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7/27/2019 Kozani8 Low Enthalpy Geothermal Water Use through a Cascade and Hybrid System
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StudyofCivilEngineeringandArchitecture(SCEA)Volume1Issue1,December2012 www.seipub.org/scea
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Kozani8 Low Enthalpy Geothermal Water
UsethroughaCascadeandHybridSystemNevtonKodhelaj*1,Bashkimela2,RizaAleti31,2,3EnergyResourcesDepartment,FacultyofGeologyandMining,PolytechnicUniversityofTirana,Albania
*[email protected];[email protected];[email protected]
AbstractAlbaniaisrelativelyrichwithlowuptothemiddleenthalpy,withwaterscomingoutasnaturalsprings(12springs)andwells (10wells).Thewater temperatureblowingoutof thewellsvaries from34Cup to65.5C toKozani 8, themost
important among the Albanian geothermal wells. It hadbeendrilledin1989.Findingofthehotbrinewasconsideredandaccidentat that time,as thewellhadbeendesignedanddrilledtosearchoil&gas.Thewellislocatedonthehills,26kmSEofTirana.Itencounters limestonestrataat1819m,penetratingover10mintothissection.Theyieldofthewellis10.3 l/s,and ispresentedstablefrommore than23years.Thegeographicalpositionof thewell,placed in themiddleofavillage,veryclosetothecorridor8,aresomeofthemostimportant parameters on choosing these waters for ourdesignsand therelatedcalculations.Therecreationalcenterprovides the cascade and integral use of the Kozani8geothermalwater,butnotonly.Italsoprovidetheelectricitygenerations,throughahybridsystem.Thecenterwillbealsoequipped with SPA, open and closed pools, fitness,massages, greenhouse & also aquaculture pools. Theeconomic analyses,based on the NPV calculations, showsthat this resource is completely competitive, and isunjustified its further waste. Despite the fact that theinvestment is too high (over 5.5 million Euro), it iscompletely feasible, and this is proven also by the riskanalyses.Itwillalsohelponimprovingthelivingstandardsforthelocalcommunity.
KeywordsGeothermal;
Kozani
8;
Pool;
Temperature;
Cascade;
Heat
Exchanger;Designing;Economics;Integral;HybridIntroduction
The Albanian geothermal springs and wells arelocatedinthreedifferentareas:IshmiKruja,Ardenicaand Peshkopia. They differ from eachother bygeological and thermohydrogeological features andcharacteristics. Each one of them is result of theregional tectonics and seismic activity. The Ishmi
Kruja geothermal zone, Figure 1, is close to theMotherTeresainternationalairport.
FIGURE1MAPOFTHEISHMIKRUJAGEOTHERMALZONE
ItisalsonexttotheKrujahistoricalcity,thewonderfulAdriatic Sea beaches & Lake of Ohrid. The
demonstrative geothermal center, with the cascadeand integral use, but also combined with the solarpanels (hybrid system), is designed for the Kozani8wellwaters.Thechoicehadbeenmadebecauseofitstemperature,onthevalueof65.5C,andyield10l/s.Intheaquifertopofthewelltrunkthewateris80C.Hotwater has salinity of (4.619.3) g/l. actually all thesewaters are wasted: they flows directly to a creek,meaning high economical loses. Among differentprocessesofthecascade,willbereleasedCO2andH2S,which willbe used for food products (conservation)
andmedicalpurposes.Thehybridsystem,combingofthemiddleenthalpygeothermalwaters,withthesolar
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panels, based on the fact that the Albanian climateallow such a thing (there are more than 280 sunnydays on the area), will improve the economicefficiencyoftheproject.
The Geological Structure of the RegionKruja geothermal zone represents a zone with largegeothermalresources.TheKrujageothermalzonehasa length of 180 km. The Kruja Geothermal Zoneextends from the Adriatic Sea in the North andcontinuesdowntotheSouth EasternareaofAlbaniaand to the Konitza area in Greece. The lowergeological section extends the Neritic Pelagiccarbonate rocks of the CretaceousPaleocene whileabove them lies the Oligocene flysch, which has athicknessofup to5kmand180km length [6].Main
creaseoftheareabecameinthemiddleOligoceneandinthe lowerandmiddleMiocene,therefore,therearesome transgressed sedimentary section of the upperOligocene, and especially of the Miocene above theolder ones, Figure 2. Geothermal aquifer isrepresentedbyacarstifiedneriticcarbonateformationwith numerous fissures and micro fissures. Threeboreholesproducehotandmineralizedwater: Ishmi1/b, Kozani8 and Galigati2. The specific electricresistance varies in the levels of 2050 Ohm, featurethatpromiseforgoodformationproperties. Infactthe
effective porosity is 1% and the permeability variesfrom 0.053.5 mD. The hydraulic conductivity of thelimestone sectionvariesbetween8.6x 10108.8x108
m/sandthetransmissivityrangesfrom8.6x1078.5x105 m2/s. Kozani8 well has been drilled in 1989.Borehole is located on hills 26km SE of Tirana. Itencounters limestone strata at 1816 m, penetratingover10mintothesection.Thetemperatureatthetopofaquiferreaches80CintheKozani8borehole.KrujastratigraphicbreakexistsatthelevelofthePaleoceneEocene, whose varies from an anticline string to
another. This area was built by some anticline andsynclinallines,descendingwestward.Thesearelinearstructurewith tens of kilometersof length. Anticlinegenerally has broken in their western side byoverlying tectonic,so theyareoftenobservedonlyasmonocline with eastern decrease, such as the DajtiKruja lines. Along the overlying, limestone anddolomitesof theCretaceous tectonically contactwiththe Oligocene flysch of the western syncline west,Figure3.Inthisareatherearethreewellsthatproducehotwater(geothermalwells):Ishmi1/b,Kozani8and
Galigati2, Table 1. From the regional point of view,theyextenduptothedepthof10km;aboveevaporate
which are related to regional tectonics [1]. At thisdepth the temperature reaches values of 120150C.Water comes from the interval 18161837 m [2].Temperatureatthisdepthis80Cwhilethepressureisabout191bars.Thewellheadpressureis12bars,while
thetemperatureis65.5C.Thetotaldissolvedsolidsis4.6 g/l [2], pH= 7.5; the cations Ca2+=27.62 mg/l,Mg2+=20.4mg/l,Na+=268.5mg/l,NH4+=47.5mg/l; theanionsCl=270.2mg/l,SO42=46.2mg/landHCO32=10mg/l;themicroelementsB=0.00067 g/l.
TABLE1BASICPARAMETERSOFTHEALBANIAN
GEOTHERMALWELLS
FIGURE2GEOLOGICALANDHYDROGEOLOGICALMAPOF
THEKRUJAGEOTHERMALZONE
FIGURE3STRUCTURALMAPOFTHEKOZANILIMESTONE
ANDTHEIRSEAL
WellTemperature
(C)
Coordinates Yield
(l/s)Lat.(V) Long.(L)
Kozani8 65.5 4106 20016 10.3
Ishmi1/b 60 41292 19404 3.5Letan 50 41079 202249 5.5Galigati2 4550 40576 200924 0.9Bubullima5 4850 411918 194036Ardenica3 38 404848 193536 1518Semani1 35 4050 1926 5Semani3 67 404612 192224 30Ardenica 12 32 404812 193542Verbasi2 29.3 13
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Energetic Reserves Evaluation of the
Kozani Limestone Structure
The formationheat is calculated through the relation[2](Table2):
zAttcPcQ wwmm 010 1 where: the effective porosity of the limestone
(P=5.8x103);
m meandensityof thematrix (m=2640kg/m3);
cm specificheatcapacityoftheformation(cm=1.1kJ/kgK);
w waterdensity(w=980.37kg/m3);
cw waterspecificheat(cw=4.1893kJ/kgK);t1 formationtemperature(t1=85C);
t0 groundtemperature(t0=16.5C).
The geothermal energy reserves are calculatedthroughtherelation(Table2):
001 QRQ
where: R0=0.1 because Kozani8 is the onlywell,eruptinghotwater.
Therecoverablegeothermalenergyis(Table2):
tcttQE wwrtv
Thespecificreservesare(Table2):
A
Qq 1
Theenergeticcapacityis(Table2):
0041840.)tt(PQ gwmaxe
where:Pmax themaximalyieldofthewell[l/s];
tw watertemperature[C];
tg groundtemperature[C].
Theannualenergyuseis[TJ/y](Table2):
13190.)tt(PS gw.ave
wherePav. theaverageyieldsofthewell[kg/s];
Thecapacityfactoris(Table2):
e
e
Q
S.K 031710
TABLE2ENERGETICRESERVESOFKOZANI8GEOTHERMALWELL
Parameter Value
FormationHeat 1.0712*1010[GJ]
EnergyReserves 1.0712*109[GJ]
RecoverableEnergy 2.401*106[GJ]
SpecificReserves 39.63[GJ/m2]
EnergeticCapacity 2.05[MWh]
EnergyUse 0.39[TJ/year]
CapacityFactor 0.006
The Scheme for the Integral, Cascade and
Hybrid Use of the Kozani-8 Geothermal
Waters
Itwas thoughtby thegroupofauthors, that thebestandmoreefficientway touse thegeothermalwatersofKozani8well is theconstructionsofamulticenter[9]. The center will include the SPA, massage andfitness center, open and closed pools (with different
sizes and temperatures), greenhouse, aquaculturecultivation pools, conference rooms etc. The centerwill be heated through the geothermal direct use(through the installation of the heat exchangers) [5],while for the cooling willbe installed a geothermalheat pump [3]. The roof, covered with solar panels,whose combination can provide the sanitary waterandalsoapartof them,willcirculate thegeothermalwater and increase its temperature, allowing so theelectricity production (the hybrid system). Thiselectricity will serve for the lighting system of the
center (green energy). In theFigure 4, is showed thefrontaland lateralviewof thecenter, in theFigure5,the principal sketch of the integral, cascade and thehybrid system, while in the figure 6 is showed theaquaculturecultivationprincipalsketch.
FIGURE 4 RECREATIONALCENTREKOZANI8, SHIJON
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FIGURE5PRINCIPALSKETCHOFTHEINTEGRAL,CASCADE
ANDHYBRIDUSEOFTHEKOZANI8GEOTHERMALWATERUSE
FIGURE6AQUACULTURECULTIVATIONPRINCIPALSKETCH
Heat Looses
The proposed center will have several pools: 1geothermal pool (designed as a natural pond, sized10*8*0.5 m, water temperature 38Cdegasified); 1open Olympic pool (sized 50*23*3 m, watertemperature30C);1sweetwaterpool(sized10*5*1.5mescalate,watertemperature38Cdegasified,lightlyclosed); 1 kids sweet water pool (sized 5*3*0.5 mescalate,watertemperature30C).Thecriteriaforpooldesigning are: psychological and physiologicalcomfort,roadswidth13m,heightoftheclosedpools
4m,temperature&humiditylevel,easymaintenanceand thenoise levelbelow 60dB The thermal loads,based on their nature and effect on the thermalbalance, can be calculated as loses or thermalincrement.Theheatlosesofthesystemareinfluenced
by a number of factors including the number of theguests, their physical activity, the electricalequipments, solar radiation, natural ventilation,thermo insulation etc. Calculation for the electricalequipments are madebased on the assumption thatthe maximum load, varies during the day, to avoidtheirsupersizing.IntheFigure7,isshowedthewatercirculationschemeforthepools. Onthefirstcascadethewaterwillbeused forhouseheatingandalso forpools. The waterdischargedby thegeothermal andhot water pool (38C) willbe used for the spirulina
cultivation. On the first heat exchanger the watersupply shouldbe 22.69 t/h of water, for an installedcapacityof512kW[7].Thisamountofenergywillbetransmitted through the sweet water, heated at thelevel of 4550C. On the second heat exchanger areneeded15[t/hofwater]foraninstalledcapacityof480kW. The water temperature in this heat exchangershouldbe intherangeof4050C[7],Figure8.IntheTable3arepresentedthethermal loadsforthecenterfor both seasons: winter and summer, while in theTable 4 the parameters of the closed pools
environment[8].
FIGURE7THEGEOTHERMAL/FRESHWATER POOLS
CIRCULATIONSCHEME
FIGURE8HEATEXCHANGERANDHEATPUMPSKETCH
CENTRE
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TABLE3SEASONALTHERMAL LOADS OFTHECENTER
TABLE4CLOSEDPOOLSPARAMETERS
Environment Parameter
ClosedPools
Vair=45[m3/hm2]
Qfloor=220[W/m2]
Qsanitarywater
=0.90[kW/m2
]
Environmental Analyses and Positive
Impact of the Scheme
TheenvironmentaleffectsoftheKozani8geothermalwellcomebecauseoftwomainreasons:
Highcontentofgases;
Highcontentofmineralsalts.
ThechemicalanalysesofthewatershowsthattheH2S
content is 410.07 mg/l, H2SO4 43.1 mg/l, HBO2 25.4mg/land freeCO2184.7mg/l.Other freeelementsof
thewater in60CareCl,F,Br,JandNO2[9]. Theseentire chemicals are not dissolved in the geothermalwater, so its enough a small perturbation and theycanbe released to theatmosphere.Mostof themarepoisoningtothepeople,exceptthattheyareextremely
harmful for theequipment.Theiractualeffecton theenvironmentishighandalsothehealthproblemtothecommunity, caused by them is relevant. So it isnecessary that all this gases should be removedthrough and degasing process, Figure 9. Thequantitative evaluations shows that the total amountofthegasesthatshouldberemovedis5.12kg/h,foratotal mass of geothermal water 12.04 t/h with meantemperature40.68C. ThemineralsalinecontentoftheKozani8 water is 4.6 g/l while the pH is 7.5. InbigamountarethecationsNa+1.19g/l,Ca2+0.79g/l,Mg2+
0.2g/l,K+0.17g/l,NH4+ 0.02g/l, tracesofFe2+,AsandCu2+,Al3+0.2g/l, tracesofheavymetalsasFe,Cu,AlandtheanionsCl2.36g/l,SO421.78g/l,HCO30.43g/l,F10.8g/l,Br12.4g/l,J11.1g/l,HS195.3g/l,S2O321.5g/l, SO32 0.1 g/l, HPO42 0.4 g/l, traces 0f NO21. Thewatercontainalsodryresidue(in180C)inthelevelof6808 mg/l. Their effect extends on pollution of thesurface and underground waters, soil pollution, andcorrosion and depositions problem while the mostimportant are the human and animal health issues,Figure9.Thatswhytheproposedschemepredictsto
treat this water in order to remove all the pollutant.The purification process will involve the totaldesalination and as the second step, the selectivedesalination inorder toget thevaluable compounds.This schemewillbeeconomicallyefficient,aspartofthemhavemarketvalues, so theywillbe sold to thenationalmarket.
FIGURE9DEGASIFYSKETCHAND KOZANI8WELLHEAD(SILICA,CALCITEDEPOSITIONS)
EconomicalAnalysesInTable5isshowedsomecostsdatasrelatedwiththeconstructions cost for the Recreational GeothermalCentre & SPA, Shijon, and Elbasan. There can beclearly seen that the biggest investment should be
done for the building (66.7%), while that the totalinvestmentiscalculatedtobe5708285Euro[8].
Room/environment
SUMMER
Thermal
load[kW]
Air
[kW]
Sanitary
water[kW]
Total
[kW]
MainBuilding 100 130 53 283ClosedPools 130.5GeothermalPool(10x8)m
72
SweetWaterPool(10x5m)
45
KidsPool(5x3m) 13.5Subtotal 413.5
ClosedPool(Water)Geothermal Pool(Water)SweetWaterWoolOlympicPool(Water)
Total 413.5
Room/environment
WINTER
Thermal
load
[kW]
Air
[kW]
Sanitary
water[kW]
Total
[kW]
MainBuilding 512 420 80 1012ClosedPools 32.3 63.6 130.5 226.4GeothermalPool(10x8)m
18 35 72 125
SweetWaterPool(10x5m)
11 22 45 78
KidsPool(5x3m) 3.3 6.6 13.5 23.4Subtotal 1236.4
ClosedPool(Water) 68Geothermal Pool(Water)
48
SweetWaterWool 20OlympicPool(Water) 1300
Total 2674.4
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TABLE5:COSTSCALCULATIONSFORTHESHIJONIRECREATIVEGEOTHERMALCENTRE&SPA
Constituent Investment[]
Property(land) 440880
HotelClinic-
Building- AcclimatizeSystem- Furniture
3808280654560229670
Greenhouse 186710
SpirulinaCultivationCentre 252085
AquacultureInstallations 136100
Total[] 5708285
TABLE6:THENPVCALCULATIONSFORDIFFERENTSCENARIOS(BASEDINTHECF)
Time
[years]
PresentValue forDifferentCashFlow
250000
[/y]
300000
[/y] 350000
[/y] 400000
[/y] 450000
[/y]
500000
[/y]
1 5.09E+06 5.05E+06 5.00E+06 4.95E+06 4.91E+06 4.86E+06
2 4.67E+06 4.58E+06 4.49E+06 4.40E+06 4.31E+06 4.22E+06
3 4.32E+06 4.19E+06 4.06E+06 3.93E+06 3.79E+06 3.66E+06
4 4.01E+06 3.84E+06 3.67E+06 3.50E+06 3.33E+06 3.16E+06
5 3.73E+06 3.52E+06 3.31E+06 3.10E+06 2.89E+06 2.68E+06
6 3.46E+06 3.22E+06 2.97E+06 2.72E+06 2.48E+06 2.23E+06
7 3.22E+06 2.93E+06 2.65E+06 2.36E+06 2.08E+06 1.79E+06
8 2.98E+06 2.66E+06 2.34E+06 2.01E+06 1.69E+06 1.37E+06
9 2.75E+06 2.39E+06 2.03E+06 1.68E+06 1.32E+06 959775
10 2.52E+06 2.13E+06 1.74E+06 1.34E+06 950671 55727411 2.31E+06 1.88E+06 1.45E+06 1.02E+06 591445 162458
12 2.10E+06 1.63E+06 1.17E+06 702794 238538 225717
13 1.89E+06 1.39E+06 889616 390386 108844 608073
14 1.68E+06 1.15E+06 616532 82596 451340 985275
15 1.48E+06 915709 347315 221079 789472 1.36E+06
16 1.29E+06 684191 81569 521053 1.12E+06 1.73E+06
17 1.09E+06 455596 181041 817677 1.45E+06 2.09E+06
18 900107 229656 440796 1.11E+06 1.78E+06 2.45E+06
19 710218 6140 697937 1.40E+06 2.11E+06 2.81E+06
20 522379 215148 952675 1.69E+06 2.43E+06 3.17E+06
21 336429 434380 1.21E+06 1.98E+06 2.75E+06 3.52E+06
22 152225 651708 1.46E+06 2.26E+06 3.06E+06 3.87E+06
23 30358 867264 1.70E+06 2.54E+06 3.38E+06 4.22E+06
24 211429 1.08E+06 1.95E+06 2.82E+06 3.69E+06 4.56E+06
25 391087 1.29E+06 2.20E+06 3.10E+06 4.00E+06 4.90E+06
26 569420 1.50E+06 2.44E+06 3.37E+06 4.31E+06 5.24E+06
27 746506 1.71E+06 2.68E+06 3.65E+06 4.62E+06 5.58E+06
28 922416 1.92E+06 2.92E+06 3.92E+06 4.92E+06 5.92E+06
29 1.10E+06 2.13E+06 3.16E+06 4.19E+06 5.23E+06 6.26E+06
30 1.27E+06 2.34E+06 3.40E+06 4.46E+06 5.53E+06 6.59E+06
N.P.V 4.60E+07 2.87E+07 1.14E+07 5.87E+06 2.32E+07 4.04E+07
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The economic analyses are done based on the NetPresentValue (NPV)Calculations.The centerwillbeconstructedthroughabankingloan.Isunderlinedthisfact,becausetheAlbanianbankingsystemdonotgiveloan insuchcaseiftheRateofReturn(ROR)is lower
than 0.1 (10%). In the Table 6 are showed the NPVvalues fordifferentscenarios,based indifferentCashFlow (CF).From this table canbe seen that theNPVbecomepositiveforCFgreaterthan350000/y.Inthe
Figure10,isshowedthechartofPV/time,whileintheFigure 11, the chart of (NPV/CF). The analyticalanalyses (and also graphical) shows that the NPV isequalized to zero, only if the CF is 382 949/y. Forlower CF the NPV result negative and of course for
greater CF it will be positive. The business planpredict a CF of about 445 000 /y, based in theAlbaniantouristicmarketanditsprices.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Time (years)
-6000000
-4000000
-2000000
0
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
PresentValue[]
CF=250000 /y
CF=300000 /y
CF=350000 /y
CF=400000 /y
CF=450000 /y
CF=250000 /y
Present Value variation in Time
FIGURE10PRESENTVALUEVARIATIONSVERSUSTIME
250000 300000 350000 400000 450000 500000
Cash Flow (/y)
-50000000
-40000000
-30000000
-20000000
-10000000
0
10000000
20000000
30000000
40000000
50000000
NetPresentValue(NPV)
-4.6x107
-2.87x107
-1.14x107
5.87x106
2.32x107
4.04x107
Net Present Value variation based in the Cash Flow
FIGURE11NETPRESENTVALUESFLUCTUATIONBASEDONTHECASHFLOW
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100,0% 25,0%
440880 440880
25,0% Possibilities
0 440880
0,0% 0,0%
0 0
TRUE Structure
0 5708285
100,0% 25,0%
3808280 3808280
25,0% Possibilities
0 3808280
0,0% 0,0%
0 0
75,0% 7,5%
654560 654560
10,0% Possibilities
0 490920
25,0% 2,5%
0 0
100,0% 10,0%
229670 229670
10,0% Possibilities
0 229670
0,0% 0,0%
0 0
65,0% 6,5%
186710 186710
10,0% Possibilities
0 121361,5
35,0% 3,5%
0 0
55,0% 5,5%
252085 252085
10,0% Possibilities
0 138646,75
45,0% 4,5%
0 0
50,0% 5,0%
136100 136100
10,0% Possibilities
0 68050
50,0% 5,0%
0 0
Decision
0
FALSE 0,0%
0 0
Kozani8Recreation CenterandSPA
NotConstrusted
Constructed
Property
Bought
NotBought
MainBuilding
Constructed
NotConstructed
AcclimatizeSystem
Constructed
NotConstructed
Furniture
Bought
NotBought
Greenhouse
Constructed
NotConstructed
Spirouline Cultivation
Constructed
NotConstructed
AcquacultureInstallations
Constructed
NotConstructed
FIGURE12RISKANALYSISCHARTFORTHEKOZANI8RECREATIONCENTRECONSTRUCTION
Inthefigure12isshowedthechartofRiskAnalyses.Therecanbeseenevenbetterthattheriskisminimal,so the investment is totallyefficient. In the followingcharts, Figure 13 is possible to see the risk for eachvalueofNPV.Sooncemore therisk isminimal,andtheinvestmentisveryprofitable.
Conclusions
The Kozani8 water temperature is suitable for thesupplyofa recreational center, includinggeothermalindoorandoutdoorpools;
1. Thewater temperature is suitable for feedingoftwocascades;
2. Thehybridsystemwillimprovetheeconomicefficiencyoftheproject;
3. The construction of the center will improvetheenergeticbalanceoftheregion;
4. The construction of the center will help ondiversifyingtheenergyresourcesinAlbania;
5. The degasified and desalination line willimprove theenvironmentalstatusof thearea,asactuallyishighlypolluted;
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6. It will improve the living standards of thecommunity;
7. Theeconomicanalysesshowthatitisfeasible.8. Theriskanalysisshowsveryoptimisticdatas
forthefutureoftheinvestment.
FIGURE13 RISKANALYSESCHARTBASEDONTHENPV
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