korey 2

8/8/2019 korey 2

1/11

9

2. The StateConstitutionand HybridDemocracy1

M Amca vm x cud h fu x f h U.S. Cu

a appdx. N ha h cu f h a f Cafa

appdd h xf w, h wud au wc cu h.

A DIFFERENT SORT OF DOCUMENT

Th U.S. Cu (wh amdm appdd h a) 0 pa ,

wh h Cafa dcum (wh amdm ad h x) u 166

pa.4 Th a f h dffc h ha h fda cu p u

h ucu f vm ad h h f cz my vy a m ad

ay vy a a au uav puc pcy. Th a cu, h h

had, much m ha a a u f Cafa pca ym. Cmpa

h f ac h U.S. Cu wh ha f h Cafa Cu

( Ta .1). May f h pv h a dcum a xmy pcfc.

Nwh h u ha h ac da wh axa whch cud, am

umu h pv, h pua ha [p]py ud hd xcuvy fh pma dp f huma dad [.., cm] . . . ,xcp wh ud hd

f pf a ax xmp.5

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Th a f cu wa adpd 1849, h ya f Cafa ad

ahd. Ravy f,6 wa appvd y a ppua v f 1,061 811 af

[The U.S. Constitution is] the written embodiment of our freedoms,our rights, and the rule of law.

Robert Weissberg2

[The California Constitution is] a massive mishmash of minutiae.George Skelton3

41934_02_Ch02_p009-019 pp2.indd 941934_02_Ch02_p009-019 pp2.indd 9 11/19/08 3:26:38 PM11/19/08 3:26:38 PM

8/8/2019 korey 2

2/11

10 2 / The State Constitution and Hybrid Democracy

dafd a a cv My.7 I wa amdd y x m du h

hy ya f xc. Th may hav du afac wh h dcu-

m ha h dffcuy f h amdm pc.8 Th w va uuccfu

amp, h a 1857, ca a cv w a w cu.9

U w du h 1870. May ma fam w dpy d ad havy

axd. Bu fau a h dcad d w umpym h c.

A avy ma um f pp wd much f h a maufacu. I pacua,

TABLE 2.1

Articles in the United States and the California Constitutions

United States Constitution California Constitution

Legislative Declaration of Rights

Executive Voting, Initiative and Referendum, and Recall

Judicial State of California

Federalism Legislative

Amendments Executive

Miscellaneous Subjects Judicial

Ratification Public Officers and Employees

Education

Water

Water Resources Development

Marine Resources Protection Act of 1990

Local Government

Public Utilities

Taxation

Tax Limitation

Government Spending Limitation

Labor Relations

Usury

Public Finance

Amending and Revising the Constitution

Motor Vehicle Revenues

Loans from the Public Transportation Account or

Local Transportation Funds

Motor Vehicle Fuel Sales Tax Revenues and

Transportation Improvement Funding

Miscellaneous Subjects

Reapportionment of the Senate, Assembly,

Congressional, and Board of Equalization Districts

Architectural and Engineering Services

Public Housing Project Law

Medical Research


8/8/2019 korey 2

3/11

8/8/2019 korey 2

4/11


DIRECT DEMOCRACY

I Fda Pap N. 10, w 1787 upp afca f h Cu f h

Ud Sa, Jam Mad aud h advaa f a puc v a pu dmcacy.

By pu dmcacy, h ma wha day w ca a direct democracy, a ym whch

h pp hmv dcd wha puc pcy hud . By a puc h ma

wha day w m cmmy ca a representative democracy, a ym whch uch

dc a mad, y h pp hmv, u huh pav h pp

ch ac h haf. Th U.S. Cu wa dd pvd pav

ah ha dc dmcacy. A h aa v, h Cu uaa cz

h h p h vm f d f vac, u w a ca

fmay ducd y y a mm f C. Mau appvd y C ad

(uuay) h pd d hav afd y ppua v cm aw. If czd h way ha h cd pav a ac, h h h

Cu aw hm hw h aca u p h d f h m.

I a ad ca pc Cafa, hwv, h pp hav acc pwfu

um f vm fud a h fda v: h initiative, h referendum,

ad h recall. W w dc ach f h u a hy mpac a vm

ay, ad h dcu hw h f w hav ud a h a cu.

Dc dmcacy a h ca v w addd Chap 9.

The Initiative17

Cafa, whch adpd h av 1911, f wy-fu a ha p-

vd f m fm a awd a.18 Th av (cad ha cau

ad y v p) h pu fm f dc dmcacy. Thuh ,

Cafa ca w aw, ad v amd h a cu, whu hav

huh h a au. Pac a proposition h a f v appva

qu a p d y a um f d v qua 5 pc f h

um f v ca h m c c f v (f h mau a d-

ay au) 8 pc f h um (f a cua amdm). Th -

au may amd pa a au av, u ay uch cha mu appvd

y h v u h av f pcf hw. Iav mu cfd

a ujc, a ccp ha w dcud m fuy a h chap.

The Referendum19

Th fdum cad ha cau fd h v fw ac y

h au. Th a w yp f fdum, h compulsory referendum ad

h petition referendum.

Th cmpuy fdum pda h Pv Ea, ad wa cudd h

a cu f 1849 ad 1879. Rfdum a cmpuy f cua


8/8/2019 korey 2

5/11

amdm v ad f h uac f m vm d. I d

cm a pp, awd cmpuy fdum mu f appvd

h h a ad h amy y a w-hd v f h mmhp. Bd ma-u a qu h v appva ( a vd f a v v) f

h a.

If v a uhappy wh a au pad y h au, hy ca m ca

f p wh 90 day a ha fd h v f appva f

cm aw. Th qum f a p fdum h am a f a au

av: a um f au qua 5 pc f h um f v h a

c f v. B ha hav pad h au a ucy mau, whch

qu a w-hd v f h mmhp f h a amy ad f h a, a

xmp fm p fdum.

P fdum a fay fqu. A a f 47 hav appad h a

c 1911. Of h, hwv, y 19 hav w v dm. I h wd, vhav pd vu h au m ca.0 I Nvm 004, v jcd

a au qu m u pvd mdca uac h mpy. I

Fuay 008, hwv, hy appvd fu mau xpad Ida am.

Oc h a, a mp majy f v a ha dd f paa f h

a av a fdum. If w m cfc pp (fdum

av, h) appa h a a h am m ad h a appvd, h

pa wh h hh um f Y v w pva.1

A a xcp Dawa hav h fdum m fm a a ma f amd

h a cu. Twy-fu pvd f h p fdum.

Fu .1 hw, f ach dcad c h adp f h cu, 1) h um- f mau pacd h a y h au (ha , cmpuy fdum),

) h um f h ha pad, ) h um f mau pacd h a y

v p (av ad p fdum), ad 4) h um f h ha uc-

cdd. Th fu va m fay ca pa.

Th uccfu u f p pac mau h a f ff h 1940

ad dd ud u h dcad a. O w au h

a a aa pc ad a av c f pc a h a v. 4

Ah p va adda a: aca f dc dmcacy wh H-

u f pc, cha h aw ma had quafy a mau f h

a, ad h ppuay f Cafa v Ea Wa ad Pa Bw.5

Th um f mau pacd h a udd h 1970, adday u (huh h ucc a) f p-ad mau a a hca hh.

Th a va xpaa f h d a w: fuh a cha ha facad h

pc, h w mpac f a pcy h f a vay f up wh

h whwha pd a amu f my pc h , a w

um f hhy dvv ca ad cmc u, ad dc du h a

pca u.6

Ah ca d ha h dc c h 1970 h um f ma-

u pacd h a y h au, cmd wh a wh h pca

Direct Democracy 13


8/8/2019 korey 2

6/11


(huh h um) f uch mau cv v appva. Th y xpa-

a f h d h pazd au f h cmpay a au. I

had waday h w-hd appva f h mmhp f h amy

ad a dd pac a mau h a. Th ha d pa v h hud

ay jy ad-ad upp ad hav a vy d chac f paa.

The Recall27

A wh h av ad h p fdum, h ca wa addd h a

cu 1911. I aw v mv a cd ffca f h d f hffca m f ffc. Icud Cafa, h a pvd f h ca f a

a m a ffchd.8 Quafy a ca c f a v h a-

wd ffc hd qu a um f au qua 1 pc f h um

f v ca h m c c f h ffc vvd. F h a ffc

hd (a a, mm f h Bad f Equaza, ad appa ad a

cu jud), h qum 0 pc.

N ha a ca dff fm mpachm ad mva fm ffc y h -

au, y cau cad u y h v hmv, u a cau

FIGURE 2.1

Ballot Measures (Propositions) by Decade

SOURCE: Thuh 199: Ty M,A Study of California Ballot Measures 18841993 (Sacam: Scayf Sa, 1994); 1994p: Statement of Vote (Sacam: Scay f Sa).

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Placed by Petition: Succeeded

Placed by Petition: Proposed

Placed by Legislature: Succeeded

Placed by Legislature: Proposed

140

NumberofBallotMeasures

1880

188

9

1890

189

9

1900

190

9

1910

191

9

1920

192

9

1930

193

9

1940

194

9

1950

195

9

1960

196

9

1970

197

9

1980

198

9

1990

199

9

2000

200

8

Decade


8/8/2019 korey 2

7/11

mpachm qu ha a ffca mu hav ad mcduc ffc. 9

Th m vau uh, u ay ud a a w d f a ca. I fac, h a

cu pcfcay pua ha uffccy f a vwa.If a ca quaf f h a, v a h ad dcd w qu. Th

f , Sha _________ cad (mvd) fm h ffc f __________? Th

cd wh hud pac h cum f h ca uccfu. Th f qu

dcdd y a mp majy. Th cd dcdd y a puaywhv cv

m v ha ay ( cay a majy f v ca) w h ffc.

Th cum pmd a cadda h pacm p f h

a.

U 00, awd ffchd had v cad Cafa. Oy

v amp, a aa mm f h a au, had quafd f h a-

. Fu f h uccdd. Dp 1 amp, mau ca a v had

v quafd f h a.0 A f h chad wh h ca f Gay Dav ad hpacm y Ad Schwaz Oc 7, 00.

Sc 00, h y ca c vv a a ffca cam Ju 008, wh

Dmca uh ca Rpuca a Sa Jff Dham. Thy cad ff h

ff May, hwv, ad Dham ay hd h ffc.1

CHANGING THE CONSTITUTION

W hav aady dcud h av ad fdum a. H, w w m pcfcay a hw hy hav ud a h a cu. (Th c-

u ca a vd y a cv, u ha cad c adp f

h cu dcum.)

A av mu md a ujc ad ca y amd, u v,

h a cu. A fdum ca h amd h cu (c ap-

pva f a a mau 196) v . Hwv, wh h au p

amdm h v f h appva, []ach amdm ha ppad

ha ca vd paay.4

A v pumay ad ha a amdm, u h pc dc

a a ca, h df f wha cu a ujc. I 1990,

h Cafa Supm Cu vadad a av ha wud hav mad wpcha cma aw h ud ha cud a v f h cu. 5

A h w (Nvm 008) pp f a av a am-x maa

hav fd u aa , au ha h mau a v. I 1999, h cu -

dd a av da wh h appm ad av aa mvd

fm h a f fa h ujc .6 Th qu f wh a cu-

a amdm fd h v y h au ca m ha u,

hu qu ha hy vd paay, a mpcy dfd. I 006,

h cu fud ha a fdum ffd a a amdm mppy cad w

Changing the Constitution 15


8/8/2019 korey 2

8/11


ma (pmay c ad h a f upu a ppy) ha w a-

ay ma a cmm hm, pup, ujc.7 Such dc hav, hwv,

a, ad h cu ha ay pd a f h m ady.I h am 10 ya f xc, h Cafa Cu ha ad

v 500 m, m m ha ay h a cu.8 Th a majy f

h cha hav cm au huh h fdum. Mv, v a much

m y appv fdum mau ha av. Am w-hd f h

amdm h au ha pacd h a hav uccfu, cmpad

au a hd f h pacd h a y p.

I fa a a h Cafa ha h fda cu (whch w

v 00 ya ha amdd y 7 m). Gv h mu da h a

dcum, h fua. O h h had, h a um f amdm ha

ha ud ha y addd h da.

THE CONTINUING CONTROVERSY

Th mpac f dc dmcacy hud xaad. L h f h fda

vm ad a ffy a, Cafa fm f vm acay ha f

a puc, ha , a pav dmcacy. I Cafa ad h a fu-

cd y h acy f h Pv, pav dmcacy ha md-

fd, pacd, y a vay f dc dmcacy. Whh h wa a d da

ma cva, pcay wh ad h av. Ahuh ha ad h a ac fm f vm, h av pc ha cay had a

fca mpac.

I h f pac, h fac ha m cua amdm cm huh f-

dum ah ha av a mad, a h fac ha h va majy

f au cm aw huh h ma av pc. Iav f da wh

maj ad cva u. I c dcad v hav appvd cua

au av ha, am h h,

d h dah pay;

hapy ducd ppy ax ad mad had f ca vm ca

ax, f, ad h cha;

chad h u f cma pcd way dd h h had

f h pcu;

ahd h Cafa Ly;

uaad puc ch (da huh cmmuy c) v 40 pc

f h a a fud;

mad h uac cmm a cd ffc;

m m f mm f h a au ad cd a xcuv;


8/8/2019 korey 2

9/11

ad ac ad d pfc y a ad ca vm

mpym, duca, ad cac;

azd (ud a, u fda, aw) h u f majuaa f mdcapup;

ad am-x maa.

Smm av hav a mpac h pca pc ha dc u

mpa. Th ppc f a av campa ca mm pu h au

ad v ac. F xamp, a xpad cha ch cam

aw 1998 y af upp had wad ha f dd , hy wud h

v wh a m wp ppa.9 A ha pu av h a ca

a ud fuc h ucm f ah. I 1998, azd a puadd

may u ma ua a mau ha wud hav cd h a-

y f u a campa fudy ha auch ah mau ha

wud hav cd h pca acv f cpa.40

Iav hav a ud y ffc a a dvc f pucz h ca-

ddac. I pa h a way f aud campa fac aw, c h a

m hw much my a p up ca v a cadda, u hw

much ca cud a campa pa dfa a pp. I ca a a

way cm acad wh a ppua cau. I 00, Ad Schwaz payd

a y h paa f a av pvd a a f f ad af ch

pam. Th wa wdy vwd a a amp ah h pca cdy f a

u f v 006. Th 00 ca f Gv Dav pvdd Schwaz

wh a a ha xpcd ppuy achv h a.I h ay ya f h vhp, wh a m cpa wh h au

campa f v appva f fdum, Schwaz d havy

h av pc a a way f aud a au ha wa f h. F a

m h jyd a ucc. H wa a a u h m ha f a av a

a aa chp a wh h au, ay h u f w

cmpa.41

I 005, Schwaz ad h had way f h m f h appach. H

cad a pca c f Nvm f ha ya ad ad much f h pua

fu av, a f whch w dfad. Sc h h ha cud u h

f dc dmcacy, mm cpa wh h Dmcac majy h a

au, wh mxd u. W wh h au, h uccdd puhhuh a f d mau da wh h a phyca faucu. I F-

uay, 008, h jd h Dmcac ad f h a au ac a uuc-

cfu av ha wud hav mdfd m m. I Nvm f h am ya, h

uppd ad Dmca ppd a appm av. Th mau pad.

Dc dmcacy ha a ud y pcy pu wh hav v hd,

v uh, puc ffc, u wh hav a puu h vau pcy

jcv. I 1978 w cvav, Hwad Jav ad Pau Ga, pahadd h

dv pa Pp 1 (a w a h Jav-Ga av). Th mau

hapy cu ppy ax, a cha ha had a pfud ad -a ffc a

The Continuing Controversy 17


8/8/2019 korey 2

10/11


ad ca ud. I 1998 a a, Havy Rfd, ud h av pc

w Cafa au uac aw. Tday, a pm cua f a pp-

adfy Td Ca, wh u Pp Advca, a aza fudd yPau Ga. Opa wh faca uc f h w, Ca w y

dvp vau a mau. I 005 ad 008, h pd av a-

v dc. H wa a h a dv fc hd h ca f Gay Dav.4

Th av pc ha hapy cczd va ud. O wpa-

p da ha cad h m ha ha Cafa pc.4

Cc au ha av a f xmy cmpcad, ad ha xpc

v ma fmd dc au hm vv uac aump au

h amu f m a v ca xpcd pd udy h a. I p,

pd mad ha hy wud pd ava au w hu ad h

a pamph dud y h cay f a f a c ha wa a pac

h x mh.44 Ev f w a h pmc fu a fac vau, h wd u au hy cd p pa f vy ma p. Mv, y au, h av

pc qu v cd ppa a pcma a dp h cmpx

cc f puc pc.

Cc a cd ha, ad f v pw h pp, h pc v

pw w-facd . O w au ha h av pc ha cm

h favd f ma ad up ha u h wah achv h

w pcy a.45 Th pcay u wh h d y dfa a av ha

a a pd advaa.46

Y ah ccm f av h a av au. V may u

hm d a ma Sacam, u hy ca vy u um ha d aw f v ad a am dff , ad hy may adquay p-

h h d.

Cvy v av f cu af paa, ad a um f

av hav ud ucua, wh pa, y a fda

cu.47 Am uch mau hav h w ua campa fac,

cua vc a mma, w h a uac aw, ad ah a

a pmay. May av fac cu cha mpy cau f h hhy

cva au. I add, h fac ha av a w y d ma

ha h d ha aav h ha h cu.48 Sm a-

v a p cha cau hy a py dafd: u mau ha

huh h au, hy d hav vwd y h Offc f h LavCu. Ovu f av y h cu h, dpd vw f

h pacua mau qu f h av pc a, a vaua x-

c chc ad aac a aa dffc h w f h pp. Th

aa, h cu d away hav h a wd. Af a au av aw ca-

am a ad wa dcad ucua y h Cafa Supm

Cu Auu 1999, v Mach 000 appvd a fdum amd h a

cu vd h cu jc.


8/8/2019 korey 2

11/11

Dp ccm, p p cu hw ha, y wd ma, Cafa

h ha a pp a a d h. I fac, w-hd f h Cafa wh

w uvyd v favd x f a pp aa c.49 Thyhav, hwv, xpd uhapp wh m apc f h pc, ad upp,

wh , may hav dcd mwha fm a v.50

SURFING CALIFORNIA: INTERNET RESOURCES

Th Cafa Cu avaa a:

http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/const.html

Oh ad h chap cud:

A vay f uc h av ad fdum Cafa:

http://www.iandrinstitute.org/California.htm

A aphy f , ac, ad I da wh h av

pc Cafa:

http://www.igs.berkeley.edu/library/bibliog/initiative.html

Ba pamph fm 1911 huh 004:

http://holmes.uchastings.edu/ballot_pdf/

A acha daaa f a pp:http://holmes.uchastings.edu/cgi-bin/starfinder/0?path=calprop.txt&id=

webber&pass=webber&OK=OK

A cmphv uc f fma au ca:

http://www.igs.berkeley.edu/library/htRecall2003.html

A Hy f Ba Iav:

http://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/init_history.pdf

A W au dc dmcacy:

http://www.newamerica.net/blog/blockbuster_democracy

Td Ca Pp Advca:

http://peoplesadvocate.org

Surfing California: Internet Resources 19

Documents

korey 2