kp 2 - za pismeni

8/12/2019 kp 2 - za pismeni

1/17

English verb system contrastive approach 2

Written exam

There are 2 pairs of oppositions in English:

Aspect 1: progressive-nonprogressive (structure!hole: impfpf"

Aspect 2: perfect-nonperfect

ASPECT 1

Progressive-Nonprogressive opposition in English: Tense or Aspect?

Aspect 1 there are several theories to explain this progressive-nonprogressive opposition:a. Incompletion progressive# $ut this is a problematic theory% because you nee& an ob'ect% )A*

(+, )&":

He was reading/he read. He was reading that book.

b. Dration progressive:They were running/ran. She is running.(real present"

c. !verlapping(temporal frame" se.uence% in some cases:

When I saw them, they were running away./ran away.

$ut% in or&er to explain one notion% !e nee& several theories% several oppositions#

"ir# et al.say that there are $ oppositions:a# Temporariness general characteristic(sb/s s0ill% ability"% momentary:

He is playing the piano.(real present"

He plays the piano.(s0ill% ability"ii. %imite& &ration ' habital:

He started typing his own letters these days.(a&verbial of time" (limite& &uration"

He types his own letters# (habitual"iii. Emotionall(-colore& tone ' ob)ective *netral+ tone:

Helen is always arriving late.(spora&ic repetition contunually &isapproval% negative%

implie&"

He is always reading The Times# (ignoring"- tative verbs: He is always believing what she says#

He is always hearing noises.

He is always knowing the answer.*She is ontinually hating !ill.

- inanimate sub'ects: The train is always arriving late.

"y ar is always breaking down at the wrong time#

iv. Completion: He was reading a book that evening.

He read a book that evening.

- 3omentary verbs 4 prog# usually imply:a. ,epetition:He was nodding.

He was knok knok knoking on Heaven#s door.b. Preparation or the realisation: The plane was landing.

The train was arriving.

- 5onstruction: ea/0 eingcop0 NA&)

*He is being tall./He is tall.*The trees are being green./The trees are green.

She is being kind./She is kind.(implication: temporary behaviour"

1


2/17


Written exam

Non-progressive verbs

+on-progressive verbs: stative verbsare not usually foun& in progressive# There are 6 groups of non-progressive verbs:

(1" 2erbs o perception(see, hear, smell, $eel, taste"

(2" 2erbs o cognition ' emotions(think, believe, love, hate"

(6" ,elational verbs(resemble, own"Explanation to !hy stative verbs are not foun& in the progressive: &uration7 This explanation is not

acceptable% because &uration is an integral part of the meaning of stative verbs# $ut% &ynamic verbsswim,

runalso have &uration% an& !e use them in progressive# A better explanation is through 2en&ler3s t(pes:states have no &evelopment% no progress if there is no progress% it is not compatible !ith progressive#

*1+ 2E,S !4 PE,CEPTI!N: !hen they &enote an involuntary situation% they are non-progressive(not on purpose% not controlling the situation":

This mediine tastes bitter.

%o you hear the noise outside&This material $eels like wool.

-8oluntary situation !ith a slightly &ifferent meaning: then they A9E in the progressive:

5ear:The 'udge is hearing the witnesses# (interrogating"See: The diretor is seeing the andidates.(intervie!ing"

They are seeing the sights o$ (ondon.

He is seeing his girl$riend o$$.4eel: This $ork $eels heavy# (simply perception"

She $elt that she was making a mistake# (cognition"

The dotor was $eeling the boy)s arm# (touching"Smell: The dog was smelling the $ish# (sniffing% activity"

Taste: The ook is tasting the dish# (voluntary"

- Palmer: ,)*E3 S"((, +(, TSThave &ifferent% relate& meanings# Three 0in&s of

relate& meaning:a. Involntar(6 nonprogressive6 2t67having a sensation8 9sub'ect is not &oing it on purpose:

I smell the $lowers. I taste salt in the soup. I $eel sth smooth.b. involntar(6 nonprogressive6 copla 0 Cs6 7having the alit( to pro&ce a sensation8% the

ob'ect of the 1sttype becomes the sub'ect of the 2n&:

The $lowers smell lovely. The soup tastes nie.The loth $eels smooth.

c. Progressive6 volntar(6 2t: 7act in or&er to achieve a sensation8 9 voluntariness relate& tothe sub'ects:I)m smelling the $lowers. The ook is tasting the soup. I)m $eeling the loth.

- ;o!ever% EE% ;EA9 have &ifferent lexemes use& for these 6 relate& meanings:

I see my sister. She looks well. I)m looking at my sister.

I hear musi. It sounds nie. I)m listening to musi.

*;+ 2E,S !4 C!


3/17


Written exam

o min&:%o you mind i$ I smoke& / She is minding the baby# (not emotionally coloure&%

&ynamic verb"

o thin# I think he is the right person $or the 'ob. We are thinking o$ going to Italy #

*>+ ,E%ATI!NA% 2E,S only exceptionally in progressive% !ith a slightly &ifferent% specific

meaning:

hol&: This bottle holds 0 liters o$ milk. (stative"I)m holding a piee o$ paper# (&ynamic"resemble: She is resembling her $ather more and more.(gra&ual process"

Progressive aspect an& %e/ical-


4/17


Written exam

ASPECT ;

Perect-Nonperect opposition in English: Aspect or Tense?

@s ,resent ,erfect a location in time (!hen"7 +ot really#

They bought a new book. They have bought a new book.

3eaning is , T) +)W% not exactly !hen it happene @t is more aspectthan tense# Arguments: tenseshoul& imply location in time it?s not a present tense% because present shoul& be having sth to &o !ith

present actions% it shoul& be &enoting real present:

He has bought that book now# (finally% eventually"@t?s not a past tense% because it cannot be use& !ith specific time a&verbials

Present Perect vs. Past Nonprogressive: (Buir0 et al#" several oppositions use& to sho! ho! they &iffer:1"He lived in 1aris $or 23 years# (no! exclu&e&"

He has lived(no! inclu&e&"

2"His $ather has been a butler his whole li$e# (still alive" His $ather was a butler### (may not be alive"

6"+or years 4epal has produed world)s greatest soldiers. Sparta produed/*has produed...(&oes not exist anymore% that iss !hy !e cannot use it in the

present perfect" (extralinguistic 0no!le&ge necessary "C"%id you hear him play&

Have you heard him play&

Present Perect vs. Past simple:

He has ut/ut his $inger.

He has in'ured his ankle and it is still bad/but it is better now. (contra&ictory"3eaning is , T) +)W vague temporal componenttemporal segment# ;as an aspectual component#

9epresents continuation% result% conse.uences% not temporal location#

Past ' 4tre Perect:

5learer temporal component it is up to then past or future aspectual component:

!y 23 o)lok he had been working $or 5 hours.

In 0336 he had known them $or 6 years.He was ill beause he had eaten so muh. (conse.uence% result"

!y 7 o)lok I)ll have repaired the ar.

!y ugust, we)ll have been at the seaside $or a $ortnight.@t is systematically expresse& in a language% in all temporal segments: past% present an& future# There are

temporal an& aspectual component (but it is more treate& as aspect" not saying anything about the situation

itself lin0s the situation to a specific point in time (no!% futureD"#


5/17


Written exam

,roblem7 +o ob'ective external measure of relevance# What is in use is relevant% so it is &ifficult for

the learners# Also% there are other uses of present perfect besi&es this#

;. In&einite past: refers to past section% but !e?re not sure exactly !hen this past segment isnarro!e& &o!n by using 'ustrecently#

*He has le$t yesterday.He has 'ust le$t.

>. E/ten&e& no *EN+ refers to present segment% aroun& no!% refers to conse.uences#

T(pes o Present Perect:

A lin0 bet!een a situation an& no!# )n the basis of this lin0 !e have four types of pp:

a# Present Perect o reslt results or conse.uences are still present in the present segment(no!":

!ill has arrived# (emphasi>es that he is still present here notion of conse.uence is

rather relativesub'ective"b# E/periential at least once in sb?s lifetime% negative experience: never in sb?s lifetime#

ou can narro! it &o!n: She has been/gone to !ra-il sine the war#

c# Persistent sitation continuation up to no!:

She has shopped here $or a long time. I)ve known her sine hildhood#

&. ,ecent past couple of minutes ago: She has 'ust gone to bed.

Present Perect Progressive(Aspect 1 4 Aspect 2":ses:

Process6 possible &ration6 not complete&: She has been writing a letter to her sister. Who has

been eating my dinner&

=omentar( verbs: repetition She has been starting her ar# an& continuation 4 repetition:I)ve

been knok knok knoking on Heaven#s %oor $or 23 minutes#

Eects still present6 e/planation: :ou)ve been $ighting again. I)ve been painting the $lat#

Temporar( habit6 p to no:He)s been soring plenty o$ goals this season.

Passive7 This organi-ation has been being run by volunteers.

Some stative verbs: They have been wanting to tell you. We have been wishing to speak to you#He has painted the bathroom.(complete&"

He has been painting# (in&icates the 0in& of activity"

Speciies the nmber:How many pages o$ that book have you read&*been reading

,estrictions on the se o Present Perect: there has to be a lin0 !ith no! activepassive &iffer:

*instein has visited 1rineton.1rineton has been visited by instein. (,rinceton still exists"

*"aro 1olo has limbed that mountain. (but if you a&& ;and many others have


6/17


Written exam

:ou have always been kind to them.He always traveled with him.

%id he ever go t see his parents&Have you ever tried that&

He o$ten met her parents. He has o$ten told that story.

Perect aspect an& le/ical-grammatical interaction

tativity% &uration an& telicity no bloc0ing#

Types of present perfect an& ten&encies relate& to these types:4st persistent situations

4&ur experiential situations

-&ur result% recent past (momentary verbs"4telic result

Past Perect

2 past situations% one prece&ing one follo!ing before ,AT% up to then (in the past"# @t has both temporalan& aspectal component# 9e.uires a specific time a&verbial:

Aspectal component:

This letter had arrived on pril 23th.The house had been empty $or 23 years.

The goalkeeper had in'ured his leg and ould not play.

Past simple:I had my lunh when my wi$e ame/had ome bak $rom shopping# (!e nee& context"

Past perect: This book had been lying there $oryears# (continuation up to then"

When I arrived, he had 'ust le$t.(recent% Fbefore pastG"

Temporal relationsof the t!o past situations:

a" The first past situation is still contining!hen the secon& past situation begins: She had lived inthat $lat $or years and did not want to move.

b" Stoppe&some time beore:He had served in the army $or 03 years, and then he retired and

married#

c" Stoppe& imme&iatel( beore:He had been waiting $or his sister and was angry when shearrived#

,le or se o Past Perect: !e nee& to past sitationsan& a chronological inversion: Floo0ing bac0G past is the starting point% an& then you loo0 bac0 further into the past# @f the situations are mentione& in

their chronological or&er% there is no nee& to use past perfect#

He met her in 2888 when she was a student. He met her again when she was a lawyer. (past

simple" She heard voies and reali-ed that there were three persons in the net room.- 5hronological inversion:

She graduated at 0>. Her parents had divored 0 years be$ore.

She saw empty glasses and reali-ed that three persons had been in the room#

Past Perect in Temporal clases:

a# @hen6 as soon as !e nee& context if an earlier situation is short an& imme&iately prece&ing%you &on?t have to use past perfect: When she opened the window, the bird $lew out.

When he had losed the window, they opened the age.(emphasis on completion"

b# eore in main an& in subor&inate clauses:

H


7/17


Written exam

?They had leaned the house@ be$ore the guests arrived.

ubor&inate clauses specific:

The teaher took my paper be$ore I had $inished the test# (too0-finish-no!"#!e$ore we had walked/walked 23 miles, he omplained o$ his sore $eet.(complain1I

milesno!"

c# Ater:$ter the will was/had been read, there were angry elamations.

Past Perect progressive

ses:

A# Continationp to then(in the past":It was A and he was tired beause he had been working sine dawn# (persistent situation up to then"

$# ,epetition use& !ith momentary verbs:He had been trying to all her#

5# Incompletion progressive suggests no specification of completion:He had been repairing hisar# vs#He had repaired the ar.(in&icates that it !as complete&"

Past Perect an& its Serbian eivalents *%. Spalatin+

*# palatin: The nglish 1ast 1er$et and its SerboBCroatian eDuivalents E2862F.Topics:

i" ses of past perfect nonprogressive as secon&ary past in main an& subor&inate clauses% an& as

primary past:

secon&ar((before past":

o main clauses

o subor&inate clauses

primar( past(before +)W"

ii" Author?s hypothesis (centre of interest"

iii" 5 e.uivalents

Primar( an& secon&ar( past:not a point in the past% but segments(several past situations": before no! is

a segment of primary past# We have several past sitationsin the segment of primary past% an& you &on?t

have to use past perfect even if you have several past situations:

He was punished beause he broke the window.Centre o interest(the author?s hypothesis": if you &on?t use past perfect for the past situation% you

emphasi>e temporally last member (note that this is only a hypothesis"# @f you use past perfect% youemphasie an earlier sitation% give it prominence% an& this allo!s us to shit interest#

When he heard that he turned pale# (past simple% emphasi>e&"

When she reahed her house, she $ound that burglars had broken into and had taken the silver.

(un&erline& clearly belongs to secon&ary past section% that?s !hy !e use past perfect"

ses of ,ast ,erfect in:

1.=ain clasessimple clases:

I hardly knew !ill. He had always been a loner.- erbo-5roatian e.uivalent is plperect *pls#vampere#at+even though it is rare an& obsolete a

better e.uivalent is perect *pere#at+#

4othing so thrilling had happened there $or years.- @n erbian% you can use a&verbials such as veG, rani'e4 perfe0at:

eG godinama se tamo ni'e desilo neto tako u-budl'ivo.

J


8/17


Written exam

He had been a butler in very good $amilies. J 4ekada 'e bioK

;.Sbor&inate clases:

- Temporal:He got up $rom the table where he had been reading. L Mstao 'e od stola gde 'e Nitao# (>bog

semanti0e glagola ustativi&i se 0o'a 'e ra&n'a bila pre% pa 'e moguKe upotrebiti perfe0at u

prevo&u"

When I arrived, he le$t/had le$t. Oada sam stigla, on 'e veG EbioF otiao.(both possibleotiao ambiguous"

When I arrived, he was leaving# (simultaneous" =n 'e odla-io.

- Seence o tenses:He said that he had lived in "adrid $or 9 years# (ambiguous because it can be either present

perfect or simple past shifte&" ,revo&: you can use either present or perfect to &isambiguate

(Pivi/Piveo 'e"#- Some other clases:

He stayed at home beause it was raining# padala kia

He stayed at home beause it had rained# pala kia(again% impfpf &istinction in erbian">. Primar( past: not typical section% use& for exceptions in the con&itionals an& sub'unctive:

I wish he had eplained it properly. (past"I$ he had bought the tikets, we would haveK

:ou talk as i$ you had been there.,rimary past is use& to emphasie nonrealisation o past sitations:

I had epeted to overtake him, but he was nowhere to be seen.

@f there is no emphasis% you can use simple past#

L


9/17


Written exam

=lti-or& verbs in English

This is a significant topic% often &iscusse& in the !or0boo0s # ou nee& to learn phrasal verbs in or&er tosoun& natural#

Terminology: multi-!or& verbs (viMeNlani glagoli" is a cover term% general% tells only that !e have more

than one element an& that !e are tal0ing about verbs# E#g# to doubleBross O to double hekare notphrasal verbs this sho!s that the term is too general an& that it implies things that are not phrasal verbs#

se& terms:

To-or& verbs &oesn?t say !hich elements% too general (7to take part"

2erb-a&verb combination coul& be any combination% li0e run Duikly% but this is too general#

Phrasal verbs some grammarians use it only for the i&iomatic combinations li0e bring up# $ut%e#g# eat up!oul& ot be inclu&e& accor&ing to some authors#

Separable an& inseparable combinations: brought them up% =looked them at

Discontine& verbs: to take part &oesn?t say !hich elements

Compon& verbs compoun&s are single lexemes !ith 2 bases% too general term% you cannot

inclu&e all the compoun&s (to househunt"#

Types of phrasal verbs:

o Phrasal verb: combination of verb4a&verbial particle Ebring upF

o Prepositional verbs: verb4prepositional particle Elook atF

o Phrasal-prepositional verb: verb4a&verb particle4prepositional particle: put up !ith

5haracteristics of phrasal verbs:

a" Not completel( reel( orme @f you !ant to get the opposite meaning you cannot

simply use the opposite particle: look a$ter% *look be$ore#b" 5ighl( pro&ctive constrctions# Por t!o reasons: style (often informal"% variation an&

familiarity of elements: fre.uent &omesticnot borro!e& verbs an& fre.uent% usually

monosyllabic particles !hich ma0es them easy to form an& combine#

Criteria or &elimitation:

Dight olinger being a phrasal verb is a matter of &egree# There are many bor&erline cases# Especially&ifficult to ma0e a &istinction bet!een a multi-!or& verbs an& 84,,# That is !hy !e nee& criteria an&

tests#

@# The combination shoul& havesemantic coherence it shoul& be a semantic unit% have its o!n

meaning# E#g# look a$ter has a meaning as a unit look be$ore sb every unit 0eeps its meaning#@@# ,eplaceabilit(b( one-or& verb(not al!ays possible": ount outQ exclu&e#

@@@# Passivisation: if 8t% !e shoul& be able to passivise it: They turned down the proposal. (The

proposal was turned down#"@8# PP 9 a&verbials: The postman turned ?down the road@ # vs# The manager ?turned down@ ?the

proposal@.

8# "estions: !hen% !here% !hat% !hom: Where did the postmanK&(for a&verbials" What/to whomdidK&(for )&"

=eaning an& i&iomaticit(: The combinations have a specific meaning they have a special level ofi&iomaticity# There are three levels of i&iomaticity:

a" 4ll( transparent both parts retain their basic meaning (stand up, run away"

R


10/17


Written exam

b" Semi-i&iomatic verb retains its basic meaning% meaning of the particle is exten&e&% it is an

intensifier% &enotes completion (drink up, wipe downF

c" 4ll( i&iomatic both have completely abstract meaning (turn down, give up"5)3,A9E: The ommittee went into the room/into the problem.

Nons an& a&)ectives orme& rom mlti-or& verbs

Three basic !ays:a# change the stress: run away J runaway- in the secon& !or& its on the first part% !ritten as 1

!or&% or it can be !ritten !ith a hyphen: make up J makeBup#

b# particle se& as a prei/: break out J outbreakc# &erivational ai/es *-ing+:growing up, dressing up

a&)ectives past participle (-en" 4 hyphen (a brokenBdown ar% a builtBin element, an o$$Bputting

personF.

=lti-or& verbs an& collocations in English


11/17


Written exam

Phrasal-prepositional verbs


12/17


Written exam

Phrasal verbs

.Particle in relative clase: particle 0 relative pronon:

* The man up whom they alled/whom they alled up.

C. SE=ANTIC characteristics: at the bor&er bet!een syntax (the particle can change position" an&

morphology(they are lexical units"#


13/17


Written exam

a+highl( i&iomatic fronting of the particle is less possible: down they sat/away he $lew(less

i&iomatic"% =out they $ound(not possible"

b+a&verbial insertion: usually% highly i&iomatic combinations &o not allo! it: the money he gavehappily away/*the sub'et he brought angrily up#

4. Palmer(semantic features" also !rites about i&iomaticity#

- some phrasal verbs have a literal meaning: verbs of motion 4 &irection (particle &enotes it" theentire combination &enotes the reslting position(M4 M1 He ran the $lag up#"% but% there is a

limite& number of examples#

- not literal meaning: The work piled up. They speeded up#- completel( i&iomatic combinations:give up#

- )ften% the position o the particle&epen&s on i&iomaticit(# 4ll( i&iomaticcombinations &o not

usually separate verb an& particle:They overed up the rime. The overed the body up# (possible% not i&iomatic"

*He put the $ight up.*They $ound the truth out#

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14/17


Written exam

Prepositional verbs

apravo sub'e0atob'e0at"

iii# SE=ANTIC characteristics: &ifferent levels of @


15/17


Written exam

Particles in phrasal verbs 9 aspect orAktionsart *%. rinton+

*# $rinton erb 1artiles in nglish J spet or ktionsart&8erbs an& particles form cohesive meaning units# They create some syntactic an& semantic problems:

1.S(ntactic: particles can ta0e &ifferent positions#

;.Semantic: meaning of the particle an& its function# ,articles have to &o something !ith aspect%but in a non-systematic !ay# That?s !hy the particles are calle& resultative% conclusive%

terminativeD

he believes that it is important to ma0e that &istinction bet!een aspect an& A0tionsart particles &o not&enote perfective aspect% but telic A0tionsart (they are relate& to telicity"# $ut this &istinction is a blurre&

one# rammatical an& lexical opposition#

Arguments for telic A0tionsart:1. Phasal verbs: you can use 8 4 particle !ith these:

The shoes are starting to wear out.

She ontinued tearing up the letter#(if particles !ere &enoting perfective aspect (!hole"% this

structures !oul& not be possible"2# The strctre: Take some time to. It took her a year to use up the supplies # (proof that it is telic

(achievement or accomplishment" =8en&ler?s tests "6# In an hor: They arried out the order in an hour.(again% this is a proof that it is telic (behaves

li0e ach or acc""

C# Almost: They almost voted down the proposal# (starte& but &i& not finish",articles &enote telicity% not perfect aspect#

;o!ever% there are to problems:

A# achacc *telic+ 0 particle *&enotes telicit(+ 9 !hy a&& a particle to something that is alrea&y telic7We haven?t foun& out the ans!er re-emphasi>es telicity:

The party is breaking up.The speakers o$ that language are dying o$$# (use& in the progressive% has &istributivemeaning% gra&ually happening"

$# on6 along6 aa( - &o not &enote telicity% but continuation:

We drove on/along.

:ou should arry on with your work.(sometimes they &enote continuative A0tionsart"

States an& particles particles !hich &enote telicity are not combine& !ith stative verbs# @t?s another

argument for telicity# ,articles &enote telicity% but states are not telic#I had some $riends over# (here it?s not a stative verb% it has a &ynamic meaning"

1


16/17


Written exam

asen#a =iFeta-ra&ariG6

Kontrastivna analiza engleskih sloenih glagola i njihovih prijevodnih ekvivalenata

Topics:

1"


17/17


Written exam

C"

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