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Pitsa panels - , circa540-530 BC National Archaeological museum, Greece6th c. BC representation of an animal sacrifice scene in Corinth.

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Portrait of a young manFayoum Funerary Portrait, 2nd c. B.C.,

British Museum

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Jesus Christ the Pantokrator1st half of 6th c., Sinai Monastery

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The Ghent Altarpiece by Jan Van Eyck and his brothers, 1432. A large altarpiece on panel. Theouter wings are hinged, and painted on both sides.

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St George18th c., N. Kantounis

Byzantine & Christian Museum

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ICON PAINTING

TECHNIQUE

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ICON PAINTING TECHNIQUE

Paint layers

(pigments + binding medium)

Layer of bole

VarnishLayer of gold

Layer of animal glue

Wooden substrate

Layer of animal glue

Gesso ground

Textile

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Factors of Deterioration Environmental

conditions (i.e.Humidity,Temperature, Light,UV radiation)

Natural defects ofmaterials

Biological attack

Improper treatments

Physical & chemical

properties ofmaterials

Difference in the

behaviour of layers Wrong choice or use

of materials

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It is important to know that all layers interactwith each other!! So whatever happens to

one layer will result to defect production tothe other..

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Canvas Painting

Cross section of canvas paintingCross section of canvas painting

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How can we document these problems?How can we document these problems?

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Do we know the evolution of the crack?Do we know the evolution of the crack?

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Is this active?Is this active?

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ANALYTICAL & STRUCTURAL

DIAGNOSIS METHODS

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Types of methods

Destructive

Invasive Non-invasive

Contact Non-contact

Qualitative Quantitative

Non-destructive

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From time to time, panel painters used a variety of

materials...

Gum arabic Casein

Egg yolk

Binding mediaBinding media

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Linum usitatissum

Walnut oil and pigments

Drying oilsDrying oils

Linseed oil

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The wooden substrateThe wooden substrate

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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, AASAtomic Emission Spectroscopy, AES

Flame Emission Spectroscopy, FES

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, FTIR

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry, GC/MS

Gas Chromatography, GC

High Pressure Liquid Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry, HPLC/MS

High Pressure Liquid Chromatography, HPLC

Imaging Techniques

Inductive Coupled Plasma, ICPIon Exchange Chromatography

Microscopic Analysis

Neutron Activation Analysis, NAA

Raman Spectrometry

Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis, SEM/EDX

Thermogravimetric Analysis, TGA

UV/Vis

X-ray Diffraction, XRD

X-ray Fluorescence, XRF

Analytical Methods used in Conservation Science

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Elemental technique(SEM-EDX) pigments

Molecular technique(FTIR, Raman)

Separation method

(GC, HPLC)

medium

A TYPICAL ANALYTICAL SCHEME FOR THERESYNTHESIS OF THE ARTISTS TECHNIQUE

pigments + medium

Imaging techniques Detection of hiddenelements

Cross-section &microchemical tests

Stratigraphy & indicationof materials present

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The traditional Radiography (X-rays)

Detects:

Under-paintings

Cracks

Knots

Nails

Damage produced bywood-boring insects

Does not detect:

Voids Detachments

Inborn defects

Evolving defects

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Thermographic methods

ND method.

It extracts data from the heat

dissipation dynamics after asample is being irradiated by theexternal source (nearIR). Thedynamics is studied by means of

a time sequence of imagescaptured by a thermal camera.The principle of the method isthat the cooling rate is faster forsound areas than for damaged

areas of the painting. Thisdynamic difference (i.e. thethermal contrast) providesinformation about location and

shape of defects.

Pros Gives information about the

structure and thepreservation state of thepanel painting

Cons It is not always easy to

relate effects todetachments since otherparameters like thereflectivity of the surface or

the spatial distribution ofhumidity may influence theresults

Low resolution

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Acoustic methods (SAM, ACU)

ND method.

The acoustic response from

the surface can be recordedelectronically and interpretedby electronic signal analysis.The information is obtained

point by point and can beextended into two-dimensionalinformation by mapping at agrid of measuring points.

Since the spatial resolution isgoverned by the soundwavelength it is of advantageto use ultrasound.

Pros Identifies inhomogeneities

such as detachments,cavities, hollows orinclusions

Cons Detachments of very thin

layers is difficult to detect

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Full Field Interferometry

It is a non-destructive, non-invasive, non-contact indirect

method, which responds onlyto a change in the surfaceprofile when a thermal load isapplied. Video data from the

surface under laserillumination are evaluated andcompared.

Pros High sensitivity

Detects location and size ofdefects

Identifies inhomogeneitiessuch as detachments,cavities or inclusions

Detects active hidden andinborn evolving defects

Offers a whole-fieldmapping of the vibration

amplitude in the panelpainting

Cons Easily disturbed by external

vibrations

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End of part 1