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LEADERSHIPand

TEAMWORK

Rahmatina B. HermanBagian Pendidikan Kedokteran (BPK)

Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas

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References

Northouse, PG. Leadership Theory andPractice. Response Books

Daft, RL. Leadership Experience. McGraw Hills

Teamwork Skills Toolkit. Griffith University

7 Essential Skills for Teamwork. Bellingham

Schools

Professional Skill. Legal Academic Skills Centre,

Melbourne Law School

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Definition of Leadership

Many different definitions

Can have different meanings for different

people

In the past 50 years, 65 different classification

systems developed to define the dimensions of

leadership

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..Definition of Leadership

Many definitions of leadership based on many views /perspectives:

As the focus of group processes (Bass -1990):

The leader is at the center of group change andactivity and embodies the will of group

Conceptualizes from a personally perspective:

The leadership is a combination of special traits orcharacteristics that individuals possess and thatenable them to induce others to accomplish tasks

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..Definition of Leadership

Many definitions of leadership based on many views /perspectives:

As an act or behavior:

The things leaders to do bring about change in group

In terms of the power relationship that existsbetween leaders and followers:

Leaders have power and wield it to effect change in

others

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..Definition of Leadership

Many definitions of leadership based on many views /perspectives:

As an instrument of goal achievement and meettheir needs:

Leadership that transforms followers through visionsetting, role modeling, and individualized attention

Leadership from a skills perspective:

This viewpoint stresses the capabilities (knowledgeand skills) that make effective leadership possible

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Components As Central To

The Phenomenon Of Leadership

a) Leadership is a process

b) Leadership involves influence

c) Leadership occurs within a group context

d) Leadership involves goal attainment

Definition

Leadership is a processwhereby an individual influences

a group of individuals to achieve a common goal

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..Components As Central To

The Phenomenon Of Leadership

a) Defining leadership is a processmeans:

- It is not a trait or characteristic that resides in

leader, but it is a transactional event that occurs

between the leader and followers

- Process implies that a leader affects and is

affectedby followers

- The leadership is not a linear, one way event,

but rather an interactive event

- Leadership becomes available to everyone

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..Components As Central To

The Phenomenon Of Leadership

b) Leadership involves influence:

- It is concerned with how the leader affects

followers

- Influence is the sine qua non of leadership

- Without influence, leadership does not exist

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..Components As Central To

The Phenomenon Of Leadership

c) Leadership occurs in groups:

- Leadership involves influencing a group of

individuals who have a common purpose

- It can be small task group, community group,

or large group encompassing an entire organization

- Leadership training programs that teach people to

lead themselves are not considered is a part of

leadership within the definition

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..Components As Central To

The Phenomenon Of Leadership

d) Leadership includes attention to goals:

- The leadership has to do with directing a group of

individuals toward accomplishing some task or end

- Leaders direct their energies toward individuals

who are trying to achieve somethingtogether

- Leadership occurs and has its effects in contexts

where individuals are moving toward a goal

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Conclusion

Both leaders and followers are involved togetherinthe leadership process

Leaders need followers and followers need leaders

Although leaders and followers are closely linked ,it is the leader who often:

- initiates the relationship,

- createsthe communication linkages, and- carries the burden for maintaining the

relationship

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Even leadership are sometimes viewed as elitistbecause of the implied power and importancefrequently ascribed to leaders-followers relationship:

- Leaders are not above followers or better than

followers

- Leaders and followers need to be understoodinrelation to each other

- They are in the leadership relationshiptogethertwo sides of the same coin

Teamwork

Attention

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Teamwork

Teamwork is one of the most essential qualities for thesuccess of any organization

In the absence of teamwork, teams fail to perform to

the best of their abilitiesEach individual is assigned a particular task which

collectively helps an organization to achieve its

objective

Team members are responsible for ensuring that they

are performing as per the expectations of the company

and are delivering on the important parameters

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Teamwork skills

Capacity to interact and collaborate with otherseffectively, including in teams, in the workplace, and in

culturally or linguistically diverse contexts

Definition:Teamwork skills include the mix of interactive,

interpersonal, problem solving and communication

skills needed by a group of people working on a

common task, in complementary roles, towards acommon goal whose outcome are greater than those

possible by any one person working independently

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..Teamwork skills

Why the students need teamwork skills?- Working with people of different ages, gender, race,

religion, or political persuasion

- Working as individual and as a member of a team- Knowing how to define a role as a part of a team

- Applying teamwork to a range of situations, e.g.

futures planning, crisis problem solving

- Identifying the strength of team members

- Coaching, mentoring and giving feedback

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Effective Teamwork

Effective Teamwork is about Good LeadershipA good team leader should:

1. have the skills to create and maintain a working culture

that is positive to motivate and inspire the teammembers to get involved in creating an environment

where there is a positive approach to work, along with

high levels of commitment

2. not only focuses himself/ herself on the purpose and

direction of the team, but also makes sure that the

other members of the team share this focus

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..Effective Teamwork

A good team leader should:

3. have to be able to promote a high level of morale

amongst the team members so that they feel

supported and valued particularly useful forpreventing the bane of most office culturesthat of

backbiting, rumor mongering, gossip mongering, and

cronyismwhich can derail the efforts of any

teamwork.

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..Effective Teamwork

Effective Teamwork is about:

Effective Communication

Defining Clear-cut RolesCreating Procedures for Conflict Resolution

Setting a Good Example

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Principle of Effective Teamwork

1. While a team is formed, there should be a

clarity as to what the team wants to achieve

(objectives)

- The team as an entity should have clearly

articulated goals

- In the absence of an objective, the team

members may not be able to understand their

responsibilities, which can cause ambiguity.

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..Principle of Effective Teamwork

2. The team members should be willing to learnfrom each other

- May be some members who may be excellent with

the process, while some may require some timeand guidance, so it is essential that there is a

willingness to teach and learn new ideas.

- Team members should not be hesitant in seekinghelp from the senior members and the senior

members should in turn step forward to help the

new members.

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..Principle of Effective Teamwork

3. Two-way communication among teammembers about the roles that they are

assigned understanding and appreciation of

the effort- This is very essential as it has seen that a lot

of times when things do not work as planned,

members engage in a blame game- If members are aware about the challenges

involved in carrying out a task, they are more

likely to appreciate each other for their efforts

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..Principle of Effective Teamwork

4. While some control over a team is necessary, itis important that the team is given a certain

amount of flexibility in carrying out their tasks

- Too much of interference can affect theefficiency of a team and dampen the morale

of the members.

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..Principle of Effective Teamwork

5. Effective communication- Means that information is shared among all the

members of the team so that rumor-mongers

are kept at bay- Effective communication helps in making the

team members feel a valuable part of the

organization- Effective communication also calls for discussing

matters of importance openly so that everybody

is on the same page

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..Principle of Effective Teamwork

6. There should be an initiative to reward and

recognize team and team members who have

shown exemplary behavior and helped others

in times of need

- This will encourage others to follow suit and

act as a boost to people who genuinely believe inthe values of teamwork and team-spirit

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..Principle of Effective Teamwork

7. Healthy competition among team members tooutperform each other

- In the absence of a competition, the job may

cease to become interesting and monotony cancreep in, which again can be detrimental to a team,

so it is important that the team members are

provided with enough opportunities to grow in

their professional lives

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..Principle of Effective Teamwork

One thing that one should remember is:

there are no hard and fast rules about qualifies

and principles of a successful teamwork, butthere is a general consensus among researchers

thatthere are certain attributes which are

present in most successful teams inorganizations

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..Characteristics of Effective Teams

Effective communication and interaction:Face-to-face/ other modes of communication help to

- monitor group processes and dynamics,

- drive creativity,

- and enable productive work practicesMutual interest:

- focus on the interests of the group as a whole, and

- avoid personalizing problems or differences of opinion

Collective consciousness:

members perceive themselves as belonging to the group

even when the group is not together

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..Characteristics of Effective Teams

Mutual trust:- listen to each other,- respect contributions,- help each other to clarify ideas, and- show interest in each other

Cohesion:- group processes function smoothly without need for

intervention,- members are able to contribute equally to produce

something greater than the individual parts,- individual contributions are brought together seamlesslyand within nominated deadlines, and

- members feel they have learnt something from theprocess and from the other group members

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Essential Skills for Teamwork

1. Listening

2. Questioning

3. Persuading

4. Respecting

5. Helping

6. Sharing

7. Participating

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Process in Small Group

Forming:get to know each other, establishing guidelines, goals andprocesses, assessing and breaking down the task at hand

Storming:individuals assert themselves and develop preferences, with

arguments or disagreements potentially arising about howto proceed

Norming:work begins in a more organized and coordinated manner,

rules and processes are established and progress is madePerforming:the team as a whole focuses entirely on the task and itscompletion

Mourning

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Managing Group Dynamics

Key factors that contribute to a cohesive and productive

group dynamic:

Roles:

- The key to working well together is to be conscious of,

and explicit about, the roles each member will take on.

- When placed in a group situation with a specific task,

individuals inevitably take on different roles. It is

important to be up front about this process.

- Dividing up roles according to need and individual

strengths and weaknesses can help to ensure that all

members of the group make a positive contribution.

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..Managing Group Dynamics

Contribution:

- The management of who does what in a group can

make or break the group dynamic.

- Resentment often develops when members of a

team arent seen to be pulling their weight.

- This makes monitoring contributions, through

meetings and other forms of communication,

essential to the functioning and progress of a teamtowards its goals.

- A key factor in this process is seeking and providing

constructive feedback.

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..Managing Group Dynamics

Feedback:

- Good, constructive feedback is difficult to give; but it

is essential for smooth and productive (and

confidence building) teamwork

- The sandwich approach:

> Start by focusing on the positiveswhat was well

put, well argued, a good idea or a useful point

> Then point out faults or flaws, but tactfully, andwithout assuming that you have all the answers

> End with something positive

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Leadership and Management

Similaritiesbetween leadership & management:Leadership involves influenceas those

management

Leadership working with people, which

management requires as well

Leadership is concerned with effective goal

accomplishmentand so is management

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Differences:management versus leadership:Leadership produces change and movement

- Directing: - create a vision

- clarify big picture- set strategies

- Aligning People: - communicate goals

- seek commitment

- build teams & coalitions- Motivating and Inspiring:

- inspire and energize

- empower subordinates

- satisfy unmet needs

..Leadership and Management

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Differences:management versus leadership:

Managementproduces order and consistency

- Planning / Budgeting: - establish agendas

- set time tables- allocate resources

- Organizing / Staffing: - provide structure

- make job placements

- rules & procedures- Controlling / Problem Solving:

- develop incentives

- generate creative solutions

- take corrective action

..Leadership and Management

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Overlappingleadership & management

- When managers are involved in influencing a group

to meet its goals, they are involved in leadership

- When leaders are involved in planning, organizing,

staffing, and controlling, they are involved in

managements

- Both processes involve influencing a group of

individuals toward goal attainment

..Leadership and Management

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Why Teams Fail

There are many reasons why a team might fail toperform

Some of the most common are:

Disorganization, lack of direction or leadershipUnclear or conflicting goals and expectations

Fragmentation of time and competing commitments

Lack of motivation or dedication

Conflict

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Steps for Resolving Conflict

- Identify causesof conflict

- State their effecton the team and the task

- Negotiate a solution that suits all

- State steps to resolve the conflict

- Document the process- Seek mediation as a last resort

Above all, negotiate.

Separate interests from egos, and try to manage the best

result for all.Remember to turn disagreement into a positive attributeof teamwork.

Make conflict constructive rather than a personal attack.

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Tips in Resolving Conflict

Be proactive.

- Dont wait and see what happens.

- Find a way to meet face to faceeither as a whole

group, or with the interests of the whole group

represented.- Review communication and decision making

processes, and try a new approach if they are not

working.

- Reaffirm or revise group goals for the task.

Remember, when a single group mark is allocated the

task is also assessing your ability to work through

differences and work cohesively as a team.

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