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KP JB 18
JOURNAL OFTHE
SOUTH SEAS SOCIETY
VOL. xv. Dec. 1959 PART II
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fi~P
J 18
815770
THE SOUTH SEAS SOCIETY
P. O. BOX 709
SINGAPORE.
1 7 AUG 1995 Perpustakaa n Negara
MaJayaja
Some Notes ·on the Distribution of Indlanlsed Sites In Kedah
by A LA STAIR L AMB
T II I::SI:: NOT ES are the result of three years of sea rch in Central Kedah in the region of the Merbok Estuar y for traces of ancient Indianised settlement. The accompanying map covers the region in question and is traced f rom the Sungei Patani sheet of the
1 mile to 1 inch se ries of maps of Malaya . The numbers on the map indicate ancient ~ ites which have been located or revisited during the last fe w years.
The existence of traces of Indianised settlement in this region was fi rst noted
by Colonel Low over a century ago. A fe w sites were investigated by I.H.N. Evans
in the 1920s and a large number of sites were excavated by Dr. H.G. Quaritch Wales a n~ Mrs. Wales in the years immediately before and after the Second World War. In 1956 the University of Mala ya Archaeological Society sent a small survey party to the region unde,r Dr. de Jong and Mr. K.G . Tregonning; and a number of the sites
e~amined on this occasion were excavated in 1957 by an expedition of the Society under the direction of Dr. M. Sullivan. In late 1957 I carried out a further survey which resulted in a short season of excavation by the Society in February 1958. In
May 1958 Dr. Wang Gungwu and a party of students from the University of Malaya ca rri ep out an intensive survey of the foothills to the south of Kedah Peak. Dr. Wang also visited ,a large number of Dr. Wales' old s ites, reporting on their present concli·
ti on and plotting them on the map with greater precision than had Dr. Wales. On a number of further visits in 1958 and earl y 1959 I con.tinued Dr. Wang's plotting of
Dr. Wales' old s ites. In April 1959 I accompanied Profes or Bernard Groslier on ,a
vi sit to a number of Kedah sites, and from this trip emerged the decision to under ; take, 1I1Ider the auspiGes 0-[ the Federation of Malaya Museums Department, the reconstruction of the temple , ite Oll the Sunge i Batu Pahat (No.2 on the map). With
the ass istance of M. L. Contant of the Conservation d'A ngkor the work of reconstruc·
tion began in July 1959, and at the time of writing (November 1959) is still in progress . While directing the reconstructi on project I have been able to continue the search for new sites and the revisiting of old ones. In August and in Novemher 1959 parties of students f rom the Uni versity 0-[ Malaya in Kuala Lumpur took part in this survey work.
The following notes are intended to indica te the new sites discovered in recent
years and to report on the present condition and future prospects of sites which have heen explored ill the past. The numbers, ill each case, refe r to the accompanying
map.
(No.1.) The summit of Kedah Peak. Traces of ancient buildings were first
reported here by F.W. Irby of the Perak Trigonometrical Survey in 1894. In 1921 Evans investigated these remains. He concluded that there had been at least two
ancient shrines, of brick, 0 11 the summit. He also fo und traces of worked granite blocks. The site had been so di sturbed as to prevent him f rom coming to any con·
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clusions of valuc. Sincc hi s day tllC Telecoll1lllunicatiulL ' DcparllllcllL havc IJllilt a rela y stati'on on Lhc Peak, r-hus ending oncc alld fur all all Y pro"pccL uf u,,;cful excavation here. When wc vi sited the Pcak ill July 1957 we found a lIumher of places where digging nowlI a foot or so would hrillg to li ghL seer-ions of hadly di s· Lurbed luick paving. [t is clear that Lhe cntirc area of Lh c summiL, some 300 feeL hy 70 fect, wa .. oncc covercd with temples, hut Lherc secms to hc littlc hope of lcarning much morc ahouL Ihcsc . Lructurcs. (Scc: I.H.N. Evans. 1-:1111101015)' (/fui A rc!wcolog'Y 0/ the Malay Peninsula. Camhridge ]927, pp. 105-111.)
(No.2.) Stone temple 0 11 thc Sungei Batll Pahat. This struciure was discoverecl
hy Dr. Wales, who refe rred to it as Site No.3. Wales parliall y excavated thc . il e alld
published a hrief report in JMBHA S XVlll Pt. .I , PlJ. 18-21. His finds here .included a few fragmenr-s uf a hrOl17,e imagc of, so Wales surmiscd, Shiv .. , and portions of two stonc reliquaries oJ thc nillc-chamhered type generally associated with Java. Further excavation took placc at this s itc under my direction in Fehruary 1958 and July.
August 1959. Six nill e-chamhered reliquaries wcre uncovercd in the base of thc sanctuary walls. They werc all .intact and unopened. One reliquary was taken in May 1958 to the British Museum for examination. The other five are in process of examination in Kuala Lumpur. The temple is now in process of reconstruction, and
the main structure should be completed to as far an extent as the surviving evidence permits by the end of 1959. (See the 2 photographs reproduced here, PIs. 1 and 2. ) Interim reports of the excavation of the temple and of the contents of the reliquaries have appeared in Malaya in History, No.2 of 1958 and Nos. 1 and 2 of 1959. (Also forthcoming papers in JMBRAS and Federation Museums JournaL)
(No.3.) About 100 yards to the East of No.2, and across the Sungei Batu Pahat,
there can be seen the traces of a small brick structure on a foundation of river boulders. The few traces visible suggest a double-walled structure. It. overlooks the waterfall on the Sungei Batu Pahat. It is in all probability a suhsidiary hrine associated with temple No.2. It has not been excavated.
(No.4.) About 100 yards due East of No.3 lies a spur of high ground separating
the S. Batu Pahat from one o-f its major tributary streams. All o~er this high ground can be seen hlocks of shaped granite of a size comparable to the building material
u ed in temple No.2. In one place two shaped blocks of laterite were ohserved.
These traces in all probability indicate the presence oJ a -further site, and a trial excavation should settle this question easily enough.
(No. ~.) Kampong Pasir. Dr. Wang vi sited thi s kampong, which li es ahout two
miles to the West of Merhok, during his survey of May 1958. He writes as follows in his typeseript report:
"This kampong lies directly south of Singapore Tiga new village and on the
left bank of the Sungei Jerneh , a tributary of the S. Merbok KechiJ. The villagers ... showed us the spot right in the middle of their kampnng where
some five or six years hack someone had dug three or -four feet and found a
piece of stone inscribed with 'S iamese writing'; another villager promptl y
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currcctcJ our informant sayillg it was 1I0t cc rta ill it lI as Siamcsc since tiJ'c)c' could not sec the di fTe rence oetweell Siamese alld Hilldu writing. The :tt)lle was th ought to be good for kn ,ife sharpening and :0 was hroken IIp illto pieces
for th at purpose. Jt proved to he usele. s for sharpcning and tlt e bits were then givell to the children of the kampong to play with nnd arc IInW lost. Th e villagers added that in that area if a ll yolle dllg heyond three to fUlir feet ullder
the san d he wo uld find hrick. They alsu ai~, tI,la !. acclH'dillg !.O traditioll their kampong was the oldest in the world" .
In August 1959 I visited Kampong Pasir and dug a lIumher o[ tri al trenches which, in each case, revealed la rge lIumhers of hroken hrieks (;f ancient type ex tp. llding over
an area of ahout 30 hy 30 ya rds . .l cOllfirmed Dr. Wang's . tor y of the inscribed stone, and managed to obtain a description of it shape which tall ied well with the shape of an inscribed stele.
(No. 6 .) Wales' site No.7 on Bukit Gajah Mati. First noted by Evans, who found , '
in this neighbourhood ome laterite blocks, some : haped granite blocks and two spirally decorated stones which may well be the finials to the balustrade of a stairway. A bungalow has been built over thi s site, and now the modern brick and cement foundations have covered it over. A few ancient bricks can still be found , however. This site is of interest because, with the site on the Batll 'Pah at and one of the sites
on the summit of Kedah peak, it is one of the only three sites in Kedah to show the use of stone as a principal building material. It may be that these three sites are closely linked in date, origin and purpose. (See : Evans, op. cit., p. llS; JMBHAS
XVIII Pt. I, pp. 17-18.)
(No.7.) Wales' site No. 10. It has not proved poss ible to redi scover the exact
location of this site. (See : OlMBHA S XVIII Pt. I , pp. 22-24 .. )
(No. 8.) Wales' ite o. 4. This group of small late rite shrines was of exceptional
interest because one 00£ the shrines, with traces of simple pilaster deco ration on its
outer walls, provided one of the few bits of architectural style to emerge from ancient Kedah. Dr. Wang found in May 1958 that a ll trace of these shr.ines had disappeared . He was told that the Japanese had used them dur ing the war as a quarry for laterite hallas t. (See : J M BIlA S XVHI Pt. I , pro ll-16. This site hat ~---,.-ea rli er been investi ga ted hy Evalls, who found .ome very broken pieces of ston (). ~~~~~ sculpture in the neighbourhood, including a portion oJ the head of a Nandi which i·~--L""';;'--
now to be seen in the Taiping Museum . (PIs. 6 and 7). (See : Evans, op. cit. , p. llS.)
(No.9.) Wales' site No. 12. Dr. Wang wa, able to lind thi s site in May 1958.
He considered it mi ght yet merit further investigation. (See: .JMBHA S XVIII Pt. I ~
pp. 26-28.) Dr. Wales th ought this mi ght he the site of a sf'cular structure.
(No. 10.) Wales' site No. 13. Dr. Wang wa able to lind traces of some of the
clements which made up this site. It li es 30 yards to the So uth of No.9. (See:) .J M BHA S XVIII Pt. I , pp. 28-31.) This site was fir t noted by Evans. (See : Evans,
op. cit., p. ll9.)
(No. 11.) Wales' ite O. 11. Dr. Wang found that the boulder fo undations of
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this site are still standing as Wales left them. (See : JMBRA S XVIU P t. I, pp . 24-26.)
(No. 12.) Wales' site No. 6 . Dr. Wang found a few traces of this site. (See :
J MBRAS XVIII Pt. I, p. 17.)
(No. 13.) Wales' s ite No. 5. II . I) I h) F . Dr. Wang, in May
1958, found much of thi s site remaining as Wales left it. ~m F j i ; ltw:.
II Q(JMBHA S XVIII P~)¥6-17. ) The snana-droni !-.& and sections of somasutra to be seen in the . Museum came from this site.
(Note on Nos. 8.13.) This group of sites, situated so close to each other, suggests the nucleus of some settlement. It seems likely that an extensive area excavation of
this region might be profitable, offering as it does the chance of the discovery 0:1
traces of settlement. The Sungei Batu Estate, however, in which these sites li ~, has recently been fr agmentated, a fac t which may well prove to be an obstacle to research here.
(No. 14.) Wales' site No. 14. I visited this site in April 1958. Nothing now
remains beyond a few traces of brick scattered over the ground. The site lies on a
raised section of fl at ground on the East bank of the Bujang, and the neighbourhood might repay a few trial trenches. (See : J MBHA S XVIII Pt. I , pp. 31-33.) The site
yielded an interesting foundation deposit containing, among other things, two coins of the Abbasid Caliphate of which one bore the date 848 A.D.
(No. IS.) Wales' site No. 15. I visited this site in August 1959 and found that it
had all but disappeared. Dr. Wang reports th at the inhabitants of a neighbouring
kampong told him that they had been using it as a source of laterite. This site was of considerable architectural interest, its plan very much resembling that of No. 2, the temple on the Sungei Batu P ahat, except th at in the case of No. 15 the inner row
of pillar bases lay within the sanctuary. Wales reported th at thi s site was built of
laterite, and he, made no mention of brick. In the kampong which lies on the West
bank of the S. Bujang at the point of its junction with the S. Baru are a number of
houses with ancient bricks under their timber supports. It seems unlikely that these bricks came from No. 15, in which case there is ver y probably an other site in thi;;
neighbourhood. (See : J MBHAS XVIII Pt. I , pp. 33-34 .. )
(No. 16.) Wales' site No. 17. On top of the hill which lies to the West of the
junction of the S. Baru with the S. Bujang lies a mass of broken bricked which Evans rightly supposed to be the remains of an ancient structure. This region was vi sited
by me in April 1958 and August 1959, and by Dr. Wang in May, 1958. We found no other remains in the immediate neighbourh ood. The top of the hill is ma inly exposed rock, and excavation is unlikely to be fruitful here. (See : Evans, op. cit. , p. 121 ; JMBRAS XVIII Pt. I , p. 37.)
(No. 17.) The "elephant trap" to which Wales referred under site No. 17, and
which was first noted by Evans. It lies about a quarter of a mile to the S.W. of No . 16 above. I vi sited it in April 1958 and Dr. Wang in May 1958. We found on its
N.W. corner traces of a wall of laterite blocks. (See plan in Fig. 1.) The presence of
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laterite blocks might indicate that this structure was pre-Islamic. It may have been a timber building surrounded by a moat and a laterite wall built 011 the base of an carthe rn rampart. (See: Evans, op. cit., p. 121 ; JMI3RAS XVIII Pt. I , p. 37.)
(No. 18.) Wales' site No.2. This lies close to the S. Bujang a few yards to the
South of the junction of the Bujallg with the S. Baru. I visited it in April 1958 and was al.le to find traees of laterite walls. J n appearancc thc remains were remarkably similar Lo Lhose of Nus. 19 and 20 below. Wales found here a Mahayana Buddhist Sanskrit inscription which he dated not later than early 6th century. I feel that, whatever may be the date of the inscribed stone tablet, the structure is of comparable
date to others in its immediate neighbourhood. The surroundings of this site are flat and slightly raised above the padi land to the East and South of it. It seems probable that trial trenches here would yield results. (See: JMBRAS XVIII Pt. I , pp. 8-10.)
(No. 19.) Wales' site No. 16. I visited this site in August 1959 and found it just
as Wales must have left it. This site yielded a most interesting bronze reliquary. In view of the discovery of the location of reliquaries around the sanctuary of No.2, the S. Batu Pahat temple, it would probably be worth while to excavate the remains
of this site down to bedrock. The site is very small, clearly a shrine associated with a larger complex, and the whole area surely merits excavation. It is possible to drive a Landrover to within two hundred yards of this site. (See: JMBRAS XVIII Pt. I, pp. 34,-36.) The contents of the bronze reliquary from this site recall in a number of respects those of the granite reliquaries from the S. Batu Pahat temple.
(No. 20.) This is Wales' site No. 16a which yielded the attractive little bronze
standing Buddha. All that can be seen now (November 1959) are Wales' spoil heaps
and scattered fragments of brick. Dr. Wales wrote of the building material of this site: "aruund the bu ilding were scaLtered large numbers of bricks, many of them curved on one side and shaped in such a way that they appear to have been segments of a circular structure, though a few were triangular at one end". With the help of students from the University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur I went through Wales' spoil heaps in November 1959 and came across a number of these shaped bricks which Wales described. They turn out to be moulded bricks of shapes identical to those of some of the granite blocks which turn up in such quantities in the Sungei Batu Pahat temple. The curved bricks are certainly not part of a circular structure; they are part of a decorative moulding, of sanctuary basement, plinth or roof. A sketch of the two shapes of which Wales refers are given in Fig. 2. The shaped bricks of Kedah sites were somewhat ignored by Dr. Wales. Recent analysis of these shaped building materials from a number of Kedah sites would suggest strongly both that the numbcr of shapes to be found is limited, and that the shapes which are found are certainly indicative of a definite architectural sty Ie. The same shapes that occur in this site and on the Sungei Batu Pahat are also to be found in No. 25 (Wales' site No. 19) in the mouldings and in the decoration of the large granite reliquary which 'Vales fo und here and which, after a l'tay ill lll ~ Alor St'ar MURCllrtl , has now migrated to the site of the S. Batu Pahat temple. The same mouldings occur in the old Muslim tombstone referred to under No. 43 below, and shown in PI. 4,. (See: JMI3RAS XX
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Pt. I, pp. 7·8.)
(No. 21.) Wales site No. 18. This has been revisited on a number of occasions
in recent years because it is one of the few region in Central Kedah which produces a significant quantity of c ramie shards. J collecLed a numher of shards here which I showed in June 1958 to Mr. Basil Gray or the Brili 'h Museum . They were celadon.
like wares of an olive green llUe, much as the wares from this site described by Wales. Mr. Gray described them as being without doubt of Sung date and Chinese manufacture. He suggested a late 11th or 12th century date as being reasonable. He also observed that they were very similar to wares which had been found at Kota Tinggi in J ohore in 1950 and sent to him for comment. Others have disputed both the date of these wares, as being too early, and the provenance, Annam having been suggested as a possibility.
This site also yields a very large number of roof tiles of a most peculiar shape. No parallels to these Liles have been demonstrated so far with any conviction.
Very little of the structure of this site can now be seen. It is situated beside
a mosque which has recently undergone exten ive renovation , and the site has been drawn upon extensively as a source of ballast. Mo t hards are to be found in the foundations of the mosque. Beside the mosque there can be seen an impre 'sive stone block, 7 by 1 hy 1 feet, which probably was once a door pillar of the site (PI. 11.)
The block has a small mortice cut into one end. The section of door lintel which Wales illustrates, J M BRA S XVIII Pt. I , PI. 66, ca n still be seen under a granary in
the kampong which is marked on the map as Kg. Pmtg. Perlis, though the local
people seem to refe r to it as Kg. Peng: Bujang. Another large block, with morti ses at both ends, li es in the centre of the kampong and se rves as a sharpening stone. A further block, with no morti ses, li es 0 11 the opposite bank of the Bujang nearby; l)u t
this may have come from another site. (See : JMBHA' XVIII Pt. I , pp. 37-39.)
(Nos. 22-26.) These, Wales' sites Nos. 19-23, lie opposite the above site on the
East bank of the Bujang. They were all visited by Dr. Wang in May 1958 and by
me in August 1959. They lJave all been badly di sturbed. ince Wales left them. No.
25, Wales' s ite No. 10, still yields a large amount of shaped bricks which recall sites
Nos. 2 and 20 above (Wales' Nus. ~ and 16a) . Many o( the br icks from thi s site
have stamped 011 one side a ro ugh circular symbol about one inch in di ameter. The
large granite reliquary from No. 25, with its nine chambers, suggests a comparison with the reliquaries of No.2, and for this reason alone it would seem worthwhile to
re-excavate this site and clear it down to bedrock. The neighbourhood of this group of sites abo unds in fragments oJ brick, as do the surrounding kampongs, where many IlOuses have ancient bricks under their timher supports. Excavation here over a wide
a rea might well be most fruitJuI. (See : .J M BIIAS XV 1 II Pt. J, pp. 39·40.)
(No. 27.) Bukit Panjara, Wale!;' si te No. 25. ProlJably first noted IJY Colonel
Low. Wales repo rLed tbe remaills of a small bri ck strucLurc. ulJsequc l,t vis iLs Jlavc
produced a few pieces of worked red sandstuJlc. (See : J !vl l:lltAS XV lIl Pt. I , p. 41.)
(No. 28.) Sungei Trus at its junction with the Sungei Me~·bok.Wales' site No . 27.
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'this was the flnclspot, in 1914" ot portions of a gold belt. The bel,t disappeared d~ring the Japanese occupation. Villagers at Batu Lintang, not far from this findspot, talk somewhat vaguely of pieces of sculpture coming to light in the mud at low tide from time to time, but we have never been able to convert these remarks into precise references. (See: JMBRAS XVIII Pt. I , pp. 42.43.)
(No. 29. ) Tregonning's site No.1 at Batu Lintang. On the summit of the hill
overlooking the village of Batu Lintang can be seen the traces of a small brick structure which was probably noted long ago by Colonel Low. The site was revisited in June 1957, and it was then found that the walls were completely disturbed and that the centre had been excavated at some period to a considerable depth. Tregonning's report speaks of "heavy laterite bricks", but it is hard to see what this statement means since no laterite was found in this site. The local villagers referred to the place as "Raja Bersiong's well", after the character in the Hi/cayat Marong Malta·
wangsa who has so captured the imagination of rural Kedah. (See: The July 1956 Archaeological Survey of the Kuala Muda, by K.G. Tregonning. This is a mimeographed report to the President of the University of Malaya Archaeological Society).
(No. 30. ) Tregonning's site No.2. Over the hill and to .the East of BatuLintang,
on low ground leading to the bank of the Merbok, Tregonning's party were shown in July 1956 a spot called "Raja Bersiong's fort". Here are to be found a number of terraces suggestive of settlement but showing no trace of stone, brick or later~te
structures; and here Tregonning's party were informed that at some unspecified
point in the past a stone object had been found and removed to a nearby kampong. This object proved to be an image base of cow.rse sandstone, decorated with complex mouldings and measuring about 18 x 18 x 8 inches. The image base was subsequently removed to the Alor Star Museum. The findspot was subsequently visited by Dr. M: Sullivan and members of the University of Malaya Archaeological Society in June 1957. An inhabitant of Kampong Batu Lilltang took Sullivan's party to the site, situated by a Binjai tree of local fame, and pointed to a place where he said he had found six idols some thirty years earlier while clearing this bit of land for rubber. Presumably the image base must be counted as one of these idols . Excavation disclosed a dancing figure in high relief measuring 30 x 18 x 8 inches approximately (PI. 8), and fragments of three other pieces of sculpture. Also some fragments of a white porcelain, the greater part of a glazed porcellaneous bowl which Sullivan identified as Yiieh ware, and the lid and base of a small whitish porcelain cosmetic
box (PI. 9) . Also some small and totally corroded fragments of bronze. All these finds came from an area not over 10 x 10 yards, and can hardly be described as indicative of a settlement site. The finds were at depths of between 6 and 18 inches. It seems likely that the objects originated from the site on the neighbouring hill, No. 29 above. The dancing figure was probably a dvarapala, but it is too damaged · to permit of any styiistic identification. All these finds are now in the possession of the Kedah Govel'llmellt. In February 1958 and August 1959 I revisited this site and dug a number of tri al ITenches over a ll area of nbout 50 x 50 yards with no success
heyond the recovery of another piece o[ white porcelain very near the original
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findspot. I concluded, however , that thi s area would certainly merit further investigation. (See: Tregonning's report, op. cit. , and forthcoming papers in the JMBRAS by Foong See Tonn and Dr. M. Sullivan.)
(No. 31.) Bukit Meriam. Visited by Low and Wales' site No. 26. According to
Low's edition of the KedaJ. Annals, (Hikayat Marong Mahawangsa) , Bukit Meriam
was the capital of Kedah in the years immediately before the conversion of Kedah to islam. Bukit Meriam was also, in all probability, the findspot of one of Low's inscriptions. The site was visited in June 1957 by members of the University of Malaya Archaeological Society who found nothing which could be attributed to the pre-Islamic period with any certainty. As the centre of later pre-Islamic Kedah it seems that Bukit Meriam deserves further scrutiny, as do the hills to the North of it on the way to Bukit Panjara. (See: JMBRAS XVIII Pt. I , pp. 4.1-42; Journal of the I~dian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, Vol. III, reprinted in Bangkok, 1908, pp. 160, 163.)
(No. 32.) Just to the North oj' Kota Kuala Muda to the East of the road to Bukit
Meriam, almost in a suburb of Kota Kuala Muda, members of the University of Malaya Archaeological Society Iound in February 1958 a socle stone with a triangular mortise (Pl. 10) . The exact location of this stone was checked by Dr. Wang in May 1958. Pillar bases with triangular morti ses also occur .in Nos. 11 and 14 (in both cases my numbers here coincide with Wales' site numbers). Is this -fact of any significance? It would hc worth searching for thc site whence this soclc stone originated.
(No. 33.) Low's Kedah Annals indicate that not long before the converSIOn of
Kedah to Islam the River Muda ceased to flow into the Merbok estuary and established its present mouth. Was the Sungei Trus at one time part of the main stream of the Muda?
(No. 34.) Reported by Tregonning in 1956 as an unrecorded site at Kampong
Sireh, South of the Kota Kuala Muda-Tikam Batu road at milestone 46, thi s site is in
fact Wales' site No. 29, which Wales called Kota Aur. Wales thought that here was sume form of fortification , but the nearby presence of a large worked block of sandstone, probably a lintel stone, rather suggests a temple. The site was visited by Dr. Sullivan's party in June 1957. (See: JMBRAS XVIII Pt. I , pp. 44-4,5; Tregonning's report, op. cit.; Sullivan's forthcoming paper in JMBHAS.)
(No. 35.) Matang Pasir. Wales site No. 31. A laterite and brick structure ollly
briefly examined by Wales and partially excavated by Sullivan in June 1957, when this site yielded a bronze lotus blossom (PI. 12), a fragment of the base of a bronze image (PI. 13) and a round bronze object about 1 inch long which could well be the badly damaged head of an image. At present there seems to be insufficient evidence on which to base any dating or attribution for this structure. An attempt was made to preserve this structure, a fence of wire mesh was erected aro und it un concrete posts and a massive concrete drain located in its centre. It has, none the less, suffered
IwHy from climate and vegetation in the last two years . This site is easily found.
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