai juin 2012 44 pages
Les chiffres de la pauvreteacute le sens de la mesureJulien Damon mai 2012 40 pages
Libeacuterer le financement de lrsquoeacuteconomieRobin Rivaton avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoeacutepargne au service du logement socialJulie Merle avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2012Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2012 210 pages
Valeurs partageacuteesDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF mars 2012 362 pages
Les droites en EuropeDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF feacutevrier 2012 552 pages
Innovation politique 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2012 648 pages
Lrsquoeacutecole de la liberteacute initiative autonomie et responsabiliteacuteCharles Feuillerade janvier 2012 36 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (2) les strateacutegiesReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 40 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (1) les enjeuxReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 48 pages
Reacutevolution des valeurs et mondialisationLuc Ferry janvier 2012 36 pages
Quel avenir pour la social-deacutemocratie en Europe Sir Stuart Bell deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
La reacutegulation professionnelle des regravegles non eacutetatiques pour mieux responsabiliserJean-Pierre Teyssier deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
Lrsquohospitaliteacute une eacutethique du soinEmmanuel Hirsch deacutecembre 2011 32 pages
12 ideacutees pour 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2011 110 pages
Les classes moyennes et le logementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2011 40 pages
Reacuteformer la santeacute trois propositionsNicolas Bouzou novembre 2011 32 pages
51
Le nouveau Parlement la reacutevision du 23 juillet 2008Jean-Feacutelix de Bujadoux novembre 2011 40 pages
La responsabiliteacuteAlain-Geacuterard Slama novembre 2011 32 pages
Le vote des classes moyennesEacutelisabeth Dupoirier novembre 2011 40 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute par la qualiteacuteEmmanuel Combe et Jean-Louis Mucchielli octobre 2011 32 pages
Les classes moyennes et le creacuteditNicolas Peacutecourt octobre 2011 32 pages
Portrait des classes moyennesLaure Bonneval Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Fabienne Gomant octobre 2011 36 pages
Morale eacutethique deacuteontologieMichel Maffesoli octobre 2011 40 pages
Sortir du communisme changer drsquoeacutepoqueSteacutephane Courtois (dir) PUF octobre 2011 672 pages
Lrsquoeacutenergie nucleacuteaire apregraves Fukushima incident mineur ou nouvelle donne Malcolm Grimston septembre 2011 16 pages
La jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2011 132 pages
Pouvoir drsquoachat une politiqueEmmanuel Combe septembre 2011 52 pages
La liberteacute religieuseHenri Madelin septembre 2011 36 pages
Reacuteduire notre dette publiqueJean-Marc Daniel septembre 2011 40 pages
Eacutecologie et libeacuteralismeCorine Pelluchon aoucirct 2011 40 pages
Valoriser les monuments historiques de nouvelles strateacutegiesWladimir Mitrofanoff et Christiane Schmuckle-Mollard juillet 2011 28 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs raisonsEddy Fougier juillet 2011 40 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs reacuteseauxSylvain Boulouque juillet 2011 36 pages
La fraterniteacutePaul Thibaud juin 2011 36 pages
La transformation numeacuterique au service de la croissanceJean-Pierre Corniou juin 2011 52 pages
LrsquoengagementDominique Schnapper juin 2011 32 pages
Liberteacute Eacutegaliteacute FraterniteacuteAndreacute Glucksmann mai 2011 36 pages
52
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
ue
Quelle industrie pour la deacutefense franccedilaise Guillaume Lagane mai 2011 26 pages
La religion dans les affaires la responsabiliteacute sociale de lrsquoentrepriseAureacutelien Acquier Jean-Pascal Gond et Jacques Igalens mai 2011 44 pages
La religion dans les affaires la finance islamiqueLila Guermas-Sayegh mai 2011 36 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAllemagnePatrick Moreau avril 2011 56 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La SlovaquieEacutetienne Boisserie avril 2011 40 pages
Qui deacutetient la dette publique Guillaume Leroy avril 2011 36 pages
Le principe de preacutecaution dans le mondeNicolas de Sadeleer mars 2011 36 pages
Comprendre le Tea PartyHenri Hude mars 2011 40 pages
Ougrave en est la droite Les Pays-BasNiek Pas mars 2011 36 pages
Productiviteacute agricole et qualiteacute des eauxGeacuterard Morice mars 2011 44 pages
LrsquoEau du volume agrave la valeurJean-Louis Chaussade mars 2011 32 pages
Eau comment traiter les micropolluants Philippe Hartemann mars 2011 38 pages
Eau deacutefis mondiaux perspectives franccedilaisesGeacuterard Payen mars 2011 62 pages
Lrsquoirrigation pour une agriculture durableJean-Paul Renoux mars 2011 42 pages
Gestion de lrsquoeau vers de nouveaux modegravelesAntoine Freacuterot mars 2011 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAutrichePatrick Moreau feacutevrier 2011 42 pages
La participation au service de lrsquoemploi et du pouvoir drsquoachatJacques Perche et Antoine Pertinax feacutevrier 2011 32 pages
Le tandem franco-allemand face agrave la crise de lrsquoeuroWolfgang Glomb feacutevrier 2011 38 pages
2011 la jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) janvier 2011 88 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2011Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacutedition Lignes de Repegraveres janvier 2011 254 pages
Administration 20Thierry Weibel janvier 2011 48 pages
53
Ougrave en est la droite La BulgarieAntony Todorov deacutecembre 2010 32 pages
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apol
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atio
n po
litiq
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55
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
18
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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litiq
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Another motion on mandatory pensions for all was raised by the parliamentarian Oskar Aringkerstroumlm 26 in 1944 (sv Riksdagsmotion om obligatorisk tillaumlggspension) Pension related issues continued to be discussed in the parliamentary sessions of 1944 1946 1947 and 1950
In 1946 the flat-rate universal pension benefit (folkpension) introduced in 1913 and reformed in 1935 was amended to a unified universal pension across all municipalities (enhetlig folkpension) Indexation is then introduced in 1948 The pension and disability pension benefits were increased considerably on 1 January of the same year In addition the Social Democratic Government under Prime Minister Tage Erlander 27 introduced survivorsrsquo pensions supplements for wives (hustrutilaumlgg) as well as national and municipal housing supplements 28
The political debate on whether to opt for income replacement or minimum income security was quite contested even within the Social Democratic party Prominent figures of the labour movement such the Minister for Social Affairs Gustav Moumlller 29 opted for a universal minimum income policy in accordance with what Sir William Beveridge had proposed in the United Kingdom in 1942 30 Gustav Moumlllerrsquos opinion had strong support within the party throughout the 1940s until the beginning of the 1950s when Gunnar Straumlng become the Minister of Finance 31
5 The 1950s The rise of the ATP system (Allmaumln Tillaumlggs Pension)
In the 1950s the Government commission on pensions established in 1947 concluded that ldquoThe way pension issues have been addressed in recent decades shows that they have always been a subject of interest from both societal and individual citizens groups Optional retirement has now been significantly expanded for white-collar workersrdquo 32
Government expenditure and taxes started to increase with the expansion of the ldquowelfare staterdquo From 1950 to 1970 government expenditure increased from 18 of GDP to 31 while taxes share of the GDP increased from 18 to 36 continuing until reaching its highest peak at 50 in 1990
26 Oskar Aringkerstroumlm (1896-1964) was a Social Democratic politician and member of Parliament27 Tage Erlander (1901-1985) was a Social Democratic politician and the longest serving Prime Minister in modern Swedish history from 1946-196928 See Betaumlnkande av Pensionarbetsgruppen Reformerat pensionssystem Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199420 1994 (httpslagennusou199420attachment=indexpdfamprepo=soukbampdir=downloaded)29 Gustav Moumlller (1884-1970) was a Social Democratic politician and Member of Government in 1924-26 1932-36 and 1936-51 and credited as the father of Swedish social security and its welfare state30 See William Beveridge ldquoSocial Insurance and Allied Servicesrdquo Parliamentary Archives BBKD495 194231 Gunnar Straumlng (1906-1992) was a Social Democratic politician and served as Minister for Finance in 1955-197632 Allmaumln pensionsfoumlrsaumlkringhellip op cit
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
19
Tax Revenue and Government expenditure as a percentage of GDP 1900-2010
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Taxes Expenditures
1900 19701940 20101910 198019501920 199019601930 2000
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique Ekonomifakta IMF
The commission led by OA Aringkesson also suggested the introduction of a mandatory public income-related pension insurance for all 33 The members of the commission opted for writing their own opinions (sv saumlrskilda yttranden) along party lines wherein the Social Democratic member and the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) members were in favour of the Commissionrsquos opinion while the white-collar workers and Conservative representatives were opposed Despite these opinions the Social Democratic and Centre Party Coalition Government demanded a new independent commission instead of presenting the commissions proposal to Parliament 34
The political debate further increased during the early 1950s however despite several improvements to the pertinence of the system The indexation of the universal pension benefit was introduced and increased in 1948 However with the rapid increases in economic growth and standards of living it became obvious that the increases in benefits and coverage of workers were not enough to enable workers and low-income earners to live on their pensions 35 The pension struggle then became a power struggle between Prime Minister Tage Erlander and main opposition leader of the Liberal Party leader Bertil Ohlin 36
33 According to Bo Koumlnberg the basic ideas of the Income pension (NDC system) can be traced to the ideas in OA Aringkessons Commission (See Bo Koumlnberg ldquoThe Swedish Model for Pension ndash New Wine in New Bottlesrdquo Scandinavian Insurance Quarterly ndeg22008 February 2008 pp99-109httpsnftnusitesdefaultfiles2008202_0pdf)34 See Peter Ohlsson P Svensk politik Historiska media 201435 Ibid36 Bertil Ohlin (1899-1979) was a Liberal Party leader and economist and was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1977 See Dick Harrisson ldquoJag har ingen vilja till makt ndash Biografi oumlver Tage Erlanderrdquo Ordfront 2017
20
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apol
| lrsquoi
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litiq
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In 1955 the new pension commission produced its final report recommending a mandatory and universal public pension for all Furthermore the Commission proposed pension benefits that would mirror past wages and depend on national living standards 37 The Commission also proposed that the pension age should remain at 67 years of age Shortly after the 1956 election the Pension Commission led by Per Eckerberg presented its final report In this version the LO and Social Democrats proposed a universal earnings-related public pension (Allmaumln tillaumlggs pension) ATP 38 According to the proposal the target replacement rate would be 65 of the average workerrsquos earnings
In the fall of 1957 the Conservative party and the Liberals introduced the idea of holding a referendum on pension reforms 39 A referendum was held on 13 October 1957 The referendum had three options the first was the Social Democratic proposal to introduce a universal income-related pension This option received 458 of the referendum vote The second option was supported by the Centre Party to introduce optional pensions and it received 15 The last option supported by the Liberal party and Conservative party preferred giving social partners the responsibility for pensions and received 353 40 Although voter turnout was high at 724 and the Social Democratic option received more votes than the other options no policy received an outright majority
The struggle for the ATP also led to the dissolution of the Centre Partyrsquos coalition with the Social Democrats on 25 October 1957 41 The entire government resigned but Tage Erlander returned as Prime Minister with a Social Democratic Minority Government on 31 October 1957 The election of 1958 led to a renewed Social Democratic Government under the leadership of Prime Minister Tage Erlander With the smallest possible margin (one vote) in parliament the government secured a majority However as the speaker of the House did not vote in parliament the election resulted in a parliament without a majority
When the decision on ATP was to be made in 1959 the reform was passed with the smallest margin of votes and the Governmentrsquos proposal to introduce income-related public pension for all workers was passed through the lower House The right-of-centre parties soon conceded on the issue 42 It was after the ATP struggle in the 1950s that the Social Democrats became the majority party in Government 43 Tage Erlander remained Prime Minister until 1969
37 See Ohlsson op cit38 Ibid39 Goumlran Haumlgg Vaumllfaumlrdsaringren ndash svensk historia 1945-1986 Wallstroumlm amp Widstrand 200540 See Ohlsson op cit41 See Lennart Schoumln op cit42 See Urban Lundberg Juvelen i kronan Socialdemokraterna och den allmaumlnna pensionen Hjalmarson amp Houmlgberg 200343 See Harrison op cit
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form
s
21
6 Reforms in the 1960-1970s
For twenty years from 1950 until 1970 average growth in Sweden and in many other industrialised countries was around 4 annually 44 In that time often referred to as the ldquogolden yearsrdquo 45 not only did living standards increase but many consumer goods such as cars refrigerators television etc became goods for the masses and vacation travel also increased due to better infrastructure throughout Europe and aviation
At the beginning of the 1970s Sweden like most other western countries entered an era of reduced growth There are many different explanations for this external shocks from the global recession the oil crisis as well as structural changes in the economy with new technology and services taking over the industrial sector
GDP per capita and economic growth in leading economies 1971-1975 and 2001-2005
Countries Income per capita Growth
1971-1975 1991-1995 2001-2005
1991-1995 1971-1975
2001-2005 1991-1995
2001-2005 1971-1975
Sweden 11252 14159 17951 + 12 + 24 + 16
Other Nordic countries 9520 14474 18525 + 21 + 25 + 22
Southern Europe 7703 11904 14591 + 22 + 20 + 21
Rest of Europe 9651 13791 16501 + 18 + 18 + 18
North America 13479 18395 22771 + 16 + 21 + 17
Japan 8815 15977 17504 + 30 + 09 + 23
Source Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia Tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel SNS Foumlrlag 2000
In 1969 the pension supplement a complementary benefit to the universal pension was passed (sv Pensionstillskott) 46 and remained in place until 2003
On 1 July 1976 the retirement age was lowered from 67 to 65 after an agreement made in 1974 between the Social Democratic Government and the Liberals A flexible part-time pension was also introduced for those aged 60 to 65 The flexible part-time pension was calculated generously which allowed for a benefit level of 65 including pension contributions The flexible
44 See Lennart Schoumln op cit45 These years are the equivalent of Les Trente Glorieuses in France46 ldquoLag om pensionstillskottrdquo 1969205 Socialdepartementet 9 May 1969 (httpslagennu1969205)
22
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
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part-time pension became very popular and from 1976 until August 1980 about 89000 Swedes opted for this benefit 47 In the 1976 election the Social Democrats lost their majority for the first time in 40 years The non-socialist parties lead by Torbjoumlrn Faumllldin from the Centre Party formed a coalition government The non-socialist right-of centre parties would remain in power until 1982
The premature ageing of the population from 1970-1990 compared to other OECD countries together with sharp increases in the labour participation rates of women increased the political demand for more generous pension systems and child and elderly care 48 From 1950 until the 1990s Sweden experienced a rapid increase in the old-age dependency ratio
Old-age dependency ratio in Sweden and France from 1950 to 2015 (in )
04
035
03
025
02
015
01
005
0
France Sweden
1950 19851970 2005 2010 20151955 199019751960 199519801965 2000
The old-age dependency ratio is calculated as the number of individuals aged 65 and above divided by the number of individuals aged 20 to 64
Source United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2017) World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision
The figure below shows the employment ratio for men and women From 1963 to 1990 female employment continuously increased from 53 to 81 while for male employment it suffered a small but steady decline from 89 to 85 Employment rates which had fallen due to the economic crisis of the early 1990s then picked up again with a slow yet steady increase
47 See Urban Lundberg op cit48 Lindbeck op cit
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emen
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sson
s fr
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h re
form
s
23
Employment ratios for men and women 1963-2017
196
3
196
9
198
9
197
9
199
9
20
09
196
5
198
5
1975
199
5
20
05
1971
199
1
198
1
20
01
20
11
20
15
1967
198
7
197
7
199
7
20
07
197
3
199
3
198
3
20
03
20
13
20
17
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Men Women
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique OECDstat
Despite the rhetorical differences between the political parties there was a growing consensus across political lines that the pension system needed to be adjusted The ATP system was perceived as financially unsustainable as there was a substantial risk of the pension contributions increasing faster than income levels would 49 Given the high level of taxes as a percentage of GDP at around 50 of GDP in 1990 further increases to finance pensions seemed limited
Estimated pensions expenditure in the former pension system wage share based on different assumptions for real income growth (from 1995) and maintained price indexation
Growth rate0 1 2 3
2005 335 303 278 2512015 411 342 288 2392025 442 341 266 2032050 437 292 184 109
Source Prop 199394250
In addition the former system created few incentives to work Thirty years of work would earn a pension of which fifteen would impact the calculation the pension benefit formula was based on the best fifteen years of work The
49 See Allmaumln pension Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199076 1990 (httpslagennusou199076)
24
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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benefit calculation was therefore beneficial for individuals with a short but fast-growing career later in life Hence it was less beneficial for individuals with a slow growth in earning but a long career
On 16 November 1984 the Social Democratic government lead by Olof Palme commissioned a Parliamentary Pension Commission (pensionsberedningen) lead by Sture Korpi 50 State Secretary to Minister for Social Affairs Sten Andersson The Commission united all the most relevant organisations in Swedish society political parties unions the confederation of Swedish enterprises pensionersrsquo organisations organisations for the disabled social insurance agencies etc 51 The Parliamentary Commission also became a breeding ground for future prominent members of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pension such as Anna Hedborg 52 Ingela Thalen 53 and Bo Koumlnberg 54
Although the Commission had not been mandated to propose any changes it was considered a huge success for its contributions to analysing how the pensions system worked and what challenges it faced 55 The Pension Commission presented its final report in 1990 56
7 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system
The first political step towards a new pension reform system was taken in the Government budget (finansplan) of 1991 The Social Democratic Government led by Ingvar Carlsson 57 opts for ldquoopportunities for financing pension pledges within a framework of unchanged levels of taxation and contributions are highly dependent on economic growth 58rdquo
In 1991 the Social Democrats were defeated by a four-party coalition led by the Moderate Party leader Carl Bildt 59 Shortly after the new Government
50 Sture Korpi (1939-2017) was a Social Democratic politician and served as State Secretary in 1982-199151 See Urban Lundberg op cit52 Anna Hedborg (b 1944) is a Social Democratic politician and official and served as Minister for Social Insurance (1994-1996)53 Ingela Thalen (b1943) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Minster of Labour (1987-1991) and Minister for Social Affairs (1990-1991 1994-1996)54 Bo Koumlnberg (b1945) is a Liberal Party politician and served as Minister for Health and Social Insurance in 1991-199455 See Urban Lundberg op cit56 See Allmaumln Pension op cit57 Ingvar Carlsson (b1934) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Prime Minister in 1986-1991 and 1994-199658 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreement and Pension Reform trad Anglaise du rapport Detta aumlr pensionsoumlverenskommelsen (Ds 200953) 2010 p53 (wwwgovernmentse49b757contentassets3d321fd499da48928de201abe43a558bthe-swedish-pension-agreement-and-pension-reform-ds-200953)59 Carl Bildt (born in 1949) is a Conservative Party politician and served as Prime Minister 1991-1994 and Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006-2014
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form
s
25
took office a Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions was formed The Working Group began its work in November 1991 when the Minister for Healthcare and Social Security Bo Koumlnberg took its direction In 1992 the Working Group published a ldquopreliminary draftrdquo containing almost all the elements of the reform 60 the starting point of the reform being the need for a higher savings rate in the economy as well as the need to strengthen the incentives to work Although the possibility of making changes within the framework of the existing ATP system had been thoroughly investigated by Pension Commission the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions settled that the retirement system should be built up according to principles other than those underpinning public pension and ATP systems of today The Working Group presented a draft of a new system in August 1992 containing almost all principal elements 61
A brutal economic crisis hit Sweden in 1992 Government expenditure reached almost 76 of GDP in 1995 and the employment rate declined consistently throughout the 1990s The many causes of the crisis are diverse and literature on this matter is vast A combination of rapid credit expansion both weak government finances and a weak current account together with a fixed currency towards the European Currency Unit 62 depleted the central bankrsquos power to defend its currency In one last attempt to protect the Swedish currency the Riksbank decided to raise its key interest rate to 500 on 16 September 1992 As a result investments and the employment rate fell and the country experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression In November 1992 the fixed rate towards the ECU 63 was abandoned and the Swedish krona quickly depreciated These events led to an immediate crisis on the financial market and in the banking sector which had to be restructured and bailed out Consequently the Government debt as a percentage of GDP soared from around 40 in 1990 to 74 in 1994
60 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit61 Ibid62 The ECU was a basket of currencies used from 1979 to 1999 and before the euro63 The European Currency Unit was a basket of currencies used as a unit of account before being replaced by the euro 1 January 1999
26
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
Retir
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s fr
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h re
form
s
27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
ue
Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
Retir
emen
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sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
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35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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37
38
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39
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47
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48
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litiq
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apol
| lrsquoi
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atio
n po
litiq
ue
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apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
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litiq
ue
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Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
19
Tax Revenue and Government expenditure as a percentage of GDP 1900-2010
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Taxes Expenditures
1900 19701940 20101910 198019501920 199019601930 2000
Sources Fondation pour linnovation politique Ekonomifakta IMF
The commission led by OA Aringkesson also suggested the introduction of a mandatory public income-related pension insurance for all 33 The members of the commission opted for writing their own opinions (sv saumlrskilda yttranden) along party lines wherein the Social Democratic member and the Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) members were in favour of the Commissionrsquos opinion while the white-collar workers and Conservative representatives were opposed Despite these opinions the Social Democratic and Centre Party Coalition Government demanded a new independent commission instead of presenting the commissions proposal to Parliament 34
The political debate further increased during the early 1950s however despite several improvements to the pertinence of the system The indexation of the universal pension benefit was introduced and increased in 1948 However with the rapid increases in economic growth and standards of living it became obvious that the increases in benefits and coverage of workers were not enough to enable workers and low-income earners to live on their pensions 35 The pension struggle then became a power struggle between Prime Minister Tage Erlander and main opposition leader of the Liberal Party leader Bertil Ohlin 36
33 According to Bo Koumlnberg the basic ideas of the Income pension (NDC system) can be traced to the ideas in OA Aringkessons Commission (See Bo Koumlnberg ldquoThe Swedish Model for Pension ndash New Wine in New Bottlesrdquo Scandinavian Insurance Quarterly ndeg22008 February 2008 pp99-109httpsnftnusitesdefaultfiles2008202_0pdf)34 See Peter Ohlsson P Svensk politik Historiska media 201435 Ibid36 Bertil Ohlin (1899-1979) was a Liberal Party leader and economist and was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1977 See Dick Harrisson ldquoJag har ingen vilja till makt ndash Biografi oumlver Tage Erlanderrdquo Ordfront 2017
20
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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In 1955 the new pension commission produced its final report recommending a mandatory and universal public pension for all Furthermore the Commission proposed pension benefits that would mirror past wages and depend on national living standards 37 The Commission also proposed that the pension age should remain at 67 years of age Shortly after the 1956 election the Pension Commission led by Per Eckerberg presented its final report In this version the LO and Social Democrats proposed a universal earnings-related public pension (Allmaumln tillaumlggs pension) ATP 38 According to the proposal the target replacement rate would be 65 of the average workerrsquos earnings
In the fall of 1957 the Conservative party and the Liberals introduced the idea of holding a referendum on pension reforms 39 A referendum was held on 13 October 1957 The referendum had three options the first was the Social Democratic proposal to introduce a universal income-related pension This option received 458 of the referendum vote The second option was supported by the Centre Party to introduce optional pensions and it received 15 The last option supported by the Liberal party and Conservative party preferred giving social partners the responsibility for pensions and received 353 40 Although voter turnout was high at 724 and the Social Democratic option received more votes than the other options no policy received an outright majority
The struggle for the ATP also led to the dissolution of the Centre Partyrsquos coalition with the Social Democrats on 25 October 1957 41 The entire government resigned but Tage Erlander returned as Prime Minister with a Social Democratic Minority Government on 31 October 1957 The election of 1958 led to a renewed Social Democratic Government under the leadership of Prime Minister Tage Erlander With the smallest possible margin (one vote) in parliament the government secured a majority However as the speaker of the House did not vote in parliament the election resulted in a parliament without a majority
When the decision on ATP was to be made in 1959 the reform was passed with the smallest margin of votes and the Governmentrsquos proposal to introduce income-related public pension for all workers was passed through the lower House The right-of-centre parties soon conceded on the issue 42 It was after the ATP struggle in the 1950s that the Social Democrats became the majority party in Government 43 Tage Erlander remained Prime Minister until 1969
37 See Ohlsson op cit38 Ibid39 Goumlran Haumlgg Vaumllfaumlrdsaringren ndash svensk historia 1945-1986 Wallstroumlm amp Widstrand 200540 See Ohlsson op cit41 See Lennart Schoumln op cit42 See Urban Lundberg Juvelen i kronan Socialdemokraterna och den allmaumlnna pensionen Hjalmarson amp Houmlgberg 200343 See Harrison op cit
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
21
6 Reforms in the 1960-1970s
For twenty years from 1950 until 1970 average growth in Sweden and in many other industrialised countries was around 4 annually 44 In that time often referred to as the ldquogolden yearsrdquo 45 not only did living standards increase but many consumer goods such as cars refrigerators television etc became goods for the masses and vacation travel also increased due to better infrastructure throughout Europe and aviation
At the beginning of the 1970s Sweden like most other western countries entered an era of reduced growth There are many different explanations for this external shocks from the global recession the oil crisis as well as structural changes in the economy with new technology and services taking over the industrial sector
GDP per capita and economic growth in leading economies 1971-1975 and 2001-2005
Countries Income per capita Growth
1971-1975 1991-1995 2001-2005
1991-1995 1971-1975
2001-2005 1991-1995
2001-2005 1971-1975
Sweden 11252 14159 17951 + 12 + 24 + 16
Other Nordic countries 9520 14474 18525 + 21 + 25 + 22
Southern Europe 7703 11904 14591 + 22 + 20 + 21
Rest of Europe 9651 13791 16501 + 18 + 18 + 18
North America 13479 18395 22771 + 16 + 21 + 17
Japan 8815 15977 17504 + 30 + 09 + 23
Source Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia Tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel SNS Foumlrlag 2000
In 1969 the pension supplement a complementary benefit to the universal pension was passed (sv Pensionstillskott) 46 and remained in place until 2003
On 1 July 1976 the retirement age was lowered from 67 to 65 after an agreement made in 1974 between the Social Democratic Government and the Liberals A flexible part-time pension was also introduced for those aged 60 to 65 The flexible part-time pension was calculated generously which allowed for a benefit level of 65 including pension contributions The flexible
44 See Lennart Schoumln op cit45 These years are the equivalent of Les Trente Glorieuses in France46 ldquoLag om pensionstillskottrdquo 1969205 Socialdepartementet 9 May 1969 (httpslagennu1969205)
22
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
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part-time pension became very popular and from 1976 until August 1980 about 89000 Swedes opted for this benefit 47 In the 1976 election the Social Democrats lost their majority for the first time in 40 years The non-socialist parties lead by Torbjoumlrn Faumllldin from the Centre Party formed a coalition government The non-socialist right-of centre parties would remain in power until 1982
The premature ageing of the population from 1970-1990 compared to other OECD countries together with sharp increases in the labour participation rates of women increased the political demand for more generous pension systems and child and elderly care 48 From 1950 until the 1990s Sweden experienced a rapid increase in the old-age dependency ratio
Old-age dependency ratio in Sweden and France from 1950 to 2015 (in )
04
035
03
025
02
015
01
005
0
France Sweden
1950 19851970 2005 2010 20151955 199019751960 199519801965 2000
The old-age dependency ratio is calculated as the number of individuals aged 65 and above divided by the number of individuals aged 20 to 64
Source United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2017) World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision
The figure below shows the employment ratio for men and women From 1963 to 1990 female employment continuously increased from 53 to 81 while for male employment it suffered a small but steady decline from 89 to 85 Employment rates which had fallen due to the economic crisis of the early 1990s then picked up again with a slow yet steady increase
47 See Urban Lundberg op cit48 Lindbeck op cit
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23
Employment ratios for men and women 1963-2017
196
3
196
9
198
9
197
9
199
9
20
09
196
5
198
5
1975
199
5
20
05
1971
199
1
198
1
20
01
20
11
20
15
1967
198
7
197
7
199
7
20
07
197
3
199
3
198
3
20
03
20
13
20
17
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Men Women
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique OECDstat
Despite the rhetorical differences between the political parties there was a growing consensus across political lines that the pension system needed to be adjusted The ATP system was perceived as financially unsustainable as there was a substantial risk of the pension contributions increasing faster than income levels would 49 Given the high level of taxes as a percentage of GDP at around 50 of GDP in 1990 further increases to finance pensions seemed limited
Estimated pensions expenditure in the former pension system wage share based on different assumptions for real income growth (from 1995) and maintained price indexation
Growth rate0 1 2 3
2005 335 303 278 2512015 411 342 288 2392025 442 341 266 2032050 437 292 184 109
Source Prop 199394250
In addition the former system created few incentives to work Thirty years of work would earn a pension of which fifteen would impact the calculation the pension benefit formula was based on the best fifteen years of work The
49 See Allmaumln pension Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199076 1990 (httpslagennusou199076)
24
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benefit calculation was therefore beneficial for individuals with a short but fast-growing career later in life Hence it was less beneficial for individuals with a slow growth in earning but a long career
On 16 November 1984 the Social Democratic government lead by Olof Palme commissioned a Parliamentary Pension Commission (pensionsberedningen) lead by Sture Korpi 50 State Secretary to Minister for Social Affairs Sten Andersson The Commission united all the most relevant organisations in Swedish society political parties unions the confederation of Swedish enterprises pensionersrsquo organisations organisations for the disabled social insurance agencies etc 51 The Parliamentary Commission also became a breeding ground for future prominent members of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pension such as Anna Hedborg 52 Ingela Thalen 53 and Bo Koumlnberg 54
Although the Commission had not been mandated to propose any changes it was considered a huge success for its contributions to analysing how the pensions system worked and what challenges it faced 55 The Pension Commission presented its final report in 1990 56
7 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system
The first political step towards a new pension reform system was taken in the Government budget (finansplan) of 1991 The Social Democratic Government led by Ingvar Carlsson 57 opts for ldquoopportunities for financing pension pledges within a framework of unchanged levels of taxation and contributions are highly dependent on economic growth 58rdquo
In 1991 the Social Democrats were defeated by a four-party coalition led by the Moderate Party leader Carl Bildt 59 Shortly after the new Government
50 Sture Korpi (1939-2017) was a Social Democratic politician and served as State Secretary in 1982-199151 See Urban Lundberg op cit52 Anna Hedborg (b 1944) is a Social Democratic politician and official and served as Minister for Social Insurance (1994-1996)53 Ingela Thalen (b1943) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Minster of Labour (1987-1991) and Minister for Social Affairs (1990-1991 1994-1996)54 Bo Koumlnberg (b1945) is a Liberal Party politician and served as Minister for Health and Social Insurance in 1991-199455 See Urban Lundberg op cit56 See Allmaumln Pension op cit57 Ingvar Carlsson (b1934) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Prime Minister in 1986-1991 and 1994-199658 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreement and Pension Reform trad Anglaise du rapport Detta aumlr pensionsoumlverenskommelsen (Ds 200953) 2010 p53 (wwwgovernmentse49b757contentassets3d321fd499da48928de201abe43a558bthe-swedish-pension-agreement-and-pension-reform-ds-200953)59 Carl Bildt (born in 1949) is a Conservative Party politician and served as Prime Minister 1991-1994 and Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006-2014
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25
took office a Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions was formed The Working Group began its work in November 1991 when the Minister for Healthcare and Social Security Bo Koumlnberg took its direction In 1992 the Working Group published a ldquopreliminary draftrdquo containing almost all the elements of the reform 60 the starting point of the reform being the need for a higher savings rate in the economy as well as the need to strengthen the incentives to work Although the possibility of making changes within the framework of the existing ATP system had been thoroughly investigated by Pension Commission the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions settled that the retirement system should be built up according to principles other than those underpinning public pension and ATP systems of today The Working Group presented a draft of a new system in August 1992 containing almost all principal elements 61
A brutal economic crisis hit Sweden in 1992 Government expenditure reached almost 76 of GDP in 1995 and the employment rate declined consistently throughout the 1990s The many causes of the crisis are diverse and literature on this matter is vast A combination of rapid credit expansion both weak government finances and a weak current account together with a fixed currency towards the European Currency Unit 62 depleted the central bankrsquos power to defend its currency In one last attempt to protect the Swedish currency the Riksbank decided to raise its key interest rate to 500 on 16 September 1992 As a result investments and the employment rate fell and the country experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression In November 1992 the fixed rate towards the ECU 63 was abandoned and the Swedish krona quickly depreciated These events led to an immediate crisis on the financial market and in the banking sector which had to be restructured and bailed out Consequently the Government debt as a percentage of GDP soared from around 40 in 1990 to 74 in 1994
60 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit61 Ibid62 The ECU was a basket of currencies used from 1979 to 1999 and before the euro63 The European Currency Unit was a basket of currencies used as a unit of account before being replaced by the euro 1 January 1999
26
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Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
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27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
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35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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37
38
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39
40
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41
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Deacutemocraties sous tensionSous la direction de Dominique Reynieacute mai 2019 volume I Les enjeux 156 pages volume II Les pays 120 pages Enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec lrsquoInternational Republican Institute
La longue gouvernance de PoutineMichel Eltchaninoff mai 2019 52 pages
Politique du handicap pour une socieacuteteacute inclusiveSophie Cluzel avril 2019 44 pages
Ferroviaire ouverture agrave la concurrence une chance pour la SNCFDavid Valence et Franccedilois Bouchard mars 2019 64 pages
Un an de populisme italienAlberto Toscano mars 2019 56 pages
Une mosqueacutee mixte pour un islam spirituel et progressisteEva Janadin et Anne-Sophie Monsinay feacutevrier 2019 72 pages
Une civilisation eacutelectrique (2) Vers le reacuteenchantementAlain Beltran et Patrice Carreacute feacutevrier 2019 56 pages
Une civilisation eacutelectrique (1) Un siegravecle de transformationsAlain Beltran et Patrice Carreacute feacutevrier 2019 56 pages
Prix de lrsquoeacutelectriciteacute entre marcheacute reacutegulation et subventionJacques Percebois feacutevrier 2019 64 pages
Vers une socieacuteteacute post-carbonePatrice Geoffron feacutevrier 2019 60 pages
Eacutenergie-climat en Europe pour une excellence eacutecologiqueEmmanuel Tuchscherer feacutevrier 2019 48 pages
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| lrsquoi
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Innovation politique 2018 (tome 2)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2019 544 pages
Innovation politique 2018 (tome 1)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2019 472 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2018Dominique Reynieacute (dir) eacuteditions Marie Bcollection Lignes de Repegraveres janvier 2019 176 pages
La contestation animaliste radicaleEddy Fougier janvier 2019 56 pages
Le numeacuterique au secours de la santeacuteSerge Soudoplatoff janvier 2019 60 pages
Le nouveau pouvoir franccedilais et la coopeacuteration franco-japonaiseFondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2018 204 pages
Les apports du christianisme agrave lrsquouniteacute de lrsquoEuropeJean-Dominique Durand deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La crise orthodoxe (2) Les convulsions du XIXe siegravecle agrave nos joursJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La crise orthodoxe (1) Les fondations des origines au XIXe siegravecleJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La France et les chreacutetiens drsquoOrient derniegravere chanceJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 56 pages
Le christianisme et la moderniteacute europeacuteenne (2) Comprendre le retour de lrsquoinstitution religieusePhilippe Portier et Jean-Paul Willaime deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
Le christianisme et la moderniteacute europeacuteenne (1) Reacutecuser le deacuteni
Philippe Portier et Jean-Paul Willaime deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
Commerce illicite de cigarettes les cas de Barbegraves-La Chapelle Saint-Denis et Aubervilliers-Quatre-CheminsMathieu Zagrodzki Romain Maneveau et Arthur Persais novembre 2018 84 pages
Lrsquoavenir de lrsquohydroeacutelectriciteacuteJean-Pierre Corniou novembre 2018 64 pages
Retraites Leccedilons des reacuteformes italiennesMichel Martone novembre 2018 48 pages
Les geacuteants du numeacuterique (2) un frein agrave lrsquoinnovation Paul-Adrien Hyppolite et Antoine Michon novembre 2018 84 pages
Les geacuteants du numeacuterique (1) magnats de la financePaul-Adrien Hyppolite et Antoine Michon novembre 2018 80 pages
Lrsquointelligence artificielle en Chine un eacutetat des lieuxAifang Ma novembre 2018 60 pages
Alternative fuumlr Deutschland eacutetablissement eacutelectoralPatrick Moreau octobre 2018 72 pages
Les Franccedilais jugent leur systegraveme de retraiteFondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique octobre 2018 28 pages
43
Migrations la France singuliegravereDidier Leschi octobre 2018 56 pages
La reacutevision constitutionnelle de 2008 un premier bilanHugues Hourdin octobre 2018 52 pages Preacuteface drsquoEacutedouard Balladur et de Jack Lang
Les Franccedilais face agrave la crise deacutemocratique Immigration populisme Trump EuropehellipAJC Europe et la Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique septembre 2018 72 pages
Les laquo Deacutemocrates de Suegravede raquo un vote anti-immigrationJohan Martinsson septembre 2018 64 pages
Les Sueacutedois et lrsquoimmigration (2) fin du consensus Tino Sanandaji septembre 2018 56 pages
Les Sueacutedois et lrsquoimmigration (1) fin de lrsquohomogeacuteneacuteiteacute Tino Sanandaji septembre 2018 56 pages
Eacutethiques de lrsquoimmigrationJean-Philippe Vincent juin 2018 56 pages
Les addictions chez les jeunes (14-24 ans)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique juin 2018 56 pages Enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec la Fondation Gabriel Peacuteri et le Fonds Actions Addictions
Villes et voitures pour une reacuteconciliationJean Coldefy juin 2018 60 pages
France combattre la pauvreteacute des enfantsJulien Damon mai 2018 48 pages
Que pegravesent les syndicats Dominique Andolfatto avril 2018 56 pages
Lrsquoeacutelan de la francophonie pour une ambition franccedilaise (2)Benjamin Boutin mars 2018 48 pages
Lrsquoeacutelan de la francophonie une communauteacute de langue et de destin (1)Benjamin Boutin mars 2018 48 pages
LrsquoItalie aux urnesSofia Ventura feacutevrier 2018 44 pages
Lrsquointelligence artificielle lrsquoexpertise partout accessible agrave tousSerge Soudoplatoff feacutevrier 2018 60 pages
Lrsquoinnovation agrave lrsquoegravere du bien communBenjamin Boscher Xavier Pavie feacutevrier 2018 64 pages
Libeacuterer lrsquoislam de lrsquoislamismeMohamed Louizi janvier 2018 84 pages
Gouverner le religieux dans un eacutetat laiumlcThierry Rambaud janvier 2018 56 pages
Innovation politique 2017 (tome 2)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 492 pages
Innovation politique 2017 (tome 1)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 468 pages
44
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| lrsquoi
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Une laquo norme intelligente raquo au service de la reacuteformeVictor Fabre Mathieu Kohmann Mathieu Luinaud deacutecembre 2017 44 pages
Autriche virage agrave droitePatrick Moreau novembre 2017 52 pages
Pour repenser le bac reacuteformons le lyceacutee et lrsquoapprentissageFayumlccedilal Hafied novembre 2017 76 pages
Ougrave va la deacutemocratie Sous la direction de Dominique Reynieacute Plon octobre 2017 320 pages
Violence antiseacutemite en Europe 2005-2015Johannes Due Enstad septembre 2017 48 pages
Pour lrsquoemploi la subrogation du creacutedit drsquoimpocirct des services agrave la personneBruno Despujol Olivier Peraldi et Dominique Reynieacute septembre 2017 52 pages
Marcheacute du travail pour la reacuteforme Fayumlccedilal Hafied juillet 2017 64 pages
Le fact-checking une reacuteponse agrave la crise de lrsquoinformation et de la deacutemocratieFarid Gueham juillet 2017 68 pages
Notre-Dame- des-Landes lrsquoEacutetat le droit et la deacutemocratie empecirccheacutesBruno Hug de Larauze mai 2017 56 pages
France les juifs vus par les musulmans Entre steacutereacuteotypes et meacuteconnaissancesMehdi Ghouirgate Iannis Roder et Dominique Schnapper mai 2017 44 pages
Dette publique la mesurer la reacuteduireJean-Marc Daniel avril 2017 52 pages
Parfaire le paritarisme par lrsquoindeacutependance financiegravereJulien Damon avril 2017 52 pages
Former de plus en plus de mieux en mieux Lrsquoenjeu de la formation professionnelleOlivier Faron avril 2017 48 pages
Les troubles du monde lrsquoislamisme et sa reacutecupeacuteration populiste lrsquoEurope deacutemocratique menaceacuteePierre-Adrien Hanania AJC Fondapol mars 2017 44 pages
Porno addiction nouvel enjeu de socieacuteteacuteDavid Reynieacute mars 2017 48 pages
Calais miroir franccedilais de la crise migratoire europeacuteenne (2)Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2017 72 pages
Calais miroir franccedilais de la crise migratoire europeacuteenne (1)Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2017 56 pages
Lrsquoactif eacutepargne logementPierre-Franccedilois Gouiffegraves feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Reacuteformer quel discours pour convaincre Christophe de Voogd feacutevrier 2017 52 pages
De lrsquoassurance maladie agrave lrsquoassurance santeacutePatrick Negaret feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Hocircpital libeacuterer lrsquoinnovationChristophe Marques et Nicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2017 44 pages
45
Le Front national face agrave lrsquoobstacle du second tourJeacuterocircme Jaffreacute feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
La Reacutepublique des entrepreneursVincent Lorphelin janvier 2017 52 pages
Des startups drsquoEacutetat agrave lrsquoEacutetat plateformePierre Pezziardi et Henri Verdier janvier 2017 52 pages
Vers la souveraineteacute numeacuteriqueFarid Gueham janvier 2017 44 pages
Repenser notre politique commercialeLaurence Daziano janvier 2017 48 pages
Mesures de la pauvreteacute mesures contre la pauvreteacuteJulien Damon deacutecembre 2016 40 pages
Lrsquo Autriche des populistesPatrick Moreau novembre 2016 72 pages
LrsquoEurope face aux deacutefis du peacutetro-solaireAlbert Bressand novembre 2016 52 pages
Le Front national en campagnes Les agriculteurs et le vote FNEddy Fougier et Jeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2016 52 pages
Innovation politique 2016Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2016 758 pages
Le nouveau monde de lrsquoautomobile (2) les promesses de la mobiliteacute eacutelectriqueJean-Pierre Corniou octobre 2016 68 pages
Le nouveau monde de lrsquoautomobile (1) lrsquoimpasse du moteur agrave explosionJean-Pierre Corniou octobre 2016 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2016Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2016 224 pages
Lrsquoindividu contre lrsquoeacutetatisme Actualiteacute de la penseacutee libeacuterale franccedilaise (XXe siegravecle)Jeacuterocircme Perrier septembre 2016 52 pages
Lrsquoindividu contre lrsquoeacutetatisme Actualiteacute de la penseacutee libeacuterale franccedilaise (XIXe siegravecle)Jeacuterocircme Perrier septembre 2016 52 pages
Refonder lrsquoaudiovisuel publicOlivier Babeau septembre 2016 48 pages
La concurrence au deacutefi du numeacuteriqueCharles-Antoine Schwerer juillet 2016 48 pages
Portrait des musulmans drsquoEurope uniteacute dans la diversiteacuteVincent Tournier juin 2016 68 pages
Portrait des musulmans de France une communauteacute plurielleNadia Henni-Moulaiuml juin 2016 48 pages
La blockchain ou la confiance distribueacuteeYves Caseau et Serge Soudoplatoff juin 2016 48 pages
La gauche radicale liens lieux et luttes (2012-2017)Sylvain Boulouque mai 2016 56 pages
46
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Gouverner pour reacuteformer eacuteleacutements de meacutethodeErwan Le Noan et Matthieu Montjotin mai 2016 64 pages
Les zadistes (2) la tentation de la violenceEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
Les zadistes (1) un nouvel anticapitalismeEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
Reacutegionales (2) les partis contesteacutes mais pas concurrenceacutesJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 52 pages
Reacutegionales (1) vote FN et attentatsJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 60 pages
Un droit pour lrsquoinnovation et la croissanceSophie Vermeille Mathieu Kohmann et Mathieu Luinaud feacutevrier 2016 52 pages
Le lobbying outil deacutemocratiqueAnthony Escurat feacutevrier 2016 44 pages
Valeurs drsquoislamDominique Reynieacute (dir) preacuteface par le cheikh Khaled Bentounegraves PUF janvier 2016 432 pages
Chiites et sunnites paix impossible Mathieu Terrier janvier 2016 44 pages
Projet drsquoentreprise renouveler le capitalismeDaniel Hurstel deacutecembre 2015 44 pages
Le mutualisme reacutepondre aux deacutefis assurantielsArnaud Chneiweiss et Steacutephane Tisserand novembre 2015 44 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2015Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres novembre 2015 140 pages
La noopolitique le pouvoir de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane novembre 2015 52 pages
Innovation politique 2015Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2015 576 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (2) une reacuteflexion agrave contre-courantAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (1) le Kant europeacuteen et le Machiavel chinoisAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
PME nouveaux modes de financementMohamed Abdesslam et Benjamin Le Pendeven octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (2) Pourquoi il faut deacutefendre la routeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (1) Les conditions drsquoune mobiliteacute convivialeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 40 pages
Crise de la conscience arabo-musulmaneMalik Bezouh septembre 2015 40 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (3) le second tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
47
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (2) le premier tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (1) le contexteJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 44 pages
Enseignement supeacuterieur les limites de la laquo masteacuterisation raquoJulien Gonzalez juillet 2015 44 pages
Politique eacuteconomique lrsquoenjeu franco-allemandWolfgang Glomb et Henry drsquoArcole juin 2015 36 pages
Les lois de la primaire Celles drsquohier celles de demainFranccedilois Bazin juin 2015 48 pages
Eacuteconomie de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane mai 2015 48 pages
Lutter contre les vols et cambriolages une approche eacuteconomiqueEmmanuel Combe et Seacutebastien Daziano mai 2015 56 pages
Unir pour agir un programme pour la croissanceAlain Madelin mai 2015 52 pages
Nouvelle entreprise et valeur humaineFrancis Mer avril 2015 32 pages
Les transports et le financement de la mobiliteacuteYves Crozet avril 2015 32 pages
Numeacuterique et mobiliteacute impacts et synergiesJean Coldefy avril 2015 36 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie face agrave la moderniteacuteMohamed Beddy Ebnou mars 2015 40 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie les fondementsAḥmad Al-Raysuni mars 2015 40 pages
Les femmes et lrsquoislam une vision reacuteformisteAsma Lamrabet mars 2015 48 pages
Eacuteducation et islamMustapha Cherif mars 2015 44 pages
Que nous disent les eacutelections leacutegislatives partielles depuis 2012 Dominique Reynieacute feacutevrier 2015 4 pages
Lrsquoislam et les valeurs de la ReacutepubliqueSaad Khiari feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Islam et contrat socialPhilippe Moulinet feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Le soufisme spiritualiteacute et citoyenneteacuteBariza Khiari feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
Lrsquohumanisme et lrsquohumaniteacute en islamAhmed Bouyerdene feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
Eacuteradiquer lrsquoheacutepatite C en France quelles strateacutegies publiques Nicolas Bouzou et Christophe Marques janvier 2015 40 pages
48
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Coran cleacutes de lectureTareq Oubrou janvier 2015 44 pages
Le pluralisme religieux en islam ou la conscience de lrsquoalteacuteriteacuteEacuteric Geoffroy janvier 2015 40 pages
Meacutemoires agrave venirDominique Reynieacute janvier 2015 enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec la Fondation pour la Meacutemoire de la Shoah 156 pages
La classe moyenne ameacutericaine en voie drsquoeffritementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2014 40 pages
Pour une compleacutementaire eacuteducation lrsquoeacutecole des classes moyennesErwan Le Noan et Dominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquoantiseacutemitisme dans lrsquoopinion publique franccedilaise Nouveaux eacuteclairagesDominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 48 pages
La politique de concurrence un atout pour notre industrieEmmanuel Combe novembre 2014 48 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (2) pousseacutee du FN recul de lrsquoUMP et vote bretonJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 52 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (1) la gauche en miettesJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 40 pages
Innovation politique 2014Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2014 554 pages
Eacutenergie-climat pour une politique efficaceAlbert Bressand septembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquourbanisation du monde Une chance pour la FranceLaurence Daziano juillet 2014 44 pages
Que peut-on demander agrave la politique moneacutetaire Pascal Salin mai 2014 48 pages
Le changement crsquoest tout le temps 1514 - 2014Suzanne Baverez et Jean Seacutenieacute mai 2014 48 pages
Trop drsquoeacutemigreacutes Regards sur ceux qui partent de FranceJulien Gonzalez mai 2014 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2014Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres avril 2014 284 pages
Taxer mieux gagner plusRobin Rivaton avril 2014 52 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (2) diversifier la haute administrationKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 44 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (1) renforcer les think tanksKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 52 pages
Pour un new deal fiscalGianmarco Monsellato mars 2014 8 pages
Faire cesser la mendiciteacute avec enfantsJulien Damon mars 2014 44 pages
49
Le low cost une reacutevolution eacuteconomique et deacutemocratiqueEmmanuel Combe feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Un accegraves eacutequitable aux theacuterapies contre le cancerNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Reacuteformer le statut des enseignantsLuc Chatel janvier 2014 8 pages
Un outil de finance sociale les social impact bondsYan de Kerorguen deacutecembre 2013 36 pages
Pour la croissance la deacutebureaucratisation par la confiancePierre Pezziardi Serge Soudoplatoff et Xavier Queacuterat-Heacutement novembre 2013 48 pages
Les valeurs des FranciliensGueacutenaeumllle Gault octobre 2013 36 pages
Sortir drsquoune gregraveve eacutetudiante le cas du QueacutebecJean-Patrick Brady et Steacutephane Paquin octobre 2013 40 pages
Un contrat de travail unique avec indemniteacutes de deacutepart inteacutegreacuteesCharles Beigbeder juillet 2013 8 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2013Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres juillet 2013 268 pages
La nouvelle vague des eacutemergents Bangladesh Eacutethiopie Nigeria Indoneacutesie Vietnam MexiqueLaurence Daziano juillet 2013 40 pages
Transition eacutenergeacutetique europeacuteenne bonnes intentions et mauvais calculsAlbert Bressand juillet 2013 44 pages
La deacutemobiliteacute travailler vivre autrementJulien Damon juin 2013 44 pages
Le Kapital Pour rebacirctir lrsquoindustrieChristian Saint-Eacutetienne et Robin Rivaton avril 2013 40 pages
Code eacutethique de la vie politique et des responsables publics en FranceLes Arvernes Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique avril 2013 12 pages
Les classes moyennes dans les pays eacutemergentsJulien Damon avril 2013 38 pages
Innovation politique 2013Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2013 652 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (2) les strateacutegiesRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (1) les enjeuxRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 52 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute passe aussi par la fiscaliteacuteAldo Cardoso Michel Didier Bertrand Jacquillat Dominique Reynieacute et Greacutegoire Sentilhes deacutecembre 2012 20 pages
Une autre politique moneacutetaire pour reacutesoudre la criseNicolas Goetzmann deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
50
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La nouvelle politique fiscale rend-elle lrsquoISF inconstitutionnel Aldo Cardoso novembre 2012 12 pages
Fiscaliteacute pourquoi et comment un pays sans riches est un pays pauvrehellipBertrand Jacquillat octobre 2012 40 pages
Youth and Sustainable DevelopmentFondapolNomadeacuteisUnited Nations juin 2012 80 pages
La philanthropie Des entrepreneurs de solidariteacuteFrancis Charhon mai juin 2012 44 pages
Les chiffres de la pauvreteacute le sens de la mesureJulien Damon mai 2012 40 pages
Libeacuterer le financement de lrsquoeacuteconomieRobin Rivaton avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoeacutepargne au service du logement socialJulie Merle avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2012Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2012 210 pages
Valeurs partageacuteesDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF mars 2012 362 pages
Les droites en EuropeDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF feacutevrier 2012 552 pages
Innovation politique 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2012 648 pages
Lrsquoeacutecole de la liberteacute initiative autonomie et responsabiliteacuteCharles Feuillerade janvier 2012 36 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (2) les strateacutegiesReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 40 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (1) les enjeuxReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 48 pages
Reacutevolution des valeurs et mondialisationLuc Ferry janvier 2012 36 pages
Quel avenir pour la social-deacutemocratie en Europe Sir Stuart Bell deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
La reacutegulation professionnelle des regravegles non eacutetatiques pour mieux responsabiliserJean-Pierre Teyssier deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
Lrsquohospitaliteacute une eacutethique du soinEmmanuel Hirsch deacutecembre 2011 32 pages
12 ideacutees pour 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2011 110 pages
Les classes moyennes et le logementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2011 40 pages
Reacuteformer la santeacute trois propositionsNicolas Bouzou novembre 2011 32 pages
51
Le nouveau Parlement la reacutevision du 23 juillet 2008Jean-Feacutelix de Bujadoux novembre 2011 40 pages
La responsabiliteacuteAlain-Geacuterard Slama novembre 2011 32 pages
Le vote des classes moyennesEacutelisabeth Dupoirier novembre 2011 40 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute par la qualiteacuteEmmanuel Combe et Jean-Louis Mucchielli octobre 2011 32 pages
Les classes moyennes et le creacuteditNicolas Peacutecourt octobre 2011 32 pages
Portrait des classes moyennesLaure Bonneval Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Fabienne Gomant octobre 2011 36 pages
Morale eacutethique deacuteontologieMichel Maffesoli octobre 2011 40 pages
Sortir du communisme changer drsquoeacutepoqueSteacutephane Courtois (dir) PUF octobre 2011 672 pages
Lrsquoeacutenergie nucleacuteaire apregraves Fukushima incident mineur ou nouvelle donne Malcolm Grimston septembre 2011 16 pages
La jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2011 132 pages
Pouvoir drsquoachat une politiqueEmmanuel Combe septembre 2011 52 pages
La liberteacute religieuseHenri Madelin septembre 2011 36 pages
Reacuteduire notre dette publiqueJean-Marc Daniel septembre 2011 40 pages
Eacutecologie et libeacuteralismeCorine Pelluchon aoucirct 2011 40 pages
Valoriser les monuments historiques de nouvelles strateacutegiesWladimir Mitrofanoff et Christiane Schmuckle-Mollard juillet 2011 28 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs raisonsEddy Fougier juillet 2011 40 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs reacuteseauxSylvain Boulouque juillet 2011 36 pages
La fraterniteacutePaul Thibaud juin 2011 36 pages
La transformation numeacuterique au service de la croissanceJean-Pierre Corniou juin 2011 52 pages
LrsquoengagementDominique Schnapper juin 2011 32 pages
Liberteacute Eacutegaliteacute FraterniteacuteAndreacute Glucksmann mai 2011 36 pages
52
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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litiq
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Quelle industrie pour la deacutefense franccedilaise Guillaume Lagane mai 2011 26 pages
La religion dans les affaires la responsabiliteacute sociale de lrsquoentrepriseAureacutelien Acquier Jean-Pascal Gond et Jacques Igalens mai 2011 44 pages
La religion dans les affaires la finance islamiqueLila Guermas-Sayegh mai 2011 36 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAllemagnePatrick Moreau avril 2011 56 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La SlovaquieEacutetienne Boisserie avril 2011 40 pages
Qui deacutetient la dette publique Guillaume Leroy avril 2011 36 pages
Le principe de preacutecaution dans le mondeNicolas de Sadeleer mars 2011 36 pages
Comprendre le Tea PartyHenri Hude mars 2011 40 pages
Ougrave en est la droite Les Pays-BasNiek Pas mars 2011 36 pages
Productiviteacute agricole et qualiteacute des eauxGeacuterard Morice mars 2011 44 pages
LrsquoEau du volume agrave la valeurJean-Louis Chaussade mars 2011 32 pages
Eau comment traiter les micropolluants Philippe Hartemann mars 2011 38 pages
Eau deacutefis mondiaux perspectives franccedilaisesGeacuterard Payen mars 2011 62 pages
Lrsquoirrigation pour une agriculture durableJean-Paul Renoux mars 2011 42 pages
Gestion de lrsquoeau vers de nouveaux modegravelesAntoine Freacuterot mars 2011 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAutrichePatrick Moreau feacutevrier 2011 42 pages
La participation au service de lrsquoemploi et du pouvoir drsquoachatJacques Perche et Antoine Pertinax feacutevrier 2011 32 pages
Le tandem franco-allemand face agrave la crise de lrsquoeuroWolfgang Glomb feacutevrier 2011 38 pages
2011 la jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) janvier 2011 88 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2011Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacutedition Lignes de Repegraveres janvier 2011 254 pages
Administration 20Thierry Weibel janvier 2011 48 pages
53
Ougrave en est la droite La BulgarieAntony Todorov deacutecembre 2010 32 pages
Le retour du tirage au sort en politiqueGil Delannoi deacutecembre 2010 38 pages
La compeacutetence morale du peupleRaymond Boudon novembre 2010 30 pages
LrsquoAcadeacutemie au pays du capitalBernard Belloc et Pierre-Franccedilois Mourier PUF novembre 2010 222 pages
Pour une nouvelle politique agricole communeBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Seacutecuriteacute alimentaire un enjeu globalBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Les vertus cacheacutees du low cost aeacuterienEmmanuel Combe novembre 2010 40 pages
Innovation politique 2011Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF novembre 2010 676 pages
Deacutefense surmonter lrsquoimpasse budgeacutetaireGuillaume Lagane octobre 2010 34 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoEspagneJoan Marcet octobre 2010 34 pages
Les vertus de la concurrenceDavid Sraer septembre 2010 44 pages
Internet politique et coproduction citoyenneRobin Berjon septembre 2010 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La PologneDominika Tomaszewska-Mortimer aoucirct 2010 42 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Suegravede et le DanemarkJacob Christensen juillet 2010 44 pages
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54
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apol
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
20
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| lrsquoi
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In 1955 the new pension commission produced its final report recommending a mandatory and universal public pension for all Furthermore the Commission proposed pension benefits that would mirror past wages and depend on national living standards 37 The Commission also proposed that the pension age should remain at 67 years of age Shortly after the 1956 election the Pension Commission led by Per Eckerberg presented its final report In this version the LO and Social Democrats proposed a universal earnings-related public pension (Allmaumln tillaumlggs pension) ATP 38 According to the proposal the target replacement rate would be 65 of the average workerrsquos earnings
In the fall of 1957 the Conservative party and the Liberals introduced the idea of holding a referendum on pension reforms 39 A referendum was held on 13 October 1957 The referendum had three options the first was the Social Democratic proposal to introduce a universal income-related pension This option received 458 of the referendum vote The second option was supported by the Centre Party to introduce optional pensions and it received 15 The last option supported by the Liberal party and Conservative party preferred giving social partners the responsibility for pensions and received 353 40 Although voter turnout was high at 724 and the Social Democratic option received more votes than the other options no policy received an outright majority
The struggle for the ATP also led to the dissolution of the Centre Partyrsquos coalition with the Social Democrats on 25 October 1957 41 The entire government resigned but Tage Erlander returned as Prime Minister with a Social Democratic Minority Government on 31 October 1957 The election of 1958 led to a renewed Social Democratic Government under the leadership of Prime Minister Tage Erlander With the smallest possible margin (one vote) in parliament the government secured a majority However as the speaker of the House did not vote in parliament the election resulted in a parliament without a majority
When the decision on ATP was to be made in 1959 the reform was passed with the smallest margin of votes and the Governmentrsquos proposal to introduce income-related public pension for all workers was passed through the lower House The right-of-centre parties soon conceded on the issue 42 It was after the ATP struggle in the 1950s that the Social Democrats became the majority party in Government 43 Tage Erlander remained Prime Minister until 1969
37 See Ohlsson op cit38 Ibid39 Goumlran Haumlgg Vaumllfaumlrdsaringren ndash svensk historia 1945-1986 Wallstroumlm amp Widstrand 200540 See Ohlsson op cit41 See Lennart Schoumln op cit42 See Urban Lundberg Juvelen i kronan Socialdemokraterna och den allmaumlnna pensionen Hjalmarson amp Houmlgberg 200343 See Harrison op cit
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21
6 Reforms in the 1960-1970s
For twenty years from 1950 until 1970 average growth in Sweden and in many other industrialised countries was around 4 annually 44 In that time often referred to as the ldquogolden yearsrdquo 45 not only did living standards increase but many consumer goods such as cars refrigerators television etc became goods for the masses and vacation travel also increased due to better infrastructure throughout Europe and aviation
At the beginning of the 1970s Sweden like most other western countries entered an era of reduced growth There are many different explanations for this external shocks from the global recession the oil crisis as well as structural changes in the economy with new technology and services taking over the industrial sector
GDP per capita and economic growth in leading economies 1971-1975 and 2001-2005
Countries Income per capita Growth
1971-1975 1991-1995 2001-2005
1991-1995 1971-1975
2001-2005 1991-1995
2001-2005 1971-1975
Sweden 11252 14159 17951 + 12 + 24 + 16
Other Nordic countries 9520 14474 18525 + 21 + 25 + 22
Southern Europe 7703 11904 14591 + 22 + 20 + 21
Rest of Europe 9651 13791 16501 + 18 + 18 + 18
North America 13479 18395 22771 + 16 + 21 + 17
Japan 8815 15977 17504 + 30 + 09 + 23
Source Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia Tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel SNS Foumlrlag 2000
In 1969 the pension supplement a complementary benefit to the universal pension was passed (sv Pensionstillskott) 46 and remained in place until 2003
On 1 July 1976 the retirement age was lowered from 67 to 65 after an agreement made in 1974 between the Social Democratic Government and the Liberals A flexible part-time pension was also introduced for those aged 60 to 65 The flexible part-time pension was calculated generously which allowed for a benefit level of 65 including pension contributions The flexible
44 See Lennart Schoumln op cit45 These years are the equivalent of Les Trente Glorieuses in France46 ldquoLag om pensionstillskottrdquo 1969205 Socialdepartementet 9 May 1969 (httpslagennu1969205)
22
fond
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| lrsquoi
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n po
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part-time pension became very popular and from 1976 until August 1980 about 89000 Swedes opted for this benefit 47 In the 1976 election the Social Democrats lost their majority for the first time in 40 years The non-socialist parties lead by Torbjoumlrn Faumllldin from the Centre Party formed a coalition government The non-socialist right-of centre parties would remain in power until 1982
The premature ageing of the population from 1970-1990 compared to other OECD countries together with sharp increases in the labour participation rates of women increased the political demand for more generous pension systems and child and elderly care 48 From 1950 until the 1990s Sweden experienced a rapid increase in the old-age dependency ratio
Old-age dependency ratio in Sweden and France from 1950 to 2015 (in )
04
035
03
025
02
015
01
005
0
France Sweden
1950 19851970 2005 2010 20151955 199019751960 199519801965 2000
The old-age dependency ratio is calculated as the number of individuals aged 65 and above divided by the number of individuals aged 20 to 64
Source United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2017) World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision
The figure below shows the employment ratio for men and women From 1963 to 1990 female employment continuously increased from 53 to 81 while for male employment it suffered a small but steady decline from 89 to 85 Employment rates which had fallen due to the economic crisis of the early 1990s then picked up again with a slow yet steady increase
47 See Urban Lundberg op cit48 Lindbeck op cit
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23
Employment ratios for men and women 1963-2017
196
3
196
9
198
9
197
9
199
9
20
09
196
5
198
5
1975
199
5
20
05
1971
199
1
198
1
20
01
20
11
20
15
1967
198
7
197
7
199
7
20
07
197
3
199
3
198
3
20
03
20
13
20
17
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Men Women
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique OECDstat
Despite the rhetorical differences between the political parties there was a growing consensus across political lines that the pension system needed to be adjusted The ATP system was perceived as financially unsustainable as there was a substantial risk of the pension contributions increasing faster than income levels would 49 Given the high level of taxes as a percentage of GDP at around 50 of GDP in 1990 further increases to finance pensions seemed limited
Estimated pensions expenditure in the former pension system wage share based on different assumptions for real income growth (from 1995) and maintained price indexation
Growth rate0 1 2 3
2005 335 303 278 2512015 411 342 288 2392025 442 341 266 2032050 437 292 184 109
Source Prop 199394250
In addition the former system created few incentives to work Thirty years of work would earn a pension of which fifteen would impact the calculation the pension benefit formula was based on the best fifteen years of work The
49 See Allmaumln pension Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199076 1990 (httpslagennusou199076)
24
fond
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| lrsquoi
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benefit calculation was therefore beneficial for individuals with a short but fast-growing career later in life Hence it was less beneficial for individuals with a slow growth in earning but a long career
On 16 November 1984 the Social Democratic government lead by Olof Palme commissioned a Parliamentary Pension Commission (pensionsberedningen) lead by Sture Korpi 50 State Secretary to Minister for Social Affairs Sten Andersson The Commission united all the most relevant organisations in Swedish society political parties unions the confederation of Swedish enterprises pensionersrsquo organisations organisations for the disabled social insurance agencies etc 51 The Parliamentary Commission also became a breeding ground for future prominent members of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pension such as Anna Hedborg 52 Ingela Thalen 53 and Bo Koumlnberg 54
Although the Commission had not been mandated to propose any changes it was considered a huge success for its contributions to analysing how the pensions system worked and what challenges it faced 55 The Pension Commission presented its final report in 1990 56
7 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system
The first political step towards a new pension reform system was taken in the Government budget (finansplan) of 1991 The Social Democratic Government led by Ingvar Carlsson 57 opts for ldquoopportunities for financing pension pledges within a framework of unchanged levels of taxation and contributions are highly dependent on economic growth 58rdquo
In 1991 the Social Democrats were defeated by a four-party coalition led by the Moderate Party leader Carl Bildt 59 Shortly after the new Government
50 Sture Korpi (1939-2017) was a Social Democratic politician and served as State Secretary in 1982-199151 See Urban Lundberg op cit52 Anna Hedborg (b 1944) is a Social Democratic politician and official and served as Minister for Social Insurance (1994-1996)53 Ingela Thalen (b1943) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Minster of Labour (1987-1991) and Minister for Social Affairs (1990-1991 1994-1996)54 Bo Koumlnberg (b1945) is a Liberal Party politician and served as Minister for Health and Social Insurance in 1991-199455 See Urban Lundberg op cit56 See Allmaumln Pension op cit57 Ingvar Carlsson (b1934) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Prime Minister in 1986-1991 and 1994-199658 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreement and Pension Reform trad Anglaise du rapport Detta aumlr pensionsoumlverenskommelsen (Ds 200953) 2010 p53 (wwwgovernmentse49b757contentassets3d321fd499da48928de201abe43a558bthe-swedish-pension-agreement-and-pension-reform-ds-200953)59 Carl Bildt (born in 1949) is a Conservative Party politician and served as Prime Minister 1991-1994 and Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006-2014
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25
took office a Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions was formed The Working Group began its work in November 1991 when the Minister for Healthcare and Social Security Bo Koumlnberg took its direction In 1992 the Working Group published a ldquopreliminary draftrdquo containing almost all the elements of the reform 60 the starting point of the reform being the need for a higher savings rate in the economy as well as the need to strengthen the incentives to work Although the possibility of making changes within the framework of the existing ATP system had been thoroughly investigated by Pension Commission the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions settled that the retirement system should be built up according to principles other than those underpinning public pension and ATP systems of today The Working Group presented a draft of a new system in August 1992 containing almost all principal elements 61
A brutal economic crisis hit Sweden in 1992 Government expenditure reached almost 76 of GDP in 1995 and the employment rate declined consistently throughout the 1990s The many causes of the crisis are diverse and literature on this matter is vast A combination of rapid credit expansion both weak government finances and a weak current account together with a fixed currency towards the European Currency Unit 62 depleted the central bankrsquos power to defend its currency In one last attempt to protect the Swedish currency the Riksbank decided to raise its key interest rate to 500 on 16 September 1992 As a result investments and the employment rate fell and the country experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression In November 1992 the fixed rate towards the ECU 63 was abandoned and the Swedish krona quickly depreciated These events led to an immediate crisis on the financial market and in the banking sector which had to be restructured and bailed out Consequently the Government debt as a percentage of GDP soared from around 40 in 1990 to 74 in 1994
60 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit61 Ibid62 The ECU was a basket of currencies used from 1979 to 1999 and before the euro63 The European Currency Unit was a basket of currencies used as a unit of account before being replaced by the euro 1 January 1999
26
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Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
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27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
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apol
| lrsquoi
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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litiq
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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litiq
ue
The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
Retir
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om th
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
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35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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38
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39
40
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OUR PUBLICATIONS
1979 ndash 2019 -ملاعلا ي ف ةفرطتملا ةيمالسل إ ا تامجهلاFondation pour linnovation politique mars 2020 80 pages
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Les attentats islamistes dans le monde 1979-2019Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique novembre 2019 80 pages
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42
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46
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| lrsquoi
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47
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (2) le premier tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
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Eacuteconomie de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane mai 2015 48 pages
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48
fond
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| lrsquoi
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Coran cleacutes de lectureTareq Oubrou janvier 2015 44 pages
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
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edis
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s
21
6 Reforms in the 1960-1970s
For twenty years from 1950 until 1970 average growth in Sweden and in many other industrialised countries was around 4 annually 44 In that time often referred to as the ldquogolden yearsrdquo 45 not only did living standards increase but many consumer goods such as cars refrigerators television etc became goods for the masses and vacation travel also increased due to better infrastructure throughout Europe and aviation
At the beginning of the 1970s Sweden like most other western countries entered an era of reduced growth There are many different explanations for this external shocks from the global recession the oil crisis as well as structural changes in the economy with new technology and services taking over the industrial sector
GDP per capita and economic growth in leading economies 1971-1975 and 2001-2005
Countries Income per capita Growth
1971-1975 1991-1995 2001-2005
1991-1995 1971-1975
2001-2005 1991-1995
2001-2005 1971-1975
Sweden 11252 14159 17951 + 12 + 24 + 16
Other Nordic countries 9520 14474 18525 + 21 + 25 + 22
Southern Europe 7703 11904 14591 + 22 + 20 + 21
Rest of Europe 9651 13791 16501 + 18 + 18 + 18
North America 13479 18395 22771 + 16 + 21 + 17
Japan 8815 15977 17504 + 30 + 09 + 23
Source Lennart Schoumln En modern svensk ekonomisk historia Tillvaumlxt och omvandling under tvaring sekel SNS Foumlrlag 2000
In 1969 the pension supplement a complementary benefit to the universal pension was passed (sv Pensionstillskott) 46 and remained in place until 2003
On 1 July 1976 the retirement age was lowered from 67 to 65 after an agreement made in 1974 between the Social Democratic Government and the Liberals A flexible part-time pension was also introduced for those aged 60 to 65 The flexible part-time pension was calculated generously which allowed for a benefit level of 65 including pension contributions The flexible
44 See Lennart Schoumln op cit45 These years are the equivalent of Les Trente Glorieuses in France46 ldquoLag om pensionstillskottrdquo 1969205 Socialdepartementet 9 May 1969 (httpslagennu1969205)
22
fond
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| lrsquoi
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part-time pension became very popular and from 1976 until August 1980 about 89000 Swedes opted for this benefit 47 In the 1976 election the Social Democrats lost their majority for the first time in 40 years The non-socialist parties lead by Torbjoumlrn Faumllldin from the Centre Party formed a coalition government The non-socialist right-of centre parties would remain in power until 1982
The premature ageing of the population from 1970-1990 compared to other OECD countries together with sharp increases in the labour participation rates of women increased the political demand for more generous pension systems and child and elderly care 48 From 1950 until the 1990s Sweden experienced a rapid increase in the old-age dependency ratio
Old-age dependency ratio in Sweden and France from 1950 to 2015 (in )
04
035
03
025
02
015
01
005
0
France Sweden
1950 19851970 2005 2010 20151955 199019751960 199519801965 2000
The old-age dependency ratio is calculated as the number of individuals aged 65 and above divided by the number of individuals aged 20 to 64
Source United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2017) World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision
The figure below shows the employment ratio for men and women From 1963 to 1990 female employment continuously increased from 53 to 81 while for male employment it suffered a small but steady decline from 89 to 85 Employment rates which had fallen due to the economic crisis of the early 1990s then picked up again with a slow yet steady increase
47 See Urban Lundberg op cit48 Lindbeck op cit
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s fr
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edis
h re
form
s
23
Employment ratios for men and women 1963-2017
196
3
196
9
198
9
197
9
199
9
20
09
196
5
198
5
1975
199
5
20
05
1971
199
1
198
1
20
01
20
11
20
15
1967
198
7
197
7
199
7
20
07
197
3
199
3
198
3
20
03
20
13
20
17
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Men Women
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique OECDstat
Despite the rhetorical differences between the political parties there was a growing consensus across political lines that the pension system needed to be adjusted The ATP system was perceived as financially unsustainable as there was a substantial risk of the pension contributions increasing faster than income levels would 49 Given the high level of taxes as a percentage of GDP at around 50 of GDP in 1990 further increases to finance pensions seemed limited
Estimated pensions expenditure in the former pension system wage share based on different assumptions for real income growth (from 1995) and maintained price indexation
Growth rate0 1 2 3
2005 335 303 278 2512015 411 342 288 2392025 442 341 266 2032050 437 292 184 109
Source Prop 199394250
In addition the former system created few incentives to work Thirty years of work would earn a pension of which fifteen would impact the calculation the pension benefit formula was based on the best fifteen years of work The
49 See Allmaumln pension Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199076 1990 (httpslagennusou199076)
24
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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litiq
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benefit calculation was therefore beneficial for individuals with a short but fast-growing career later in life Hence it was less beneficial for individuals with a slow growth in earning but a long career
On 16 November 1984 the Social Democratic government lead by Olof Palme commissioned a Parliamentary Pension Commission (pensionsberedningen) lead by Sture Korpi 50 State Secretary to Minister for Social Affairs Sten Andersson The Commission united all the most relevant organisations in Swedish society political parties unions the confederation of Swedish enterprises pensionersrsquo organisations organisations for the disabled social insurance agencies etc 51 The Parliamentary Commission also became a breeding ground for future prominent members of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pension such as Anna Hedborg 52 Ingela Thalen 53 and Bo Koumlnberg 54
Although the Commission had not been mandated to propose any changes it was considered a huge success for its contributions to analysing how the pensions system worked and what challenges it faced 55 The Pension Commission presented its final report in 1990 56
7 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system
The first political step towards a new pension reform system was taken in the Government budget (finansplan) of 1991 The Social Democratic Government led by Ingvar Carlsson 57 opts for ldquoopportunities for financing pension pledges within a framework of unchanged levels of taxation and contributions are highly dependent on economic growth 58rdquo
In 1991 the Social Democrats were defeated by a four-party coalition led by the Moderate Party leader Carl Bildt 59 Shortly after the new Government
50 Sture Korpi (1939-2017) was a Social Democratic politician and served as State Secretary in 1982-199151 See Urban Lundberg op cit52 Anna Hedborg (b 1944) is a Social Democratic politician and official and served as Minister for Social Insurance (1994-1996)53 Ingela Thalen (b1943) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Minster of Labour (1987-1991) and Minister for Social Affairs (1990-1991 1994-1996)54 Bo Koumlnberg (b1945) is a Liberal Party politician and served as Minister for Health and Social Insurance in 1991-199455 See Urban Lundberg op cit56 See Allmaumln Pension op cit57 Ingvar Carlsson (b1934) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Prime Minister in 1986-1991 and 1994-199658 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreement and Pension Reform trad Anglaise du rapport Detta aumlr pensionsoumlverenskommelsen (Ds 200953) 2010 p53 (wwwgovernmentse49b757contentassets3d321fd499da48928de201abe43a558bthe-swedish-pension-agreement-and-pension-reform-ds-200953)59 Carl Bildt (born in 1949) is a Conservative Party politician and served as Prime Minister 1991-1994 and Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006-2014
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edis
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form
s
25
took office a Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions was formed The Working Group began its work in November 1991 when the Minister for Healthcare and Social Security Bo Koumlnberg took its direction In 1992 the Working Group published a ldquopreliminary draftrdquo containing almost all the elements of the reform 60 the starting point of the reform being the need for a higher savings rate in the economy as well as the need to strengthen the incentives to work Although the possibility of making changes within the framework of the existing ATP system had been thoroughly investigated by Pension Commission the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions settled that the retirement system should be built up according to principles other than those underpinning public pension and ATP systems of today The Working Group presented a draft of a new system in August 1992 containing almost all principal elements 61
A brutal economic crisis hit Sweden in 1992 Government expenditure reached almost 76 of GDP in 1995 and the employment rate declined consistently throughout the 1990s The many causes of the crisis are diverse and literature on this matter is vast A combination of rapid credit expansion both weak government finances and a weak current account together with a fixed currency towards the European Currency Unit 62 depleted the central bankrsquos power to defend its currency In one last attempt to protect the Swedish currency the Riksbank decided to raise its key interest rate to 500 on 16 September 1992 As a result investments and the employment rate fell and the country experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression In November 1992 the fixed rate towards the ECU 63 was abandoned and the Swedish krona quickly depreciated These events led to an immediate crisis on the financial market and in the banking sector which had to be restructured and bailed out Consequently the Government debt as a percentage of GDP soared from around 40 in 1990 to 74 in 1994
60 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit61 Ibid62 The ECU was a basket of currencies used from 1979 to 1999 and before the euro63 The European Currency Unit was a basket of currencies used as a unit of account before being replaced by the euro 1 January 1999
26
fond
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| lrsquoi
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Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
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27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
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35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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37
38
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39
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49
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apol
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apol
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Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
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THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
22
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
litiq
ue
part-time pension became very popular and from 1976 until August 1980 about 89000 Swedes opted for this benefit 47 In the 1976 election the Social Democrats lost their majority for the first time in 40 years The non-socialist parties lead by Torbjoumlrn Faumllldin from the Centre Party formed a coalition government The non-socialist right-of centre parties would remain in power until 1982
The premature ageing of the population from 1970-1990 compared to other OECD countries together with sharp increases in the labour participation rates of women increased the political demand for more generous pension systems and child and elderly care 48 From 1950 until the 1990s Sweden experienced a rapid increase in the old-age dependency ratio
Old-age dependency ratio in Sweden and France from 1950 to 2015 (in )
04
035
03
025
02
015
01
005
0
France Sweden
1950 19851970 2005 2010 20151955 199019751960 199519801965 2000
The old-age dependency ratio is calculated as the number of individuals aged 65 and above divided by the number of individuals aged 20 to 64
Source United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2017) World Population Prospects The 2017 Revision
The figure below shows the employment ratio for men and women From 1963 to 1990 female employment continuously increased from 53 to 81 while for male employment it suffered a small but steady decline from 89 to 85 Employment rates which had fallen due to the economic crisis of the early 1990s then picked up again with a slow yet steady increase
47 See Urban Lundberg op cit48 Lindbeck op cit
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
23
Employment ratios for men and women 1963-2017
196
3
196
9
198
9
197
9
199
9
20
09
196
5
198
5
1975
199
5
20
05
1971
199
1
198
1
20
01
20
11
20
15
1967
198
7
197
7
199
7
20
07
197
3
199
3
198
3
20
03
20
13
20
17
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Men Women
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique OECDstat
Despite the rhetorical differences between the political parties there was a growing consensus across political lines that the pension system needed to be adjusted The ATP system was perceived as financially unsustainable as there was a substantial risk of the pension contributions increasing faster than income levels would 49 Given the high level of taxes as a percentage of GDP at around 50 of GDP in 1990 further increases to finance pensions seemed limited
Estimated pensions expenditure in the former pension system wage share based on different assumptions for real income growth (from 1995) and maintained price indexation
Growth rate0 1 2 3
2005 335 303 278 2512015 411 342 288 2392025 442 341 266 2032050 437 292 184 109
Source Prop 199394250
In addition the former system created few incentives to work Thirty years of work would earn a pension of which fifteen would impact the calculation the pension benefit formula was based on the best fifteen years of work The
49 See Allmaumln pension Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199076 1990 (httpslagennusou199076)
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benefit calculation was therefore beneficial for individuals with a short but fast-growing career later in life Hence it was less beneficial for individuals with a slow growth in earning but a long career
On 16 November 1984 the Social Democratic government lead by Olof Palme commissioned a Parliamentary Pension Commission (pensionsberedningen) lead by Sture Korpi 50 State Secretary to Minister for Social Affairs Sten Andersson The Commission united all the most relevant organisations in Swedish society political parties unions the confederation of Swedish enterprises pensionersrsquo organisations organisations for the disabled social insurance agencies etc 51 The Parliamentary Commission also became a breeding ground for future prominent members of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pension such as Anna Hedborg 52 Ingela Thalen 53 and Bo Koumlnberg 54
Although the Commission had not been mandated to propose any changes it was considered a huge success for its contributions to analysing how the pensions system worked and what challenges it faced 55 The Pension Commission presented its final report in 1990 56
7 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system
The first political step towards a new pension reform system was taken in the Government budget (finansplan) of 1991 The Social Democratic Government led by Ingvar Carlsson 57 opts for ldquoopportunities for financing pension pledges within a framework of unchanged levels of taxation and contributions are highly dependent on economic growth 58rdquo
In 1991 the Social Democrats were defeated by a four-party coalition led by the Moderate Party leader Carl Bildt 59 Shortly after the new Government
50 Sture Korpi (1939-2017) was a Social Democratic politician and served as State Secretary in 1982-199151 See Urban Lundberg op cit52 Anna Hedborg (b 1944) is a Social Democratic politician and official and served as Minister for Social Insurance (1994-1996)53 Ingela Thalen (b1943) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Minster of Labour (1987-1991) and Minister for Social Affairs (1990-1991 1994-1996)54 Bo Koumlnberg (b1945) is a Liberal Party politician and served as Minister for Health and Social Insurance in 1991-199455 See Urban Lundberg op cit56 See Allmaumln Pension op cit57 Ingvar Carlsson (b1934) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Prime Minister in 1986-1991 and 1994-199658 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreement and Pension Reform trad Anglaise du rapport Detta aumlr pensionsoumlverenskommelsen (Ds 200953) 2010 p53 (wwwgovernmentse49b757contentassets3d321fd499da48928de201abe43a558bthe-swedish-pension-agreement-and-pension-reform-ds-200953)59 Carl Bildt (born in 1949) is a Conservative Party politician and served as Prime Minister 1991-1994 and Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006-2014
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25
took office a Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions was formed The Working Group began its work in November 1991 when the Minister for Healthcare and Social Security Bo Koumlnberg took its direction In 1992 the Working Group published a ldquopreliminary draftrdquo containing almost all the elements of the reform 60 the starting point of the reform being the need for a higher savings rate in the economy as well as the need to strengthen the incentives to work Although the possibility of making changes within the framework of the existing ATP system had been thoroughly investigated by Pension Commission the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions settled that the retirement system should be built up according to principles other than those underpinning public pension and ATP systems of today The Working Group presented a draft of a new system in August 1992 containing almost all principal elements 61
A brutal economic crisis hit Sweden in 1992 Government expenditure reached almost 76 of GDP in 1995 and the employment rate declined consistently throughout the 1990s The many causes of the crisis are diverse and literature on this matter is vast A combination of rapid credit expansion both weak government finances and a weak current account together with a fixed currency towards the European Currency Unit 62 depleted the central bankrsquos power to defend its currency In one last attempt to protect the Swedish currency the Riksbank decided to raise its key interest rate to 500 on 16 September 1992 As a result investments and the employment rate fell and the country experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression In November 1992 the fixed rate towards the ECU 63 was abandoned and the Swedish krona quickly depreciated These events led to an immediate crisis on the financial market and in the banking sector which had to be restructured and bailed out Consequently the Government debt as a percentage of GDP soared from around 40 in 1990 to 74 in 1994
60 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit61 Ibid62 The ECU was a basket of currencies used from 1979 to 1999 and before the euro63 The European Currency Unit was a basket of currencies used as a unit of account before being replaced by the euro 1 January 1999
26
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Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
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27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
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35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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37
38
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41
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Innovation politique 2018 (tome 1)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2019 472 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2018Dominique Reynieacute (dir) eacuteditions Marie Bcollection Lignes de Repegraveres janvier 2019 176 pages
La contestation animaliste radicaleEddy Fougier janvier 2019 56 pages
Le numeacuterique au secours de la santeacuteSerge Soudoplatoff janvier 2019 60 pages
Le nouveau pouvoir franccedilais et la coopeacuteration franco-japonaiseFondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2018 204 pages
Les apports du christianisme agrave lrsquouniteacute de lrsquoEuropeJean-Dominique Durand deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La crise orthodoxe (2) Les convulsions du XIXe siegravecle agrave nos joursJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La crise orthodoxe (1) Les fondations des origines au XIXe siegravecleJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La France et les chreacutetiens drsquoOrient derniegravere chanceJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 56 pages
Le christianisme et la moderniteacute europeacuteenne (2) Comprendre le retour de lrsquoinstitution religieusePhilippe Portier et Jean-Paul Willaime deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
Le christianisme et la moderniteacute europeacuteenne (1) Reacutecuser le deacuteni
Philippe Portier et Jean-Paul Willaime deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
Commerce illicite de cigarettes les cas de Barbegraves-La Chapelle Saint-Denis et Aubervilliers-Quatre-CheminsMathieu Zagrodzki Romain Maneveau et Arthur Persais novembre 2018 84 pages
Lrsquoavenir de lrsquohydroeacutelectriciteacuteJean-Pierre Corniou novembre 2018 64 pages
Retraites Leccedilons des reacuteformes italiennesMichel Martone novembre 2018 48 pages
Les geacuteants du numeacuterique (2) un frein agrave lrsquoinnovation Paul-Adrien Hyppolite et Antoine Michon novembre 2018 84 pages
Les geacuteants du numeacuterique (1) magnats de la financePaul-Adrien Hyppolite et Antoine Michon novembre 2018 80 pages
Lrsquointelligence artificielle en Chine un eacutetat des lieuxAifang Ma novembre 2018 60 pages
Alternative fuumlr Deutschland eacutetablissement eacutelectoralPatrick Moreau octobre 2018 72 pages
Les Franccedilais jugent leur systegraveme de retraiteFondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique octobre 2018 28 pages
43
Migrations la France singuliegravereDidier Leschi octobre 2018 56 pages
La reacutevision constitutionnelle de 2008 un premier bilanHugues Hourdin octobre 2018 52 pages Preacuteface drsquoEacutedouard Balladur et de Jack Lang
Les Franccedilais face agrave la crise deacutemocratique Immigration populisme Trump EuropehellipAJC Europe et la Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique septembre 2018 72 pages
Les laquo Deacutemocrates de Suegravede raquo un vote anti-immigrationJohan Martinsson septembre 2018 64 pages
Les Sueacutedois et lrsquoimmigration (2) fin du consensus Tino Sanandaji septembre 2018 56 pages
Les Sueacutedois et lrsquoimmigration (1) fin de lrsquohomogeacuteneacuteiteacute Tino Sanandaji septembre 2018 56 pages
Eacutethiques de lrsquoimmigrationJean-Philippe Vincent juin 2018 56 pages
Les addictions chez les jeunes (14-24 ans)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique juin 2018 56 pages Enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec la Fondation Gabriel Peacuteri et le Fonds Actions Addictions
Villes et voitures pour une reacuteconciliationJean Coldefy juin 2018 60 pages
France combattre la pauvreteacute des enfantsJulien Damon mai 2018 48 pages
Que pegravesent les syndicats Dominique Andolfatto avril 2018 56 pages
Lrsquoeacutelan de la francophonie pour une ambition franccedilaise (2)Benjamin Boutin mars 2018 48 pages
Lrsquoeacutelan de la francophonie une communauteacute de langue et de destin (1)Benjamin Boutin mars 2018 48 pages
LrsquoItalie aux urnesSofia Ventura feacutevrier 2018 44 pages
Lrsquointelligence artificielle lrsquoexpertise partout accessible agrave tousSerge Soudoplatoff feacutevrier 2018 60 pages
Lrsquoinnovation agrave lrsquoegravere du bien communBenjamin Boscher Xavier Pavie feacutevrier 2018 64 pages
Libeacuterer lrsquoislam de lrsquoislamismeMohamed Louizi janvier 2018 84 pages
Gouverner le religieux dans un eacutetat laiumlcThierry Rambaud janvier 2018 56 pages
Innovation politique 2017 (tome 2)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 492 pages
Innovation politique 2017 (tome 1)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 468 pages
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| lrsquoi
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Une laquo norme intelligente raquo au service de la reacuteformeVictor Fabre Mathieu Kohmann Mathieu Luinaud deacutecembre 2017 44 pages
Autriche virage agrave droitePatrick Moreau novembre 2017 52 pages
Pour repenser le bac reacuteformons le lyceacutee et lrsquoapprentissageFayumlccedilal Hafied novembre 2017 76 pages
Ougrave va la deacutemocratie Sous la direction de Dominique Reynieacute Plon octobre 2017 320 pages
Violence antiseacutemite en Europe 2005-2015Johannes Due Enstad septembre 2017 48 pages
Pour lrsquoemploi la subrogation du creacutedit drsquoimpocirct des services agrave la personneBruno Despujol Olivier Peraldi et Dominique Reynieacute septembre 2017 52 pages
Marcheacute du travail pour la reacuteforme Fayumlccedilal Hafied juillet 2017 64 pages
Le fact-checking une reacuteponse agrave la crise de lrsquoinformation et de la deacutemocratieFarid Gueham juillet 2017 68 pages
Notre-Dame- des-Landes lrsquoEacutetat le droit et la deacutemocratie empecirccheacutesBruno Hug de Larauze mai 2017 56 pages
France les juifs vus par les musulmans Entre steacutereacuteotypes et meacuteconnaissancesMehdi Ghouirgate Iannis Roder et Dominique Schnapper mai 2017 44 pages
Dette publique la mesurer la reacuteduireJean-Marc Daniel avril 2017 52 pages
Parfaire le paritarisme par lrsquoindeacutependance financiegravereJulien Damon avril 2017 52 pages
Former de plus en plus de mieux en mieux Lrsquoenjeu de la formation professionnelleOlivier Faron avril 2017 48 pages
Les troubles du monde lrsquoislamisme et sa reacutecupeacuteration populiste lrsquoEurope deacutemocratique menaceacuteePierre-Adrien Hanania AJC Fondapol mars 2017 44 pages
Porno addiction nouvel enjeu de socieacuteteacuteDavid Reynieacute mars 2017 48 pages
Calais miroir franccedilais de la crise migratoire europeacuteenne (2)Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2017 72 pages
Calais miroir franccedilais de la crise migratoire europeacuteenne (1)Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2017 56 pages
Lrsquoactif eacutepargne logementPierre-Franccedilois Gouiffegraves feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Reacuteformer quel discours pour convaincre Christophe de Voogd feacutevrier 2017 52 pages
De lrsquoassurance maladie agrave lrsquoassurance santeacutePatrick Negaret feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Hocircpital libeacuterer lrsquoinnovationChristophe Marques et Nicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2017 44 pages
45
Le Front national face agrave lrsquoobstacle du second tourJeacuterocircme Jaffreacute feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
La Reacutepublique des entrepreneursVincent Lorphelin janvier 2017 52 pages
Des startups drsquoEacutetat agrave lrsquoEacutetat plateformePierre Pezziardi et Henri Verdier janvier 2017 52 pages
Vers la souveraineteacute numeacuteriqueFarid Gueham janvier 2017 44 pages
Repenser notre politique commercialeLaurence Daziano janvier 2017 48 pages
Mesures de la pauvreteacute mesures contre la pauvreteacuteJulien Damon deacutecembre 2016 40 pages
Lrsquo Autriche des populistesPatrick Moreau novembre 2016 72 pages
LrsquoEurope face aux deacutefis du peacutetro-solaireAlbert Bressand novembre 2016 52 pages
Le Front national en campagnes Les agriculteurs et le vote FNEddy Fougier et Jeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2016 52 pages
Innovation politique 2016Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2016 758 pages
Le nouveau monde de lrsquoautomobile (2) les promesses de la mobiliteacute eacutelectriqueJean-Pierre Corniou octobre 2016 68 pages
Le nouveau monde de lrsquoautomobile (1) lrsquoimpasse du moteur agrave explosionJean-Pierre Corniou octobre 2016 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2016Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2016 224 pages
Lrsquoindividu contre lrsquoeacutetatisme Actualiteacute de la penseacutee libeacuterale franccedilaise (XXe siegravecle)Jeacuterocircme Perrier septembre 2016 52 pages
Lrsquoindividu contre lrsquoeacutetatisme Actualiteacute de la penseacutee libeacuterale franccedilaise (XIXe siegravecle)Jeacuterocircme Perrier septembre 2016 52 pages
Refonder lrsquoaudiovisuel publicOlivier Babeau septembre 2016 48 pages
La concurrence au deacutefi du numeacuteriqueCharles-Antoine Schwerer juillet 2016 48 pages
Portrait des musulmans drsquoEurope uniteacute dans la diversiteacuteVincent Tournier juin 2016 68 pages
Portrait des musulmans de France une communauteacute plurielleNadia Henni-Moulaiuml juin 2016 48 pages
La blockchain ou la confiance distribueacuteeYves Caseau et Serge Soudoplatoff juin 2016 48 pages
La gauche radicale liens lieux et luttes (2012-2017)Sylvain Boulouque mai 2016 56 pages
46
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Gouverner pour reacuteformer eacuteleacutements de meacutethodeErwan Le Noan et Matthieu Montjotin mai 2016 64 pages
Les zadistes (2) la tentation de la violenceEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
Les zadistes (1) un nouvel anticapitalismeEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
Reacutegionales (2) les partis contesteacutes mais pas concurrenceacutesJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 52 pages
Reacutegionales (1) vote FN et attentatsJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 60 pages
Un droit pour lrsquoinnovation et la croissanceSophie Vermeille Mathieu Kohmann et Mathieu Luinaud feacutevrier 2016 52 pages
Le lobbying outil deacutemocratiqueAnthony Escurat feacutevrier 2016 44 pages
Valeurs drsquoislamDominique Reynieacute (dir) preacuteface par le cheikh Khaled Bentounegraves PUF janvier 2016 432 pages
Chiites et sunnites paix impossible Mathieu Terrier janvier 2016 44 pages
Projet drsquoentreprise renouveler le capitalismeDaniel Hurstel deacutecembre 2015 44 pages
Le mutualisme reacutepondre aux deacutefis assurantielsArnaud Chneiweiss et Steacutephane Tisserand novembre 2015 44 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2015Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres novembre 2015 140 pages
La noopolitique le pouvoir de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane novembre 2015 52 pages
Innovation politique 2015Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2015 576 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (2) une reacuteflexion agrave contre-courantAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (1) le Kant europeacuteen et le Machiavel chinoisAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
PME nouveaux modes de financementMohamed Abdesslam et Benjamin Le Pendeven octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (2) Pourquoi il faut deacutefendre la routeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (1) Les conditions drsquoune mobiliteacute convivialeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 40 pages
Crise de la conscience arabo-musulmaneMalik Bezouh septembre 2015 40 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (3) le second tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
47
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (2) le premier tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (1) le contexteJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 44 pages
Enseignement supeacuterieur les limites de la laquo masteacuterisation raquoJulien Gonzalez juillet 2015 44 pages
Politique eacuteconomique lrsquoenjeu franco-allemandWolfgang Glomb et Henry drsquoArcole juin 2015 36 pages
Les lois de la primaire Celles drsquohier celles de demainFranccedilois Bazin juin 2015 48 pages
Eacuteconomie de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane mai 2015 48 pages
Lutter contre les vols et cambriolages une approche eacuteconomiqueEmmanuel Combe et Seacutebastien Daziano mai 2015 56 pages
Unir pour agir un programme pour la croissanceAlain Madelin mai 2015 52 pages
Nouvelle entreprise et valeur humaineFrancis Mer avril 2015 32 pages
Les transports et le financement de la mobiliteacuteYves Crozet avril 2015 32 pages
Numeacuterique et mobiliteacute impacts et synergiesJean Coldefy avril 2015 36 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie face agrave la moderniteacuteMohamed Beddy Ebnou mars 2015 40 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie les fondementsAḥmad Al-Raysuni mars 2015 40 pages
Les femmes et lrsquoislam une vision reacuteformisteAsma Lamrabet mars 2015 48 pages
Eacuteducation et islamMustapha Cherif mars 2015 44 pages
Que nous disent les eacutelections leacutegislatives partielles depuis 2012 Dominique Reynieacute feacutevrier 2015 4 pages
Lrsquoislam et les valeurs de la ReacutepubliqueSaad Khiari feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Islam et contrat socialPhilippe Moulinet feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Le soufisme spiritualiteacute et citoyenneteacuteBariza Khiari feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
Lrsquohumanisme et lrsquohumaniteacute en islamAhmed Bouyerdene feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
Eacuteradiquer lrsquoheacutepatite C en France quelles strateacutegies publiques Nicolas Bouzou et Christophe Marques janvier 2015 40 pages
48
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Coran cleacutes de lectureTareq Oubrou janvier 2015 44 pages
Le pluralisme religieux en islam ou la conscience de lrsquoalteacuteriteacuteEacuteric Geoffroy janvier 2015 40 pages
Meacutemoires agrave venirDominique Reynieacute janvier 2015 enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec la Fondation pour la Meacutemoire de la Shoah 156 pages
La classe moyenne ameacutericaine en voie drsquoeffritementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2014 40 pages
Pour une compleacutementaire eacuteducation lrsquoeacutecole des classes moyennesErwan Le Noan et Dominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquoantiseacutemitisme dans lrsquoopinion publique franccedilaise Nouveaux eacuteclairagesDominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 48 pages
La politique de concurrence un atout pour notre industrieEmmanuel Combe novembre 2014 48 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (2) pousseacutee du FN recul de lrsquoUMP et vote bretonJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 52 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (1) la gauche en miettesJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 40 pages
Innovation politique 2014Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2014 554 pages
Eacutenergie-climat pour une politique efficaceAlbert Bressand septembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquourbanisation du monde Une chance pour la FranceLaurence Daziano juillet 2014 44 pages
Que peut-on demander agrave la politique moneacutetaire Pascal Salin mai 2014 48 pages
Le changement crsquoest tout le temps 1514 - 2014Suzanne Baverez et Jean Seacutenieacute mai 2014 48 pages
Trop drsquoeacutemigreacutes Regards sur ceux qui partent de FranceJulien Gonzalez mai 2014 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2014Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres avril 2014 284 pages
Taxer mieux gagner plusRobin Rivaton avril 2014 52 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (2) diversifier la haute administrationKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 44 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (1) renforcer les think tanksKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 52 pages
Pour un new deal fiscalGianmarco Monsellato mars 2014 8 pages
Faire cesser la mendiciteacute avec enfantsJulien Damon mars 2014 44 pages
49
Le low cost une reacutevolution eacuteconomique et deacutemocratiqueEmmanuel Combe feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Un accegraves eacutequitable aux theacuterapies contre le cancerNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Reacuteformer le statut des enseignantsLuc Chatel janvier 2014 8 pages
Un outil de finance sociale les social impact bondsYan de Kerorguen deacutecembre 2013 36 pages
Pour la croissance la deacutebureaucratisation par la confiancePierre Pezziardi Serge Soudoplatoff et Xavier Queacuterat-Heacutement novembre 2013 48 pages
Les valeurs des FranciliensGueacutenaeumllle Gault octobre 2013 36 pages
Sortir drsquoune gregraveve eacutetudiante le cas du QueacutebecJean-Patrick Brady et Steacutephane Paquin octobre 2013 40 pages
Un contrat de travail unique avec indemniteacutes de deacutepart inteacutegreacuteesCharles Beigbeder juillet 2013 8 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2013Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres juillet 2013 268 pages
La nouvelle vague des eacutemergents Bangladesh Eacutethiopie Nigeria Indoneacutesie Vietnam MexiqueLaurence Daziano juillet 2013 40 pages
Transition eacutenergeacutetique europeacuteenne bonnes intentions et mauvais calculsAlbert Bressand juillet 2013 44 pages
La deacutemobiliteacute travailler vivre autrementJulien Damon juin 2013 44 pages
Le Kapital Pour rebacirctir lrsquoindustrieChristian Saint-Eacutetienne et Robin Rivaton avril 2013 40 pages
Code eacutethique de la vie politique et des responsables publics en FranceLes Arvernes Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique avril 2013 12 pages
Les classes moyennes dans les pays eacutemergentsJulien Damon avril 2013 38 pages
Innovation politique 2013Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2013 652 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (2) les strateacutegiesRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (1) les enjeuxRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 52 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute passe aussi par la fiscaliteacuteAldo Cardoso Michel Didier Bertrand Jacquillat Dominique Reynieacute et Greacutegoire Sentilhes deacutecembre 2012 20 pages
Une autre politique moneacutetaire pour reacutesoudre la criseNicolas Goetzmann deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
50
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La nouvelle politique fiscale rend-elle lrsquoISF inconstitutionnel Aldo Cardoso novembre 2012 12 pages
Fiscaliteacute pourquoi et comment un pays sans riches est un pays pauvrehellipBertrand Jacquillat octobre 2012 40 pages
Youth and Sustainable DevelopmentFondapolNomadeacuteisUnited Nations juin 2012 80 pages
La philanthropie Des entrepreneurs de solidariteacuteFrancis Charhon mai juin 2012 44 pages
Les chiffres de la pauvreteacute le sens de la mesureJulien Damon mai 2012 40 pages
Libeacuterer le financement de lrsquoeacuteconomieRobin Rivaton avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoeacutepargne au service du logement socialJulie Merle avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2012Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2012 210 pages
Valeurs partageacuteesDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF mars 2012 362 pages
Les droites en EuropeDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF feacutevrier 2012 552 pages
Innovation politique 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2012 648 pages
Lrsquoeacutecole de la liberteacute initiative autonomie et responsabiliteacuteCharles Feuillerade janvier 2012 36 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (2) les strateacutegiesReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 40 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (1) les enjeuxReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 48 pages
Reacutevolution des valeurs et mondialisationLuc Ferry janvier 2012 36 pages
Quel avenir pour la social-deacutemocratie en Europe Sir Stuart Bell deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
La reacutegulation professionnelle des regravegles non eacutetatiques pour mieux responsabiliserJean-Pierre Teyssier deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
Lrsquohospitaliteacute une eacutethique du soinEmmanuel Hirsch deacutecembre 2011 32 pages
12 ideacutees pour 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2011 110 pages
Les classes moyennes et le logementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2011 40 pages
Reacuteformer la santeacute trois propositionsNicolas Bouzou novembre 2011 32 pages
51
Le nouveau Parlement la reacutevision du 23 juillet 2008Jean-Feacutelix de Bujadoux novembre 2011 40 pages
La responsabiliteacuteAlain-Geacuterard Slama novembre 2011 32 pages
Le vote des classes moyennesEacutelisabeth Dupoirier novembre 2011 40 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute par la qualiteacuteEmmanuel Combe et Jean-Louis Mucchielli octobre 2011 32 pages
Les classes moyennes et le creacuteditNicolas Peacutecourt octobre 2011 32 pages
Portrait des classes moyennesLaure Bonneval Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Fabienne Gomant octobre 2011 36 pages
Morale eacutethique deacuteontologieMichel Maffesoli octobre 2011 40 pages
Sortir du communisme changer drsquoeacutepoqueSteacutephane Courtois (dir) PUF octobre 2011 672 pages
Lrsquoeacutenergie nucleacuteaire apregraves Fukushima incident mineur ou nouvelle donne Malcolm Grimston septembre 2011 16 pages
La jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2011 132 pages
Pouvoir drsquoachat une politiqueEmmanuel Combe septembre 2011 52 pages
La liberteacute religieuseHenri Madelin septembre 2011 36 pages
Reacuteduire notre dette publiqueJean-Marc Daniel septembre 2011 40 pages
Eacutecologie et libeacuteralismeCorine Pelluchon aoucirct 2011 40 pages
Valoriser les monuments historiques de nouvelles strateacutegiesWladimir Mitrofanoff et Christiane Schmuckle-Mollard juillet 2011 28 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs raisonsEddy Fougier juillet 2011 40 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs reacuteseauxSylvain Boulouque juillet 2011 36 pages
La fraterniteacutePaul Thibaud juin 2011 36 pages
La transformation numeacuterique au service de la croissanceJean-Pierre Corniou juin 2011 52 pages
LrsquoengagementDominique Schnapper juin 2011 32 pages
Liberteacute Eacutegaliteacute FraterniteacuteAndreacute Glucksmann mai 2011 36 pages
52
fond
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| lrsquoi
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Quelle industrie pour la deacutefense franccedilaise Guillaume Lagane mai 2011 26 pages
La religion dans les affaires la responsabiliteacute sociale de lrsquoentrepriseAureacutelien Acquier Jean-Pascal Gond et Jacques Igalens mai 2011 44 pages
La religion dans les affaires la finance islamiqueLila Guermas-Sayegh mai 2011 36 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAllemagnePatrick Moreau avril 2011 56 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La SlovaquieEacutetienne Boisserie avril 2011 40 pages
Qui deacutetient la dette publique Guillaume Leroy avril 2011 36 pages
Le principe de preacutecaution dans le mondeNicolas de Sadeleer mars 2011 36 pages
Comprendre le Tea PartyHenri Hude mars 2011 40 pages
Ougrave en est la droite Les Pays-BasNiek Pas mars 2011 36 pages
Productiviteacute agricole et qualiteacute des eauxGeacuterard Morice mars 2011 44 pages
LrsquoEau du volume agrave la valeurJean-Louis Chaussade mars 2011 32 pages
Eau comment traiter les micropolluants Philippe Hartemann mars 2011 38 pages
Eau deacutefis mondiaux perspectives franccedilaisesGeacuterard Payen mars 2011 62 pages
Lrsquoirrigation pour une agriculture durableJean-Paul Renoux mars 2011 42 pages
Gestion de lrsquoeau vers de nouveaux modegravelesAntoine Freacuterot mars 2011 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAutrichePatrick Moreau feacutevrier 2011 42 pages
La participation au service de lrsquoemploi et du pouvoir drsquoachatJacques Perche et Antoine Pertinax feacutevrier 2011 32 pages
Le tandem franco-allemand face agrave la crise de lrsquoeuroWolfgang Glomb feacutevrier 2011 38 pages
2011 la jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) janvier 2011 88 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2011Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacutedition Lignes de Repegraveres janvier 2011 254 pages
Administration 20Thierry Weibel janvier 2011 48 pages
53
Ougrave en est la droite La BulgarieAntony Todorov deacutecembre 2010 32 pages
Le retour du tirage au sort en politiqueGil Delannoi deacutecembre 2010 38 pages
La compeacutetence morale du peupleRaymond Boudon novembre 2010 30 pages
LrsquoAcadeacutemie au pays du capitalBernard Belloc et Pierre-Franccedilois Mourier PUF novembre 2010 222 pages
Pour une nouvelle politique agricole communeBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Seacutecuriteacute alimentaire un enjeu globalBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Les vertus cacheacutees du low cost aeacuterienEmmanuel Combe novembre 2010 40 pages
Innovation politique 2011Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF novembre 2010 676 pages
Deacutefense surmonter lrsquoimpasse budgeacutetaireGuillaume Lagane octobre 2010 34 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoEspagneJoan Marcet octobre 2010 34 pages
Les vertus de la concurrenceDavid Sraer septembre 2010 44 pages
Internet politique et coproduction citoyenneRobin Berjon septembre 2010 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La PologneDominika Tomaszewska-Mortimer aoucirct 2010 42 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Suegravede et le DanemarkJacob Christensen juillet 2010 44 pages
Quel policier dans notre socieacuteteacute Mathieu Zagrodzki juillet 2010 28 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoItalieSofia Ventura juillet 2010 36 pages
Crise bancaire dette publique une vue allemandeWolfgang Glomb juillet 2010 28 pages
Dette publique inquieacutetude publiqueJeacuterocircme Fourquet juin 2010 32 pages
Une reacutegulation bancaire pour une croissance durableNathalie Janson juin 2010 36 pages
Quatre propositions pour reacutenover notre modegravele agricolePascal Perri mai 2010 32 pages
Reacutegionales 2010 que sont les eacutelecteurs devenus Pascal Perrineau mai 2010 56 pages
54
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apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
litiq
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Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2010Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mai 2010 245 pages
Pays-Bas la tentation populisteChristophe de Voogd mai 2010 43 pages
Quatre ideacutees pour renforcer le pouvoir drsquoachatPascal Perri avril 2010 30 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Grande-BretagneDavid Hanley avril 2010 34 pages
Renforcer le rocircle eacuteconomique des reacutegionsNicolas Bouzou mars 2010 30 pages
Reacuteduire la dette gracircce agrave la ConstitutionJacques Delpla feacutevrier 2010 54 pages
Strateacutegie pour une reacuteduction de la dette publique franccedilaiseNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2010 30 pages
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55
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
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emen
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sson
s fr
om th
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edis
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form
s
23
Employment ratios for men and women 1963-2017
196
3
196
9
198
9
197
9
199
9
20
09
196
5
198
5
1975
199
5
20
05
1971
199
1
198
1
20
01
20
11
20
15
1967
198
7
197
7
199
7
20
07
197
3
199
3
198
3
20
03
20
13
20
17
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Men Women
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique OECDstat
Despite the rhetorical differences between the political parties there was a growing consensus across political lines that the pension system needed to be adjusted The ATP system was perceived as financially unsustainable as there was a substantial risk of the pension contributions increasing faster than income levels would 49 Given the high level of taxes as a percentage of GDP at around 50 of GDP in 1990 further increases to finance pensions seemed limited
Estimated pensions expenditure in the former pension system wage share based on different assumptions for real income growth (from 1995) and maintained price indexation
Growth rate0 1 2 3
2005 335 303 278 2512015 411 342 288 2392025 442 341 266 2032050 437 292 184 109
Source Prop 199394250
In addition the former system created few incentives to work Thirty years of work would earn a pension of which fifteen would impact the calculation the pension benefit formula was based on the best fifteen years of work The
49 See Allmaumln pension Statens offentliga utredningar SOU 199076 1990 (httpslagennusou199076)
24
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benefit calculation was therefore beneficial for individuals with a short but fast-growing career later in life Hence it was less beneficial for individuals with a slow growth in earning but a long career
On 16 November 1984 the Social Democratic government lead by Olof Palme commissioned a Parliamentary Pension Commission (pensionsberedningen) lead by Sture Korpi 50 State Secretary to Minister for Social Affairs Sten Andersson The Commission united all the most relevant organisations in Swedish society political parties unions the confederation of Swedish enterprises pensionersrsquo organisations organisations for the disabled social insurance agencies etc 51 The Parliamentary Commission also became a breeding ground for future prominent members of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pension such as Anna Hedborg 52 Ingela Thalen 53 and Bo Koumlnberg 54
Although the Commission had not been mandated to propose any changes it was considered a huge success for its contributions to analysing how the pensions system worked and what challenges it faced 55 The Pension Commission presented its final report in 1990 56
7 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system
The first political step towards a new pension reform system was taken in the Government budget (finansplan) of 1991 The Social Democratic Government led by Ingvar Carlsson 57 opts for ldquoopportunities for financing pension pledges within a framework of unchanged levels of taxation and contributions are highly dependent on economic growth 58rdquo
In 1991 the Social Democrats were defeated by a four-party coalition led by the Moderate Party leader Carl Bildt 59 Shortly after the new Government
50 Sture Korpi (1939-2017) was a Social Democratic politician and served as State Secretary in 1982-199151 See Urban Lundberg op cit52 Anna Hedborg (b 1944) is a Social Democratic politician and official and served as Minister for Social Insurance (1994-1996)53 Ingela Thalen (b1943) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Minster of Labour (1987-1991) and Minister for Social Affairs (1990-1991 1994-1996)54 Bo Koumlnberg (b1945) is a Liberal Party politician and served as Minister for Health and Social Insurance in 1991-199455 See Urban Lundberg op cit56 See Allmaumln Pension op cit57 Ingvar Carlsson (b1934) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Prime Minister in 1986-1991 and 1994-199658 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreement and Pension Reform trad Anglaise du rapport Detta aumlr pensionsoumlverenskommelsen (Ds 200953) 2010 p53 (wwwgovernmentse49b757contentassets3d321fd499da48928de201abe43a558bthe-swedish-pension-agreement-and-pension-reform-ds-200953)59 Carl Bildt (born in 1949) is a Conservative Party politician and served as Prime Minister 1991-1994 and Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006-2014
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25
took office a Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions was formed The Working Group began its work in November 1991 when the Minister for Healthcare and Social Security Bo Koumlnberg took its direction In 1992 the Working Group published a ldquopreliminary draftrdquo containing almost all the elements of the reform 60 the starting point of the reform being the need for a higher savings rate in the economy as well as the need to strengthen the incentives to work Although the possibility of making changes within the framework of the existing ATP system had been thoroughly investigated by Pension Commission the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions settled that the retirement system should be built up according to principles other than those underpinning public pension and ATP systems of today The Working Group presented a draft of a new system in August 1992 containing almost all principal elements 61
A brutal economic crisis hit Sweden in 1992 Government expenditure reached almost 76 of GDP in 1995 and the employment rate declined consistently throughout the 1990s The many causes of the crisis are diverse and literature on this matter is vast A combination of rapid credit expansion both weak government finances and a weak current account together with a fixed currency towards the European Currency Unit 62 depleted the central bankrsquos power to defend its currency In one last attempt to protect the Swedish currency the Riksbank decided to raise its key interest rate to 500 on 16 September 1992 As a result investments and the employment rate fell and the country experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression In November 1992 the fixed rate towards the ECU 63 was abandoned and the Swedish krona quickly depreciated These events led to an immediate crisis on the financial market and in the banking sector which had to be restructured and bailed out Consequently the Government debt as a percentage of GDP soared from around 40 in 1990 to 74 in 1994
60 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit61 Ibid62 The ECU was a basket of currencies used from 1979 to 1999 and before the euro63 The European Currency Unit was a basket of currencies used as a unit of account before being replaced by the euro 1 January 1999
26
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Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
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27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
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| lrsquoi
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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s
29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
Retir
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35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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37
38
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40
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OUR PUBLICATIONS
1979 ndash 2019 -ملاعلا ي ف ةفرطتملا ةيمالسل إ ا تامجهلاFondation pour linnovation politique mars 2020 80 pages
Retraites leccedilons des reacuteformes belgesFrank Vandenbroucke feacutevrier 2020 64 pages
Les biotechnologies en chine un eacutetat des lieuxAifang MA feacutevrier 2020 68 pages
Radiographie de lantiseacutemitisme en FranceAJC Paris et Fondation pour linnovation politique janvier 2020 32 pages
OGM et produits deacutedition du geacutenome enjeux reacuteglementaires et geacuteopolitiquesCatherine Regnault-Roger janvier 2020 60 pages
Des outils de modification du geacutenome au service de la santeacute humaine et animaleCatherine Regnault-Roger janvier 2020 56 pages
Des plantes biotech au service de la santeacute du veacutegeacutetal et de lrsquoenvironnementCatherine Regnault-Roger janvier 2020 56 pages
Le soldat augmenteacute regards croiseacutes sur lrsquoaugmentation des performances du soldatCREC Saint-Cyr et la Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2019 128 pages
LrsquoEurope face aux nationalismes eacuteconomiques ameacutericain et chinois (3) Deacutefendre lrsquoeacuteconomie europeacuteenne par la politique commercialeEmmanuel Combe Paul-Adrien Hyppolite et Antoine Michon novembre 2019 76 pages
LrsquoEurope face aux nationalismes eacuteconomiques ameacutericain et chinois (2) Les pratiques anticoncurrentielles eacutetrangegraveresEmmanuel Combe Paul-Adrien Hyppolite et Antoine Michon novembre 2019 64 pages
LrsquoEurope face aux nationalismes eacuteconomiques ameacutericain et chinois (1) Politique de concurrence et industrie europeacuteenneEmmanuel Combe Paul-Adrien Hyppolite et Antoine Michon novembre 2019 60 pages
Les attentats islamistes dans le monde 1979-2019Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique novembre 2019 80 pages
Vers des prix personnaliseacutes agrave lrsquoheure du numeacuterique Emmanuel Combe octobre 2019 68 pages
2022 le risque populiste en FranceUn indicateur de la protestation eacutelectorale Dominique Reynieacute octobre 2019 44 pages
La cour europeacuteenne des droits de lrsquohomme protectrice critiqueacutee des laquo liberteacutes invisibles raquoJean-Luc Sauron octobre 2019 72 pages
41
1939 lrsquoalliance sovieacuteto-nazie aux origines de la fracture europeacuteenneSteacutephane Courtois septembre 2019 76 pages
Saxe et Brandebourg Perceacutee de lrsquoAfD aux eacutelections reacutegionales du 1er septembre 2019Patrick Moreau septembre 2019 46 pages
Campements de migrants sans-abri comparaisons europeacuteennes et recommandationsJulien Damon septembre 2019 68 pages
Vox la fin de lrsquoexception espagnoleAstrid Barrio aoucirct 2019 56 pages
Eacutelections europeacuteennes 2019 Le poids des eacutelectorats compareacute au poids eacutelectoral des groupes parlementairesRaphaeumll Grelon et Guillemette Lano Avec le concours de Victor Delage et Dominique Reynieacute juillet 2019 22 pages
Allocirc maman bobo (2) Lrsquoeacutelectorat urbain de la gentrification au deacutesenchantementNelly Garnier juillet 2019 64 pages
Allocirc maman bobo (1) Lrsquoeacutelectorat urbain de la gentrification au deacutesenchantementNelly Garnier juillet 2019 68 pages
Lrsquoaffaire Seacuteralini Lrsquoimpasse drsquoune science militanteMarcel Kuntz juin 2019 60 pages
Deacutemocraties sous tensionSous la direction de Dominique Reynieacute mai 2019 volume I Les enjeux 156 pages volume II Les pays 120 pages Enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec lrsquoInternational Republican Institute
La longue gouvernance de PoutineMichel Eltchaninoff mai 2019 52 pages
Politique du handicap pour une socieacuteteacute inclusiveSophie Cluzel avril 2019 44 pages
Ferroviaire ouverture agrave la concurrence une chance pour la SNCFDavid Valence et Franccedilois Bouchard mars 2019 64 pages
Un an de populisme italienAlberto Toscano mars 2019 56 pages
Une mosqueacutee mixte pour un islam spirituel et progressisteEva Janadin et Anne-Sophie Monsinay feacutevrier 2019 72 pages
Une civilisation eacutelectrique (2) Vers le reacuteenchantementAlain Beltran et Patrice Carreacute feacutevrier 2019 56 pages
Une civilisation eacutelectrique (1) Un siegravecle de transformationsAlain Beltran et Patrice Carreacute feacutevrier 2019 56 pages
Prix de lrsquoeacutelectriciteacute entre marcheacute reacutegulation et subventionJacques Percebois feacutevrier 2019 64 pages
Vers une socieacuteteacute post-carbonePatrice Geoffron feacutevrier 2019 60 pages
Eacutenergie-climat en Europe pour une excellence eacutecologiqueEmmanuel Tuchscherer feacutevrier 2019 48 pages
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Innovation politique 2018 (tome 2)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2019 544 pages
Innovation politique 2018 (tome 1)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2019 472 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2018Dominique Reynieacute (dir) eacuteditions Marie Bcollection Lignes de Repegraveres janvier 2019 176 pages
La contestation animaliste radicaleEddy Fougier janvier 2019 56 pages
Le numeacuterique au secours de la santeacuteSerge Soudoplatoff janvier 2019 60 pages
Le nouveau pouvoir franccedilais et la coopeacuteration franco-japonaiseFondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2018 204 pages
Les apports du christianisme agrave lrsquouniteacute de lrsquoEuropeJean-Dominique Durand deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La crise orthodoxe (2) Les convulsions du XIXe siegravecle agrave nos joursJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La crise orthodoxe (1) Les fondations des origines au XIXe siegravecleJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La France et les chreacutetiens drsquoOrient derniegravere chanceJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 56 pages
Le christianisme et la moderniteacute europeacuteenne (2) Comprendre le retour de lrsquoinstitution religieusePhilippe Portier et Jean-Paul Willaime deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
Le christianisme et la moderniteacute europeacuteenne (1) Reacutecuser le deacuteni
Philippe Portier et Jean-Paul Willaime deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
Commerce illicite de cigarettes les cas de Barbegraves-La Chapelle Saint-Denis et Aubervilliers-Quatre-CheminsMathieu Zagrodzki Romain Maneveau et Arthur Persais novembre 2018 84 pages
Lrsquoavenir de lrsquohydroeacutelectriciteacuteJean-Pierre Corniou novembre 2018 64 pages
Retraites Leccedilons des reacuteformes italiennesMichel Martone novembre 2018 48 pages
Les geacuteants du numeacuterique (2) un frein agrave lrsquoinnovation Paul-Adrien Hyppolite et Antoine Michon novembre 2018 84 pages
Les geacuteants du numeacuterique (1) magnats de la financePaul-Adrien Hyppolite et Antoine Michon novembre 2018 80 pages
Lrsquointelligence artificielle en Chine un eacutetat des lieuxAifang Ma novembre 2018 60 pages
Alternative fuumlr Deutschland eacutetablissement eacutelectoralPatrick Moreau octobre 2018 72 pages
Les Franccedilais jugent leur systegraveme de retraiteFondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique octobre 2018 28 pages
43
Migrations la France singuliegravereDidier Leschi octobre 2018 56 pages
La reacutevision constitutionnelle de 2008 un premier bilanHugues Hourdin octobre 2018 52 pages Preacuteface drsquoEacutedouard Balladur et de Jack Lang
Les Franccedilais face agrave la crise deacutemocratique Immigration populisme Trump EuropehellipAJC Europe et la Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique septembre 2018 72 pages
Les laquo Deacutemocrates de Suegravede raquo un vote anti-immigrationJohan Martinsson septembre 2018 64 pages
Les Sueacutedois et lrsquoimmigration (2) fin du consensus Tino Sanandaji septembre 2018 56 pages
Les Sueacutedois et lrsquoimmigration (1) fin de lrsquohomogeacuteneacuteiteacute Tino Sanandaji septembre 2018 56 pages
Eacutethiques de lrsquoimmigrationJean-Philippe Vincent juin 2018 56 pages
Les addictions chez les jeunes (14-24 ans)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique juin 2018 56 pages Enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec la Fondation Gabriel Peacuteri et le Fonds Actions Addictions
Villes et voitures pour une reacuteconciliationJean Coldefy juin 2018 60 pages
France combattre la pauvreteacute des enfantsJulien Damon mai 2018 48 pages
Que pegravesent les syndicats Dominique Andolfatto avril 2018 56 pages
Lrsquoeacutelan de la francophonie pour une ambition franccedilaise (2)Benjamin Boutin mars 2018 48 pages
Lrsquoeacutelan de la francophonie une communauteacute de langue et de destin (1)Benjamin Boutin mars 2018 48 pages
LrsquoItalie aux urnesSofia Ventura feacutevrier 2018 44 pages
Lrsquointelligence artificielle lrsquoexpertise partout accessible agrave tousSerge Soudoplatoff feacutevrier 2018 60 pages
Lrsquoinnovation agrave lrsquoegravere du bien communBenjamin Boscher Xavier Pavie feacutevrier 2018 64 pages
Libeacuterer lrsquoislam de lrsquoislamismeMohamed Louizi janvier 2018 84 pages
Gouverner le religieux dans un eacutetat laiumlcThierry Rambaud janvier 2018 56 pages
Innovation politique 2017 (tome 2)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 492 pages
Innovation politique 2017 (tome 1)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 468 pages
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Une laquo norme intelligente raquo au service de la reacuteformeVictor Fabre Mathieu Kohmann Mathieu Luinaud deacutecembre 2017 44 pages
Autriche virage agrave droitePatrick Moreau novembre 2017 52 pages
Pour repenser le bac reacuteformons le lyceacutee et lrsquoapprentissageFayumlccedilal Hafied novembre 2017 76 pages
Ougrave va la deacutemocratie Sous la direction de Dominique Reynieacute Plon octobre 2017 320 pages
Violence antiseacutemite en Europe 2005-2015Johannes Due Enstad septembre 2017 48 pages
Pour lrsquoemploi la subrogation du creacutedit drsquoimpocirct des services agrave la personneBruno Despujol Olivier Peraldi et Dominique Reynieacute septembre 2017 52 pages
Marcheacute du travail pour la reacuteforme Fayumlccedilal Hafied juillet 2017 64 pages
Le fact-checking une reacuteponse agrave la crise de lrsquoinformation et de la deacutemocratieFarid Gueham juillet 2017 68 pages
Notre-Dame- des-Landes lrsquoEacutetat le droit et la deacutemocratie empecirccheacutesBruno Hug de Larauze mai 2017 56 pages
France les juifs vus par les musulmans Entre steacutereacuteotypes et meacuteconnaissancesMehdi Ghouirgate Iannis Roder et Dominique Schnapper mai 2017 44 pages
Dette publique la mesurer la reacuteduireJean-Marc Daniel avril 2017 52 pages
Parfaire le paritarisme par lrsquoindeacutependance financiegravereJulien Damon avril 2017 52 pages
Former de plus en plus de mieux en mieux Lrsquoenjeu de la formation professionnelleOlivier Faron avril 2017 48 pages
Les troubles du monde lrsquoislamisme et sa reacutecupeacuteration populiste lrsquoEurope deacutemocratique menaceacuteePierre-Adrien Hanania AJC Fondapol mars 2017 44 pages
Porno addiction nouvel enjeu de socieacuteteacuteDavid Reynieacute mars 2017 48 pages
Calais miroir franccedilais de la crise migratoire europeacuteenne (2)Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2017 72 pages
Calais miroir franccedilais de la crise migratoire europeacuteenne (1)Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2017 56 pages
Lrsquoactif eacutepargne logementPierre-Franccedilois Gouiffegraves feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Reacuteformer quel discours pour convaincre Christophe de Voogd feacutevrier 2017 52 pages
De lrsquoassurance maladie agrave lrsquoassurance santeacutePatrick Negaret feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Hocircpital libeacuterer lrsquoinnovationChristophe Marques et Nicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2017 44 pages
45
Le Front national face agrave lrsquoobstacle du second tourJeacuterocircme Jaffreacute feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
La Reacutepublique des entrepreneursVincent Lorphelin janvier 2017 52 pages
Des startups drsquoEacutetat agrave lrsquoEacutetat plateformePierre Pezziardi et Henri Verdier janvier 2017 52 pages
Vers la souveraineteacute numeacuteriqueFarid Gueham janvier 2017 44 pages
Repenser notre politique commercialeLaurence Daziano janvier 2017 48 pages
Mesures de la pauvreteacute mesures contre la pauvreteacuteJulien Damon deacutecembre 2016 40 pages
Lrsquo Autriche des populistesPatrick Moreau novembre 2016 72 pages
LrsquoEurope face aux deacutefis du peacutetro-solaireAlbert Bressand novembre 2016 52 pages
Le Front national en campagnes Les agriculteurs et le vote FNEddy Fougier et Jeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2016 52 pages
Innovation politique 2016Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2016 758 pages
Le nouveau monde de lrsquoautomobile (2) les promesses de la mobiliteacute eacutelectriqueJean-Pierre Corniou octobre 2016 68 pages
Le nouveau monde de lrsquoautomobile (1) lrsquoimpasse du moteur agrave explosionJean-Pierre Corniou octobre 2016 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2016Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2016 224 pages
Lrsquoindividu contre lrsquoeacutetatisme Actualiteacute de la penseacutee libeacuterale franccedilaise (XXe siegravecle)Jeacuterocircme Perrier septembre 2016 52 pages
Lrsquoindividu contre lrsquoeacutetatisme Actualiteacute de la penseacutee libeacuterale franccedilaise (XIXe siegravecle)Jeacuterocircme Perrier septembre 2016 52 pages
Refonder lrsquoaudiovisuel publicOlivier Babeau septembre 2016 48 pages
La concurrence au deacutefi du numeacuteriqueCharles-Antoine Schwerer juillet 2016 48 pages
Portrait des musulmans drsquoEurope uniteacute dans la diversiteacuteVincent Tournier juin 2016 68 pages
Portrait des musulmans de France une communauteacute plurielleNadia Henni-Moulaiuml juin 2016 48 pages
La blockchain ou la confiance distribueacuteeYves Caseau et Serge Soudoplatoff juin 2016 48 pages
La gauche radicale liens lieux et luttes (2012-2017)Sylvain Boulouque mai 2016 56 pages
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Gouverner pour reacuteformer eacuteleacutements de meacutethodeErwan Le Noan et Matthieu Montjotin mai 2016 64 pages
Les zadistes (2) la tentation de la violenceEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
Les zadistes (1) un nouvel anticapitalismeEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
Reacutegionales (2) les partis contesteacutes mais pas concurrenceacutesJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 52 pages
Reacutegionales (1) vote FN et attentatsJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 60 pages
Un droit pour lrsquoinnovation et la croissanceSophie Vermeille Mathieu Kohmann et Mathieu Luinaud feacutevrier 2016 52 pages
Le lobbying outil deacutemocratiqueAnthony Escurat feacutevrier 2016 44 pages
Valeurs drsquoislamDominique Reynieacute (dir) preacuteface par le cheikh Khaled Bentounegraves PUF janvier 2016 432 pages
Chiites et sunnites paix impossible Mathieu Terrier janvier 2016 44 pages
Projet drsquoentreprise renouveler le capitalismeDaniel Hurstel deacutecembre 2015 44 pages
Le mutualisme reacutepondre aux deacutefis assurantielsArnaud Chneiweiss et Steacutephane Tisserand novembre 2015 44 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2015Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres novembre 2015 140 pages
La noopolitique le pouvoir de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane novembre 2015 52 pages
Innovation politique 2015Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2015 576 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (2) une reacuteflexion agrave contre-courantAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (1) le Kant europeacuteen et le Machiavel chinoisAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
PME nouveaux modes de financementMohamed Abdesslam et Benjamin Le Pendeven octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (2) Pourquoi il faut deacutefendre la routeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (1) Les conditions drsquoune mobiliteacute convivialeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 40 pages
Crise de la conscience arabo-musulmaneMalik Bezouh septembre 2015 40 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (3) le second tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
47
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (2) le premier tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (1) le contexteJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 44 pages
Enseignement supeacuterieur les limites de la laquo masteacuterisation raquoJulien Gonzalez juillet 2015 44 pages
Politique eacuteconomique lrsquoenjeu franco-allemandWolfgang Glomb et Henry drsquoArcole juin 2015 36 pages
Les lois de la primaire Celles drsquohier celles de demainFranccedilois Bazin juin 2015 48 pages
Eacuteconomie de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane mai 2015 48 pages
Lutter contre les vols et cambriolages une approche eacuteconomiqueEmmanuel Combe et Seacutebastien Daziano mai 2015 56 pages
Unir pour agir un programme pour la croissanceAlain Madelin mai 2015 52 pages
Nouvelle entreprise et valeur humaineFrancis Mer avril 2015 32 pages
Les transports et le financement de la mobiliteacuteYves Crozet avril 2015 32 pages
Numeacuterique et mobiliteacute impacts et synergiesJean Coldefy avril 2015 36 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie face agrave la moderniteacuteMohamed Beddy Ebnou mars 2015 40 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie les fondementsAḥmad Al-Raysuni mars 2015 40 pages
Les femmes et lrsquoislam une vision reacuteformisteAsma Lamrabet mars 2015 48 pages
Eacuteducation et islamMustapha Cherif mars 2015 44 pages
Que nous disent les eacutelections leacutegislatives partielles depuis 2012 Dominique Reynieacute feacutevrier 2015 4 pages
Lrsquoislam et les valeurs de la ReacutepubliqueSaad Khiari feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Islam et contrat socialPhilippe Moulinet feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Le soufisme spiritualiteacute et citoyenneteacuteBariza Khiari feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
Lrsquohumanisme et lrsquohumaniteacute en islamAhmed Bouyerdene feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
Eacuteradiquer lrsquoheacutepatite C en France quelles strateacutegies publiques Nicolas Bouzou et Christophe Marques janvier 2015 40 pages
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Coran cleacutes de lectureTareq Oubrou janvier 2015 44 pages
Le pluralisme religieux en islam ou la conscience de lrsquoalteacuteriteacuteEacuteric Geoffroy janvier 2015 40 pages
Meacutemoires agrave venirDominique Reynieacute janvier 2015 enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec la Fondation pour la Meacutemoire de la Shoah 156 pages
La classe moyenne ameacutericaine en voie drsquoeffritementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2014 40 pages
Pour une compleacutementaire eacuteducation lrsquoeacutecole des classes moyennesErwan Le Noan et Dominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquoantiseacutemitisme dans lrsquoopinion publique franccedilaise Nouveaux eacuteclairagesDominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 48 pages
La politique de concurrence un atout pour notre industrieEmmanuel Combe novembre 2014 48 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (2) pousseacutee du FN recul de lrsquoUMP et vote bretonJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 52 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (1) la gauche en miettesJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 40 pages
Innovation politique 2014Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2014 554 pages
Eacutenergie-climat pour une politique efficaceAlbert Bressand septembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquourbanisation du monde Une chance pour la FranceLaurence Daziano juillet 2014 44 pages
Que peut-on demander agrave la politique moneacutetaire Pascal Salin mai 2014 48 pages
Le changement crsquoest tout le temps 1514 - 2014Suzanne Baverez et Jean Seacutenieacute mai 2014 48 pages
Trop drsquoeacutemigreacutes Regards sur ceux qui partent de FranceJulien Gonzalez mai 2014 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2014Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres avril 2014 284 pages
Taxer mieux gagner plusRobin Rivaton avril 2014 52 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (2) diversifier la haute administrationKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 44 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (1) renforcer les think tanksKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 52 pages
Pour un new deal fiscalGianmarco Monsellato mars 2014 8 pages
Faire cesser la mendiciteacute avec enfantsJulien Damon mars 2014 44 pages
49
Le low cost une reacutevolution eacuteconomique et deacutemocratiqueEmmanuel Combe feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Un accegraves eacutequitable aux theacuterapies contre le cancerNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Reacuteformer le statut des enseignantsLuc Chatel janvier 2014 8 pages
Un outil de finance sociale les social impact bondsYan de Kerorguen deacutecembre 2013 36 pages
Pour la croissance la deacutebureaucratisation par la confiancePierre Pezziardi Serge Soudoplatoff et Xavier Queacuterat-Heacutement novembre 2013 48 pages
Les valeurs des FranciliensGueacutenaeumllle Gault octobre 2013 36 pages
Sortir drsquoune gregraveve eacutetudiante le cas du QueacutebecJean-Patrick Brady et Steacutephane Paquin octobre 2013 40 pages
Un contrat de travail unique avec indemniteacutes de deacutepart inteacutegreacuteesCharles Beigbeder juillet 2013 8 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2013Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres juillet 2013 268 pages
La nouvelle vague des eacutemergents Bangladesh Eacutethiopie Nigeria Indoneacutesie Vietnam MexiqueLaurence Daziano juillet 2013 40 pages
Transition eacutenergeacutetique europeacuteenne bonnes intentions et mauvais calculsAlbert Bressand juillet 2013 44 pages
La deacutemobiliteacute travailler vivre autrementJulien Damon juin 2013 44 pages
Le Kapital Pour rebacirctir lrsquoindustrieChristian Saint-Eacutetienne et Robin Rivaton avril 2013 40 pages
Code eacutethique de la vie politique et des responsables publics en FranceLes Arvernes Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique avril 2013 12 pages
Les classes moyennes dans les pays eacutemergentsJulien Damon avril 2013 38 pages
Innovation politique 2013Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2013 652 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (2) les strateacutegiesRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (1) les enjeuxRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 52 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute passe aussi par la fiscaliteacuteAldo Cardoso Michel Didier Bertrand Jacquillat Dominique Reynieacute et Greacutegoire Sentilhes deacutecembre 2012 20 pages
Une autre politique moneacutetaire pour reacutesoudre la criseNicolas Goetzmann deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
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La nouvelle politique fiscale rend-elle lrsquoISF inconstitutionnel Aldo Cardoso novembre 2012 12 pages
Fiscaliteacute pourquoi et comment un pays sans riches est un pays pauvrehellipBertrand Jacquillat octobre 2012 40 pages
Youth and Sustainable DevelopmentFondapolNomadeacuteisUnited Nations juin 2012 80 pages
La philanthropie Des entrepreneurs de solidariteacuteFrancis Charhon mai juin 2012 44 pages
Les chiffres de la pauvreteacute le sens de la mesureJulien Damon mai 2012 40 pages
Libeacuterer le financement de lrsquoeacuteconomieRobin Rivaton avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoeacutepargne au service du logement socialJulie Merle avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2012Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2012 210 pages
Valeurs partageacuteesDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF mars 2012 362 pages
Les droites en EuropeDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF feacutevrier 2012 552 pages
Innovation politique 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2012 648 pages
Lrsquoeacutecole de la liberteacute initiative autonomie et responsabiliteacuteCharles Feuillerade janvier 2012 36 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (2) les strateacutegiesReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 40 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (1) les enjeuxReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 48 pages
Reacutevolution des valeurs et mondialisationLuc Ferry janvier 2012 36 pages
Quel avenir pour la social-deacutemocratie en Europe Sir Stuart Bell deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
La reacutegulation professionnelle des regravegles non eacutetatiques pour mieux responsabiliserJean-Pierre Teyssier deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
Lrsquohospitaliteacute une eacutethique du soinEmmanuel Hirsch deacutecembre 2011 32 pages
12 ideacutees pour 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2011 110 pages
Les classes moyennes et le logementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2011 40 pages
Reacuteformer la santeacute trois propositionsNicolas Bouzou novembre 2011 32 pages
51
Le nouveau Parlement la reacutevision du 23 juillet 2008Jean-Feacutelix de Bujadoux novembre 2011 40 pages
La responsabiliteacuteAlain-Geacuterard Slama novembre 2011 32 pages
Le vote des classes moyennesEacutelisabeth Dupoirier novembre 2011 40 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute par la qualiteacuteEmmanuel Combe et Jean-Louis Mucchielli octobre 2011 32 pages
Les classes moyennes et le creacuteditNicolas Peacutecourt octobre 2011 32 pages
Portrait des classes moyennesLaure Bonneval Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Fabienne Gomant octobre 2011 36 pages
Morale eacutethique deacuteontologieMichel Maffesoli octobre 2011 40 pages
Sortir du communisme changer drsquoeacutepoqueSteacutephane Courtois (dir) PUF octobre 2011 672 pages
Lrsquoeacutenergie nucleacuteaire apregraves Fukushima incident mineur ou nouvelle donne Malcolm Grimston septembre 2011 16 pages
La jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2011 132 pages
Pouvoir drsquoachat une politiqueEmmanuel Combe septembre 2011 52 pages
La liberteacute religieuseHenri Madelin septembre 2011 36 pages
Reacuteduire notre dette publiqueJean-Marc Daniel septembre 2011 40 pages
Eacutecologie et libeacuteralismeCorine Pelluchon aoucirct 2011 40 pages
Valoriser les monuments historiques de nouvelles strateacutegiesWladimir Mitrofanoff et Christiane Schmuckle-Mollard juillet 2011 28 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs raisonsEddy Fougier juillet 2011 40 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs reacuteseauxSylvain Boulouque juillet 2011 36 pages
La fraterniteacutePaul Thibaud juin 2011 36 pages
La transformation numeacuterique au service de la croissanceJean-Pierre Corniou juin 2011 52 pages
LrsquoengagementDominique Schnapper juin 2011 32 pages
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
24
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benefit calculation was therefore beneficial for individuals with a short but fast-growing career later in life Hence it was less beneficial for individuals with a slow growth in earning but a long career
On 16 November 1984 the Social Democratic government lead by Olof Palme commissioned a Parliamentary Pension Commission (pensionsberedningen) lead by Sture Korpi 50 State Secretary to Minister for Social Affairs Sten Andersson The Commission united all the most relevant organisations in Swedish society political parties unions the confederation of Swedish enterprises pensionersrsquo organisations organisations for the disabled social insurance agencies etc 51 The Parliamentary Commission also became a breeding ground for future prominent members of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pension such as Anna Hedborg 52 Ingela Thalen 53 and Bo Koumlnberg 54
Although the Commission had not been mandated to propose any changes it was considered a huge success for its contributions to analysing how the pensions system worked and what challenges it faced 55 The Pension Commission presented its final report in 1990 56
7 The 1990s crisis and the reformed pension system
The first political step towards a new pension reform system was taken in the Government budget (finansplan) of 1991 The Social Democratic Government led by Ingvar Carlsson 57 opts for ldquoopportunities for financing pension pledges within a framework of unchanged levels of taxation and contributions are highly dependent on economic growth 58rdquo
In 1991 the Social Democrats were defeated by a four-party coalition led by the Moderate Party leader Carl Bildt 59 Shortly after the new Government
50 Sture Korpi (1939-2017) was a Social Democratic politician and served as State Secretary in 1982-199151 See Urban Lundberg op cit52 Anna Hedborg (b 1944) is a Social Democratic politician and official and served as Minister for Social Insurance (1994-1996)53 Ingela Thalen (b1943) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Minster of Labour (1987-1991) and Minister for Social Affairs (1990-1991 1994-1996)54 Bo Koumlnberg (b1945) is a Liberal Party politician and served as Minister for Health and Social Insurance in 1991-199455 See Urban Lundberg op cit56 See Allmaumln Pension op cit57 Ingvar Carlsson (b1934) is a Social Democratic politician and served as Prime Minister in 1986-1991 and 1994-199658 Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreement and Pension Reform trad Anglaise du rapport Detta aumlr pensionsoumlverenskommelsen (Ds 200953) 2010 p53 (wwwgovernmentse49b757contentassets3d321fd499da48928de201abe43a558bthe-swedish-pension-agreement-and-pension-reform-ds-200953)59 Carl Bildt (born in 1949) is a Conservative Party politician and served as Prime Minister 1991-1994 and Minister for Foreign Affairs 2006-2014
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25
took office a Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions was formed The Working Group began its work in November 1991 when the Minister for Healthcare and Social Security Bo Koumlnberg took its direction In 1992 the Working Group published a ldquopreliminary draftrdquo containing almost all the elements of the reform 60 the starting point of the reform being the need for a higher savings rate in the economy as well as the need to strengthen the incentives to work Although the possibility of making changes within the framework of the existing ATP system had been thoroughly investigated by Pension Commission the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions settled that the retirement system should be built up according to principles other than those underpinning public pension and ATP systems of today The Working Group presented a draft of a new system in August 1992 containing almost all principal elements 61
A brutal economic crisis hit Sweden in 1992 Government expenditure reached almost 76 of GDP in 1995 and the employment rate declined consistently throughout the 1990s The many causes of the crisis are diverse and literature on this matter is vast A combination of rapid credit expansion both weak government finances and a weak current account together with a fixed currency towards the European Currency Unit 62 depleted the central bankrsquos power to defend its currency In one last attempt to protect the Swedish currency the Riksbank decided to raise its key interest rate to 500 on 16 September 1992 As a result investments and the employment rate fell and the country experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression In November 1992 the fixed rate towards the ECU 63 was abandoned and the Swedish krona quickly depreciated These events led to an immediate crisis on the financial market and in the banking sector which had to be restructured and bailed out Consequently the Government debt as a percentage of GDP soared from around 40 in 1990 to 74 in 1994
60 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit61 Ibid62 The ECU was a basket of currencies used from 1979 to 1999 and before the euro63 The European Currency Unit was a basket of currencies used as a unit of account before being replaced by the euro 1 January 1999
26
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Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
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27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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38
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40
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apol
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fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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47
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48
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
litiq
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50
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
litiq
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
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25
took office a Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions was formed The Working Group began its work in November 1991 when the Minister for Healthcare and Social Security Bo Koumlnberg took its direction In 1992 the Working Group published a ldquopreliminary draftrdquo containing almost all the elements of the reform 60 the starting point of the reform being the need for a higher savings rate in the economy as well as the need to strengthen the incentives to work Although the possibility of making changes within the framework of the existing ATP system had been thoroughly investigated by Pension Commission the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions settled that the retirement system should be built up according to principles other than those underpinning public pension and ATP systems of today The Working Group presented a draft of a new system in August 1992 containing almost all principal elements 61
A brutal economic crisis hit Sweden in 1992 Government expenditure reached almost 76 of GDP in 1995 and the employment rate declined consistently throughout the 1990s The many causes of the crisis are diverse and literature on this matter is vast A combination of rapid credit expansion both weak government finances and a weak current account together with a fixed currency towards the European Currency Unit 62 depleted the central bankrsquos power to defend its currency In one last attempt to protect the Swedish currency the Riksbank decided to raise its key interest rate to 500 on 16 September 1992 As a result investments and the employment rate fell and the country experienced its worst recession since the Great Depression In November 1992 the fixed rate towards the ECU 63 was abandoned and the Swedish krona quickly depreciated These events led to an immediate crisis on the financial market and in the banking sector which had to be restructured and bailed out Consequently the Government debt as a percentage of GDP soared from around 40 in 1990 to 74 in 1994
60 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit61 Ibid62 The ECU was a basket of currencies used from 1979 to 1999 and before the euro63 The European Currency Unit was a basket of currencies used as a unit of account before being replaced by the euro 1 January 1999
26
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Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
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27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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| lrsquoi
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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37
38
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39
40
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OUR PUBLICATIONS
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fond
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| lrsquoi
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46
fond
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| lrsquoi
nnov
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47
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48
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
litiq
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49
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
26
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Government debt as a percentage of GDP 1980-2017
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
01980 201520001985 20051990 20101995
Source Fondation pour linnovation politique data from the Swedish National Debt Office
At the height of the economic crisis the Government saw a substantial risk that the commitments made in the pension system could suffer and that there was a need for a new modernised pensions system In 1994 the Parliamentary Working Group on pensions (penisonsarbetsgruppen) presented its proposal 64 On 8 June 1994 the Parliament adopted the guidelines and principles of the new pension system It is worth pointing out that representatives of the Social Democratic opposition party participated in the right-of-centre governments work on the 1994 principle proposal The pension reform was passed by these five parties in June 1994 and its implementation began in 1995 65 Together they constituted a large majority (around 85) in parliament 66
The parliament decision also stated that it is ldquoa major responsibility for the Contracting Parties to maintain support for the pension agreementrdquo The establishment of a group of guardians for the reform was also intended to ldquonurture and protect the agreementrdquo In this group all agreements must be unanimous The Parliamentary Pension Group consists of one parliamentarian from each political party supporting the agreement except the Social Democrats who had two representatives because their Minister was also the chair of the Group
64 See Lennart Schoumln op cit65 See Reformering av det allmaumlnna pensionssystemet Prop 199394250 1994(httpslagennuprop199394250)66 Since 1994 several other countries such as Latvia Italy Poland Norway and Kazakhstan have introduced systems very similar to the Swedish NDC system
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27
The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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| lrsquoi
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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37
38
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39
40
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OUR PUBLICATIONS
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fond
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| lrsquoi
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46
fond
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| lrsquoi
nnov
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47
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48
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
litiq
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49
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
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The 1994 legislation meant that Sweden switched from a pay-as-you-go defined benefit system to one of defined contribution with both pay-as-you-go and capitalisation elements The first being the Income Pension and the second is the Premium Pension (see Annexes) The new reform also included a separation of survivors and disability systems These systems were now separated from the old-age system and moved over to the general budget
Between 1994 and 1998 an implementation group was formed to solve practical and legislative issues with the reform 67 In 1997 the reform was adopted by the Social Democratic party congress 68 The reform resumed and parliament ruled on it in 1998 69 The new system came into effect in 1999 with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 and 1953 Contributions to the Premium Pension began in 1995 and the first pension benefits for both the Income Pension and the Premium Pension were paid in 2001
The automatic balancing of the Income Pension was legislated in 2001 70 The balance mechanism is triggered if assets (buffer funds plus the estimated value of assets in the form of contribution revenues) fall below the liabilities (accrued notional pension capital and capital value of outgoing pensions) 71 The balance ratio is calculated for each year in the year after The result is then used for the coming year In 2002 the first annual report of the financial position of the public pension was produced 72 All retirement benefits for pensioners in the former system were transformed according to the new rules in 2003
Due to the financial crisis the automatic balancing mechanism was triggered in 2010 2011 and 2014 which led to a decrease in pension payouts On account of these cuts the right-of-centre government under Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt 73 decided to lower the tax on pension income to compensate for the cuts in gross pensions In the aftermath of the crisis there was an adjustment to the automatic balancing mechanism where the buffer fund value was smoothed to a three-year average to lower the volatility
67 See Bo Koumlnberg Edward Palmer and Annika Sundeacuten art cit68 See Urban Lundberg op cit69 See Inkomstgrundad aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 199798151 1998(httpslagennuprop199798151) and Garantipension Prop 199798152 1998(httpslagennuprop199798152)70 See Automatik balansering av aringlderpensionssystemet Prop 2000170 2001secthttpslagennuprop20000170)71 See Pensions at a Glance 2013 OECD and G20 Indicators OECD Publishing 2013(httpwwwoecdorgpensionspublic-pensionsOECDPensionsAtAGlance2013pdf)72 See Riksfoumlrsaumlkringsverket (RFV) The Swedish Pension System Annual Report 2001 RFV 2002(wwwforsakringskassansewpswcmconnectaa4894d6-3b64-4fe7-b549-473f6f8de7baorange_rapport_2001_engelskpdfMOD=AJPERES)73 Fredrik Reinfeldt (b 1965) is a Moderate Party politician and served as Prime Minister from 2006-2014
28
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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38
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40
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apol
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fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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47
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48
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
litiq
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50
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
litiq
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
28
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Aside from these issues the system worked smoothly throughout the 2000s and 2010s and no other changes have been implemented However as individuals do not behave as expected by the original system there is a growing consensus on the need to adjust the system as a whole The main issue has been that despite the longer life expectancy Swedes are not postponing their pension withdrawals and exiting from the labour market Furthermore individuals have been irrational in the Premium pension system and consequently sub-optimised the use of this system overall
On 14 December 2018 the Pension Group reached a new agreement on policy measures to strengthen the adequacy and sustainability of the pension system 74 The new agreement stems from a desire to make several improvements in the system to make future pensions bigger and more secure These measures include
bull Reformed and reinforced basic pensions (ie guaranteed pensions housing supplements etc)
bull Reformed Premium Pension
bull Strengthened financial sustainability of the pension system in the long-term by increasing the retirement age
bull New measures for a better work environment and education for a sustainable working life
bull A new delegation for older workers to combat ageism and discrimination
bull A new advisory council with social partners
bull A review of the tax deduction rules for occupational pensions
bull Better measures for more gender-equal pensions
bull Modernised investment rules for the pension buffer funds (the AP-Funds)
On 5 March 2020 the Pension Group agreed on an agreement to raise pensions in 2021 by introducing a new supplementary pension benefit (pensionstillaumlgg) for workers with low wages and long working lives The aim of the new benefit is to increase pensions while strengthening incentives to work
74 See Swedish Government Office-Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Pension Grouprsquos agreement on long-term raised and secure pensions 14 December 2017(wwwgovernmentse48f80econtentassets38492596ca1c446d944036f9a93d048bthe-pension-groups-agreement-on-long-term-raised-and-secure-pensionspdf)
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29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
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35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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Les attentats islamistes dans le monde 1979-2019Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique novembre 2019 80 pages
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2022 le risque populiste en FranceUn indicateur de la protestation eacutelectorale Dominique Reynieacute octobre 2019 44 pages
La cour europeacuteenne des droits de lrsquohomme protectrice critiqueacutee des laquo liberteacutes invisibles raquoJean-Luc Sauron octobre 2019 72 pages
41
1939 lrsquoalliance sovieacuteto-nazie aux origines de la fracture europeacuteenneSteacutephane Courtois septembre 2019 76 pages
Saxe et Brandebourg Perceacutee de lrsquoAfD aux eacutelections reacutegionales du 1er septembre 2019Patrick Moreau septembre 2019 46 pages
Campements de migrants sans-abri comparaisons europeacuteennes et recommandationsJulien Damon septembre 2019 68 pages
Vox la fin de lrsquoexception espagnoleAstrid Barrio aoucirct 2019 56 pages
Eacutelections europeacuteennes 2019 Le poids des eacutelectorats compareacute au poids eacutelectoral des groupes parlementairesRaphaeumll Grelon et Guillemette Lano Avec le concours de Victor Delage et Dominique Reynieacute juillet 2019 22 pages
Allocirc maman bobo (2) Lrsquoeacutelectorat urbain de la gentrification au deacutesenchantementNelly Garnier juillet 2019 64 pages
Allocirc maman bobo (1) Lrsquoeacutelectorat urbain de la gentrification au deacutesenchantementNelly Garnier juillet 2019 68 pages
Lrsquoaffaire Seacuteralini Lrsquoimpasse drsquoune science militanteMarcel Kuntz juin 2019 60 pages
Deacutemocraties sous tensionSous la direction de Dominique Reynieacute mai 2019 volume I Les enjeux 156 pages volume II Les pays 120 pages Enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec lrsquoInternational Republican Institute
La longue gouvernance de PoutineMichel Eltchaninoff mai 2019 52 pages
Politique du handicap pour une socieacuteteacute inclusiveSophie Cluzel avril 2019 44 pages
Ferroviaire ouverture agrave la concurrence une chance pour la SNCFDavid Valence et Franccedilois Bouchard mars 2019 64 pages
Un an de populisme italienAlberto Toscano mars 2019 56 pages
Une mosqueacutee mixte pour un islam spirituel et progressisteEva Janadin et Anne-Sophie Monsinay feacutevrier 2019 72 pages
Une civilisation eacutelectrique (2) Vers le reacuteenchantementAlain Beltran et Patrice Carreacute feacutevrier 2019 56 pages
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Prix de lrsquoeacutelectriciteacute entre marcheacute reacutegulation et subventionJacques Percebois feacutevrier 2019 64 pages
Vers une socieacuteteacute post-carbonePatrice Geoffron feacutevrier 2019 60 pages
Eacutenergie-climat en Europe pour une excellence eacutecologiqueEmmanuel Tuchscherer feacutevrier 2019 48 pages
42
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| lrsquoi
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litiq
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Innovation politique 2018 (tome 2)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2019 544 pages
Innovation politique 2018 (tome 1)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2019 472 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2018Dominique Reynieacute (dir) eacuteditions Marie Bcollection Lignes de Repegraveres janvier 2019 176 pages
La contestation animaliste radicaleEddy Fougier janvier 2019 56 pages
Le numeacuterique au secours de la santeacuteSerge Soudoplatoff janvier 2019 60 pages
Le nouveau pouvoir franccedilais et la coopeacuteration franco-japonaiseFondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2018 204 pages
Les apports du christianisme agrave lrsquouniteacute de lrsquoEuropeJean-Dominique Durand deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La crise orthodoxe (2) Les convulsions du XIXe siegravecle agrave nos joursJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La crise orthodoxe (1) Les fondations des origines au XIXe siegravecleJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La France et les chreacutetiens drsquoOrient derniegravere chanceJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 56 pages
Le christianisme et la moderniteacute europeacuteenne (2) Comprendre le retour de lrsquoinstitution religieusePhilippe Portier et Jean-Paul Willaime deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
Le christianisme et la moderniteacute europeacuteenne (1) Reacutecuser le deacuteni
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Commerce illicite de cigarettes les cas de Barbegraves-La Chapelle Saint-Denis et Aubervilliers-Quatre-CheminsMathieu Zagrodzki Romain Maneveau et Arthur Persais novembre 2018 84 pages
Lrsquoavenir de lrsquohydroeacutelectriciteacuteJean-Pierre Corniou novembre 2018 64 pages
Retraites Leccedilons des reacuteformes italiennesMichel Martone novembre 2018 48 pages
Les geacuteants du numeacuterique (2) un frein agrave lrsquoinnovation Paul-Adrien Hyppolite et Antoine Michon novembre 2018 84 pages
Les geacuteants du numeacuterique (1) magnats de la financePaul-Adrien Hyppolite et Antoine Michon novembre 2018 80 pages
Lrsquointelligence artificielle en Chine un eacutetat des lieuxAifang Ma novembre 2018 60 pages
Alternative fuumlr Deutschland eacutetablissement eacutelectoralPatrick Moreau octobre 2018 72 pages
Les Franccedilais jugent leur systegraveme de retraiteFondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique octobre 2018 28 pages
43
Migrations la France singuliegravereDidier Leschi octobre 2018 56 pages
La reacutevision constitutionnelle de 2008 un premier bilanHugues Hourdin octobre 2018 52 pages Preacuteface drsquoEacutedouard Balladur et de Jack Lang
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Les laquo Deacutemocrates de Suegravede raquo un vote anti-immigrationJohan Martinsson septembre 2018 64 pages
Les Sueacutedois et lrsquoimmigration (2) fin du consensus Tino Sanandaji septembre 2018 56 pages
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Eacutethiques de lrsquoimmigrationJean-Philippe Vincent juin 2018 56 pages
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Villes et voitures pour une reacuteconciliationJean Coldefy juin 2018 60 pages
France combattre la pauvreteacute des enfantsJulien Damon mai 2018 48 pages
Que pegravesent les syndicats Dominique Andolfatto avril 2018 56 pages
Lrsquoeacutelan de la francophonie pour une ambition franccedilaise (2)Benjamin Boutin mars 2018 48 pages
Lrsquoeacutelan de la francophonie une communauteacute de langue et de destin (1)Benjamin Boutin mars 2018 48 pages
LrsquoItalie aux urnesSofia Ventura feacutevrier 2018 44 pages
Lrsquointelligence artificielle lrsquoexpertise partout accessible agrave tousSerge Soudoplatoff feacutevrier 2018 60 pages
Lrsquoinnovation agrave lrsquoegravere du bien communBenjamin Boscher Xavier Pavie feacutevrier 2018 64 pages
Libeacuterer lrsquoislam de lrsquoislamismeMohamed Louizi janvier 2018 84 pages
Gouverner le religieux dans un eacutetat laiumlcThierry Rambaud janvier 2018 56 pages
Innovation politique 2017 (tome 2)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 492 pages
Innovation politique 2017 (tome 1)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 468 pages
44
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| lrsquoi
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Une laquo norme intelligente raquo au service de la reacuteformeVictor Fabre Mathieu Kohmann Mathieu Luinaud deacutecembre 2017 44 pages
Autriche virage agrave droitePatrick Moreau novembre 2017 52 pages
Pour repenser le bac reacuteformons le lyceacutee et lrsquoapprentissageFayumlccedilal Hafied novembre 2017 76 pages
Ougrave va la deacutemocratie Sous la direction de Dominique Reynieacute Plon octobre 2017 320 pages
Violence antiseacutemite en Europe 2005-2015Johannes Due Enstad septembre 2017 48 pages
Pour lrsquoemploi la subrogation du creacutedit drsquoimpocirct des services agrave la personneBruno Despujol Olivier Peraldi et Dominique Reynieacute septembre 2017 52 pages
Marcheacute du travail pour la reacuteforme Fayumlccedilal Hafied juillet 2017 64 pages
Le fact-checking une reacuteponse agrave la crise de lrsquoinformation et de la deacutemocratieFarid Gueham juillet 2017 68 pages
Notre-Dame- des-Landes lrsquoEacutetat le droit et la deacutemocratie empecirccheacutesBruno Hug de Larauze mai 2017 56 pages
France les juifs vus par les musulmans Entre steacutereacuteotypes et meacuteconnaissancesMehdi Ghouirgate Iannis Roder et Dominique Schnapper mai 2017 44 pages
Dette publique la mesurer la reacuteduireJean-Marc Daniel avril 2017 52 pages
Parfaire le paritarisme par lrsquoindeacutependance financiegravereJulien Damon avril 2017 52 pages
Former de plus en plus de mieux en mieux Lrsquoenjeu de la formation professionnelleOlivier Faron avril 2017 48 pages
Les troubles du monde lrsquoislamisme et sa reacutecupeacuteration populiste lrsquoEurope deacutemocratique menaceacuteePierre-Adrien Hanania AJC Fondapol mars 2017 44 pages
Porno addiction nouvel enjeu de socieacuteteacuteDavid Reynieacute mars 2017 48 pages
Calais miroir franccedilais de la crise migratoire europeacuteenne (2)Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2017 72 pages
Calais miroir franccedilais de la crise migratoire europeacuteenne (1)Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2017 56 pages
Lrsquoactif eacutepargne logementPierre-Franccedilois Gouiffegraves feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Reacuteformer quel discours pour convaincre Christophe de Voogd feacutevrier 2017 52 pages
De lrsquoassurance maladie agrave lrsquoassurance santeacutePatrick Negaret feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Hocircpital libeacuterer lrsquoinnovationChristophe Marques et Nicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2017 44 pages
45
Le Front national face agrave lrsquoobstacle du second tourJeacuterocircme Jaffreacute feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
La Reacutepublique des entrepreneursVincent Lorphelin janvier 2017 52 pages
Des startups drsquoEacutetat agrave lrsquoEacutetat plateformePierre Pezziardi et Henri Verdier janvier 2017 52 pages
Vers la souveraineteacute numeacuteriqueFarid Gueham janvier 2017 44 pages
Repenser notre politique commercialeLaurence Daziano janvier 2017 48 pages
Mesures de la pauvreteacute mesures contre la pauvreteacuteJulien Damon deacutecembre 2016 40 pages
Lrsquo Autriche des populistesPatrick Moreau novembre 2016 72 pages
LrsquoEurope face aux deacutefis du peacutetro-solaireAlbert Bressand novembre 2016 52 pages
Le Front national en campagnes Les agriculteurs et le vote FNEddy Fougier et Jeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2016 52 pages
Innovation politique 2016Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2016 758 pages
Le nouveau monde de lrsquoautomobile (2) les promesses de la mobiliteacute eacutelectriqueJean-Pierre Corniou octobre 2016 68 pages
Le nouveau monde de lrsquoautomobile (1) lrsquoimpasse du moteur agrave explosionJean-Pierre Corniou octobre 2016 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2016Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2016 224 pages
Lrsquoindividu contre lrsquoeacutetatisme Actualiteacute de la penseacutee libeacuterale franccedilaise (XXe siegravecle)Jeacuterocircme Perrier septembre 2016 52 pages
Lrsquoindividu contre lrsquoeacutetatisme Actualiteacute de la penseacutee libeacuterale franccedilaise (XIXe siegravecle)Jeacuterocircme Perrier septembre 2016 52 pages
Refonder lrsquoaudiovisuel publicOlivier Babeau septembre 2016 48 pages
La concurrence au deacutefi du numeacuteriqueCharles-Antoine Schwerer juillet 2016 48 pages
Portrait des musulmans drsquoEurope uniteacute dans la diversiteacuteVincent Tournier juin 2016 68 pages
Portrait des musulmans de France une communauteacute plurielleNadia Henni-Moulaiuml juin 2016 48 pages
La blockchain ou la confiance distribueacuteeYves Caseau et Serge Soudoplatoff juin 2016 48 pages
La gauche radicale liens lieux et luttes (2012-2017)Sylvain Boulouque mai 2016 56 pages
46
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Gouverner pour reacuteformer eacuteleacutements de meacutethodeErwan Le Noan et Matthieu Montjotin mai 2016 64 pages
Les zadistes (2) la tentation de la violenceEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
Les zadistes (1) un nouvel anticapitalismeEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
Reacutegionales (2) les partis contesteacutes mais pas concurrenceacutesJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 52 pages
Reacutegionales (1) vote FN et attentatsJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 60 pages
Un droit pour lrsquoinnovation et la croissanceSophie Vermeille Mathieu Kohmann et Mathieu Luinaud feacutevrier 2016 52 pages
Le lobbying outil deacutemocratiqueAnthony Escurat feacutevrier 2016 44 pages
Valeurs drsquoislamDominique Reynieacute (dir) preacuteface par le cheikh Khaled Bentounegraves PUF janvier 2016 432 pages
Chiites et sunnites paix impossible Mathieu Terrier janvier 2016 44 pages
Projet drsquoentreprise renouveler le capitalismeDaniel Hurstel deacutecembre 2015 44 pages
Le mutualisme reacutepondre aux deacutefis assurantielsArnaud Chneiweiss et Steacutephane Tisserand novembre 2015 44 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2015Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres novembre 2015 140 pages
La noopolitique le pouvoir de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane novembre 2015 52 pages
Innovation politique 2015Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2015 576 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (2) une reacuteflexion agrave contre-courantAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (1) le Kant europeacuteen et le Machiavel chinoisAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
PME nouveaux modes de financementMohamed Abdesslam et Benjamin Le Pendeven octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (2) Pourquoi il faut deacutefendre la routeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (1) Les conditions drsquoune mobiliteacute convivialeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 40 pages
Crise de la conscience arabo-musulmaneMalik Bezouh septembre 2015 40 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (3) le second tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
47
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (2) le premier tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (1) le contexteJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 44 pages
Enseignement supeacuterieur les limites de la laquo masteacuterisation raquoJulien Gonzalez juillet 2015 44 pages
Politique eacuteconomique lrsquoenjeu franco-allemandWolfgang Glomb et Henry drsquoArcole juin 2015 36 pages
Les lois de la primaire Celles drsquohier celles de demainFranccedilois Bazin juin 2015 48 pages
Eacuteconomie de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane mai 2015 48 pages
Lutter contre les vols et cambriolages une approche eacuteconomiqueEmmanuel Combe et Seacutebastien Daziano mai 2015 56 pages
Unir pour agir un programme pour la croissanceAlain Madelin mai 2015 52 pages
Nouvelle entreprise et valeur humaineFrancis Mer avril 2015 32 pages
Les transports et le financement de la mobiliteacuteYves Crozet avril 2015 32 pages
Numeacuterique et mobiliteacute impacts et synergiesJean Coldefy avril 2015 36 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie face agrave la moderniteacuteMohamed Beddy Ebnou mars 2015 40 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie les fondementsAḥmad Al-Raysuni mars 2015 40 pages
Les femmes et lrsquoislam une vision reacuteformisteAsma Lamrabet mars 2015 48 pages
Eacuteducation et islamMustapha Cherif mars 2015 44 pages
Que nous disent les eacutelections leacutegislatives partielles depuis 2012 Dominique Reynieacute feacutevrier 2015 4 pages
Lrsquoislam et les valeurs de la ReacutepubliqueSaad Khiari feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Islam et contrat socialPhilippe Moulinet feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Le soufisme spiritualiteacute et citoyenneteacuteBariza Khiari feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
Lrsquohumanisme et lrsquohumaniteacute en islamAhmed Bouyerdene feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
Eacuteradiquer lrsquoheacutepatite C en France quelles strateacutegies publiques Nicolas Bouzou et Christophe Marques janvier 2015 40 pages
48
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Coran cleacutes de lectureTareq Oubrou janvier 2015 44 pages
Le pluralisme religieux en islam ou la conscience de lrsquoalteacuteriteacuteEacuteric Geoffroy janvier 2015 40 pages
Meacutemoires agrave venirDominique Reynieacute janvier 2015 enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec la Fondation pour la Meacutemoire de la Shoah 156 pages
La classe moyenne ameacutericaine en voie drsquoeffritementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2014 40 pages
Pour une compleacutementaire eacuteducation lrsquoeacutecole des classes moyennesErwan Le Noan et Dominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquoantiseacutemitisme dans lrsquoopinion publique franccedilaise Nouveaux eacuteclairagesDominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 48 pages
La politique de concurrence un atout pour notre industrieEmmanuel Combe novembre 2014 48 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (2) pousseacutee du FN recul de lrsquoUMP et vote bretonJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 52 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (1) la gauche en miettesJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 40 pages
Innovation politique 2014Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2014 554 pages
Eacutenergie-climat pour une politique efficaceAlbert Bressand septembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquourbanisation du monde Une chance pour la FranceLaurence Daziano juillet 2014 44 pages
Que peut-on demander agrave la politique moneacutetaire Pascal Salin mai 2014 48 pages
Le changement crsquoest tout le temps 1514 - 2014Suzanne Baverez et Jean Seacutenieacute mai 2014 48 pages
Trop drsquoeacutemigreacutes Regards sur ceux qui partent de FranceJulien Gonzalez mai 2014 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2014Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres avril 2014 284 pages
Taxer mieux gagner plusRobin Rivaton avril 2014 52 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (2) diversifier la haute administrationKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 44 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (1) renforcer les think tanksKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 52 pages
Pour un new deal fiscalGianmarco Monsellato mars 2014 8 pages
Faire cesser la mendiciteacute avec enfantsJulien Damon mars 2014 44 pages
49
Le low cost une reacutevolution eacuteconomique et deacutemocratiqueEmmanuel Combe feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Un accegraves eacutequitable aux theacuterapies contre le cancerNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Reacuteformer le statut des enseignantsLuc Chatel janvier 2014 8 pages
Un outil de finance sociale les social impact bondsYan de Kerorguen deacutecembre 2013 36 pages
Pour la croissance la deacutebureaucratisation par la confiancePierre Pezziardi Serge Soudoplatoff et Xavier Queacuterat-Heacutement novembre 2013 48 pages
Les valeurs des FranciliensGueacutenaeumllle Gault octobre 2013 36 pages
Sortir drsquoune gregraveve eacutetudiante le cas du QueacutebecJean-Patrick Brady et Steacutephane Paquin octobre 2013 40 pages
Un contrat de travail unique avec indemniteacutes de deacutepart inteacutegreacuteesCharles Beigbeder juillet 2013 8 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2013Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres juillet 2013 268 pages
La nouvelle vague des eacutemergents Bangladesh Eacutethiopie Nigeria Indoneacutesie Vietnam MexiqueLaurence Daziano juillet 2013 40 pages
Transition eacutenergeacutetique europeacuteenne bonnes intentions et mauvais calculsAlbert Bressand juillet 2013 44 pages
La deacutemobiliteacute travailler vivre autrementJulien Damon juin 2013 44 pages
Le Kapital Pour rebacirctir lrsquoindustrieChristian Saint-Eacutetienne et Robin Rivaton avril 2013 40 pages
Code eacutethique de la vie politique et des responsables publics en FranceLes Arvernes Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique avril 2013 12 pages
Les classes moyennes dans les pays eacutemergentsJulien Damon avril 2013 38 pages
Innovation politique 2013Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2013 652 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (2) les strateacutegiesRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (1) les enjeuxRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 52 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute passe aussi par la fiscaliteacuteAldo Cardoso Michel Didier Bertrand Jacquillat Dominique Reynieacute et Greacutegoire Sentilhes deacutecembre 2012 20 pages
Une autre politique moneacutetaire pour reacutesoudre la criseNicolas Goetzmann deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
50
fond
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| lrsquoi
nnov
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litiq
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La nouvelle politique fiscale rend-elle lrsquoISF inconstitutionnel Aldo Cardoso novembre 2012 12 pages
Fiscaliteacute pourquoi et comment un pays sans riches est un pays pauvrehellipBertrand Jacquillat octobre 2012 40 pages
Youth and Sustainable DevelopmentFondapolNomadeacuteisUnited Nations juin 2012 80 pages
La philanthropie Des entrepreneurs de solidariteacuteFrancis Charhon mai juin 2012 44 pages
Les chiffres de la pauvreteacute le sens de la mesureJulien Damon mai 2012 40 pages
Libeacuterer le financement de lrsquoeacuteconomieRobin Rivaton avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoeacutepargne au service du logement socialJulie Merle avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2012Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2012 210 pages
Valeurs partageacuteesDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF mars 2012 362 pages
Les droites en EuropeDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF feacutevrier 2012 552 pages
Innovation politique 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2012 648 pages
Lrsquoeacutecole de la liberteacute initiative autonomie et responsabiliteacuteCharles Feuillerade janvier 2012 36 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (2) les strateacutegiesReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 40 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (1) les enjeuxReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 48 pages
Reacutevolution des valeurs et mondialisationLuc Ferry janvier 2012 36 pages
Quel avenir pour la social-deacutemocratie en Europe Sir Stuart Bell deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
La reacutegulation professionnelle des regravegles non eacutetatiques pour mieux responsabiliserJean-Pierre Teyssier deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
Lrsquohospitaliteacute une eacutethique du soinEmmanuel Hirsch deacutecembre 2011 32 pages
12 ideacutees pour 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2011 110 pages
Les classes moyennes et le logementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2011 40 pages
Reacuteformer la santeacute trois propositionsNicolas Bouzou novembre 2011 32 pages
51
Le nouveau Parlement la reacutevision du 23 juillet 2008Jean-Feacutelix de Bujadoux novembre 2011 40 pages
La responsabiliteacuteAlain-Geacuterard Slama novembre 2011 32 pages
Le vote des classes moyennesEacutelisabeth Dupoirier novembre 2011 40 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute par la qualiteacuteEmmanuel Combe et Jean-Louis Mucchielli octobre 2011 32 pages
Les classes moyennes et le creacuteditNicolas Peacutecourt octobre 2011 32 pages
Portrait des classes moyennesLaure Bonneval Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Fabienne Gomant octobre 2011 36 pages
Morale eacutethique deacuteontologieMichel Maffesoli octobre 2011 40 pages
Sortir du communisme changer drsquoeacutepoqueSteacutephane Courtois (dir) PUF octobre 2011 672 pages
Lrsquoeacutenergie nucleacuteaire apregraves Fukushima incident mineur ou nouvelle donne Malcolm Grimston septembre 2011 16 pages
La jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2011 132 pages
Pouvoir drsquoachat une politiqueEmmanuel Combe septembre 2011 52 pages
La liberteacute religieuseHenri Madelin septembre 2011 36 pages
Reacuteduire notre dette publiqueJean-Marc Daniel septembre 2011 40 pages
Eacutecologie et libeacuteralismeCorine Pelluchon aoucirct 2011 40 pages
Valoriser les monuments historiques de nouvelles strateacutegiesWladimir Mitrofanoff et Christiane Schmuckle-Mollard juillet 2011 28 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs raisonsEddy Fougier juillet 2011 40 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs reacuteseauxSylvain Boulouque juillet 2011 36 pages
La fraterniteacutePaul Thibaud juin 2011 36 pages
La transformation numeacuterique au service de la croissanceJean-Pierre Corniou juin 2011 52 pages
LrsquoengagementDominique Schnapper juin 2011 32 pages
Liberteacute Eacutegaliteacute FraterniteacuteAndreacute Glucksmann mai 2011 36 pages
52
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
ue
Quelle industrie pour la deacutefense franccedilaise Guillaume Lagane mai 2011 26 pages
La religion dans les affaires la responsabiliteacute sociale de lrsquoentrepriseAureacutelien Acquier Jean-Pascal Gond et Jacques Igalens mai 2011 44 pages
La religion dans les affaires la finance islamiqueLila Guermas-Sayegh mai 2011 36 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAllemagnePatrick Moreau avril 2011 56 pages
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THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
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29
II HOW THE REFORM WAS SO SUCCESSFUL
1 The role of Swedish political culture
Reforms in Sweden are stamped with a specific national political culture that calls for consensus the staggering of change and a particular organisation of assessment and work Although Sweden is largely seen as a society founded on consensus today this was not always the case Changing the political mindset of an entire country is arduous but not impossible It is all about finding an acceptable compromise called the ldquoconsensus processrdquo in Swedish foumlrankringsprocessen From an outsiderrsquos perspective this might seem odd or even inefficient but with consensus-driven agreements the decision agreement is better accepted and tolerated by most people and then quickly becomes the new norm There is a word for this optimum in Swedish called ldquolagomrdquo which translates to an average that is just-right an optimal average acceptable to everyone and something to aspire for The pension reform process in Sweden could be said to illustrate this notion well considering the political debate it has generated
The issue of pensions and its reform has always occupied an important place in this Scandinavian countryrsquos public debate as we have covered at length in recounting the history of the ATP system These debates so central to political history have spanned generations This is also why politicians have been able to master the art of disagreeing with each other The reform or rather the process of reforming has benefitted from strong political support from both Government majority parties and their opposition This institutional support is also what allowed for public support In 1994 the decision between the five political parties behind the reform led to a solid agreement
2 Structuring the reform work
When asked what kind of method should be used in any reform work Bo Koumlnberg who participated in the Pension Commission stated that the creation of a small group was necessary to make progress quickly and the number of participants should be limited 75
According to the Moderate Party politician and member of Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions Margit Gennser 76 these are some other lessons to be learnt
75 Bo Koumlnberg art cit76 Margit Gennser (b1931) is a Moderate Party politician and economist See Margit Gennser Pensionsreformen ndash ideologi och politik Timbro foumlrlag 2008
30
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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31
ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
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| lrsquoi
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
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35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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Les Franccedilais jugent leur systegraveme de retraiteFondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique octobre 2018 28 pages
43
Migrations la France singuliegravereDidier Leschi octobre 2018 56 pages
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Lrsquointelligence artificielle lrsquoexpertise partout accessible agrave tousSerge Soudoplatoff feacutevrier 2018 60 pages
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Gouverner le religieux dans un eacutetat laiumlcThierry Rambaud janvier 2018 56 pages
Innovation politique 2017 (tome 2)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 492 pages
Innovation politique 2017 (tome 1)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 468 pages
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Une laquo norme intelligente raquo au service de la reacuteformeVictor Fabre Mathieu Kohmann Mathieu Luinaud deacutecembre 2017 44 pages
Autriche virage agrave droitePatrick Moreau novembre 2017 52 pages
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Ougrave va la deacutemocratie Sous la direction de Dominique Reynieacute Plon octobre 2017 320 pages
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Marcheacute du travail pour la reacuteforme Fayumlccedilal Hafied juillet 2017 64 pages
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Notre-Dame- des-Landes lrsquoEacutetat le droit et la deacutemocratie empecirccheacutesBruno Hug de Larauze mai 2017 56 pages
France les juifs vus par les musulmans Entre steacutereacuteotypes et meacuteconnaissancesMehdi Ghouirgate Iannis Roder et Dominique Schnapper mai 2017 44 pages
Dette publique la mesurer la reacuteduireJean-Marc Daniel avril 2017 52 pages
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Les troubles du monde lrsquoislamisme et sa reacutecupeacuteration populiste lrsquoEurope deacutemocratique menaceacuteePierre-Adrien Hanania AJC Fondapol mars 2017 44 pages
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Calais miroir franccedilais de la crise migratoire europeacuteenne (2)Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2017 72 pages
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Reacuteformer quel discours pour convaincre Christophe de Voogd feacutevrier 2017 52 pages
De lrsquoassurance maladie agrave lrsquoassurance santeacutePatrick Negaret feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Hocircpital libeacuterer lrsquoinnovationChristophe Marques et Nicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2017 44 pages
45
Le Front national face agrave lrsquoobstacle du second tourJeacuterocircme Jaffreacute feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
La Reacutepublique des entrepreneursVincent Lorphelin janvier 2017 52 pages
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Vers la souveraineteacute numeacuteriqueFarid Gueham janvier 2017 44 pages
Repenser notre politique commercialeLaurence Daziano janvier 2017 48 pages
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Lrsquo Autriche des populistesPatrick Moreau novembre 2016 72 pages
LrsquoEurope face aux deacutefis du peacutetro-solaireAlbert Bressand novembre 2016 52 pages
Le Front national en campagnes Les agriculteurs et le vote FNEddy Fougier et Jeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2016 52 pages
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Lrsquoindividu contre lrsquoeacutetatisme Actualiteacute de la penseacutee libeacuterale franccedilaise (XIXe siegravecle)Jeacuterocircme Perrier septembre 2016 52 pages
Refonder lrsquoaudiovisuel publicOlivier Babeau septembre 2016 48 pages
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Portrait des musulmans drsquoEurope uniteacute dans la diversiteacuteVincent Tournier juin 2016 68 pages
Portrait des musulmans de France une communauteacute plurielleNadia Henni-Moulaiuml juin 2016 48 pages
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La gauche radicale liens lieux et luttes (2012-2017)Sylvain Boulouque mai 2016 56 pages
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Gouverner pour reacuteformer eacuteleacutements de meacutethodeErwan Le Noan et Matthieu Montjotin mai 2016 64 pages
Les zadistes (2) la tentation de la violenceEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
Les zadistes (1) un nouvel anticapitalismeEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
Reacutegionales (2) les partis contesteacutes mais pas concurrenceacutesJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 52 pages
Reacutegionales (1) vote FN et attentatsJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 60 pages
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Le lobbying outil deacutemocratiqueAnthony Escurat feacutevrier 2016 44 pages
Valeurs drsquoislamDominique Reynieacute (dir) preacuteface par le cheikh Khaled Bentounegraves PUF janvier 2016 432 pages
Chiites et sunnites paix impossible Mathieu Terrier janvier 2016 44 pages
Projet drsquoentreprise renouveler le capitalismeDaniel Hurstel deacutecembre 2015 44 pages
Le mutualisme reacutepondre aux deacutefis assurantielsArnaud Chneiweiss et Steacutephane Tisserand novembre 2015 44 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2015Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres novembre 2015 140 pages
La noopolitique le pouvoir de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane novembre 2015 52 pages
Innovation politique 2015Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2015 576 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (2) une reacuteflexion agrave contre-courantAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (1) le Kant europeacuteen et le Machiavel chinoisAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
PME nouveaux modes de financementMohamed Abdesslam et Benjamin Le Pendeven octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (2) Pourquoi il faut deacutefendre la routeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (1) Les conditions drsquoune mobiliteacute convivialeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 40 pages
Crise de la conscience arabo-musulmaneMalik Bezouh septembre 2015 40 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (3) le second tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
47
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (2) le premier tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (1) le contexteJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 44 pages
Enseignement supeacuterieur les limites de la laquo masteacuterisation raquoJulien Gonzalez juillet 2015 44 pages
Politique eacuteconomique lrsquoenjeu franco-allemandWolfgang Glomb et Henry drsquoArcole juin 2015 36 pages
Les lois de la primaire Celles drsquohier celles de demainFranccedilois Bazin juin 2015 48 pages
Eacuteconomie de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane mai 2015 48 pages
Lutter contre les vols et cambriolages une approche eacuteconomiqueEmmanuel Combe et Seacutebastien Daziano mai 2015 56 pages
Unir pour agir un programme pour la croissanceAlain Madelin mai 2015 52 pages
Nouvelle entreprise et valeur humaineFrancis Mer avril 2015 32 pages
Les transports et le financement de la mobiliteacuteYves Crozet avril 2015 32 pages
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Islam et deacutemocratie face agrave la moderniteacuteMohamed Beddy Ebnou mars 2015 40 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie les fondementsAḥmad Al-Raysuni mars 2015 40 pages
Les femmes et lrsquoislam une vision reacuteformisteAsma Lamrabet mars 2015 48 pages
Eacuteducation et islamMustapha Cherif mars 2015 44 pages
Que nous disent les eacutelections leacutegislatives partielles depuis 2012 Dominique Reynieacute feacutevrier 2015 4 pages
Lrsquoislam et les valeurs de la ReacutepubliqueSaad Khiari feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Islam et contrat socialPhilippe Moulinet feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
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Lrsquohumanisme et lrsquohumaniteacute en islamAhmed Bouyerdene feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
Eacuteradiquer lrsquoheacutepatite C en France quelles strateacutegies publiques Nicolas Bouzou et Christophe Marques janvier 2015 40 pages
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Coran cleacutes de lectureTareq Oubrou janvier 2015 44 pages
Le pluralisme religieux en islam ou la conscience de lrsquoalteacuteriteacuteEacuteric Geoffroy janvier 2015 40 pages
Meacutemoires agrave venirDominique Reynieacute janvier 2015 enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec la Fondation pour la Meacutemoire de la Shoah 156 pages
La classe moyenne ameacutericaine en voie drsquoeffritementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2014 40 pages
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Lrsquoantiseacutemitisme dans lrsquoopinion publique franccedilaise Nouveaux eacuteclairagesDominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 48 pages
La politique de concurrence un atout pour notre industrieEmmanuel Combe novembre 2014 48 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (2) pousseacutee du FN recul de lrsquoUMP et vote bretonJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 52 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (1) la gauche en miettesJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 40 pages
Innovation politique 2014Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2014 554 pages
Eacutenergie-climat pour une politique efficaceAlbert Bressand septembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquourbanisation du monde Une chance pour la FranceLaurence Daziano juillet 2014 44 pages
Que peut-on demander agrave la politique moneacutetaire Pascal Salin mai 2014 48 pages
Le changement crsquoest tout le temps 1514 - 2014Suzanne Baverez et Jean Seacutenieacute mai 2014 48 pages
Trop drsquoeacutemigreacutes Regards sur ceux qui partent de FranceJulien Gonzalez mai 2014 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2014Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres avril 2014 284 pages
Taxer mieux gagner plusRobin Rivaton avril 2014 52 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (2) diversifier la haute administrationKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 44 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (1) renforcer les think tanksKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 52 pages
Pour un new deal fiscalGianmarco Monsellato mars 2014 8 pages
Faire cesser la mendiciteacute avec enfantsJulien Damon mars 2014 44 pages
49
Le low cost une reacutevolution eacuteconomique et deacutemocratiqueEmmanuel Combe feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Un accegraves eacutequitable aux theacuterapies contre le cancerNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Reacuteformer le statut des enseignantsLuc Chatel janvier 2014 8 pages
Un outil de finance sociale les social impact bondsYan de Kerorguen deacutecembre 2013 36 pages
Pour la croissance la deacutebureaucratisation par la confiancePierre Pezziardi Serge Soudoplatoff et Xavier Queacuterat-Heacutement novembre 2013 48 pages
Les valeurs des FranciliensGueacutenaeumllle Gault octobre 2013 36 pages
Sortir drsquoune gregraveve eacutetudiante le cas du QueacutebecJean-Patrick Brady et Steacutephane Paquin octobre 2013 40 pages
Un contrat de travail unique avec indemniteacutes de deacutepart inteacutegreacuteesCharles Beigbeder juillet 2013 8 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2013Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres juillet 2013 268 pages
La nouvelle vague des eacutemergents Bangladesh Eacutethiopie Nigeria Indoneacutesie Vietnam MexiqueLaurence Daziano juillet 2013 40 pages
Transition eacutenergeacutetique europeacuteenne bonnes intentions et mauvais calculsAlbert Bressand juillet 2013 44 pages
La deacutemobiliteacute travailler vivre autrementJulien Damon juin 2013 44 pages
Le Kapital Pour rebacirctir lrsquoindustrieChristian Saint-Eacutetienne et Robin Rivaton avril 2013 40 pages
Code eacutethique de la vie politique et des responsables publics en FranceLes Arvernes Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique avril 2013 12 pages
Les classes moyennes dans les pays eacutemergentsJulien Damon avril 2013 38 pages
Innovation politique 2013Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2013 652 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (2) les strateacutegiesRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (1) les enjeuxRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 52 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute passe aussi par la fiscaliteacuteAldo Cardoso Michel Didier Bertrand Jacquillat Dominique Reynieacute et Greacutegoire Sentilhes deacutecembre 2012 20 pages
Une autre politique moneacutetaire pour reacutesoudre la criseNicolas Goetzmann deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
50
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La nouvelle politique fiscale rend-elle lrsquoISF inconstitutionnel Aldo Cardoso novembre 2012 12 pages
Fiscaliteacute pourquoi et comment un pays sans riches est un pays pauvrehellipBertrand Jacquillat octobre 2012 40 pages
Youth and Sustainable DevelopmentFondapolNomadeacuteisUnited Nations juin 2012 80 pages
La philanthropie Des entrepreneurs de solidariteacuteFrancis Charhon mai juin 2012 44 pages
Les chiffres de la pauvreteacute le sens de la mesureJulien Damon mai 2012 40 pages
Libeacuterer le financement de lrsquoeacuteconomieRobin Rivaton avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoeacutepargne au service du logement socialJulie Merle avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2012Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2012 210 pages
Valeurs partageacuteesDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF mars 2012 362 pages
Les droites en EuropeDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF feacutevrier 2012 552 pages
Innovation politique 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2012 648 pages
Lrsquoeacutecole de la liberteacute initiative autonomie et responsabiliteacuteCharles Feuillerade janvier 2012 36 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (2) les strateacutegiesReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 40 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (1) les enjeuxReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 48 pages
Reacutevolution des valeurs et mondialisationLuc Ferry janvier 2012 36 pages
Quel avenir pour la social-deacutemocratie en Europe Sir Stuart Bell deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
La reacutegulation professionnelle des regravegles non eacutetatiques pour mieux responsabiliserJean-Pierre Teyssier deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
Lrsquohospitaliteacute une eacutethique du soinEmmanuel Hirsch deacutecembre 2011 32 pages
12 ideacutees pour 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2011 110 pages
Les classes moyennes et le logementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2011 40 pages
Reacuteformer la santeacute trois propositionsNicolas Bouzou novembre 2011 32 pages
51
Le nouveau Parlement la reacutevision du 23 juillet 2008Jean-Feacutelix de Bujadoux novembre 2011 40 pages
La responsabiliteacuteAlain-Geacuterard Slama novembre 2011 32 pages
Le vote des classes moyennesEacutelisabeth Dupoirier novembre 2011 40 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute par la qualiteacuteEmmanuel Combe et Jean-Louis Mucchielli octobre 2011 32 pages
Les classes moyennes et le creacuteditNicolas Peacutecourt octobre 2011 32 pages
Portrait des classes moyennesLaure Bonneval Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Fabienne Gomant octobre 2011 36 pages
Morale eacutethique deacuteontologieMichel Maffesoli octobre 2011 40 pages
Sortir du communisme changer drsquoeacutepoqueSteacutephane Courtois (dir) PUF octobre 2011 672 pages
Lrsquoeacutenergie nucleacuteaire apregraves Fukushima incident mineur ou nouvelle donne Malcolm Grimston septembre 2011 16 pages
La jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2011 132 pages
Pouvoir drsquoachat une politiqueEmmanuel Combe septembre 2011 52 pages
La liberteacute religieuseHenri Madelin septembre 2011 36 pages
Reacuteduire notre dette publiqueJean-Marc Daniel septembre 2011 40 pages
Eacutecologie et libeacuteralismeCorine Pelluchon aoucirct 2011 40 pages
Valoriser les monuments historiques de nouvelles strateacutegiesWladimir Mitrofanoff et Christiane Schmuckle-Mollard juillet 2011 28 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs raisonsEddy Fougier juillet 2011 40 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs reacuteseauxSylvain Boulouque juillet 2011 36 pages
La fraterniteacutePaul Thibaud juin 2011 36 pages
La transformation numeacuterique au service de la croissanceJean-Pierre Corniou juin 2011 52 pages
LrsquoengagementDominique Schnapper juin 2011 32 pages
Liberteacute Eacutegaliteacute FraterniteacuteAndreacute Glucksmann mai 2011 36 pages
52
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Quelle industrie pour la deacutefense franccedilaise Guillaume Lagane mai 2011 26 pages
La religion dans les affaires la responsabiliteacute sociale de lrsquoentrepriseAureacutelien Acquier Jean-Pascal Gond et Jacques Igalens mai 2011 44 pages
La religion dans les affaires la finance islamiqueLila Guermas-Sayegh mai 2011 36 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAllemagnePatrick Moreau avril 2011 56 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La SlovaquieEacutetienne Boisserie avril 2011 40 pages
Qui deacutetient la dette publique Guillaume Leroy avril 2011 36 pages
Le principe de preacutecaution dans le mondeNicolas de Sadeleer mars 2011 36 pages
Comprendre le Tea PartyHenri Hude mars 2011 40 pages
Ougrave en est la droite Les Pays-BasNiek Pas mars 2011 36 pages
Productiviteacute agricole et qualiteacute des eauxGeacuterard Morice mars 2011 44 pages
LrsquoEau du volume agrave la valeurJean-Louis Chaussade mars 2011 32 pages
Eau comment traiter les micropolluants Philippe Hartemann mars 2011 38 pages
Eau deacutefis mondiaux perspectives franccedilaisesGeacuterard Payen mars 2011 62 pages
Lrsquoirrigation pour une agriculture durableJean-Paul Renoux mars 2011 42 pages
Gestion de lrsquoeau vers de nouveaux modegravelesAntoine Freacuterot mars 2011 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAutrichePatrick Moreau feacutevrier 2011 42 pages
La participation au service de lrsquoemploi et du pouvoir drsquoachatJacques Perche et Antoine Pertinax feacutevrier 2011 32 pages
Le tandem franco-allemand face agrave la crise de lrsquoeuroWolfgang Glomb feacutevrier 2011 38 pages
2011 la jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) janvier 2011 88 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2011Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacutedition Lignes de Repegraveres janvier 2011 254 pages
Administration 20Thierry Weibel janvier 2011 48 pages
53
Ougrave en est la droite La BulgarieAntony Todorov deacutecembre 2010 32 pages
Le retour du tirage au sort en politiqueGil Delannoi deacutecembre 2010 38 pages
La compeacutetence morale du peupleRaymond Boudon novembre 2010 30 pages
LrsquoAcadeacutemie au pays du capitalBernard Belloc et Pierre-Franccedilois Mourier PUF novembre 2010 222 pages
Pour une nouvelle politique agricole communeBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Seacutecuriteacute alimentaire un enjeu globalBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Les vertus cacheacutees du low cost aeacuterienEmmanuel Combe novembre 2010 40 pages
Innovation politique 2011Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF novembre 2010 676 pages
Deacutefense surmonter lrsquoimpasse budgeacutetaireGuillaume Lagane octobre 2010 34 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoEspagneJoan Marcet octobre 2010 34 pages
Les vertus de la concurrenceDavid Sraer septembre 2010 44 pages
Internet politique et coproduction citoyenneRobin Berjon septembre 2010 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La PologneDominika Tomaszewska-Mortimer aoucirct 2010 42 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Suegravede et le DanemarkJacob Christensen juillet 2010 44 pages
Quel policier dans notre socieacuteteacute Mathieu Zagrodzki juillet 2010 28 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoItalieSofia Ventura juillet 2010 36 pages
Crise bancaire dette publique une vue allemandeWolfgang Glomb juillet 2010 28 pages
Dette publique inquieacutetude publiqueJeacuterocircme Fourquet juin 2010 32 pages
Une reacutegulation bancaire pour une croissance durableNathalie Janson juin 2010 36 pages
Quatre propositions pour reacutenover notre modegravele agricolePascal Perri mai 2010 32 pages
Reacutegionales 2010 que sont les eacutelecteurs devenus Pascal Perrineau mai 2010 56 pages
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apol
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litiq
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Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2010Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mai 2010 245 pages
Pays-Bas la tentation populisteChristophe de Voogd mai 2010 43 pages
Quatre ideacutees pour renforcer le pouvoir drsquoachatPascal Perri avril 2010 30 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Grande-BretagneDavid Hanley avril 2010 34 pages
Renforcer le rocircle eacuteconomique des reacutegionsNicolas Bouzou mars 2010 30 pages
Reacuteduire la dette gracircce agrave la ConstitutionJacques Delpla feacutevrier 2010 54 pages
Strateacutegie pour une reacuteduction de la dette publique franccedilaiseNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2010 30 pages
Iran une reacutevolution civile Nader Vahabi novembre 2009 19 pages
Ougrave va la politique de lrsquoeacuteglise catholique Drsquoune querelle du libeacuteralisme agrave lrsquoautreEacutemile Perreau-Saussine octobre 2009 26 pages
Agir pour la croissance verteValeacutery Morron et Deacuteborah Sanchez octobre 2009 11 pages
Lrsquoeacuteconomie allemande agrave la veille des leacutegislatives de 2009Nicolas Bouzou et Jeacuterocircme Duval-Hamel septembre 2009 10 pages
Eacutelections europeacuteennes 2009 analyse des reacutesultats en Europe et en FranceCorinne Deloy Dominique Reynieacute et Pascal Perrineau septembre 2009 32 pages
Retour sur lrsquoalliance sovieacuteto-nazie 70 ans apregravesSteacutephane Courtois juillet 2009 16 pages
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La politique europeacuteenne de deacuteveloppement une reacuteponse agrave la crise de la mondialisation Jean-Michel Debrat juin 2009 12 pages
La protestation contre la reacuteforme du statut des enseignants-chercheurs deacutefense du statut illustration du statu quoSuivi drsquoune discussion entre lrsquoauteur et Bruno BensassonDavid Bonneau mai 2009 20 pages
La lutte contre les discriminations lieacutees agrave lrsquoacircge en matiegravere drsquoemploiEacutelise Muir (dir) mai 2009 64 pages
Quatre propositions pour que lrsquoEurope ne tombe pas dans le protectionnismeNicolas Bouzou mars 2009 12 pages
Apregraves le 29 janvier la fonction publique contre la socieacuteteacute civile Une question de justice sociale et un problegraveme deacutemocratiqueDominique Reynieacute mars 2009 22 pages
55
Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
La reacuteforme de lrsquoenseignement supeacuterieur en AustralieZoe McKenzie mars 2009 74 pages
Les reacuteformes face au conflit socialDominique Reynieacute janvier 2009 14 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2009Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2009 237 pages
Travailler le dimanche qursquoen pensent ceux qui travaillent le dimanche Sondage analyse eacuteleacutements pour le deacutebatDominique Reynieacute janvier 2009 18 pages
Strateacutegie europeacuteenne pour la croissance verteElvire Fabry et Damien Tresallet (dir) novembre 2008 124 pages
Deacutefense immigration eacutenergie regards croiseacutes franco-allemands sur trois prioriteacutes de la preacutesidence franccedilaise de lrsquoUEElvire Fabry octobre 2008 35 pages
56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
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bull Keep the social partners at armrsquos length
bull An inquiry on large structural changes should have some members who focus on policy and others that focus on politics The purpose of this strategy is to influence and create acceptance among political party members
bull A radical reform needs a good social working climate among inquiry members Good group dynamics should not be underestimated
bull Strong political support from top-politicians is necessary
While these elements may remain topics for debate these views at least give some insight into takeaways of the Parliamentary Working Group on Pensions It is also important to note that although there was a consensus in the working methods of the Parliamentary Group on Pensions some political parties are not part of this agreement Furthermore there is a longstanding critique and debate on the reform and the lack of transparency vis-agrave-vis the Parliamentary Working Group
CONCLUSION
This paper aims to portray the reform process in Sweden in the long-term Indeed pension schemes are long-term commitments In order to build confidence in such a system the regulatory systems also need to be characterised by long-term stability 77 The Swedish pension system is designed to be financially stable and hinges on a broad parliamentary majority in parliament
The Swedish experience shows that it is imperative to use competent and efficient individuals capable of holding their heads high with clear and solid instructions Moreover it is very important to build strong inclusive alliances from the outset with a common goal on the one hand to stand firm when the inevitable criticisms are voiced on the other hand to protect reforms and anchor the support of a political majority Thus it is not so much the reform as the reform process that matters
77 See Ministry of Health and Social Affairs The Swedish Pension Agreementhellip op cit p53
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ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
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35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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46
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47
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49
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53
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55
Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
La reacuteforme de lrsquoenseignement supeacuterieur en AustralieZoe McKenzie mars 2009 74 pages
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
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ANNEXES
The Swedish pension system
The Swedish pension system is based on three pillars the public pension scheme which represents the largest pension income for most beneficiaries occupational pensions which are almost compulsory and cover about 94 of all workers 78 and lastly optional individual private pensions that provide additional coverage and benefits
Voluntary personal private pensionsndash Individual pension savings (IPS)ndash Individual pension insurance
Occupational pensions (quasi-mandatory)ndash covers 94 of all workers
Public pensions (universal)ndash NDC (Income Pension)ndash Funded Defined Contributon (Premium Pension)ndash Minimum pension benefit (Gurantee Pension)ndash Housing supplement
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Swedish Pensions 2016 (in billions of SEK)
Premiums Capital Disbursements
Income-based pension 297 (63) 2346 (43) 289 (70)
Occupational pension 169 (36) 2571 (48) 102 (25)
Private pension 5 (1) 478 (9) 22 (5)
Total 471 (100) 5395 (100) 413 (100)
Source Swedish Pensions Agency
Disbursements for occupational pension and private pension refer only to persons aged 65 and over
78 See Inspektionen foumlr socialfoumlrsaumlkringen (ISF) Vem faringr avsaumlttningar till tjaumlnstepension report 201815 ISF 2018 (httpsinspsfsedownload186e75aae16a591304896ba31565330431579Vem20faCC8Ar20avsaCC88ttningar20till20tjaCC88nstepension-ISF-Rapport202018-15pdf)
32
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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38
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litiq
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39
40
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apol
| lrsquoi
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ue
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fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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47
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48
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
litiq
ue
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50
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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n po
litiq
ue
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Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
32
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The earnings-related old-age pensions consists of a notionally defined contribution pay-as-you-go component the Income Pension (sv inkomstpension) and a fully-funded defined contribution pension system the Premium Pension (sv premiepension) 79 In both systems pension benefits are calculated on lifetime earnings and are set up as individual accounts In addition there is a residence based supplement the Guarantee Pension (garantipension) The guaranteed pension is conditional and depends on income-related public pension levels Furthermore there is a supplementary housing allowance for pensioners (Housing supplement for pensioners - bostadstilaumlgg till pensionaumlrer BTP) that targets elderly individuals with low pensions and high housing costs 80 Pensioners with low incomes and high housing costs may also benefit from a special supplementary housing allowance (Special housing supplement - sv saumlrkillt bostadstillaumlgg till pensionaumlrer SBTP) Finally there is a tax-free and income-tested programme for support for the elderly (Maintenance support for the elderly - aumlldre foumlrsoumlrjningsstoumld) which ensures that pensioners with very low incomes often immigrants with few years of residence in Sweden do not become dependent on social assistance The amount of the benefit depends on household income and housing costs but is by design always higher than the social assistance benefit and lower than the basic level for people receiving a guaranteed pension and housing supplement The same rules apply to all men and women regardless of economic sector as well as for employees and the self-employed alike
The system covers all individuals born 1938 and later with transitional rules for cohorts born between 1938 to 1953 Pension entitlements are calculated as 185 of the annual pensionable income up to a ceiling amounting to 496305 krona (49630 euros) in 2017 16 is then paid to the Income pension and 25 to the Premium pension The insured pay a pension contribution of 7 of gross pensionable income and the employer pays 1021 81 Pension contributions are also paid by the Government to cover pension entitlements credited for certain social insurance benefits in the case of unemployment sickness disability or parental leave The retirement age is flexible and individuals can claim pension benefits from the age of 61 with no upper age limit Furthermore it is possible to work and withdraw pension benefits Under the Employment Protection Act an employee is entitled to stay in employment until the individual turns 67 years-old The government is planning for a proposal to raise the lower as well as the higher age (61 and 67) in 2020
79 The Premium Pension is classified as a private pension in terms of National Accounts80 In 2018 the BTP benefit was capped at 5560 crowns per month (556euro) for single individuals and 2780 (278euro) for couples81 (007+01021)(1-007) = 0185
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
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35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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42
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Innovation politique 2018 (tome 2)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2019 544 pages
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43
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Une laquo norme intelligente raquo au service de la reacuteformeVictor Fabre Mathieu Kohmann Mathieu Luinaud deacutecembre 2017 44 pages
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45
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47
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (2) le premier tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
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Islam et deacutemocratie les fondementsAḥmad Al-Raysuni mars 2015 40 pages
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Coran cleacutes de lectureTareq Oubrou janvier 2015 44 pages
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Lrsquourbanisation du monde Une chance pour la FranceLaurence Daziano juillet 2014 44 pages
Que peut-on demander agrave la politique moneacutetaire Pascal Salin mai 2014 48 pages
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49
Le low cost une reacutevolution eacuteconomique et deacutemocratiqueEmmanuel Combe feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
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Transition eacutenergeacutetique europeacuteenne bonnes intentions et mauvais calculsAlbert Bressand juillet 2013 44 pages
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La nouvelle politique fiscale rend-elle lrsquoISF inconstitutionnel Aldo Cardoso novembre 2012 12 pages
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Reacutevolution des valeurs et mondialisationLuc Ferry janvier 2012 36 pages
Quel avenir pour la social-deacutemocratie en Europe Sir Stuart Bell deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
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51
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Morale eacutethique deacuteontologieMichel Maffesoli octobre 2011 40 pages
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Liberteacute Eacutegaliteacute FraterniteacuteAndreacute Glucksmann mai 2011 36 pages
52
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Quelle industrie pour la deacutefense franccedilaise Guillaume Lagane mai 2011 26 pages
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Ougrave en est la droite La SlovaquieEacutetienne Boisserie avril 2011 40 pages
Qui deacutetient la dette publique Guillaume Leroy avril 2011 36 pages
Le principe de preacutecaution dans le mondeNicolas de Sadeleer mars 2011 36 pages
Comprendre le Tea PartyHenri Hude mars 2011 40 pages
Ougrave en est la droite Les Pays-BasNiek Pas mars 2011 36 pages
Productiviteacute agricole et qualiteacute des eauxGeacuterard Morice mars 2011 44 pages
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Eau comment traiter les micropolluants Philippe Hartemann mars 2011 38 pages
Eau deacutefis mondiaux perspectives franccedilaisesGeacuterard Payen mars 2011 62 pages
Lrsquoirrigation pour une agriculture durableJean-Paul Renoux mars 2011 42 pages
Gestion de lrsquoeau vers de nouveaux modegravelesAntoine Freacuterot mars 2011 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAutrichePatrick Moreau feacutevrier 2011 42 pages
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Le tandem franco-allemand face agrave la crise de lrsquoeuroWolfgang Glomb feacutevrier 2011 38 pages
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Administration 20Thierry Weibel janvier 2011 48 pages
53
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Reacutegionales 2010 que sont les eacutelecteurs devenus Pascal Perrineau mai 2010 56 pages
54
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litiq
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Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2010Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mai 2010 245 pages
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55
Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
La reacuteforme de lrsquoenseignement supeacuterieur en AustralieZoe McKenzie mars 2009 74 pages
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
Retir
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33
Income-related pension
The Income pension system works on an actuarial basis At the time of pension benefit withdrawal an annuity is calculated by dividing the individualrsquos total accrued contribution capital by a coefficient reflecting the life expectancy of both sexes at the exact date of retirement 82 The individual can counteract the negative effect on the annuity caused by increasing life expectancy by postponing the date of pension benefit withdrawal This system strengthens incentives to work and defers benefit withdrawals
The earnings-related pension is aggregated at the beginning of the period by 16 enabling the individual to receive in advance a share of the actual wage increase at the time the pension is paid This allows for a more progressive distribution of pensions as life expectancy and mortality are distributed unevenly across income and levels of education Individual earnings-related pension accounts are indexed as a rule of thumb by the growth in average earnings per contributor If the economic equilibrium of the system deteriorates the automatic balancing mechanism is activated and indexation is reduced until stability is restored 83 This ensures that the system capable of financing its obligations with a fixed contribution rate and rules established independently of demographic or economic developments 84
Premium pension
The social insurance system also consists of a private mandatory fully funded defined-contribution system the Premium pension The system is administered by the state and financed by a contribution rate of 25 pensionable earnings following the same transition rules as the pay-as-you-go system To date there are about 800 funds available within the system with varying investment strategies and risks When the individual enters retirement he or she can choose a variable annuity or a unit-profit-annuity With a variable annuity the accumulated fund capital remains in the selected funds whereas with a profit annuity the money is withdrawn from the allocated funds and managed by the Swedish Pensions Agency At retirement from the age of 61 individuals can choose a fixed or variable annuity either in part or in full The Premium pension also allows for a survivorsrsquo coverage which can be subscribed for
82 The gender-neutral annuity divisors in the NDC system results in roughly 8 higher pension benefits for women (at age 65) compared to a system based on sex specific life expectancy Given the current differences in life expectancy83 For additional information regarding the automatic balancing mechanism please see the Annual Report of the Swedish Pension System 2017 (wwwpensionsmyndighetensecontentdampensionsmyndighetenblanketter---broschyrer---faktabladpublikationerC3A5rsredovisningarannual-reports-of-the-swedish-pension-systemOrange_report_2017pdf)84 The activation of the balancing mechanism is based on the pension system annual reports that are published by the Swedish Pensions Agency
34
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
Retir
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t Le
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e Sw
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form
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35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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37
38
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39
40
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46
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| lrsquoi
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47
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48
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| lrsquoi
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n po
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49
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50
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54
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55
Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
La reacuteforme de lrsquoenseignement supeacuterieur en AustralieZoe McKenzie mars 2009 74 pages
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Deacutefense immigration eacutenergie regards croiseacutes franco-allemands sur trois prioriteacutes de la preacutesidence franccedilaise de lrsquoUEElvire Fabry octobre 2008 35 pages
56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
34
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| lrsquoi
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by a spouse or registered partner when applying for the pension benefit The survivorrsquos coverage is actuarially neutral and hence benefits are adjusted according to actuarial principles
Income-independent minimum pensions and basic guarantees
The Guarantee pension benefits are funded by income tax This benefit is proportionally reduced according to the number of years of residence if the years of residence in Sweden are less than forty The Guarantee pension and the earnings-related housing supplement for pensioners ensure an income level above the minimum income level in the social assistance system All forms of basic security benefits for the elderly are available starting at the age of 65 The guaranteed pension is price-indexed and depends only on income from public pensions and survivors benefits For those with the lowest income the benefit is fully maintained but for higher incomes the benefit is reduced by 48 for each additional krona of income related pension This enables incentives to work for individuals with Guarantee pensions as well The maximum Guarantee pension equal to 8254 krona (825 euros per month 2018) for a single individual household and 7363 krona per person (736 euros per month 2018) for cohabitants The Guarantee pension is fully phased out for incomes above 11906 krona (1191 euros) for singles and 10553 krona (1055 euros) for cohabitantsmarried couples
Widowrsquos and survivors pension benefits are being phased out since 1990 They have instead been replaced by a temporary and gender-neutral adjustment allowance However because of the long transition period widow(er)srsquo and survivorsrsquo pension benefits will be paid out for several decades to come A survivor will receive adjustment allowance for twelve months but the payments continue if the survivor has children younger than 12 years-old The size of the adjustment allowance and the widow(er)rsquos pension is based upon the deceasedrsquos earnings
Disability benefits which are equivalent to disability pensions in most other OECD countries are formally a part of the sickness insurance benefit scheme and are since 2003 no longer a part of the pensions system In addition individuals with disability benefits accumulate pension entitlements in the national pension system Contributions to the old-age pension system from these benefits are paid by the central government budget Public old-age pension benefits for disabled persons as for everyone else are based on lifetime earnings
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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OUR PUBLICATIONS
1979 ndash 2019 -ملاعلا ي ف ةفرطتملا ةيمالسل إ ا تامجهلاFondation pour linnovation politique mars 2020 80 pages
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41
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42
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Innovation politique 2018 (tome 2)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2019 544 pages
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43
Migrations la France singuliegravereDidier Leschi octobre 2018 56 pages
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Que pegravesent les syndicats Dominique Andolfatto avril 2018 56 pages
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Innovation politique 2017 (tome 2)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 492 pages
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Une laquo norme intelligente raquo au service de la reacuteformeVictor Fabre Mathieu Kohmann Mathieu Luinaud deacutecembre 2017 44 pages
Autriche virage agrave droitePatrick Moreau novembre 2017 52 pages
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Reacuteformer quel discours pour convaincre Christophe de Voogd feacutevrier 2017 52 pages
De lrsquoassurance maladie agrave lrsquoassurance santeacutePatrick Negaret feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Hocircpital libeacuterer lrsquoinnovationChristophe Marques et Nicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2017 44 pages
45
Le Front national face agrave lrsquoobstacle du second tourJeacuterocircme Jaffreacute feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
La Reacutepublique des entrepreneursVincent Lorphelin janvier 2017 52 pages
Des startups drsquoEacutetat agrave lrsquoEacutetat plateformePierre Pezziardi et Henri Verdier janvier 2017 52 pages
Vers la souveraineteacute numeacuteriqueFarid Gueham janvier 2017 44 pages
Repenser notre politique commercialeLaurence Daziano janvier 2017 48 pages
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Lrsquo Autriche des populistesPatrick Moreau novembre 2016 72 pages
LrsquoEurope face aux deacutefis du peacutetro-solaireAlbert Bressand novembre 2016 52 pages
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Innovation politique 2016Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2016 758 pages
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Portrait des musulmans drsquoEurope uniteacute dans la diversiteacuteVincent Tournier juin 2016 68 pages
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46
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Gouverner pour reacuteformer eacuteleacutements de meacutethodeErwan Le Noan et Matthieu Montjotin mai 2016 64 pages
Les zadistes (2) la tentation de la violenceEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
Les zadistes (1) un nouvel anticapitalismeEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
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Reacutegionales (1) vote FN et attentatsJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 60 pages
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Le lobbying outil deacutemocratiqueAnthony Escurat feacutevrier 2016 44 pages
Valeurs drsquoislamDominique Reynieacute (dir) preacuteface par le cheikh Khaled Bentounegraves PUF janvier 2016 432 pages
Chiites et sunnites paix impossible Mathieu Terrier janvier 2016 44 pages
Projet drsquoentreprise renouveler le capitalismeDaniel Hurstel deacutecembre 2015 44 pages
Le mutualisme reacutepondre aux deacutefis assurantielsArnaud Chneiweiss et Steacutephane Tisserand novembre 2015 44 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2015Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres novembre 2015 140 pages
La noopolitique le pouvoir de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane novembre 2015 52 pages
Innovation politique 2015Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2015 576 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (2) une reacuteflexion agrave contre-courantAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (1) le Kant europeacuteen et le Machiavel chinoisAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
PME nouveaux modes de financementMohamed Abdesslam et Benjamin Le Pendeven octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (2) Pourquoi il faut deacutefendre la routeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (1) Les conditions drsquoune mobiliteacute convivialeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 40 pages
Crise de la conscience arabo-musulmaneMalik Bezouh septembre 2015 40 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (3) le second tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
47
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (2) le premier tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (1) le contexteJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 44 pages
Enseignement supeacuterieur les limites de la laquo masteacuterisation raquoJulien Gonzalez juillet 2015 44 pages
Politique eacuteconomique lrsquoenjeu franco-allemandWolfgang Glomb et Henry drsquoArcole juin 2015 36 pages
Les lois de la primaire Celles drsquohier celles de demainFranccedilois Bazin juin 2015 48 pages
Eacuteconomie de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane mai 2015 48 pages
Lutter contre les vols et cambriolages une approche eacuteconomiqueEmmanuel Combe et Seacutebastien Daziano mai 2015 56 pages
Unir pour agir un programme pour la croissanceAlain Madelin mai 2015 52 pages
Nouvelle entreprise et valeur humaineFrancis Mer avril 2015 32 pages
Les transports et le financement de la mobiliteacuteYves Crozet avril 2015 32 pages
Numeacuterique et mobiliteacute impacts et synergiesJean Coldefy avril 2015 36 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie face agrave la moderniteacuteMohamed Beddy Ebnou mars 2015 40 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie les fondementsAḥmad Al-Raysuni mars 2015 40 pages
Les femmes et lrsquoislam une vision reacuteformisteAsma Lamrabet mars 2015 48 pages
Eacuteducation et islamMustapha Cherif mars 2015 44 pages
Que nous disent les eacutelections leacutegislatives partielles depuis 2012 Dominique Reynieacute feacutevrier 2015 4 pages
Lrsquoislam et les valeurs de la ReacutepubliqueSaad Khiari feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Islam et contrat socialPhilippe Moulinet feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
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Lrsquohumanisme et lrsquohumaniteacute en islamAhmed Bouyerdene feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
Eacuteradiquer lrsquoheacutepatite C en France quelles strateacutegies publiques Nicolas Bouzou et Christophe Marques janvier 2015 40 pages
48
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Coran cleacutes de lectureTareq Oubrou janvier 2015 44 pages
Le pluralisme religieux en islam ou la conscience de lrsquoalteacuteriteacuteEacuteric Geoffroy janvier 2015 40 pages
Meacutemoires agrave venirDominique Reynieacute janvier 2015 enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec la Fondation pour la Meacutemoire de la Shoah 156 pages
La classe moyenne ameacutericaine en voie drsquoeffritementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2014 40 pages
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Lrsquoantiseacutemitisme dans lrsquoopinion publique franccedilaise Nouveaux eacuteclairagesDominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 48 pages
La politique de concurrence un atout pour notre industrieEmmanuel Combe novembre 2014 48 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (2) pousseacutee du FN recul de lrsquoUMP et vote bretonJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 52 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (1) la gauche en miettesJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 40 pages
Innovation politique 2014Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2014 554 pages
Eacutenergie-climat pour une politique efficaceAlbert Bressand septembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquourbanisation du monde Une chance pour la FranceLaurence Daziano juillet 2014 44 pages
Que peut-on demander agrave la politique moneacutetaire Pascal Salin mai 2014 48 pages
Le changement crsquoest tout le temps 1514 - 2014Suzanne Baverez et Jean Seacutenieacute mai 2014 48 pages
Trop drsquoeacutemigreacutes Regards sur ceux qui partent de FranceJulien Gonzalez mai 2014 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2014Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres avril 2014 284 pages
Taxer mieux gagner plusRobin Rivaton avril 2014 52 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (2) diversifier la haute administrationKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 44 pages
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Pour un new deal fiscalGianmarco Monsellato mars 2014 8 pages
Faire cesser la mendiciteacute avec enfantsJulien Damon mars 2014 44 pages
49
Le low cost une reacutevolution eacuteconomique et deacutemocratiqueEmmanuel Combe feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Un accegraves eacutequitable aux theacuterapies contre le cancerNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Reacuteformer le statut des enseignantsLuc Chatel janvier 2014 8 pages
Un outil de finance sociale les social impact bondsYan de Kerorguen deacutecembre 2013 36 pages
Pour la croissance la deacutebureaucratisation par la confiancePierre Pezziardi Serge Soudoplatoff et Xavier Queacuterat-Heacutement novembre 2013 48 pages
Les valeurs des FranciliensGueacutenaeumllle Gault octobre 2013 36 pages
Sortir drsquoune gregraveve eacutetudiante le cas du QueacutebecJean-Patrick Brady et Steacutephane Paquin octobre 2013 40 pages
Un contrat de travail unique avec indemniteacutes de deacutepart inteacutegreacuteesCharles Beigbeder juillet 2013 8 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2013Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres juillet 2013 268 pages
La nouvelle vague des eacutemergents Bangladesh Eacutethiopie Nigeria Indoneacutesie Vietnam MexiqueLaurence Daziano juillet 2013 40 pages
Transition eacutenergeacutetique europeacuteenne bonnes intentions et mauvais calculsAlbert Bressand juillet 2013 44 pages
La deacutemobiliteacute travailler vivre autrementJulien Damon juin 2013 44 pages
Le Kapital Pour rebacirctir lrsquoindustrieChristian Saint-Eacutetienne et Robin Rivaton avril 2013 40 pages
Code eacutethique de la vie politique et des responsables publics en FranceLes Arvernes Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique avril 2013 12 pages
Les classes moyennes dans les pays eacutemergentsJulien Damon avril 2013 38 pages
Innovation politique 2013Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2013 652 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (2) les strateacutegiesRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
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La compeacutetitiviteacute passe aussi par la fiscaliteacuteAldo Cardoso Michel Didier Bertrand Jacquillat Dominique Reynieacute et Greacutegoire Sentilhes deacutecembre 2012 20 pages
Une autre politique moneacutetaire pour reacutesoudre la criseNicolas Goetzmann deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
50
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La nouvelle politique fiscale rend-elle lrsquoISF inconstitutionnel Aldo Cardoso novembre 2012 12 pages
Fiscaliteacute pourquoi et comment un pays sans riches est un pays pauvrehellipBertrand Jacquillat octobre 2012 40 pages
Youth and Sustainable DevelopmentFondapolNomadeacuteisUnited Nations juin 2012 80 pages
La philanthropie Des entrepreneurs de solidariteacuteFrancis Charhon mai juin 2012 44 pages
Les chiffres de la pauvreteacute le sens de la mesureJulien Damon mai 2012 40 pages
Libeacuterer le financement de lrsquoeacuteconomieRobin Rivaton avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoeacutepargne au service du logement socialJulie Merle avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2012Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2012 210 pages
Valeurs partageacuteesDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF mars 2012 362 pages
Les droites en EuropeDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF feacutevrier 2012 552 pages
Innovation politique 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2012 648 pages
Lrsquoeacutecole de la liberteacute initiative autonomie et responsabiliteacuteCharles Feuillerade janvier 2012 36 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (2) les strateacutegiesReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 40 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (1) les enjeuxReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 48 pages
Reacutevolution des valeurs et mondialisationLuc Ferry janvier 2012 36 pages
Quel avenir pour la social-deacutemocratie en Europe Sir Stuart Bell deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
La reacutegulation professionnelle des regravegles non eacutetatiques pour mieux responsabiliserJean-Pierre Teyssier deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
Lrsquohospitaliteacute une eacutethique du soinEmmanuel Hirsch deacutecembre 2011 32 pages
12 ideacutees pour 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2011 110 pages
Les classes moyennes et le logementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2011 40 pages
Reacuteformer la santeacute trois propositionsNicolas Bouzou novembre 2011 32 pages
51
Le nouveau Parlement la reacutevision du 23 juillet 2008Jean-Feacutelix de Bujadoux novembre 2011 40 pages
La responsabiliteacuteAlain-Geacuterard Slama novembre 2011 32 pages
Le vote des classes moyennesEacutelisabeth Dupoirier novembre 2011 40 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute par la qualiteacuteEmmanuel Combe et Jean-Louis Mucchielli octobre 2011 32 pages
Les classes moyennes et le creacuteditNicolas Peacutecourt octobre 2011 32 pages
Portrait des classes moyennesLaure Bonneval Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Fabienne Gomant octobre 2011 36 pages
Morale eacutethique deacuteontologieMichel Maffesoli octobre 2011 40 pages
Sortir du communisme changer drsquoeacutepoqueSteacutephane Courtois (dir) PUF octobre 2011 672 pages
Lrsquoeacutenergie nucleacuteaire apregraves Fukushima incident mineur ou nouvelle donne Malcolm Grimston septembre 2011 16 pages
La jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2011 132 pages
Pouvoir drsquoachat une politiqueEmmanuel Combe septembre 2011 52 pages
La liberteacute religieuseHenri Madelin septembre 2011 36 pages
Reacuteduire notre dette publiqueJean-Marc Daniel septembre 2011 40 pages
Eacutecologie et libeacuteralismeCorine Pelluchon aoucirct 2011 40 pages
Valoriser les monuments historiques de nouvelles strateacutegiesWladimir Mitrofanoff et Christiane Schmuckle-Mollard juillet 2011 28 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs raisonsEddy Fougier juillet 2011 40 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs reacuteseauxSylvain Boulouque juillet 2011 36 pages
La fraterniteacutePaul Thibaud juin 2011 36 pages
La transformation numeacuterique au service de la croissanceJean-Pierre Corniou juin 2011 52 pages
LrsquoengagementDominique Schnapper juin 2011 32 pages
Liberteacute Eacutegaliteacute FraterniteacuteAndreacute Glucksmann mai 2011 36 pages
52
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Quelle industrie pour la deacutefense franccedilaise Guillaume Lagane mai 2011 26 pages
La religion dans les affaires la responsabiliteacute sociale de lrsquoentrepriseAureacutelien Acquier Jean-Pascal Gond et Jacques Igalens mai 2011 44 pages
La religion dans les affaires la finance islamiqueLila Guermas-Sayegh mai 2011 36 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAllemagnePatrick Moreau avril 2011 56 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La SlovaquieEacutetienne Boisserie avril 2011 40 pages
Qui deacutetient la dette publique Guillaume Leroy avril 2011 36 pages
Le principe de preacutecaution dans le mondeNicolas de Sadeleer mars 2011 36 pages
Comprendre le Tea PartyHenri Hude mars 2011 40 pages
Ougrave en est la droite Les Pays-BasNiek Pas mars 2011 36 pages
Productiviteacute agricole et qualiteacute des eauxGeacuterard Morice mars 2011 44 pages
LrsquoEau du volume agrave la valeurJean-Louis Chaussade mars 2011 32 pages
Eau comment traiter les micropolluants Philippe Hartemann mars 2011 38 pages
Eau deacutefis mondiaux perspectives franccedilaisesGeacuterard Payen mars 2011 62 pages
Lrsquoirrigation pour une agriculture durableJean-Paul Renoux mars 2011 42 pages
Gestion de lrsquoeau vers de nouveaux modegravelesAntoine Freacuterot mars 2011 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAutrichePatrick Moreau feacutevrier 2011 42 pages
La participation au service de lrsquoemploi et du pouvoir drsquoachatJacques Perche et Antoine Pertinax feacutevrier 2011 32 pages
Le tandem franco-allemand face agrave la crise de lrsquoeuroWolfgang Glomb feacutevrier 2011 38 pages
2011 la jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) janvier 2011 88 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2011Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacutedition Lignes de Repegraveres janvier 2011 254 pages
Administration 20Thierry Weibel janvier 2011 48 pages
53
Ougrave en est la droite La BulgarieAntony Todorov deacutecembre 2010 32 pages
Le retour du tirage au sort en politiqueGil Delannoi deacutecembre 2010 38 pages
La compeacutetence morale du peupleRaymond Boudon novembre 2010 30 pages
LrsquoAcadeacutemie au pays du capitalBernard Belloc et Pierre-Franccedilois Mourier PUF novembre 2010 222 pages
Pour une nouvelle politique agricole communeBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Seacutecuriteacute alimentaire un enjeu globalBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Les vertus cacheacutees du low cost aeacuterienEmmanuel Combe novembre 2010 40 pages
Innovation politique 2011Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF novembre 2010 676 pages
Deacutefense surmonter lrsquoimpasse budgeacutetaireGuillaume Lagane octobre 2010 34 pages
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Les vertus de la concurrenceDavid Sraer septembre 2010 44 pages
Internet politique et coproduction citoyenneRobin Berjon septembre 2010 32 pages
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Quel policier dans notre socieacuteteacute Mathieu Zagrodzki juillet 2010 28 pages
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Crise bancaire dette publique une vue allemandeWolfgang Glomb juillet 2010 28 pages
Dette publique inquieacutetude publiqueJeacuterocircme Fourquet juin 2010 32 pages
Une reacutegulation bancaire pour une croissance durableNathalie Janson juin 2010 36 pages
Quatre propositions pour reacutenover notre modegravele agricolePascal Perri mai 2010 32 pages
Reacutegionales 2010 que sont les eacutelecteurs devenus Pascal Perrineau mai 2010 56 pages
54
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apol
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litiq
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Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2010Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mai 2010 245 pages
Pays-Bas la tentation populisteChristophe de Voogd mai 2010 43 pages
Quatre ideacutees pour renforcer le pouvoir drsquoachatPascal Perri avril 2010 30 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Grande-BretagneDavid Hanley avril 2010 34 pages
Renforcer le rocircle eacuteconomique des reacutegionsNicolas Bouzou mars 2010 30 pages
Reacuteduire la dette gracircce agrave la ConstitutionJacques Delpla feacutevrier 2010 54 pages
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Iran une reacutevolution civile Nader Vahabi novembre 2009 19 pages
Ougrave va la politique de lrsquoeacuteglise catholique Drsquoune querelle du libeacuteralisme agrave lrsquoautreEacutemile Perreau-Saussine octobre 2009 26 pages
Agir pour la croissance verteValeacutery Morron et Deacuteborah Sanchez octobre 2009 11 pages
Lrsquoeacuteconomie allemande agrave la veille des leacutegislatives de 2009Nicolas Bouzou et Jeacuterocircme Duval-Hamel septembre 2009 10 pages
Eacutelections europeacuteennes 2009 analyse des reacutesultats en Europe et en FranceCorinne Deloy Dominique Reynieacute et Pascal Perrineau septembre 2009 32 pages
Retour sur lrsquoalliance sovieacuteto-nazie 70 ans apregravesSteacutephane Courtois juillet 2009 16 pages
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La protestation contre la reacuteforme du statut des enseignants-chercheurs deacutefense du statut illustration du statu quoSuivi drsquoune discussion entre lrsquoauteur et Bruno BensassonDavid Bonneau mai 2009 20 pages
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Quatre propositions pour que lrsquoEurope ne tombe pas dans le protectionnismeNicolas Bouzou mars 2009 12 pages
Apregraves le 29 janvier la fonction publique contre la socieacuteteacute civile Une question de justice sociale et un problegraveme deacutemocratiqueDominique Reynieacute mars 2009 22 pages
55
Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
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Deacutefense immigration eacutenergie regards croiseacutes franco-allemands sur trois prioriteacutes de la preacutesidence franccedilaise de lrsquoUEElvire Fabry octobre 2008 35 pages
56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
Retir
emen
t Le
sson
s fr
om th
e Sw
edis
h re
form
s
35
Occupational pensions
About 94 of all employees (in both the public and the private sector) are covered by occupational pension plans based on collective agreements between the unions and the employersrsquo confederations during the period 2001-2014 85 Scheme memberships are semi-mandatory for all employers and employees working in an industry covered by such an agreement There are four spheres of agreements central government employees municipal and county council employees white-collar workers in the private sector and blue-collar workers in the private sector 86 These collective agreements include occupational pension schemes financed through employersrsquo contributions which provide pensions as a supplement to the public system but also pension compensation for incomes above the public system pension ceiling Thus these schemes are most important for high-income earners Four major occupational plans cover most workers and employees It is possible to withdraw occupational pensions from the age of 55 and as a five-year lump sum or as a lifetime annuity
Tax
All old-age pension benefits (including guarantee pension) and disability and survivorsrsquo pensions are subject to income tax Basic income-tested allowances (Housing supplement for pensioners Special housing supplement and Maintenance support for the elderly) are tax exempt Private tax-deductible pension savings have been abolished since 2016 except for individuals lacking occupational pension coverage Funded occupational pensions and the mandatory Premium pension are taxed ETT (contributions Exempt returns Taxed benefits Taxed)
To strengthen the economy for the elderly low-income pensioners receive a basic tax deduction for individuals 65 and over This was introduced in 2009 and has been increased several times since In addition the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) that was introduced in 2007 taxes income from work at a lower rate than other sources of income
85 See the Swedish Social Insurance Inspectorate (ISF) 2018 op cit86 See Gabriella Sjoumlgren Lindquist and Eskil Wadensjouml ldquoNational Social Insurance ndash not the whole picture Supplementary compensation in case of loss of incomerdquo report for the ESS ndeg5 2006 Regeringskansliet Ministry of Finance (wwwgovernmentse49b735contentassets8212cea35ef34096a3bf91d63111ed64national-social-insurance---not-the-whole-picture-ess-20065)The occupational systems have been renegotiated towards more defined contribution schemes However long transitional periods apply
36
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OUR PUBLICATIONS
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46
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47
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48
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| lrsquoi
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Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
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To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
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No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
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OUR PUBLICATIONS
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1939 lrsquoalliance sovieacuteto-nazie aux origines de la fracture europeacuteenneSteacutephane Courtois septembre 2019 76 pages
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Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
La reacuteforme de lrsquoenseignement supeacuterieur en AustralieZoe McKenzie mars 2009 74 pages
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No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
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1979 ndash 2019 -ملاعلا ي ف ةفرطتملا ةيمالسل إ ا تامجهلاFondation pour linnovation politique mars 2020 80 pages
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Des plantes biotech au service de la santeacute du veacutegeacutetal et de lrsquoenvironnementCatherine Regnault-Roger janvier 2020 56 pages
Le soldat augmenteacute regards croiseacutes sur lrsquoaugmentation des performances du soldatCREC Saint-Cyr et la Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2019 128 pages
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1939 lrsquoalliance sovieacuteto-nazie aux origines de la fracture europeacuteenneSteacutephane Courtois septembre 2019 76 pages
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Les apports du christianisme agrave lrsquouniteacute de lrsquoEuropeJean-Dominique Durand deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La crise orthodoxe (2) Les convulsions du XIXe siegravecle agrave nos joursJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La crise orthodoxe (1) Les fondations des origines au XIXe siegravecleJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
La France et les chreacutetiens drsquoOrient derniegravere chanceJean-Franccedilois Colosimo deacutecembre 2018 56 pages
Le christianisme et la moderniteacute europeacuteenne (2) Comprendre le retour de lrsquoinstitution religieusePhilippe Portier et Jean-Paul Willaime deacutecembre 2018 52 pages
Le christianisme et la moderniteacute europeacuteenne (1) Reacutecuser le deacuteni
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Retraites Leccedilons des reacuteformes italiennesMichel Martone novembre 2018 48 pages
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Lrsquointelligence artificielle en Chine un eacutetat des lieuxAifang Ma novembre 2018 60 pages
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Les Franccedilais jugent leur systegraveme de retraiteFondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique octobre 2018 28 pages
43
Migrations la France singuliegravereDidier Leschi octobre 2018 56 pages
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Les laquo Deacutemocrates de Suegravede raquo un vote anti-immigrationJohan Martinsson septembre 2018 64 pages
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Eacutethiques de lrsquoimmigrationJean-Philippe Vincent juin 2018 56 pages
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Villes et voitures pour une reacuteconciliationJean Coldefy juin 2018 60 pages
France combattre la pauvreteacute des enfantsJulien Damon mai 2018 48 pages
Que pegravesent les syndicats Dominique Andolfatto avril 2018 56 pages
Lrsquoeacutelan de la francophonie pour une ambition franccedilaise (2)Benjamin Boutin mars 2018 48 pages
Lrsquoeacutelan de la francophonie une communauteacute de langue et de destin (1)Benjamin Boutin mars 2018 48 pages
LrsquoItalie aux urnesSofia Ventura feacutevrier 2018 44 pages
Lrsquointelligence artificielle lrsquoexpertise partout accessible agrave tousSerge Soudoplatoff feacutevrier 2018 60 pages
Lrsquoinnovation agrave lrsquoegravere du bien communBenjamin Boscher Xavier Pavie feacutevrier 2018 64 pages
Libeacuterer lrsquoislam de lrsquoislamismeMohamed Louizi janvier 2018 84 pages
Gouverner le religieux dans un eacutetat laiumlcThierry Rambaud janvier 2018 56 pages
Innovation politique 2017 (tome 2)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 492 pages
Innovation politique 2017 (tome 1)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 468 pages
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| lrsquoi
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Une laquo norme intelligente raquo au service de la reacuteformeVictor Fabre Mathieu Kohmann Mathieu Luinaud deacutecembre 2017 44 pages
Autriche virage agrave droitePatrick Moreau novembre 2017 52 pages
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Ougrave va la deacutemocratie Sous la direction de Dominique Reynieacute Plon octobre 2017 320 pages
Violence antiseacutemite en Europe 2005-2015Johannes Due Enstad septembre 2017 48 pages
Pour lrsquoemploi la subrogation du creacutedit drsquoimpocirct des services agrave la personneBruno Despujol Olivier Peraldi et Dominique Reynieacute septembre 2017 52 pages
Marcheacute du travail pour la reacuteforme Fayumlccedilal Hafied juillet 2017 64 pages
Le fact-checking une reacuteponse agrave la crise de lrsquoinformation et de la deacutemocratieFarid Gueham juillet 2017 68 pages
Notre-Dame- des-Landes lrsquoEacutetat le droit et la deacutemocratie empecirccheacutesBruno Hug de Larauze mai 2017 56 pages
France les juifs vus par les musulmans Entre steacutereacuteotypes et meacuteconnaissancesMehdi Ghouirgate Iannis Roder et Dominique Schnapper mai 2017 44 pages
Dette publique la mesurer la reacuteduireJean-Marc Daniel avril 2017 52 pages
Parfaire le paritarisme par lrsquoindeacutependance financiegravereJulien Damon avril 2017 52 pages
Former de plus en plus de mieux en mieux Lrsquoenjeu de la formation professionnelleOlivier Faron avril 2017 48 pages
Les troubles du monde lrsquoislamisme et sa reacutecupeacuteration populiste lrsquoEurope deacutemocratique menaceacuteePierre-Adrien Hanania AJC Fondapol mars 2017 44 pages
Porno addiction nouvel enjeu de socieacuteteacuteDavid Reynieacute mars 2017 48 pages
Calais miroir franccedilais de la crise migratoire europeacuteenne (2)Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2017 72 pages
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Lrsquoactif eacutepargne logementPierre-Franccedilois Gouiffegraves feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Reacuteformer quel discours pour convaincre Christophe de Voogd feacutevrier 2017 52 pages
De lrsquoassurance maladie agrave lrsquoassurance santeacutePatrick Negaret feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Hocircpital libeacuterer lrsquoinnovationChristophe Marques et Nicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2017 44 pages
45
Le Front national face agrave lrsquoobstacle du second tourJeacuterocircme Jaffreacute feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
La Reacutepublique des entrepreneursVincent Lorphelin janvier 2017 52 pages
Des startups drsquoEacutetat agrave lrsquoEacutetat plateformePierre Pezziardi et Henri Verdier janvier 2017 52 pages
Vers la souveraineteacute numeacuteriqueFarid Gueham janvier 2017 44 pages
Repenser notre politique commercialeLaurence Daziano janvier 2017 48 pages
Mesures de la pauvreteacute mesures contre la pauvreteacuteJulien Damon deacutecembre 2016 40 pages
Lrsquo Autriche des populistesPatrick Moreau novembre 2016 72 pages
LrsquoEurope face aux deacutefis du peacutetro-solaireAlbert Bressand novembre 2016 52 pages
Le Front national en campagnes Les agriculteurs et le vote FNEddy Fougier et Jeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2016 52 pages
Innovation politique 2016Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2016 758 pages
Le nouveau monde de lrsquoautomobile (2) les promesses de la mobiliteacute eacutelectriqueJean-Pierre Corniou octobre 2016 68 pages
Le nouveau monde de lrsquoautomobile (1) lrsquoimpasse du moteur agrave explosionJean-Pierre Corniou octobre 2016 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2016Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2016 224 pages
Lrsquoindividu contre lrsquoeacutetatisme Actualiteacute de la penseacutee libeacuterale franccedilaise (XXe siegravecle)Jeacuterocircme Perrier septembre 2016 52 pages
Lrsquoindividu contre lrsquoeacutetatisme Actualiteacute de la penseacutee libeacuterale franccedilaise (XIXe siegravecle)Jeacuterocircme Perrier septembre 2016 52 pages
Refonder lrsquoaudiovisuel publicOlivier Babeau septembre 2016 48 pages
La concurrence au deacutefi du numeacuteriqueCharles-Antoine Schwerer juillet 2016 48 pages
Portrait des musulmans drsquoEurope uniteacute dans la diversiteacuteVincent Tournier juin 2016 68 pages
Portrait des musulmans de France une communauteacute plurielleNadia Henni-Moulaiuml juin 2016 48 pages
La blockchain ou la confiance distribueacuteeYves Caseau et Serge Soudoplatoff juin 2016 48 pages
La gauche radicale liens lieux et luttes (2012-2017)Sylvain Boulouque mai 2016 56 pages
46
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Gouverner pour reacuteformer eacuteleacutements de meacutethodeErwan Le Noan et Matthieu Montjotin mai 2016 64 pages
Les zadistes (2) la tentation de la violenceEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
Les zadistes (1) un nouvel anticapitalismeEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
Reacutegionales (2) les partis contesteacutes mais pas concurrenceacutesJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 52 pages
Reacutegionales (1) vote FN et attentatsJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 60 pages
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Le lobbying outil deacutemocratiqueAnthony Escurat feacutevrier 2016 44 pages
Valeurs drsquoislamDominique Reynieacute (dir) preacuteface par le cheikh Khaled Bentounegraves PUF janvier 2016 432 pages
Chiites et sunnites paix impossible Mathieu Terrier janvier 2016 44 pages
Projet drsquoentreprise renouveler le capitalismeDaniel Hurstel deacutecembre 2015 44 pages
Le mutualisme reacutepondre aux deacutefis assurantielsArnaud Chneiweiss et Steacutephane Tisserand novembre 2015 44 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2015Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres novembre 2015 140 pages
La noopolitique le pouvoir de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane novembre 2015 52 pages
Innovation politique 2015Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2015 576 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (2) une reacuteflexion agrave contre-courantAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (1) le Kant europeacuteen et le Machiavel chinoisAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
PME nouveaux modes de financementMohamed Abdesslam et Benjamin Le Pendeven octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (2) Pourquoi il faut deacutefendre la routeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (1) Les conditions drsquoune mobiliteacute convivialeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 40 pages
Crise de la conscience arabo-musulmaneMalik Bezouh septembre 2015 40 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (3) le second tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
47
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (2) le premier tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (1) le contexteJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 44 pages
Enseignement supeacuterieur les limites de la laquo masteacuterisation raquoJulien Gonzalez juillet 2015 44 pages
Politique eacuteconomique lrsquoenjeu franco-allemandWolfgang Glomb et Henry drsquoArcole juin 2015 36 pages
Les lois de la primaire Celles drsquohier celles de demainFranccedilois Bazin juin 2015 48 pages
Eacuteconomie de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane mai 2015 48 pages
Lutter contre les vols et cambriolages une approche eacuteconomiqueEmmanuel Combe et Seacutebastien Daziano mai 2015 56 pages
Unir pour agir un programme pour la croissanceAlain Madelin mai 2015 52 pages
Nouvelle entreprise et valeur humaineFrancis Mer avril 2015 32 pages
Les transports et le financement de la mobiliteacuteYves Crozet avril 2015 32 pages
Numeacuterique et mobiliteacute impacts et synergiesJean Coldefy avril 2015 36 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie face agrave la moderniteacuteMohamed Beddy Ebnou mars 2015 40 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie les fondementsAḥmad Al-Raysuni mars 2015 40 pages
Les femmes et lrsquoislam une vision reacuteformisteAsma Lamrabet mars 2015 48 pages
Eacuteducation et islamMustapha Cherif mars 2015 44 pages
Que nous disent les eacutelections leacutegislatives partielles depuis 2012 Dominique Reynieacute feacutevrier 2015 4 pages
Lrsquoislam et les valeurs de la ReacutepubliqueSaad Khiari feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Islam et contrat socialPhilippe Moulinet feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Le soufisme spiritualiteacute et citoyenneteacuteBariza Khiari feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
Lrsquohumanisme et lrsquohumaniteacute en islamAhmed Bouyerdene feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
Eacuteradiquer lrsquoheacutepatite C en France quelles strateacutegies publiques Nicolas Bouzou et Christophe Marques janvier 2015 40 pages
48
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Coran cleacutes de lectureTareq Oubrou janvier 2015 44 pages
Le pluralisme religieux en islam ou la conscience de lrsquoalteacuteriteacuteEacuteric Geoffroy janvier 2015 40 pages
Meacutemoires agrave venirDominique Reynieacute janvier 2015 enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec la Fondation pour la Meacutemoire de la Shoah 156 pages
La classe moyenne ameacutericaine en voie drsquoeffritementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2014 40 pages
Pour une compleacutementaire eacuteducation lrsquoeacutecole des classes moyennesErwan Le Noan et Dominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquoantiseacutemitisme dans lrsquoopinion publique franccedilaise Nouveaux eacuteclairagesDominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 48 pages
La politique de concurrence un atout pour notre industrieEmmanuel Combe novembre 2014 48 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (2) pousseacutee du FN recul de lrsquoUMP et vote bretonJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 52 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (1) la gauche en miettesJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 40 pages
Innovation politique 2014Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2014 554 pages
Eacutenergie-climat pour une politique efficaceAlbert Bressand septembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquourbanisation du monde Une chance pour la FranceLaurence Daziano juillet 2014 44 pages
Que peut-on demander agrave la politique moneacutetaire Pascal Salin mai 2014 48 pages
Le changement crsquoest tout le temps 1514 - 2014Suzanne Baverez et Jean Seacutenieacute mai 2014 48 pages
Trop drsquoeacutemigreacutes Regards sur ceux qui partent de FranceJulien Gonzalez mai 2014 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2014Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres avril 2014 284 pages
Taxer mieux gagner plusRobin Rivaton avril 2014 52 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (2) diversifier la haute administrationKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 44 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (1) renforcer les think tanksKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 52 pages
Pour un new deal fiscalGianmarco Monsellato mars 2014 8 pages
Faire cesser la mendiciteacute avec enfantsJulien Damon mars 2014 44 pages
49
Le low cost une reacutevolution eacuteconomique et deacutemocratiqueEmmanuel Combe feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Un accegraves eacutequitable aux theacuterapies contre le cancerNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Reacuteformer le statut des enseignantsLuc Chatel janvier 2014 8 pages
Un outil de finance sociale les social impact bondsYan de Kerorguen deacutecembre 2013 36 pages
Pour la croissance la deacutebureaucratisation par la confiancePierre Pezziardi Serge Soudoplatoff et Xavier Queacuterat-Heacutement novembre 2013 48 pages
Les valeurs des FranciliensGueacutenaeumllle Gault octobre 2013 36 pages
Sortir drsquoune gregraveve eacutetudiante le cas du QueacutebecJean-Patrick Brady et Steacutephane Paquin octobre 2013 40 pages
Un contrat de travail unique avec indemniteacutes de deacutepart inteacutegreacuteesCharles Beigbeder juillet 2013 8 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2013Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres juillet 2013 268 pages
La nouvelle vague des eacutemergents Bangladesh Eacutethiopie Nigeria Indoneacutesie Vietnam MexiqueLaurence Daziano juillet 2013 40 pages
Transition eacutenergeacutetique europeacuteenne bonnes intentions et mauvais calculsAlbert Bressand juillet 2013 44 pages
La deacutemobiliteacute travailler vivre autrementJulien Damon juin 2013 44 pages
Le Kapital Pour rebacirctir lrsquoindustrieChristian Saint-Eacutetienne et Robin Rivaton avril 2013 40 pages
Code eacutethique de la vie politique et des responsables publics en FranceLes Arvernes Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique avril 2013 12 pages
Les classes moyennes dans les pays eacutemergentsJulien Damon avril 2013 38 pages
Innovation politique 2013Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2013 652 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (2) les strateacutegiesRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (1) les enjeuxRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 52 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute passe aussi par la fiscaliteacuteAldo Cardoso Michel Didier Bertrand Jacquillat Dominique Reynieacute et Greacutegoire Sentilhes deacutecembre 2012 20 pages
Une autre politique moneacutetaire pour reacutesoudre la criseNicolas Goetzmann deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
50
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La nouvelle politique fiscale rend-elle lrsquoISF inconstitutionnel Aldo Cardoso novembre 2012 12 pages
Fiscaliteacute pourquoi et comment un pays sans riches est un pays pauvrehellipBertrand Jacquillat octobre 2012 40 pages
Youth and Sustainable DevelopmentFondapolNomadeacuteisUnited Nations juin 2012 80 pages
La philanthropie Des entrepreneurs de solidariteacuteFrancis Charhon mai juin 2012 44 pages
Les chiffres de la pauvreteacute le sens de la mesureJulien Damon mai 2012 40 pages
Libeacuterer le financement de lrsquoeacuteconomieRobin Rivaton avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoeacutepargne au service du logement socialJulie Merle avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2012Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2012 210 pages
Valeurs partageacuteesDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF mars 2012 362 pages
Les droites en EuropeDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF feacutevrier 2012 552 pages
Innovation politique 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2012 648 pages
Lrsquoeacutecole de la liberteacute initiative autonomie et responsabiliteacuteCharles Feuillerade janvier 2012 36 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (2) les strateacutegiesReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 40 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (1) les enjeuxReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 48 pages
Reacutevolution des valeurs et mondialisationLuc Ferry janvier 2012 36 pages
Quel avenir pour la social-deacutemocratie en Europe Sir Stuart Bell deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
La reacutegulation professionnelle des regravegles non eacutetatiques pour mieux responsabiliserJean-Pierre Teyssier deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
Lrsquohospitaliteacute une eacutethique du soinEmmanuel Hirsch deacutecembre 2011 32 pages
12 ideacutees pour 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2011 110 pages
Les classes moyennes et le logementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2011 40 pages
Reacuteformer la santeacute trois propositionsNicolas Bouzou novembre 2011 32 pages
51
Le nouveau Parlement la reacutevision du 23 juillet 2008Jean-Feacutelix de Bujadoux novembre 2011 40 pages
La responsabiliteacuteAlain-Geacuterard Slama novembre 2011 32 pages
Le vote des classes moyennesEacutelisabeth Dupoirier novembre 2011 40 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute par la qualiteacuteEmmanuel Combe et Jean-Louis Mucchielli octobre 2011 32 pages
Les classes moyennes et le creacuteditNicolas Peacutecourt octobre 2011 32 pages
Portrait des classes moyennesLaure Bonneval Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Fabienne Gomant octobre 2011 36 pages
Morale eacutethique deacuteontologieMichel Maffesoli octobre 2011 40 pages
Sortir du communisme changer drsquoeacutepoqueSteacutephane Courtois (dir) PUF octobre 2011 672 pages
Lrsquoeacutenergie nucleacuteaire apregraves Fukushima incident mineur ou nouvelle donne Malcolm Grimston septembre 2011 16 pages
La jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2011 132 pages
Pouvoir drsquoachat une politiqueEmmanuel Combe septembre 2011 52 pages
La liberteacute religieuseHenri Madelin septembre 2011 36 pages
Reacuteduire notre dette publiqueJean-Marc Daniel septembre 2011 40 pages
Eacutecologie et libeacuteralismeCorine Pelluchon aoucirct 2011 40 pages
Valoriser les monuments historiques de nouvelles strateacutegiesWladimir Mitrofanoff et Christiane Schmuckle-Mollard juillet 2011 28 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs raisonsEddy Fougier juillet 2011 40 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs reacuteseauxSylvain Boulouque juillet 2011 36 pages
La fraterniteacutePaul Thibaud juin 2011 36 pages
La transformation numeacuterique au service de la croissanceJean-Pierre Corniou juin 2011 52 pages
LrsquoengagementDominique Schnapper juin 2011 32 pages
Liberteacute Eacutegaliteacute FraterniteacuteAndreacute Glucksmann mai 2011 36 pages
52
fond
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Quelle industrie pour la deacutefense franccedilaise Guillaume Lagane mai 2011 26 pages
La religion dans les affaires la responsabiliteacute sociale de lrsquoentrepriseAureacutelien Acquier Jean-Pascal Gond et Jacques Igalens mai 2011 44 pages
La religion dans les affaires la finance islamiqueLila Guermas-Sayegh mai 2011 36 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAllemagnePatrick Moreau avril 2011 56 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La SlovaquieEacutetienne Boisserie avril 2011 40 pages
Qui deacutetient la dette publique Guillaume Leroy avril 2011 36 pages
Le principe de preacutecaution dans le mondeNicolas de Sadeleer mars 2011 36 pages
Comprendre le Tea PartyHenri Hude mars 2011 40 pages
Ougrave en est la droite Les Pays-BasNiek Pas mars 2011 36 pages
Productiviteacute agricole et qualiteacute des eauxGeacuterard Morice mars 2011 44 pages
LrsquoEau du volume agrave la valeurJean-Louis Chaussade mars 2011 32 pages
Eau comment traiter les micropolluants Philippe Hartemann mars 2011 38 pages
Eau deacutefis mondiaux perspectives franccedilaisesGeacuterard Payen mars 2011 62 pages
Lrsquoirrigation pour une agriculture durableJean-Paul Renoux mars 2011 42 pages
Gestion de lrsquoeau vers de nouveaux modegravelesAntoine Freacuterot mars 2011 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAutrichePatrick Moreau feacutevrier 2011 42 pages
La participation au service de lrsquoemploi et du pouvoir drsquoachatJacques Perche et Antoine Pertinax feacutevrier 2011 32 pages
Le tandem franco-allemand face agrave la crise de lrsquoeuroWolfgang Glomb feacutevrier 2011 38 pages
2011 la jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) janvier 2011 88 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2011Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacutedition Lignes de Repegraveres janvier 2011 254 pages
Administration 20Thierry Weibel janvier 2011 48 pages
53
Ougrave en est la droite La BulgarieAntony Todorov deacutecembre 2010 32 pages
Le retour du tirage au sort en politiqueGil Delannoi deacutecembre 2010 38 pages
La compeacutetence morale du peupleRaymond Boudon novembre 2010 30 pages
LrsquoAcadeacutemie au pays du capitalBernard Belloc et Pierre-Franccedilois Mourier PUF novembre 2010 222 pages
Pour une nouvelle politique agricole communeBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Seacutecuriteacute alimentaire un enjeu globalBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Les vertus cacheacutees du low cost aeacuterienEmmanuel Combe novembre 2010 40 pages
Innovation politique 2011Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF novembre 2010 676 pages
Deacutefense surmonter lrsquoimpasse budgeacutetaireGuillaume Lagane octobre 2010 34 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoEspagneJoan Marcet octobre 2010 34 pages
Les vertus de la concurrenceDavid Sraer septembre 2010 44 pages
Internet politique et coproduction citoyenneRobin Berjon septembre 2010 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La PologneDominika Tomaszewska-Mortimer aoucirct 2010 42 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Suegravede et le DanemarkJacob Christensen juillet 2010 44 pages
Quel policier dans notre socieacuteteacute Mathieu Zagrodzki juillet 2010 28 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoItalieSofia Ventura juillet 2010 36 pages
Crise bancaire dette publique une vue allemandeWolfgang Glomb juillet 2010 28 pages
Dette publique inquieacutetude publiqueJeacuterocircme Fourquet juin 2010 32 pages
Une reacutegulation bancaire pour une croissance durableNathalie Janson juin 2010 36 pages
Quatre propositions pour reacutenover notre modegravele agricolePascal Perri mai 2010 32 pages
Reacutegionales 2010 que sont les eacutelecteurs devenus Pascal Perrineau mai 2010 56 pages
54
fond
apol
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nnov
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n po
litiq
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Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2010Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mai 2010 245 pages
Pays-Bas la tentation populisteChristophe de Voogd mai 2010 43 pages
Quatre ideacutees pour renforcer le pouvoir drsquoachatPascal Perri avril 2010 30 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Grande-BretagneDavid Hanley avril 2010 34 pages
Renforcer le rocircle eacuteconomique des reacutegionsNicolas Bouzou mars 2010 30 pages
Reacuteduire la dette gracircce agrave la ConstitutionJacques Delpla feacutevrier 2010 54 pages
Strateacutegie pour une reacuteduction de la dette publique franccedilaiseNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2010 30 pages
Iran une reacutevolution civile Nader Vahabi novembre 2009 19 pages
Ougrave va la politique de lrsquoeacuteglise catholique Drsquoune querelle du libeacuteralisme agrave lrsquoautreEacutemile Perreau-Saussine octobre 2009 26 pages
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Eacutelections europeacuteennes 2009 analyse des reacutesultats en Europe et en FranceCorinne Deloy Dominique Reynieacute et Pascal Perrineau septembre 2009 32 pages
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55
Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
La reacuteforme de lrsquoenseignement supeacuterieur en AustralieZoe McKenzie mars 2009 74 pages
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
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fondapolorg
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No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
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OUR PUBLICATIONS
1979 ndash 2019 -ملاعلا ي ف ةفرطتملا ةيمالسل إ ا تامجهلاFondation pour linnovation politique mars 2020 80 pages
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Les biotechnologies en chine un eacutetat des lieuxAifang MA feacutevrier 2020 68 pages
Radiographie de lantiseacutemitisme en FranceAJC Paris et Fondation pour linnovation politique janvier 2020 32 pages
OGM et produits deacutedition du geacutenome enjeux reacuteglementaires et geacuteopolitiquesCatherine Regnault-Roger janvier 2020 60 pages
Des outils de modification du geacutenome au service de la santeacute humaine et animaleCatherine Regnault-Roger janvier 2020 56 pages
Des plantes biotech au service de la santeacute du veacutegeacutetal et de lrsquoenvironnementCatherine Regnault-Roger janvier 2020 56 pages
Le soldat augmenteacute regards croiseacutes sur lrsquoaugmentation des performances du soldatCREC Saint-Cyr et la Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2019 128 pages
LrsquoEurope face aux nationalismes eacuteconomiques ameacutericain et chinois (3) Deacutefendre lrsquoeacuteconomie europeacuteenne par la politique commercialeEmmanuel Combe Paul-Adrien Hyppolite et Antoine Michon novembre 2019 76 pages
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LrsquoEurope face aux nationalismes eacuteconomiques ameacutericain et chinois (1) Politique de concurrence et industrie europeacuteenneEmmanuel Combe Paul-Adrien Hyppolite et Antoine Michon novembre 2019 60 pages
Les attentats islamistes dans le monde 1979-2019Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique novembre 2019 80 pages
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2022 le risque populiste en FranceUn indicateur de la protestation eacutelectorale Dominique Reynieacute octobre 2019 44 pages
La cour europeacuteenne des droits de lrsquohomme protectrice critiqueacutee des laquo liberteacutes invisibles raquoJean-Luc Sauron octobre 2019 72 pages
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1939 lrsquoalliance sovieacuteto-nazie aux origines de la fracture europeacuteenneSteacutephane Courtois septembre 2019 76 pages
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Innovation politique 2018 (tome 2)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2019 544 pages
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Le Front national face agrave lrsquoobstacle du second tourJeacuterocircme Jaffreacute feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
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Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (2) le premier tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
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55
Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
La reacuteforme de lrsquoenseignement supeacuterieur en AustralieZoe McKenzie mars 2009 74 pages
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
39
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1979 ndash 2019 -ملاعلا ي ف ةفرطتملا ةيمالسل إ ا تامجهلاFondation pour linnovation politique mars 2020 80 pages
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1939 lrsquoalliance sovieacuteto-nazie aux origines de la fracture europeacuteenneSteacutephane Courtois septembre 2019 76 pages
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Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
La reacuteforme de lrsquoenseignement supeacuterieur en AustralieZoe McKenzie mars 2009 74 pages
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No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
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Retraites Leccedilons des reacuteformes italiennesMichel Martone novembre 2018 48 pages
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43
Migrations la France singuliegravereDidier Leschi octobre 2018 56 pages
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Eacutethiques de lrsquoimmigrationJean-Philippe Vincent juin 2018 56 pages
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France combattre la pauvreteacute des enfantsJulien Damon mai 2018 48 pages
Que pegravesent les syndicats Dominique Andolfatto avril 2018 56 pages
Lrsquoeacutelan de la francophonie pour une ambition franccedilaise (2)Benjamin Boutin mars 2018 48 pages
Lrsquoeacutelan de la francophonie une communauteacute de langue et de destin (1)Benjamin Boutin mars 2018 48 pages
LrsquoItalie aux urnesSofia Ventura feacutevrier 2018 44 pages
Lrsquointelligence artificielle lrsquoexpertise partout accessible agrave tousSerge Soudoplatoff feacutevrier 2018 60 pages
Lrsquoinnovation agrave lrsquoegravere du bien communBenjamin Boscher Xavier Pavie feacutevrier 2018 64 pages
Libeacuterer lrsquoislam de lrsquoislamismeMohamed Louizi janvier 2018 84 pages
Gouverner le religieux dans un eacutetat laiumlcThierry Rambaud janvier 2018 56 pages
Innovation politique 2017 (tome 2)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 492 pages
Innovation politique 2017 (tome 1)Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique janvier 2018 468 pages
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| lrsquoi
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Une laquo norme intelligente raquo au service de la reacuteformeVictor Fabre Mathieu Kohmann Mathieu Luinaud deacutecembre 2017 44 pages
Autriche virage agrave droitePatrick Moreau novembre 2017 52 pages
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Ougrave va la deacutemocratie Sous la direction de Dominique Reynieacute Plon octobre 2017 320 pages
Violence antiseacutemite en Europe 2005-2015Johannes Due Enstad septembre 2017 48 pages
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Marcheacute du travail pour la reacuteforme Fayumlccedilal Hafied juillet 2017 64 pages
Le fact-checking une reacuteponse agrave la crise de lrsquoinformation et de la deacutemocratieFarid Gueham juillet 2017 68 pages
Notre-Dame- des-Landes lrsquoEacutetat le droit et la deacutemocratie empecirccheacutesBruno Hug de Larauze mai 2017 56 pages
France les juifs vus par les musulmans Entre steacutereacuteotypes et meacuteconnaissancesMehdi Ghouirgate Iannis Roder et Dominique Schnapper mai 2017 44 pages
Dette publique la mesurer la reacuteduireJean-Marc Daniel avril 2017 52 pages
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Former de plus en plus de mieux en mieux Lrsquoenjeu de la formation professionnelleOlivier Faron avril 2017 48 pages
Les troubles du monde lrsquoislamisme et sa reacutecupeacuteration populiste lrsquoEurope deacutemocratique menaceacuteePierre-Adrien Hanania AJC Fondapol mars 2017 44 pages
Porno addiction nouvel enjeu de socieacuteteacuteDavid Reynieacute mars 2017 48 pages
Calais miroir franccedilais de la crise migratoire europeacuteenne (2)Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2017 72 pages
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Lrsquoactif eacutepargne logementPierre-Franccedilois Gouiffegraves feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Reacuteformer quel discours pour convaincre Christophe de Voogd feacutevrier 2017 52 pages
De lrsquoassurance maladie agrave lrsquoassurance santeacutePatrick Negaret feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
Hocircpital libeacuterer lrsquoinnovationChristophe Marques et Nicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2017 44 pages
45
Le Front national face agrave lrsquoobstacle du second tourJeacuterocircme Jaffreacute feacutevrier 2017 48 pages
La Reacutepublique des entrepreneursVincent Lorphelin janvier 2017 52 pages
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Vers la souveraineteacute numeacuteriqueFarid Gueham janvier 2017 44 pages
Repenser notre politique commercialeLaurence Daziano janvier 2017 48 pages
Mesures de la pauvreteacute mesures contre la pauvreteacuteJulien Damon deacutecembre 2016 40 pages
Lrsquo Autriche des populistesPatrick Moreau novembre 2016 72 pages
LrsquoEurope face aux deacutefis du peacutetro-solaireAlbert Bressand novembre 2016 52 pages
Le Front national en campagnes Les agriculteurs et le vote FNEddy Fougier et Jeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2016 52 pages
Innovation politique 2016Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2016 758 pages
Le nouveau monde de lrsquoautomobile (2) les promesses de la mobiliteacute eacutelectriqueJean-Pierre Corniou octobre 2016 68 pages
Le nouveau monde de lrsquoautomobile (1) lrsquoimpasse du moteur agrave explosionJean-Pierre Corniou octobre 2016 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2016Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2016 224 pages
Lrsquoindividu contre lrsquoeacutetatisme Actualiteacute de la penseacutee libeacuterale franccedilaise (XXe siegravecle)Jeacuterocircme Perrier septembre 2016 52 pages
Lrsquoindividu contre lrsquoeacutetatisme Actualiteacute de la penseacutee libeacuterale franccedilaise (XIXe siegravecle)Jeacuterocircme Perrier septembre 2016 52 pages
Refonder lrsquoaudiovisuel publicOlivier Babeau septembre 2016 48 pages
La concurrence au deacutefi du numeacuteriqueCharles-Antoine Schwerer juillet 2016 48 pages
Portrait des musulmans drsquoEurope uniteacute dans la diversiteacuteVincent Tournier juin 2016 68 pages
Portrait des musulmans de France une communauteacute plurielleNadia Henni-Moulaiuml juin 2016 48 pages
La blockchain ou la confiance distribueacuteeYves Caseau et Serge Soudoplatoff juin 2016 48 pages
La gauche radicale liens lieux et luttes (2012-2017)Sylvain Boulouque mai 2016 56 pages
46
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Gouverner pour reacuteformer eacuteleacutements de meacutethodeErwan Le Noan et Matthieu Montjotin mai 2016 64 pages
Les zadistes (2) la tentation de la violenceEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
Les zadistes (1) un nouvel anticapitalismeEddy Fougier avril 2016 44 pages
Reacutegionales (2) les partis contesteacutes mais pas concurrenceacutesJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 52 pages
Reacutegionales (1) vote FN et attentatsJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach mars 2016 60 pages
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Le lobbying outil deacutemocratiqueAnthony Escurat feacutevrier 2016 44 pages
Valeurs drsquoislamDominique Reynieacute (dir) preacuteface par le cheikh Khaled Bentounegraves PUF janvier 2016 432 pages
Chiites et sunnites paix impossible Mathieu Terrier janvier 2016 44 pages
Projet drsquoentreprise renouveler le capitalismeDaniel Hurstel deacutecembre 2015 44 pages
Le mutualisme reacutepondre aux deacutefis assurantielsArnaud Chneiweiss et Steacutephane Tisserand novembre 2015 44 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2015Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres novembre 2015 140 pages
La noopolitique le pouvoir de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane novembre 2015 52 pages
Innovation politique 2015Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2015 576 pages
Good COP21 Bad COP21 (2) une reacuteflexion agrave contre-courantAlbert Bressand octobre 2015 48 pages
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PME nouveaux modes de financementMohamed Abdesslam et Benjamin Le Pendeven octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (2) Pourquoi il faut deacutefendre la routeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 44 pages
Vive lrsquoautomobilisme (1) Les conditions drsquoune mobiliteacute convivialeMathieu Flonneau et Jean-Pierre Orfeuil octobre 2015 40 pages
Crise de la conscience arabo-musulmaneMalik Bezouh septembre 2015 40 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (3) le second tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
47
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (2) le premier tourJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 56 pages
Deacutepartementales de mars 2015 (1) le contexteJeacuterocircme Fourquet et Sylvain Manternach aoucirct 2015 44 pages
Enseignement supeacuterieur les limites de la laquo masteacuterisation raquoJulien Gonzalez juillet 2015 44 pages
Politique eacuteconomique lrsquoenjeu franco-allemandWolfgang Glomb et Henry drsquoArcole juin 2015 36 pages
Les lois de la primaire Celles drsquohier celles de demainFranccedilois Bazin juin 2015 48 pages
Eacuteconomie de la connaissanceIdriss J Aberkane mai 2015 48 pages
Lutter contre les vols et cambriolages une approche eacuteconomiqueEmmanuel Combe et Seacutebastien Daziano mai 2015 56 pages
Unir pour agir un programme pour la croissanceAlain Madelin mai 2015 52 pages
Nouvelle entreprise et valeur humaineFrancis Mer avril 2015 32 pages
Les transports et le financement de la mobiliteacuteYves Crozet avril 2015 32 pages
Numeacuterique et mobiliteacute impacts et synergiesJean Coldefy avril 2015 36 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie face agrave la moderniteacuteMohamed Beddy Ebnou mars 2015 40 pages
Islam et deacutemocratie les fondementsAḥmad Al-Raysuni mars 2015 40 pages
Les femmes et lrsquoislam une vision reacuteformisteAsma Lamrabet mars 2015 48 pages
Eacuteducation et islamMustapha Cherif mars 2015 44 pages
Que nous disent les eacutelections leacutegislatives partielles depuis 2012 Dominique Reynieacute feacutevrier 2015 4 pages
Lrsquoislam et les valeurs de la ReacutepubliqueSaad Khiari feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Islam et contrat socialPhilippe Moulinet feacutevrier 2015 44 pages
Le soufisme spiritualiteacute et citoyenneteacuteBariza Khiari feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
Lrsquohumanisme et lrsquohumaniteacute en islamAhmed Bouyerdene feacutevrier 2015 56 pages
Eacuteradiquer lrsquoheacutepatite C en France quelles strateacutegies publiques Nicolas Bouzou et Christophe Marques janvier 2015 40 pages
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Coran cleacutes de lectureTareq Oubrou janvier 2015 44 pages
Le pluralisme religieux en islam ou la conscience de lrsquoalteacuteriteacuteEacuteric Geoffroy janvier 2015 40 pages
Meacutemoires agrave venirDominique Reynieacute janvier 2015 enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec la Fondation pour la Meacutemoire de la Shoah 156 pages
La classe moyenne ameacutericaine en voie drsquoeffritementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2014 40 pages
Pour une compleacutementaire eacuteducation lrsquoeacutecole des classes moyennesErwan Le Noan et Dominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquoantiseacutemitisme dans lrsquoopinion publique franccedilaise Nouveaux eacuteclairagesDominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 48 pages
La politique de concurrence un atout pour notre industrieEmmanuel Combe novembre 2014 48 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (2) pousseacutee du FN recul de lrsquoUMP et vote bretonJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 52 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (1) la gauche en miettesJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 40 pages
Innovation politique 2014Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2014 554 pages
Eacutenergie-climat pour une politique efficaceAlbert Bressand septembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquourbanisation du monde Une chance pour la FranceLaurence Daziano juillet 2014 44 pages
Que peut-on demander agrave la politique moneacutetaire Pascal Salin mai 2014 48 pages
Le changement crsquoest tout le temps 1514 - 2014Suzanne Baverez et Jean Seacutenieacute mai 2014 48 pages
Trop drsquoeacutemigreacutes Regards sur ceux qui partent de FranceJulien Gonzalez mai 2014 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2014Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres avril 2014 284 pages
Taxer mieux gagner plusRobin Rivaton avril 2014 52 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (2) diversifier la haute administrationKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 44 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (1) renforcer les think tanksKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 52 pages
Pour un new deal fiscalGianmarco Monsellato mars 2014 8 pages
Faire cesser la mendiciteacute avec enfantsJulien Damon mars 2014 44 pages
49
Le low cost une reacutevolution eacuteconomique et deacutemocratiqueEmmanuel Combe feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Un accegraves eacutequitable aux theacuterapies contre le cancerNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Reacuteformer le statut des enseignantsLuc Chatel janvier 2014 8 pages
Un outil de finance sociale les social impact bondsYan de Kerorguen deacutecembre 2013 36 pages
Pour la croissance la deacutebureaucratisation par la confiancePierre Pezziardi Serge Soudoplatoff et Xavier Queacuterat-Heacutement novembre 2013 48 pages
Les valeurs des FranciliensGueacutenaeumllle Gault octobre 2013 36 pages
Sortir drsquoune gregraveve eacutetudiante le cas du QueacutebecJean-Patrick Brady et Steacutephane Paquin octobre 2013 40 pages
Un contrat de travail unique avec indemniteacutes de deacutepart inteacutegreacuteesCharles Beigbeder juillet 2013 8 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2013Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres juillet 2013 268 pages
La nouvelle vague des eacutemergents Bangladesh Eacutethiopie Nigeria Indoneacutesie Vietnam MexiqueLaurence Daziano juillet 2013 40 pages
Transition eacutenergeacutetique europeacuteenne bonnes intentions et mauvais calculsAlbert Bressand juillet 2013 44 pages
La deacutemobiliteacute travailler vivre autrementJulien Damon juin 2013 44 pages
Le Kapital Pour rebacirctir lrsquoindustrieChristian Saint-Eacutetienne et Robin Rivaton avril 2013 40 pages
Code eacutethique de la vie politique et des responsables publics en FranceLes Arvernes Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique avril 2013 12 pages
Les classes moyennes dans les pays eacutemergentsJulien Damon avril 2013 38 pages
Innovation politique 2013Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2013 652 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (2) les strateacutegiesRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (1) les enjeuxRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 52 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute passe aussi par la fiscaliteacuteAldo Cardoso Michel Didier Bertrand Jacquillat Dominique Reynieacute et Greacutegoire Sentilhes deacutecembre 2012 20 pages
Une autre politique moneacutetaire pour reacutesoudre la criseNicolas Goetzmann deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
50
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La nouvelle politique fiscale rend-elle lrsquoISF inconstitutionnel Aldo Cardoso novembre 2012 12 pages
Fiscaliteacute pourquoi et comment un pays sans riches est un pays pauvrehellipBertrand Jacquillat octobre 2012 40 pages
Youth and Sustainable DevelopmentFondapolNomadeacuteisUnited Nations juin 2012 80 pages
La philanthropie Des entrepreneurs de solidariteacuteFrancis Charhon mai juin 2012 44 pages
Les chiffres de la pauvreteacute le sens de la mesureJulien Damon mai 2012 40 pages
Libeacuterer le financement de lrsquoeacuteconomieRobin Rivaton avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoeacutepargne au service du logement socialJulie Merle avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2012Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2012 210 pages
Valeurs partageacuteesDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF mars 2012 362 pages
Les droites en EuropeDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF feacutevrier 2012 552 pages
Innovation politique 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2012 648 pages
Lrsquoeacutecole de la liberteacute initiative autonomie et responsabiliteacuteCharles Feuillerade janvier 2012 36 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (2) les strateacutegiesReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 40 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (1) les enjeuxReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 48 pages
Reacutevolution des valeurs et mondialisationLuc Ferry janvier 2012 36 pages
Quel avenir pour la social-deacutemocratie en Europe Sir Stuart Bell deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
La reacutegulation professionnelle des regravegles non eacutetatiques pour mieux responsabiliserJean-Pierre Teyssier deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
Lrsquohospitaliteacute une eacutethique du soinEmmanuel Hirsch deacutecembre 2011 32 pages
12 ideacutees pour 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2011 110 pages
Les classes moyennes et le logementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2011 40 pages
Reacuteformer la santeacute trois propositionsNicolas Bouzou novembre 2011 32 pages
51
Le nouveau Parlement la reacutevision du 23 juillet 2008Jean-Feacutelix de Bujadoux novembre 2011 40 pages
La responsabiliteacuteAlain-Geacuterard Slama novembre 2011 32 pages
Le vote des classes moyennesEacutelisabeth Dupoirier novembre 2011 40 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute par la qualiteacuteEmmanuel Combe et Jean-Louis Mucchielli octobre 2011 32 pages
Les classes moyennes et le creacuteditNicolas Peacutecourt octobre 2011 32 pages
Portrait des classes moyennesLaure Bonneval Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Fabienne Gomant octobre 2011 36 pages
Morale eacutethique deacuteontologieMichel Maffesoli octobre 2011 40 pages
Sortir du communisme changer drsquoeacutepoqueSteacutephane Courtois (dir) PUF octobre 2011 672 pages
Lrsquoeacutenergie nucleacuteaire apregraves Fukushima incident mineur ou nouvelle donne Malcolm Grimston septembre 2011 16 pages
La jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2011 132 pages
Pouvoir drsquoachat une politiqueEmmanuel Combe septembre 2011 52 pages
La liberteacute religieuseHenri Madelin septembre 2011 36 pages
Reacuteduire notre dette publiqueJean-Marc Daniel septembre 2011 40 pages
Eacutecologie et libeacuteralismeCorine Pelluchon aoucirct 2011 40 pages
Valoriser les monuments historiques de nouvelles strateacutegiesWladimir Mitrofanoff et Christiane Schmuckle-Mollard juillet 2011 28 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs raisonsEddy Fougier juillet 2011 40 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs reacuteseauxSylvain Boulouque juillet 2011 36 pages
La fraterniteacutePaul Thibaud juin 2011 36 pages
La transformation numeacuterique au service de la croissanceJean-Pierre Corniou juin 2011 52 pages
LrsquoengagementDominique Schnapper juin 2011 32 pages
Liberteacute Eacutegaliteacute FraterniteacuteAndreacute Glucksmann mai 2011 36 pages
52
fond
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Quelle industrie pour la deacutefense franccedilaise Guillaume Lagane mai 2011 26 pages
La religion dans les affaires la responsabiliteacute sociale de lrsquoentrepriseAureacutelien Acquier Jean-Pascal Gond et Jacques Igalens mai 2011 44 pages
La religion dans les affaires la finance islamiqueLila Guermas-Sayegh mai 2011 36 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAllemagnePatrick Moreau avril 2011 56 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La SlovaquieEacutetienne Boisserie avril 2011 40 pages
Qui deacutetient la dette publique Guillaume Leroy avril 2011 36 pages
Le principe de preacutecaution dans le mondeNicolas de Sadeleer mars 2011 36 pages
Comprendre le Tea PartyHenri Hude mars 2011 40 pages
Ougrave en est la droite Les Pays-BasNiek Pas mars 2011 36 pages
Productiviteacute agricole et qualiteacute des eauxGeacuterard Morice mars 2011 44 pages
LrsquoEau du volume agrave la valeurJean-Louis Chaussade mars 2011 32 pages
Eau comment traiter les micropolluants Philippe Hartemann mars 2011 38 pages
Eau deacutefis mondiaux perspectives franccedilaisesGeacuterard Payen mars 2011 62 pages
Lrsquoirrigation pour une agriculture durableJean-Paul Renoux mars 2011 42 pages
Gestion de lrsquoeau vers de nouveaux modegravelesAntoine Freacuterot mars 2011 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAutrichePatrick Moreau feacutevrier 2011 42 pages
La participation au service de lrsquoemploi et du pouvoir drsquoachatJacques Perche et Antoine Pertinax feacutevrier 2011 32 pages
Le tandem franco-allemand face agrave la crise de lrsquoeuroWolfgang Glomb feacutevrier 2011 38 pages
2011 la jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) janvier 2011 88 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2011Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacutedition Lignes de Repegraveres janvier 2011 254 pages
Administration 20Thierry Weibel janvier 2011 48 pages
53
Ougrave en est la droite La BulgarieAntony Todorov deacutecembre 2010 32 pages
Le retour du tirage au sort en politiqueGil Delannoi deacutecembre 2010 38 pages
La compeacutetence morale du peupleRaymond Boudon novembre 2010 30 pages
LrsquoAcadeacutemie au pays du capitalBernard Belloc et Pierre-Franccedilois Mourier PUF novembre 2010 222 pages
Pour une nouvelle politique agricole communeBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Seacutecuriteacute alimentaire un enjeu globalBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Les vertus cacheacutees du low cost aeacuterienEmmanuel Combe novembre 2010 40 pages
Innovation politique 2011Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF novembre 2010 676 pages
Deacutefense surmonter lrsquoimpasse budgeacutetaireGuillaume Lagane octobre 2010 34 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoEspagneJoan Marcet octobre 2010 34 pages
Les vertus de la concurrenceDavid Sraer septembre 2010 44 pages
Internet politique et coproduction citoyenneRobin Berjon septembre 2010 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La PologneDominika Tomaszewska-Mortimer aoucirct 2010 42 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Suegravede et le DanemarkJacob Christensen juillet 2010 44 pages
Quel policier dans notre socieacuteteacute Mathieu Zagrodzki juillet 2010 28 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoItalieSofia Ventura juillet 2010 36 pages
Crise bancaire dette publique une vue allemandeWolfgang Glomb juillet 2010 28 pages
Dette publique inquieacutetude publiqueJeacuterocircme Fourquet juin 2010 32 pages
Une reacutegulation bancaire pour une croissance durableNathalie Janson juin 2010 36 pages
Quatre propositions pour reacutenover notre modegravele agricolePascal Perri mai 2010 32 pages
Reacutegionales 2010 que sont les eacutelecteurs devenus Pascal Perrineau mai 2010 56 pages
54
fond
apol
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nnov
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n po
litiq
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Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2010Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mai 2010 245 pages
Pays-Bas la tentation populisteChristophe de Voogd mai 2010 43 pages
Quatre ideacutees pour renforcer le pouvoir drsquoachatPascal Perri avril 2010 30 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Grande-BretagneDavid Hanley avril 2010 34 pages
Renforcer le rocircle eacuteconomique des reacutegionsNicolas Bouzou mars 2010 30 pages
Reacuteduire la dette gracircce agrave la ConstitutionJacques Delpla feacutevrier 2010 54 pages
Strateacutegie pour une reacuteduction de la dette publique franccedilaiseNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2010 30 pages
Iran une reacutevolution civile Nader Vahabi novembre 2009 19 pages
Ougrave va la politique de lrsquoeacuteglise catholique Drsquoune querelle du libeacuteralisme agrave lrsquoautreEacutemile Perreau-Saussine octobre 2009 26 pages
Agir pour la croissance verteValeacutery Morron et Deacuteborah Sanchez octobre 2009 11 pages
Lrsquoeacuteconomie allemande agrave la veille des leacutegislatives de 2009Nicolas Bouzou et Jeacuterocircme Duval-Hamel septembre 2009 10 pages
Eacutelections europeacuteennes 2009 analyse des reacutesultats en Europe et en FranceCorinne Deloy Dominique Reynieacute et Pascal Perrineau septembre 2009 32 pages
Retour sur lrsquoalliance sovieacuteto-nazie 70 ans apregravesSteacutephane Courtois juillet 2009 16 pages
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55
Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
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THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
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fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
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No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
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| lrsquoi
nnov
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THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
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No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
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Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
La reacuteforme de lrsquoenseignement supeacuterieur en AustralieZoe McKenzie mars 2009 74 pages
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THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
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No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
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47
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48
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THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
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No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
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Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
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THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
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No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
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49
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apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
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Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
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THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
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No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
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55
Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
La reacuteforme de lrsquoenseignement supeacuterieur en AustralieZoe McKenzie mars 2009 74 pages
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56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
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49
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Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoItalieSofia Ventura juillet 2010 36 pages
Crise bancaire dette publique une vue allemandeWolfgang Glomb juillet 2010 28 pages
Dette publique inquieacutetude publiqueJeacuterocircme Fourquet juin 2010 32 pages
Une reacutegulation bancaire pour une croissance durableNathalie Janson juin 2010 36 pages
Quatre propositions pour reacutenover notre modegravele agricolePascal Perri mai 2010 32 pages
Reacutegionales 2010 que sont les eacutelecteurs devenus Pascal Perrineau mai 2010 56 pages
54
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
ue
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2010Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mai 2010 245 pages
Pays-Bas la tentation populisteChristophe de Voogd mai 2010 43 pages
Quatre ideacutees pour renforcer le pouvoir drsquoachatPascal Perri avril 2010 30 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Grande-BretagneDavid Hanley avril 2010 34 pages
Renforcer le rocircle eacuteconomique des reacutegionsNicolas Bouzou mars 2010 30 pages
Reacuteduire la dette gracircce agrave la ConstitutionJacques Delpla feacutevrier 2010 54 pages
Strateacutegie pour une reacuteduction de la dette publique franccedilaiseNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2010 30 pages
Iran une reacutevolution civile Nader Vahabi novembre 2009 19 pages
Ougrave va la politique de lrsquoeacuteglise catholique Drsquoune querelle du libeacuteralisme agrave lrsquoautreEacutemile Perreau-Saussine octobre 2009 26 pages
Agir pour la croissance verteValeacutery Morron et Deacuteborah Sanchez octobre 2009 11 pages
Lrsquoeacuteconomie allemande agrave la veille des leacutegislatives de 2009Nicolas Bouzou et Jeacuterocircme Duval-Hamel septembre 2009 10 pages
Eacutelections europeacuteennes 2009 analyse des reacutesultats en Europe et en FranceCorinne Deloy Dominique Reynieacute et Pascal Perrineau septembre 2009 32 pages
Retour sur lrsquoalliance sovieacuteto-nazie 70 ans apregravesSteacutephane Courtois juillet 2009 16 pages
LrsquoEacutetat administratif et le libeacuteralisme Une histoire franccedilaiseLucien Jaume juin 2009 12 pages
La politique europeacuteenne de deacuteveloppement une reacuteponse agrave la crise de la mondialisation Jean-Michel Debrat juin 2009 12 pages
La protestation contre la reacuteforme du statut des enseignants-chercheurs deacutefense du statut illustration du statu quoSuivi drsquoune discussion entre lrsquoauteur et Bruno BensassonDavid Bonneau mai 2009 20 pages
La lutte contre les discriminations lieacutees agrave lrsquoacircge en matiegravere drsquoemploiEacutelise Muir (dir) mai 2009 64 pages
Quatre propositions pour que lrsquoEurope ne tombe pas dans le protectionnismeNicolas Bouzou mars 2009 12 pages
Apregraves le 29 janvier la fonction publique contre la socieacuteteacute civile Une question de justice sociale et un problegraveme deacutemocratiqueDominique Reynieacute mars 2009 22 pages
55
Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
La reacuteforme de lrsquoenseignement supeacuterieur en AustralieZoe McKenzie mars 2009 74 pages
Les reacuteformes face au conflit socialDominique Reynieacute janvier 2009 14 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2009Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2009 237 pages
Travailler le dimanche qursquoen pensent ceux qui travaillent le dimanche Sondage analyse eacuteleacutements pour le deacutebatDominique Reynieacute janvier 2009 18 pages
Strateacutegie europeacuteenne pour la croissance verteElvire Fabry et Damien Tresallet (dir) novembre 2008 124 pages
Deacutefense immigration eacutenergie regards croiseacutes franco-allemands sur trois prioriteacutes de la preacutesidence franccedilaise de lrsquoUEElvire Fabry octobre 2008 35 pages
56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
48
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
ue
Coran cleacutes de lectureTareq Oubrou janvier 2015 44 pages
Le pluralisme religieux en islam ou la conscience de lrsquoalteacuteriteacuteEacuteric Geoffroy janvier 2015 40 pages
Meacutemoires agrave venirDominique Reynieacute janvier 2015 enquecircte reacutealiseacutee en partenariat avec la Fondation pour la Meacutemoire de la Shoah 156 pages
La classe moyenne ameacutericaine en voie drsquoeffritementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2014 40 pages
Pour une compleacutementaire eacuteducation lrsquoeacutecole des classes moyennesErwan Le Noan et Dominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquoantiseacutemitisme dans lrsquoopinion publique franccedilaise Nouveaux eacuteclairagesDominique Reynieacute novembre 2014 48 pages
La politique de concurrence un atout pour notre industrieEmmanuel Combe novembre 2014 48 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (2) pousseacutee du FN recul de lrsquoUMP et vote bretonJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 52 pages
Europeacuteennes 2014 (1) la gauche en miettesJeacuterocircme Fourquet octobre 2014 40 pages
Innovation politique 2014Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF octobre 2014 554 pages
Eacutenergie-climat pour une politique efficaceAlbert Bressand septembre 2014 56 pages
Lrsquourbanisation du monde Une chance pour la FranceLaurence Daziano juillet 2014 44 pages
Que peut-on demander agrave la politique moneacutetaire Pascal Salin mai 2014 48 pages
Le changement crsquoest tout le temps 1514 - 2014Suzanne Baverez et Jean Seacutenieacute mai 2014 48 pages
Trop drsquoeacutemigreacutes Regards sur ceux qui partent de FranceJulien Gonzalez mai 2014 48 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2014Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres avril 2014 284 pages
Taxer mieux gagner plusRobin Rivaton avril 2014 52 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (2) diversifier la haute administrationKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 44 pages
LrsquoEacutetat innovant (1) renforcer les think tanksKevin Brookes et Benjamin Le Pendeven mars 2014 52 pages
Pour un new deal fiscalGianmarco Monsellato mars 2014 8 pages
Faire cesser la mendiciteacute avec enfantsJulien Damon mars 2014 44 pages
49
Le low cost une reacutevolution eacuteconomique et deacutemocratiqueEmmanuel Combe feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Un accegraves eacutequitable aux theacuterapies contre le cancerNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
Reacuteformer le statut des enseignantsLuc Chatel janvier 2014 8 pages
Un outil de finance sociale les social impact bondsYan de Kerorguen deacutecembre 2013 36 pages
Pour la croissance la deacutebureaucratisation par la confiancePierre Pezziardi Serge Soudoplatoff et Xavier Queacuterat-Heacutement novembre 2013 48 pages
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Transition eacutenergeacutetique europeacuteenne bonnes intentions et mauvais calculsAlbert Bressand juillet 2013 44 pages
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50
fond
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litiq
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Fiscaliteacute pourquoi et comment un pays sans riches est un pays pauvrehellipBertrand Jacquillat octobre 2012 40 pages
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Les chiffres de la pauvreteacute le sens de la mesureJulien Damon mai 2012 40 pages
Libeacuterer le financement de lrsquoeacuteconomieRobin Rivaton avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoeacutepargne au service du logement socialJulie Merle avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2012Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2012 210 pages
Valeurs partageacuteesDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF mars 2012 362 pages
Les droites en EuropeDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF feacutevrier 2012 552 pages
Innovation politique 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2012 648 pages
Lrsquoeacutecole de la liberteacute initiative autonomie et responsabiliteacuteCharles Feuillerade janvier 2012 36 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (2) les strateacutegiesReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 40 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (1) les enjeuxReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 48 pages
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Reacuteformer la santeacute trois propositionsNicolas Bouzou novembre 2011 32 pages
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Reacuteduire notre dette publiqueJean-Marc Daniel septembre 2011 40 pages
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Contester les technosciences leurs reacuteseauxSylvain Boulouque juillet 2011 36 pages
La fraterniteacutePaul Thibaud juin 2011 36 pages
La transformation numeacuterique au service de la croissanceJean-Pierre Corniou juin 2011 52 pages
LrsquoengagementDominique Schnapper juin 2011 32 pages
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Le principe de preacutecaution dans le mondeNicolas de Sadeleer mars 2011 36 pages
Comprendre le Tea PartyHenri Hude mars 2011 40 pages
Ougrave en est la droite Les Pays-BasNiek Pas mars 2011 36 pages
Productiviteacute agricole et qualiteacute des eauxGeacuterard Morice mars 2011 44 pages
LrsquoEau du volume agrave la valeurJean-Louis Chaussade mars 2011 32 pages
Eau comment traiter les micropolluants Philippe Hartemann mars 2011 38 pages
Eau deacutefis mondiaux perspectives franccedilaisesGeacuterard Payen mars 2011 62 pages
Lrsquoirrigation pour une agriculture durableJean-Paul Renoux mars 2011 42 pages
Gestion de lrsquoeau vers de nouveaux modegravelesAntoine Freacuterot mars 2011 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAutrichePatrick Moreau feacutevrier 2011 42 pages
La participation au service de lrsquoemploi et du pouvoir drsquoachatJacques Perche et Antoine Pertinax feacutevrier 2011 32 pages
Le tandem franco-allemand face agrave la crise de lrsquoeuroWolfgang Glomb feacutevrier 2011 38 pages
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53
Ougrave en est la droite La BulgarieAntony Todorov deacutecembre 2010 32 pages
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La compeacutetence morale du peupleRaymond Boudon novembre 2010 30 pages
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Pour une nouvelle politique agricole communeBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Seacutecuriteacute alimentaire un enjeu globalBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Les vertus cacheacutees du low cost aeacuterienEmmanuel Combe novembre 2010 40 pages
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Deacutefense surmonter lrsquoimpasse budgeacutetaireGuillaume Lagane octobre 2010 34 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoEspagneJoan Marcet octobre 2010 34 pages
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Internet politique et coproduction citoyenneRobin Berjon septembre 2010 32 pages
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Quel policier dans notre socieacuteteacute Mathieu Zagrodzki juillet 2010 28 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoItalieSofia Ventura juillet 2010 36 pages
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Dette publique inquieacutetude publiqueJeacuterocircme Fourquet juin 2010 32 pages
Une reacutegulation bancaire pour une croissance durableNathalie Janson juin 2010 36 pages
Quatre propositions pour reacutenover notre modegravele agricolePascal Perri mai 2010 32 pages
Reacutegionales 2010 que sont les eacutelecteurs devenus Pascal Perrineau mai 2010 56 pages
54
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apol
| lrsquoi
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Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2010Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mai 2010 245 pages
Pays-Bas la tentation populisteChristophe de Voogd mai 2010 43 pages
Quatre ideacutees pour renforcer le pouvoir drsquoachatPascal Perri avril 2010 30 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Grande-BretagneDavid Hanley avril 2010 34 pages
Renforcer le rocircle eacuteconomique des reacutegionsNicolas Bouzou mars 2010 30 pages
Reacuteduire la dette gracircce agrave la ConstitutionJacques Delpla feacutevrier 2010 54 pages
Strateacutegie pour une reacuteduction de la dette publique franccedilaiseNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2010 30 pages
Iran une reacutevolution civile Nader Vahabi novembre 2009 19 pages
Ougrave va la politique de lrsquoeacuteglise catholique Drsquoune querelle du libeacuteralisme agrave lrsquoautreEacutemile Perreau-Saussine octobre 2009 26 pages
Agir pour la croissance verteValeacutery Morron et Deacuteborah Sanchez octobre 2009 11 pages
Lrsquoeacuteconomie allemande agrave la veille des leacutegislatives de 2009Nicolas Bouzou et Jeacuterocircme Duval-Hamel septembre 2009 10 pages
Eacutelections europeacuteennes 2009 analyse des reacutesultats en Europe et en FranceCorinne Deloy Dominique Reynieacute et Pascal Perrineau septembre 2009 32 pages
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La protestation contre la reacuteforme du statut des enseignants-chercheurs deacutefense du statut illustration du statu quoSuivi drsquoune discussion entre lrsquoauteur et Bruno BensassonDavid Bonneau mai 2009 20 pages
La lutte contre les discriminations lieacutees agrave lrsquoacircge en matiegravere drsquoemploiEacutelise Muir (dir) mai 2009 64 pages
Quatre propositions pour que lrsquoEurope ne tombe pas dans le protectionnismeNicolas Bouzou mars 2009 12 pages
Apregraves le 29 janvier la fonction publique contre la socieacuteteacute civile Une question de justice sociale et un problegraveme deacutemocratiqueDominique Reynieacute mars 2009 22 pages
55
Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
La reacuteforme de lrsquoenseignement supeacuterieur en AustralieZoe McKenzie mars 2009 74 pages
Les reacuteformes face au conflit socialDominique Reynieacute janvier 2009 14 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2009Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2009 237 pages
Travailler le dimanche qursquoen pensent ceux qui travaillent le dimanche Sondage analyse eacuteleacutements pour le deacutebatDominique Reynieacute janvier 2009 18 pages
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Deacutefense immigration eacutenergie regards croiseacutes franco-allemands sur trois prioriteacutes de la preacutesidence franccedilaise de lrsquoUEElvire Fabry octobre 2008 35 pages
56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
49
Le low cost une reacutevolution eacuteconomique et deacutemocratiqueEmmanuel Combe feacutevrier 2014 52 pages
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Sortir drsquoune gregraveve eacutetudiante le cas du QueacutebecJean-Patrick Brady et Steacutephane Paquin octobre 2013 40 pages
Un contrat de travail unique avec indemniteacutes de deacutepart inteacutegreacuteesCharles Beigbeder juillet 2013 8 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2013Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres juillet 2013 268 pages
La nouvelle vague des eacutemergents Bangladesh Eacutethiopie Nigeria Indoneacutesie Vietnam MexiqueLaurence Daziano juillet 2013 40 pages
Transition eacutenergeacutetique europeacuteenne bonnes intentions et mauvais calculsAlbert Bressand juillet 2013 44 pages
La deacutemobiliteacute travailler vivre autrementJulien Damon juin 2013 44 pages
Le Kapital Pour rebacirctir lrsquoindustrieChristian Saint-Eacutetienne et Robin Rivaton avril 2013 40 pages
Code eacutethique de la vie politique et des responsables publics en FranceLes Arvernes Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique avril 2013 12 pages
Les classes moyennes dans les pays eacutemergentsJulien Damon avril 2013 38 pages
Innovation politique 2013Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2013 652 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (2) les strateacutegiesRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 40 pages
Relancer notre industrie par les robots (1) les enjeuxRobin Rivaton deacutecembre 2012 52 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute passe aussi par la fiscaliteacuteAldo Cardoso Michel Didier Bertrand Jacquillat Dominique Reynieacute et Greacutegoire Sentilhes deacutecembre 2012 20 pages
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50
fond
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litiq
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Fiscaliteacute pourquoi et comment un pays sans riches est un pays pauvrehellipBertrand Jacquillat octobre 2012 40 pages
Youth and Sustainable DevelopmentFondapolNomadeacuteisUnited Nations juin 2012 80 pages
La philanthropie Des entrepreneurs de solidariteacuteFrancis Charhon mai juin 2012 44 pages
Les chiffres de la pauvreteacute le sens de la mesureJulien Damon mai 2012 40 pages
Libeacuterer le financement de lrsquoeacuteconomieRobin Rivaton avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoeacutepargne au service du logement socialJulie Merle avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2012Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2012 210 pages
Valeurs partageacuteesDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF mars 2012 362 pages
Les droites en EuropeDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF feacutevrier 2012 552 pages
Innovation politique 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2012 648 pages
Lrsquoeacutecole de la liberteacute initiative autonomie et responsabiliteacuteCharles Feuillerade janvier 2012 36 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (2) les strateacutegiesReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 40 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (1) les enjeuxReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 48 pages
Reacutevolution des valeurs et mondialisationLuc Ferry janvier 2012 36 pages
Quel avenir pour la social-deacutemocratie en Europe Sir Stuart Bell deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
La reacutegulation professionnelle des regravegles non eacutetatiques pour mieux responsabiliserJean-Pierre Teyssier deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
Lrsquohospitaliteacute une eacutethique du soinEmmanuel Hirsch deacutecembre 2011 32 pages
12 ideacutees pour 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2011 110 pages
Les classes moyennes et le logementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2011 40 pages
Reacuteformer la santeacute trois propositionsNicolas Bouzou novembre 2011 32 pages
51
Le nouveau Parlement la reacutevision du 23 juillet 2008Jean-Feacutelix de Bujadoux novembre 2011 40 pages
La responsabiliteacuteAlain-Geacuterard Slama novembre 2011 32 pages
Le vote des classes moyennesEacutelisabeth Dupoirier novembre 2011 40 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute par la qualiteacuteEmmanuel Combe et Jean-Louis Mucchielli octobre 2011 32 pages
Les classes moyennes et le creacuteditNicolas Peacutecourt octobre 2011 32 pages
Portrait des classes moyennesLaure Bonneval Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Fabienne Gomant octobre 2011 36 pages
Morale eacutethique deacuteontologieMichel Maffesoli octobre 2011 40 pages
Sortir du communisme changer drsquoeacutepoqueSteacutephane Courtois (dir) PUF octobre 2011 672 pages
Lrsquoeacutenergie nucleacuteaire apregraves Fukushima incident mineur ou nouvelle donne Malcolm Grimston septembre 2011 16 pages
La jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2011 132 pages
Pouvoir drsquoachat une politiqueEmmanuel Combe septembre 2011 52 pages
La liberteacute religieuseHenri Madelin septembre 2011 36 pages
Reacuteduire notre dette publiqueJean-Marc Daniel septembre 2011 40 pages
Eacutecologie et libeacuteralismeCorine Pelluchon aoucirct 2011 40 pages
Valoriser les monuments historiques de nouvelles strateacutegiesWladimir Mitrofanoff et Christiane Schmuckle-Mollard juillet 2011 28 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs raisonsEddy Fougier juillet 2011 40 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs reacuteseauxSylvain Boulouque juillet 2011 36 pages
La fraterniteacutePaul Thibaud juin 2011 36 pages
La transformation numeacuterique au service de la croissanceJean-Pierre Corniou juin 2011 52 pages
LrsquoengagementDominique Schnapper juin 2011 32 pages
Liberteacute Eacutegaliteacute FraterniteacuteAndreacute Glucksmann mai 2011 36 pages
52
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| lrsquoi
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litiq
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Quelle industrie pour la deacutefense franccedilaise Guillaume Lagane mai 2011 26 pages
La religion dans les affaires la responsabiliteacute sociale de lrsquoentrepriseAureacutelien Acquier Jean-Pascal Gond et Jacques Igalens mai 2011 44 pages
La religion dans les affaires la finance islamiqueLila Guermas-Sayegh mai 2011 36 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAllemagnePatrick Moreau avril 2011 56 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La SlovaquieEacutetienne Boisserie avril 2011 40 pages
Qui deacutetient la dette publique Guillaume Leroy avril 2011 36 pages
Le principe de preacutecaution dans le mondeNicolas de Sadeleer mars 2011 36 pages
Comprendre le Tea PartyHenri Hude mars 2011 40 pages
Ougrave en est la droite Les Pays-BasNiek Pas mars 2011 36 pages
Productiviteacute agricole et qualiteacute des eauxGeacuterard Morice mars 2011 44 pages
LrsquoEau du volume agrave la valeurJean-Louis Chaussade mars 2011 32 pages
Eau comment traiter les micropolluants Philippe Hartemann mars 2011 38 pages
Eau deacutefis mondiaux perspectives franccedilaisesGeacuterard Payen mars 2011 62 pages
Lrsquoirrigation pour une agriculture durableJean-Paul Renoux mars 2011 42 pages
Gestion de lrsquoeau vers de nouveaux modegravelesAntoine Freacuterot mars 2011 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAutrichePatrick Moreau feacutevrier 2011 42 pages
La participation au service de lrsquoemploi et du pouvoir drsquoachatJacques Perche et Antoine Pertinax feacutevrier 2011 32 pages
Le tandem franco-allemand face agrave la crise de lrsquoeuroWolfgang Glomb feacutevrier 2011 38 pages
2011 la jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) janvier 2011 88 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2011Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacutedition Lignes de Repegraveres janvier 2011 254 pages
Administration 20Thierry Weibel janvier 2011 48 pages
53
Ougrave en est la droite La BulgarieAntony Todorov deacutecembre 2010 32 pages
Le retour du tirage au sort en politiqueGil Delannoi deacutecembre 2010 38 pages
La compeacutetence morale du peupleRaymond Boudon novembre 2010 30 pages
LrsquoAcadeacutemie au pays du capitalBernard Belloc et Pierre-Franccedilois Mourier PUF novembre 2010 222 pages
Pour une nouvelle politique agricole communeBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Seacutecuriteacute alimentaire un enjeu globalBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Les vertus cacheacutees du low cost aeacuterienEmmanuel Combe novembre 2010 40 pages
Innovation politique 2011Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF novembre 2010 676 pages
Deacutefense surmonter lrsquoimpasse budgeacutetaireGuillaume Lagane octobre 2010 34 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoEspagneJoan Marcet octobre 2010 34 pages
Les vertus de la concurrenceDavid Sraer septembre 2010 44 pages
Internet politique et coproduction citoyenneRobin Berjon septembre 2010 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La PologneDominika Tomaszewska-Mortimer aoucirct 2010 42 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Suegravede et le DanemarkJacob Christensen juillet 2010 44 pages
Quel policier dans notre socieacuteteacute Mathieu Zagrodzki juillet 2010 28 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoItalieSofia Ventura juillet 2010 36 pages
Crise bancaire dette publique une vue allemandeWolfgang Glomb juillet 2010 28 pages
Dette publique inquieacutetude publiqueJeacuterocircme Fourquet juin 2010 32 pages
Une reacutegulation bancaire pour une croissance durableNathalie Janson juin 2010 36 pages
Quatre propositions pour reacutenover notre modegravele agricolePascal Perri mai 2010 32 pages
Reacutegionales 2010 que sont les eacutelecteurs devenus Pascal Perrineau mai 2010 56 pages
54
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
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Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2010Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mai 2010 245 pages
Pays-Bas la tentation populisteChristophe de Voogd mai 2010 43 pages
Quatre ideacutees pour renforcer le pouvoir drsquoachatPascal Perri avril 2010 30 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Grande-BretagneDavid Hanley avril 2010 34 pages
Renforcer le rocircle eacuteconomique des reacutegionsNicolas Bouzou mars 2010 30 pages
Reacuteduire la dette gracircce agrave la ConstitutionJacques Delpla feacutevrier 2010 54 pages
Strateacutegie pour une reacuteduction de la dette publique franccedilaiseNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2010 30 pages
Iran une reacutevolution civile Nader Vahabi novembre 2009 19 pages
Ougrave va la politique de lrsquoeacuteglise catholique Drsquoune querelle du libeacuteralisme agrave lrsquoautreEacutemile Perreau-Saussine octobre 2009 26 pages
Agir pour la croissance verteValeacutery Morron et Deacuteborah Sanchez octobre 2009 11 pages
Lrsquoeacuteconomie allemande agrave la veille des leacutegislatives de 2009Nicolas Bouzou et Jeacuterocircme Duval-Hamel septembre 2009 10 pages
Eacutelections europeacuteennes 2009 analyse des reacutesultats en Europe et en FranceCorinne Deloy Dominique Reynieacute et Pascal Perrineau septembre 2009 32 pages
Retour sur lrsquoalliance sovieacuteto-nazie 70 ans apregravesSteacutephane Courtois juillet 2009 16 pages
LrsquoEacutetat administratif et le libeacuteralisme Une histoire franccedilaiseLucien Jaume juin 2009 12 pages
La politique europeacuteenne de deacuteveloppement une reacuteponse agrave la crise de la mondialisation Jean-Michel Debrat juin 2009 12 pages
La protestation contre la reacuteforme du statut des enseignants-chercheurs deacutefense du statut illustration du statu quoSuivi drsquoune discussion entre lrsquoauteur et Bruno BensassonDavid Bonneau mai 2009 20 pages
La lutte contre les discriminations lieacutees agrave lrsquoacircge en matiegravere drsquoemploiEacutelise Muir (dir) mai 2009 64 pages
Quatre propositions pour que lrsquoEurope ne tombe pas dans le protectionnismeNicolas Bouzou mars 2009 12 pages
Apregraves le 29 janvier la fonction publique contre la socieacuteteacute civile Une question de justice sociale et un problegraveme deacutemocratiqueDominique Reynieacute mars 2009 22 pages
55
Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
La reacuteforme de lrsquoenseignement supeacuterieur en AustralieZoe McKenzie mars 2009 74 pages
Les reacuteformes face au conflit socialDominique Reynieacute janvier 2009 14 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2009Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2009 237 pages
Travailler le dimanche qursquoen pensent ceux qui travaillent le dimanche Sondage analyse eacuteleacutements pour le deacutebatDominique Reynieacute janvier 2009 18 pages
Strateacutegie europeacuteenne pour la croissance verteElvire Fabry et Damien Tresallet (dir) novembre 2008 124 pages
Deacutefense immigration eacutenergie regards croiseacutes franco-allemands sur trois prioriteacutes de la preacutesidence franccedilaise de lrsquoUEElvire Fabry octobre 2008 35 pages
56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
50
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
ue
La nouvelle politique fiscale rend-elle lrsquoISF inconstitutionnel Aldo Cardoso novembre 2012 12 pages
Fiscaliteacute pourquoi et comment un pays sans riches est un pays pauvrehellipBertrand Jacquillat octobre 2012 40 pages
Youth and Sustainable DevelopmentFondapolNomadeacuteisUnited Nations juin 2012 80 pages
La philanthropie Des entrepreneurs de solidariteacuteFrancis Charhon mai juin 2012 44 pages
Les chiffres de la pauvreteacute le sens de la mesureJulien Damon mai 2012 40 pages
Libeacuterer le financement de lrsquoeacuteconomieRobin Rivaton avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoeacutepargne au service du logement socialJulie Merle avril 2012 40 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2012Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2012 210 pages
Valeurs partageacuteesDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF mars 2012 362 pages
Les droites en EuropeDominique Reynieacute (dir) PUF feacutevrier 2012 552 pages
Innovation politique 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF janvier 2012 648 pages
Lrsquoeacutecole de la liberteacute initiative autonomie et responsabiliteacuteCharles Feuillerade janvier 2012 36 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (2) les strateacutegiesReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 40 pages
Politique eacutenergeacutetique franccedilaise (1) les enjeuxReacutemy Prudrsquohomme janvier 2012 48 pages
Reacutevolution des valeurs et mondialisationLuc Ferry janvier 2012 36 pages
Quel avenir pour la social-deacutemocratie en Europe Sir Stuart Bell deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
La reacutegulation professionnelle des regravegles non eacutetatiques pour mieux responsabiliserJean-Pierre Teyssier deacutecembre 2011 36 pages
Lrsquohospitaliteacute une eacutethique du soinEmmanuel Hirsch deacutecembre 2011 32 pages
12 ideacutees pour 2012Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique deacutecembre 2011 110 pages
Les classes moyennes et le logementJulien Damon deacutecembre 2011 40 pages
Reacuteformer la santeacute trois propositionsNicolas Bouzou novembre 2011 32 pages
51
Le nouveau Parlement la reacutevision du 23 juillet 2008Jean-Feacutelix de Bujadoux novembre 2011 40 pages
La responsabiliteacuteAlain-Geacuterard Slama novembre 2011 32 pages
Le vote des classes moyennesEacutelisabeth Dupoirier novembre 2011 40 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute par la qualiteacuteEmmanuel Combe et Jean-Louis Mucchielli octobre 2011 32 pages
Les classes moyennes et le creacuteditNicolas Peacutecourt octobre 2011 32 pages
Portrait des classes moyennesLaure Bonneval Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Fabienne Gomant octobre 2011 36 pages
Morale eacutethique deacuteontologieMichel Maffesoli octobre 2011 40 pages
Sortir du communisme changer drsquoeacutepoqueSteacutephane Courtois (dir) PUF octobre 2011 672 pages
Lrsquoeacutenergie nucleacuteaire apregraves Fukushima incident mineur ou nouvelle donne Malcolm Grimston septembre 2011 16 pages
La jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2011 132 pages
Pouvoir drsquoachat une politiqueEmmanuel Combe septembre 2011 52 pages
La liberteacute religieuseHenri Madelin septembre 2011 36 pages
Reacuteduire notre dette publiqueJean-Marc Daniel septembre 2011 40 pages
Eacutecologie et libeacuteralismeCorine Pelluchon aoucirct 2011 40 pages
Valoriser les monuments historiques de nouvelles strateacutegiesWladimir Mitrofanoff et Christiane Schmuckle-Mollard juillet 2011 28 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs raisonsEddy Fougier juillet 2011 40 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs reacuteseauxSylvain Boulouque juillet 2011 36 pages
La fraterniteacutePaul Thibaud juin 2011 36 pages
La transformation numeacuterique au service de la croissanceJean-Pierre Corniou juin 2011 52 pages
LrsquoengagementDominique Schnapper juin 2011 32 pages
Liberteacute Eacutegaliteacute FraterniteacuteAndreacute Glucksmann mai 2011 36 pages
52
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
ue
Quelle industrie pour la deacutefense franccedilaise Guillaume Lagane mai 2011 26 pages
La religion dans les affaires la responsabiliteacute sociale de lrsquoentrepriseAureacutelien Acquier Jean-Pascal Gond et Jacques Igalens mai 2011 44 pages
La religion dans les affaires la finance islamiqueLila Guermas-Sayegh mai 2011 36 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAllemagnePatrick Moreau avril 2011 56 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La SlovaquieEacutetienne Boisserie avril 2011 40 pages
Qui deacutetient la dette publique Guillaume Leroy avril 2011 36 pages
Le principe de preacutecaution dans le mondeNicolas de Sadeleer mars 2011 36 pages
Comprendre le Tea PartyHenri Hude mars 2011 40 pages
Ougrave en est la droite Les Pays-BasNiek Pas mars 2011 36 pages
Productiviteacute agricole et qualiteacute des eauxGeacuterard Morice mars 2011 44 pages
LrsquoEau du volume agrave la valeurJean-Louis Chaussade mars 2011 32 pages
Eau comment traiter les micropolluants Philippe Hartemann mars 2011 38 pages
Eau deacutefis mondiaux perspectives franccedilaisesGeacuterard Payen mars 2011 62 pages
Lrsquoirrigation pour une agriculture durableJean-Paul Renoux mars 2011 42 pages
Gestion de lrsquoeau vers de nouveaux modegravelesAntoine Freacuterot mars 2011 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAutrichePatrick Moreau feacutevrier 2011 42 pages
La participation au service de lrsquoemploi et du pouvoir drsquoachatJacques Perche et Antoine Pertinax feacutevrier 2011 32 pages
Le tandem franco-allemand face agrave la crise de lrsquoeuroWolfgang Glomb feacutevrier 2011 38 pages
2011 la jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) janvier 2011 88 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2011Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacutedition Lignes de Repegraveres janvier 2011 254 pages
Administration 20Thierry Weibel janvier 2011 48 pages
53
Ougrave en est la droite La BulgarieAntony Todorov deacutecembre 2010 32 pages
Le retour du tirage au sort en politiqueGil Delannoi deacutecembre 2010 38 pages
La compeacutetence morale du peupleRaymond Boudon novembre 2010 30 pages
LrsquoAcadeacutemie au pays du capitalBernard Belloc et Pierre-Franccedilois Mourier PUF novembre 2010 222 pages
Pour une nouvelle politique agricole communeBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Seacutecuriteacute alimentaire un enjeu globalBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Les vertus cacheacutees du low cost aeacuterienEmmanuel Combe novembre 2010 40 pages
Innovation politique 2011Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF novembre 2010 676 pages
Deacutefense surmonter lrsquoimpasse budgeacutetaireGuillaume Lagane octobre 2010 34 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoEspagneJoan Marcet octobre 2010 34 pages
Les vertus de la concurrenceDavid Sraer septembre 2010 44 pages
Internet politique et coproduction citoyenneRobin Berjon septembre 2010 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La PologneDominika Tomaszewska-Mortimer aoucirct 2010 42 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Suegravede et le DanemarkJacob Christensen juillet 2010 44 pages
Quel policier dans notre socieacuteteacute Mathieu Zagrodzki juillet 2010 28 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoItalieSofia Ventura juillet 2010 36 pages
Crise bancaire dette publique une vue allemandeWolfgang Glomb juillet 2010 28 pages
Dette publique inquieacutetude publiqueJeacuterocircme Fourquet juin 2010 32 pages
Une reacutegulation bancaire pour une croissance durableNathalie Janson juin 2010 36 pages
Quatre propositions pour reacutenover notre modegravele agricolePascal Perri mai 2010 32 pages
Reacutegionales 2010 que sont les eacutelecteurs devenus Pascal Perrineau mai 2010 56 pages
54
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
ue
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2010Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mai 2010 245 pages
Pays-Bas la tentation populisteChristophe de Voogd mai 2010 43 pages
Quatre ideacutees pour renforcer le pouvoir drsquoachatPascal Perri avril 2010 30 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Grande-BretagneDavid Hanley avril 2010 34 pages
Renforcer le rocircle eacuteconomique des reacutegionsNicolas Bouzou mars 2010 30 pages
Reacuteduire la dette gracircce agrave la ConstitutionJacques Delpla feacutevrier 2010 54 pages
Strateacutegie pour une reacuteduction de la dette publique franccedilaiseNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2010 30 pages
Iran une reacutevolution civile Nader Vahabi novembre 2009 19 pages
Ougrave va la politique de lrsquoeacuteglise catholique Drsquoune querelle du libeacuteralisme agrave lrsquoautreEacutemile Perreau-Saussine octobre 2009 26 pages
Agir pour la croissance verteValeacutery Morron et Deacuteborah Sanchez octobre 2009 11 pages
Lrsquoeacuteconomie allemande agrave la veille des leacutegislatives de 2009Nicolas Bouzou et Jeacuterocircme Duval-Hamel septembre 2009 10 pages
Eacutelections europeacuteennes 2009 analyse des reacutesultats en Europe et en FranceCorinne Deloy Dominique Reynieacute et Pascal Perrineau septembre 2009 32 pages
Retour sur lrsquoalliance sovieacuteto-nazie 70 ans apregravesSteacutephane Courtois juillet 2009 16 pages
LrsquoEacutetat administratif et le libeacuteralisme Une histoire franccedilaiseLucien Jaume juin 2009 12 pages
La politique europeacuteenne de deacuteveloppement une reacuteponse agrave la crise de la mondialisation Jean-Michel Debrat juin 2009 12 pages
La protestation contre la reacuteforme du statut des enseignants-chercheurs deacutefense du statut illustration du statu quoSuivi drsquoune discussion entre lrsquoauteur et Bruno BensassonDavid Bonneau mai 2009 20 pages
La lutte contre les discriminations lieacutees agrave lrsquoacircge en matiegravere drsquoemploiEacutelise Muir (dir) mai 2009 64 pages
Quatre propositions pour que lrsquoEurope ne tombe pas dans le protectionnismeNicolas Bouzou mars 2009 12 pages
Apregraves le 29 janvier la fonction publique contre la socieacuteteacute civile Une question de justice sociale et un problegraveme deacutemocratiqueDominique Reynieacute mars 2009 22 pages
55
Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
La reacuteforme de lrsquoenseignement supeacuterieur en AustralieZoe McKenzie mars 2009 74 pages
Les reacuteformes face au conflit socialDominique Reynieacute janvier 2009 14 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2009Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2009 237 pages
Travailler le dimanche qursquoen pensent ceux qui travaillent le dimanche Sondage analyse eacuteleacutements pour le deacutebatDominique Reynieacute janvier 2009 18 pages
Strateacutegie europeacuteenne pour la croissance verteElvire Fabry et Damien Tresallet (dir) novembre 2008 124 pages
Deacutefense immigration eacutenergie regards croiseacutes franco-allemands sur trois prioriteacutes de la preacutesidence franccedilaise de lrsquoUEElvire Fabry octobre 2008 35 pages
56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
51
Le nouveau Parlement la reacutevision du 23 juillet 2008Jean-Feacutelix de Bujadoux novembre 2011 40 pages
La responsabiliteacuteAlain-Geacuterard Slama novembre 2011 32 pages
Le vote des classes moyennesEacutelisabeth Dupoirier novembre 2011 40 pages
La compeacutetitiviteacute par la qualiteacuteEmmanuel Combe et Jean-Louis Mucchielli octobre 2011 32 pages
Les classes moyennes et le creacuteditNicolas Peacutecourt octobre 2011 32 pages
Portrait des classes moyennesLaure Bonneval Jeacuterocircme Fourquet et Fabienne Gomant octobre 2011 36 pages
Morale eacutethique deacuteontologieMichel Maffesoli octobre 2011 40 pages
Sortir du communisme changer drsquoeacutepoqueSteacutephane Courtois (dir) PUF octobre 2011 672 pages
Lrsquoeacutenergie nucleacuteaire apregraves Fukushima incident mineur ou nouvelle donne Malcolm Grimston septembre 2011 16 pages
La jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres septembre 2011 132 pages
Pouvoir drsquoachat une politiqueEmmanuel Combe septembre 2011 52 pages
La liberteacute religieuseHenri Madelin septembre 2011 36 pages
Reacuteduire notre dette publiqueJean-Marc Daniel septembre 2011 40 pages
Eacutecologie et libeacuteralismeCorine Pelluchon aoucirct 2011 40 pages
Valoriser les monuments historiques de nouvelles strateacutegiesWladimir Mitrofanoff et Christiane Schmuckle-Mollard juillet 2011 28 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs raisonsEddy Fougier juillet 2011 40 pages
Contester les technosciences leurs reacuteseauxSylvain Boulouque juillet 2011 36 pages
La fraterniteacutePaul Thibaud juin 2011 36 pages
La transformation numeacuterique au service de la croissanceJean-Pierre Corniou juin 2011 52 pages
LrsquoengagementDominique Schnapper juin 2011 32 pages
Liberteacute Eacutegaliteacute FraterniteacuteAndreacute Glucksmann mai 2011 36 pages
52
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
ue
Quelle industrie pour la deacutefense franccedilaise Guillaume Lagane mai 2011 26 pages
La religion dans les affaires la responsabiliteacute sociale de lrsquoentrepriseAureacutelien Acquier Jean-Pascal Gond et Jacques Igalens mai 2011 44 pages
La religion dans les affaires la finance islamiqueLila Guermas-Sayegh mai 2011 36 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAllemagnePatrick Moreau avril 2011 56 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La SlovaquieEacutetienne Boisserie avril 2011 40 pages
Qui deacutetient la dette publique Guillaume Leroy avril 2011 36 pages
Le principe de preacutecaution dans le mondeNicolas de Sadeleer mars 2011 36 pages
Comprendre le Tea PartyHenri Hude mars 2011 40 pages
Ougrave en est la droite Les Pays-BasNiek Pas mars 2011 36 pages
Productiviteacute agricole et qualiteacute des eauxGeacuterard Morice mars 2011 44 pages
LrsquoEau du volume agrave la valeurJean-Louis Chaussade mars 2011 32 pages
Eau comment traiter les micropolluants Philippe Hartemann mars 2011 38 pages
Eau deacutefis mondiaux perspectives franccedilaisesGeacuterard Payen mars 2011 62 pages
Lrsquoirrigation pour une agriculture durableJean-Paul Renoux mars 2011 42 pages
Gestion de lrsquoeau vers de nouveaux modegravelesAntoine Freacuterot mars 2011 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAutrichePatrick Moreau feacutevrier 2011 42 pages
La participation au service de lrsquoemploi et du pouvoir drsquoachatJacques Perche et Antoine Pertinax feacutevrier 2011 32 pages
Le tandem franco-allemand face agrave la crise de lrsquoeuroWolfgang Glomb feacutevrier 2011 38 pages
2011 la jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) janvier 2011 88 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2011Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacutedition Lignes de Repegraveres janvier 2011 254 pages
Administration 20Thierry Weibel janvier 2011 48 pages
53
Ougrave en est la droite La BulgarieAntony Todorov deacutecembre 2010 32 pages
Le retour du tirage au sort en politiqueGil Delannoi deacutecembre 2010 38 pages
La compeacutetence morale du peupleRaymond Boudon novembre 2010 30 pages
LrsquoAcadeacutemie au pays du capitalBernard Belloc et Pierre-Franccedilois Mourier PUF novembre 2010 222 pages
Pour une nouvelle politique agricole communeBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Seacutecuriteacute alimentaire un enjeu globalBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Les vertus cacheacutees du low cost aeacuterienEmmanuel Combe novembre 2010 40 pages
Innovation politique 2011Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF novembre 2010 676 pages
Deacutefense surmonter lrsquoimpasse budgeacutetaireGuillaume Lagane octobre 2010 34 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoEspagneJoan Marcet octobre 2010 34 pages
Les vertus de la concurrenceDavid Sraer septembre 2010 44 pages
Internet politique et coproduction citoyenneRobin Berjon septembre 2010 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La PologneDominika Tomaszewska-Mortimer aoucirct 2010 42 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Suegravede et le DanemarkJacob Christensen juillet 2010 44 pages
Quel policier dans notre socieacuteteacute Mathieu Zagrodzki juillet 2010 28 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoItalieSofia Ventura juillet 2010 36 pages
Crise bancaire dette publique une vue allemandeWolfgang Glomb juillet 2010 28 pages
Dette publique inquieacutetude publiqueJeacuterocircme Fourquet juin 2010 32 pages
Une reacutegulation bancaire pour une croissance durableNathalie Janson juin 2010 36 pages
Quatre propositions pour reacutenover notre modegravele agricolePascal Perri mai 2010 32 pages
Reacutegionales 2010 que sont les eacutelecteurs devenus Pascal Perrineau mai 2010 56 pages
54
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
ue
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2010Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mai 2010 245 pages
Pays-Bas la tentation populisteChristophe de Voogd mai 2010 43 pages
Quatre ideacutees pour renforcer le pouvoir drsquoachatPascal Perri avril 2010 30 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Grande-BretagneDavid Hanley avril 2010 34 pages
Renforcer le rocircle eacuteconomique des reacutegionsNicolas Bouzou mars 2010 30 pages
Reacuteduire la dette gracircce agrave la ConstitutionJacques Delpla feacutevrier 2010 54 pages
Strateacutegie pour une reacuteduction de la dette publique franccedilaiseNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2010 30 pages
Iran une reacutevolution civile Nader Vahabi novembre 2009 19 pages
Ougrave va la politique de lrsquoeacuteglise catholique Drsquoune querelle du libeacuteralisme agrave lrsquoautreEacutemile Perreau-Saussine octobre 2009 26 pages
Agir pour la croissance verteValeacutery Morron et Deacuteborah Sanchez octobre 2009 11 pages
Lrsquoeacuteconomie allemande agrave la veille des leacutegislatives de 2009Nicolas Bouzou et Jeacuterocircme Duval-Hamel septembre 2009 10 pages
Eacutelections europeacuteennes 2009 analyse des reacutesultats en Europe et en FranceCorinne Deloy Dominique Reynieacute et Pascal Perrineau septembre 2009 32 pages
Retour sur lrsquoalliance sovieacuteto-nazie 70 ans apregravesSteacutephane Courtois juillet 2009 16 pages
LrsquoEacutetat administratif et le libeacuteralisme Une histoire franccedilaiseLucien Jaume juin 2009 12 pages
La politique europeacuteenne de deacuteveloppement une reacuteponse agrave la crise de la mondialisation Jean-Michel Debrat juin 2009 12 pages
La protestation contre la reacuteforme du statut des enseignants-chercheurs deacutefense du statut illustration du statu quoSuivi drsquoune discussion entre lrsquoauteur et Bruno BensassonDavid Bonneau mai 2009 20 pages
La lutte contre les discriminations lieacutees agrave lrsquoacircge en matiegravere drsquoemploiEacutelise Muir (dir) mai 2009 64 pages
Quatre propositions pour que lrsquoEurope ne tombe pas dans le protectionnismeNicolas Bouzou mars 2009 12 pages
Apregraves le 29 janvier la fonction publique contre la socieacuteteacute civile Une question de justice sociale et un problegraveme deacutemocratiqueDominique Reynieacute mars 2009 22 pages
55
Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
La reacuteforme de lrsquoenseignement supeacuterieur en AustralieZoe McKenzie mars 2009 74 pages
Les reacuteformes face au conflit socialDominique Reynieacute janvier 2009 14 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2009Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2009 237 pages
Travailler le dimanche qursquoen pensent ceux qui travaillent le dimanche Sondage analyse eacuteleacutements pour le deacutebatDominique Reynieacute janvier 2009 18 pages
Strateacutegie europeacuteenne pour la croissance verteElvire Fabry et Damien Tresallet (dir) novembre 2008 124 pages
Deacutefense immigration eacutenergie regards croiseacutes franco-allemands sur trois prioriteacutes de la preacutesidence franccedilaise de lrsquoUEElvire Fabry octobre 2008 35 pages
56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
52
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
ue
Quelle industrie pour la deacutefense franccedilaise Guillaume Lagane mai 2011 26 pages
La religion dans les affaires la responsabiliteacute sociale de lrsquoentrepriseAureacutelien Acquier Jean-Pascal Gond et Jacques Igalens mai 2011 44 pages
La religion dans les affaires la finance islamiqueLila Guermas-Sayegh mai 2011 36 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAllemagnePatrick Moreau avril 2011 56 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La SlovaquieEacutetienne Boisserie avril 2011 40 pages
Qui deacutetient la dette publique Guillaume Leroy avril 2011 36 pages
Le principe de preacutecaution dans le mondeNicolas de Sadeleer mars 2011 36 pages
Comprendre le Tea PartyHenri Hude mars 2011 40 pages
Ougrave en est la droite Les Pays-BasNiek Pas mars 2011 36 pages
Productiviteacute agricole et qualiteacute des eauxGeacuterard Morice mars 2011 44 pages
LrsquoEau du volume agrave la valeurJean-Louis Chaussade mars 2011 32 pages
Eau comment traiter les micropolluants Philippe Hartemann mars 2011 38 pages
Eau deacutefis mondiaux perspectives franccedilaisesGeacuterard Payen mars 2011 62 pages
Lrsquoirrigation pour une agriculture durableJean-Paul Renoux mars 2011 42 pages
Gestion de lrsquoeau vers de nouveaux modegravelesAntoine Freacuterot mars 2011 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoAutrichePatrick Moreau feacutevrier 2011 42 pages
La participation au service de lrsquoemploi et du pouvoir drsquoachatJacques Perche et Antoine Pertinax feacutevrier 2011 32 pages
Le tandem franco-allemand face agrave la crise de lrsquoeuroWolfgang Glomb feacutevrier 2011 38 pages
2011 la jeunesse du mondeDominique Reynieacute (dir) janvier 2011 88 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2011Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacutedition Lignes de Repegraveres janvier 2011 254 pages
Administration 20Thierry Weibel janvier 2011 48 pages
53
Ougrave en est la droite La BulgarieAntony Todorov deacutecembre 2010 32 pages
Le retour du tirage au sort en politiqueGil Delannoi deacutecembre 2010 38 pages
La compeacutetence morale du peupleRaymond Boudon novembre 2010 30 pages
LrsquoAcadeacutemie au pays du capitalBernard Belloc et Pierre-Franccedilois Mourier PUF novembre 2010 222 pages
Pour une nouvelle politique agricole communeBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Seacutecuriteacute alimentaire un enjeu globalBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Les vertus cacheacutees du low cost aeacuterienEmmanuel Combe novembre 2010 40 pages
Innovation politique 2011Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF novembre 2010 676 pages
Deacutefense surmonter lrsquoimpasse budgeacutetaireGuillaume Lagane octobre 2010 34 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoEspagneJoan Marcet octobre 2010 34 pages
Les vertus de la concurrenceDavid Sraer septembre 2010 44 pages
Internet politique et coproduction citoyenneRobin Berjon septembre 2010 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La PologneDominika Tomaszewska-Mortimer aoucirct 2010 42 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Suegravede et le DanemarkJacob Christensen juillet 2010 44 pages
Quel policier dans notre socieacuteteacute Mathieu Zagrodzki juillet 2010 28 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoItalieSofia Ventura juillet 2010 36 pages
Crise bancaire dette publique une vue allemandeWolfgang Glomb juillet 2010 28 pages
Dette publique inquieacutetude publiqueJeacuterocircme Fourquet juin 2010 32 pages
Une reacutegulation bancaire pour une croissance durableNathalie Janson juin 2010 36 pages
Quatre propositions pour reacutenover notre modegravele agricolePascal Perri mai 2010 32 pages
Reacutegionales 2010 que sont les eacutelecteurs devenus Pascal Perrineau mai 2010 56 pages
54
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
ue
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2010Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mai 2010 245 pages
Pays-Bas la tentation populisteChristophe de Voogd mai 2010 43 pages
Quatre ideacutees pour renforcer le pouvoir drsquoachatPascal Perri avril 2010 30 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Grande-BretagneDavid Hanley avril 2010 34 pages
Renforcer le rocircle eacuteconomique des reacutegionsNicolas Bouzou mars 2010 30 pages
Reacuteduire la dette gracircce agrave la ConstitutionJacques Delpla feacutevrier 2010 54 pages
Strateacutegie pour une reacuteduction de la dette publique franccedilaiseNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2010 30 pages
Iran une reacutevolution civile Nader Vahabi novembre 2009 19 pages
Ougrave va la politique de lrsquoeacuteglise catholique Drsquoune querelle du libeacuteralisme agrave lrsquoautreEacutemile Perreau-Saussine octobre 2009 26 pages
Agir pour la croissance verteValeacutery Morron et Deacuteborah Sanchez octobre 2009 11 pages
Lrsquoeacuteconomie allemande agrave la veille des leacutegislatives de 2009Nicolas Bouzou et Jeacuterocircme Duval-Hamel septembre 2009 10 pages
Eacutelections europeacuteennes 2009 analyse des reacutesultats en Europe et en FranceCorinne Deloy Dominique Reynieacute et Pascal Perrineau septembre 2009 32 pages
Retour sur lrsquoalliance sovieacuteto-nazie 70 ans apregravesSteacutephane Courtois juillet 2009 16 pages
LrsquoEacutetat administratif et le libeacuteralisme Une histoire franccedilaiseLucien Jaume juin 2009 12 pages
La politique europeacuteenne de deacuteveloppement une reacuteponse agrave la crise de la mondialisation Jean-Michel Debrat juin 2009 12 pages
La protestation contre la reacuteforme du statut des enseignants-chercheurs deacutefense du statut illustration du statu quoSuivi drsquoune discussion entre lrsquoauteur et Bruno BensassonDavid Bonneau mai 2009 20 pages
La lutte contre les discriminations lieacutees agrave lrsquoacircge en matiegravere drsquoemploiEacutelise Muir (dir) mai 2009 64 pages
Quatre propositions pour que lrsquoEurope ne tombe pas dans le protectionnismeNicolas Bouzou mars 2009 12 pages
Apregraves le 29 janvier la fonction publique contre la socieacuteteacute civile Une question de justice sociale et un problegraveme deacutemocratiqueDominique Reynieacute mars 2009 22 pages
55
Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
La reacuteforme de lrsquoenseignement supeacuterieur en AustralieZoe McKenzie mars 2009 74 pages
Les reacuteformes face au conflit socialDominique Reynieacute janvier 2009 14 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2009Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2009 237 pages
Travailler le dimanche qursquoen pensent ceux qui travaillent le dimanche Sondage analyse eacuteleacutements pour le deacutebatDominique Reynieacute janvier 2009 18 pages
Strateacutegie europeacuteenne pour la croissance verteElvire Fabry et Damien Tresallet (dir) novembre 2008 124 pages
Deacutefense immigration eacutenergie regards croiseacutes franco-allemands sur trois prioriteacutes de la preacutesidence franccedilaise de lrsquoUEElvire Fabry octobre 2008 35 pages
56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
53
Ougrave en est la droite La BulgarieAntony Todorov deacutecembre 2010 32 pages
Le retour du tirage au sort en politiqueGil Delannoi deacutecembre 2010 38 pages
La compeacutetence morale du peupleRaymond Boudon novembre 2010 30 pages
LrsquoAcadeacutemie au pays du capitalBernard Belloc et Pierre-Franccedilois Mourier PUF novembre 2010 222 pages
Pour une nouvelle politique agricole communeBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Seacutecuriteacute alimentaire un enjeu globalBernard Bachelier novembre 2010 30 pages
Les vertus cacheacutees du low cost aeacuterienEmmanuel Combe novembre 2010 40 pages
Innovation politique 2011Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique PUF novembre 2010 676 pages
Deacutefense surmonter lrsquoimpasse budgeacutetaireGuillaume Lagane octobre 2010 34 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoEspagneJoan Marcet octobre 2010 34 pages
Les vertus de la concurrenceDavid Sraer septembre 2010 44 pages
Internet politique et coproduction citoyenneRobin Berjon septembre 2010 32 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La PologneDominika Tomaszewska-Mortimer aoucirct 2010 42 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Suegravede et le DanemarkJacob Christensen juillet 2010 44 pages
Quel policier dans notre socieacuteteacute Mathieu Zagrodzki juillet 2010 28 pages
Ougrave en est la droite LrsquoItalieSofia Ventura juillet 2010 36 pages
Crise bancaire dette publique une vue allemandeWolfgang Glomb juillet 2010 28 pages
Dette publique inquieacutetude publiqueJeacuterocircme Fourquet juin 2010 32 pages
Une reacutegulation bancaire pour une croissance durableNathalie Janson juin 2010 36 pages
Quatre propositions pour reacutenover notre modegravele agricolePascal Perri mai 2010 32 pages
Reacutegionales 2010 que sont les eacutelecteurs devenus Pascal Perrineau mai 2010 56 pages
54
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
ue
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2010Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mai 2010 245 pages
Pays-Bas la tentation populisteChristophe de Voogd mai 2010 43 pages
Quatre ideacutees pour renforcer le pouvoir drsquoachatPascal Perri avril 2010 30 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Grande-BretagneDavid Hanley avril 2010 34 pages
Renforcer le rocircle eacuteconomique des reacutegionsNicolas Bouzou mars 2010 30 pages
Reacuteduire la dette gracircce agrave la ConstitutionJacques Delpla feacutevrier 2010 54 pages
Strateacutegie pour une reacuteduction de la dette publique franccedilaiseNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2010 30 pages
Iran une reacutevolution civile Nader Vahabi novembre 2009 19 pages
Ougrave va la politique de lrsquoeacuteglise catholique Drsquoune querelle du libeacuteralisme agrave lrsquoautreEacutemile Perreau-Saussine octobre 2009 26 pages
Agir pour la croissance verteValeacutery Morron et Deacuteborah Sanchez octobre 2009 11 pages
Lrsquoeacuteconomie allemande agrave la veille des leacutegislatives de 2009Nicolas Bouzou et Jeacuterocircme Duval-Hamel septembre 2009 10 pages
Eacutelections europeacuteennes 2009 analyse des reacutesultats en Europe et en FranceCorinne Deloy Dominique Reynieacute et Pascal Perrineau septembre 2009 32 pages
Retour sur lrsquoalliance sovieacuteto-nazie 70 ans apregravesSteacutephane Courtois juillet 2009 16 pages
LrsquoEacutetat administratif et le libeacuteralisme Une histoire franccedilaiseLucien Jaume juin 2009 12 pages
La politique europeacuteenne de deacuteveloppement une reacuteponse agrave la crise de la mondialisation Jean-Michel Debrat juin 2009 12 pages
La protestation contre la reacuteforme du statut des enseignants-chercheurs deacutefense du statut illustration du statu quoSuivi drsquoune discussion entre lrsquoauteur et Bruno BensassonDavid Bonneau mai 2009 20 pages
La lutte contre les discriminations lieacutees agrave lrsquoacircge en matiegravere drsquoemploiEacutelise Muir (dir) mai 2009 64 pages
Quatre propositions pour que lrsquoEurope ne tombe pas dans le protectionnismeNicolas Bouzou mars 2009 12 pages
Apregraves le 29 janvier la fonction publique contre la socieacuteteacute civile Une question de justice sociale et un problegraveme deacutemocratiqueDominique Reynieacute mars 2009 22 pages
55
Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
La reacuteforme de lrsquoenseignement supeacuterieur en AustralieZoe McKenzie mars 2009 74 pages
Les reacuteformes face au conflit socialDominique Reynieacute janvier 2009 14 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2009Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2009 237 pages
Travailler le dimanche qursquoen pensent ceux qui travaillent le dimanche Sondage analyse eacuteleacutements pour le deacutebatDominique Reynieacute janvier 2009 18 pages
Strateacutegie europeacuteenne pour la croissance verteElvire Fabry et Damien Tresallet (dir) novembre 2008 124 pages
Deacutefense immigration eacutenergie regards croiseacutes franco-allemands sur trois prioriteacutes de la preacutesidence franccedilaise de lrsquoUEElvire Fabry octobre 2008 35 pages
56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
54
fond
apol
| lrsquoi
nnov
atio
n po
litiq
ue
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2010Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mai 2010 245 pages
Pays-Bas la tentation populisteChristophe de Voogd mai 2010 43 pages
Quatre ideacutees pour renforcer le pouvoir drsquoachatPascal Perri avril 2010 30 pages
Ougrave en est la droite La Grande-BretagneDavid Hanley avril 2010 34 pages
Renforcer le rocircle eacuteconomique des reacutegionsNicolas Bouzou mars 2010 30 pages
Reacuteduire la dette gracircce agrave la ConstitutionJacques Delpla feacutevrier 2010 54 pages
Strateacutegie pour une reacuteduction de la dette publique franccedilaiseNicolas Bouzou feacutevrier 2010 30 pages
Iran une reacutevolution civile Nader Vahabi novembre 2009 19 pages
Ougrave va la politique de lrsquoeacuteglise catholique Drsquoune querelle du libeacuteralisme agrave lrsquoautreEacutemile Perreau-Saussine octobre 2009 26 pages
Agir pour la croissance verteValeacutery Morron et Deacuteborah Sanchez octobre 2009 11 pages
Lrsquoeacuteconomie allemande agrave la veille des leacutegislatives de 2009Nicolas Bouzou et Jeacuterocircme Duval-Hamel septembre 2009 10 pages
Eacutelections europeacuteennes 2009 analyse des reacutesultats en Europe et en FranceCorinne Deloy Dominique Reynieacute et Pascal Perrineau septembre 2009 32 pages
Retour sur lrsquoalliance sovieacuteto-nazie 70 ans apregravesSteacutephane Courtois juillet 2009 16 pages
LrsquoEacutetat administratif et le libeacuteralisme Une histoire franccedilaiseLucien Jaume juin 2009 12 pages
La politique europeacuteenne de deacuteveloppement une reacuteponse agrave la crise de la mondialisation Jean-Michel Debrat juin 2009 12 pages
La protestation contre la reacuteforme du statut des enseignants-chercheurs deacutefense du statut illustration du statu quoSuivi drsquoune discussion entre lrsquoauteur et Bruno BensassonDavid Bonneau mai 2009 20 pages
La lutte contre les discriminations lieacutees agrave lrsquoacircge en matiegravere drsquoemploiEacutelise Muir (dir) mai 2009 64 pages
Quatre propositions pour que lrsquoEurope ne tombe pas dans le protectionnismeNicolas Bouzou mars 2009 12 pages
Apregraves le 29 janvier la fonction publique contre la socieacuteteacute civile Une question de justice sociale et un problegraveme deacutemocratiqueDominique Reynieacute mars 2009 22 pages
55
Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
La reacuteforme de lrsquoenseignement supeacuterieur en AustralieZoe McKenzie mars 2009 74 pages
Les reacuteformes face au conflit socialDominique Reynieacute janvier 2009 14 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2009Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2009 237 pages
Travailler le dimanche qursquoen pensent ceux qui travaillent le dimanche Sondage analyse eacuteleacutements pour le deacutebatDominique Reynieacute janvier 2009 18 pages
Strateacutegie europeacuteenne pour la croissance verteElvire Fabry et Damien Tresallet (dir) novembre 2008 124 pages
Deacutefense immigration eacutenergie regards croiseacutes franco-allemands sur trois prioriteacutes de la preacutesidence franccedilaise de lrsquoUEElvire Fabry octobre 2008 35 pages
56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
55
Find our current events and publications on fondapolorg
La reacuteforme de lrsquoenseignement supeacuterieur en AustralieZoe McKenzie mars 2009 74 pages
Les reacuteformes face au conflit socialDominique Reynieacute janvier 2009 14 pages
Lrsquoopinion europeacuteenne en 2009Dominique Reynieacute (dir) Eacuteditions Lignes de Repegraveres mars 2009 237 pages
Travailler le dimanche qursquoen pensent ceux qui travaillent le dimanche Sondage analyse eacuteleacutements pour le deacutebatDominique Reynieacute janvier 2009 18 pages
Strateacutegie europeacuteenne pour la croissance verteElvire Fabry et Damien Tresallet (dir) novembre 2008 124 pages
Deacutefense immigration eacutenergie regards croiseacutes franco-allemands sur trois prioriteacutes de la preacutesidence franccedilaise de lrsquoUEElvire Fabry octobre 2008 35 pages
56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
56
THE FONDATION POUR LrsquoINNOVATION POLITIQUE
NEEDS YOUR SUPPORT
To reinforce its independence and carry out its mission the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politque an independent organization needs the support of private companies and individuals Donors are invited to attend the annual general meeting that defines the Fondation orientations The Fondation also invites them regularly to meet its staff and advisors to talk about its publication before they are released and to attend events it organizes
As a government-approved organization in accordance with the decree published on 14 April 2004 the Fondation pour lrsquoinnovation politique can accept donations and legacies from individuals and private companies
Thank you for fostering critical analysis on the direction taken by France and helping us defend European integration and free economy
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
fondapolorg
Le site internetLes donneacutees en open dataLes meacutedias
11 rue de Grenelle bull 75007 Paris ndash France bull Teacutel 33 (0)1 47 53 67 00 bull contactfondapolorg
No matter the country the era or the government few things in politics are as contested as issues related to retirement and pensions reform This paper aims to portray how pensions and pension reforms have evolved over time in Sweden Social policy and pension reforms are a result of their time As such this also represents the history of Sweden how the country grew from being a tempestuous and poor war-torn country to the modern prosperous democratic welfare-state it is today
By Kristoffer LUNDBERG
RETIREMENT LESSONS FROM THE SWEDISH REFORMS
![QUADERNI CONSIP · QUADERNI CONSIP Ricerche, analisi, prospettive I [2006] Auction Formats and Award Rules in Swedish Procurement Auctions I [2006] Sofia Lundberg Center for Regional](https://img.pdfslide.us/doc/110x75/5f9e4f4bfaa2e93670486b95/quaderni-consip-quaderni-consip-ricerche-analisi-prospettive-i-2006-auction.jpg)
