North and South Korea

One Nation Split Into Two

The Korean Peninsula

• Korea was an independent nation until Japan invaded it in WWII

• After WWII, American and Soviet forces agreed to divide the Korean Peninsula at the 38th parallel

• Kim Il Sung, a communist ruled North Korea

• Syngman Rhee, allied with the USA, controlled South Korea

Korea Was Once Whole• Korea was once part of China until 1895.• Korea ruled itself until Japanese occupation. Japan

wanted Korea’s resources.• During WWII Korea was a source of food, metal, and

other war-time materials. Japan took what they wanted and left the Koreans with nothing. Koreans were even forced to fight in Japan’s army, but were seen as inferior.

• By the end of WWII and the US liberation, Korea was occupied by the US. The US provided rations and supplies.

• However, Korea was fought over by the US and USSR. To compromise, Korea was divided on the 38 parallel.

Conflict Begins with the Cold War

• North Korea was supported by the USSR and ruled by a communist dictator, Kim IL Sung.

• South Korea was supported by the US and set up a democratic republic.

• Each side thought they should rule Korea as one whole country

• The Korean War, from June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953, was known as “the Forgotten War”. It was also a Cold War between the United States and its allies and the communist powers of the People’s Republic of China and the Soviet Union (also a UN member nation).

38th Parallel Separating North Korea and South

Korea

Korean War

• In 1950, North Korean troops crossed the 38th parallel and attacked South Korea

• The United Nation forces stopped them along a line known as the Pusan Perimeter, then began advancing north

• Mao Zedong of China sent troops to help the North Koreans

• U.N. forces were pushed back south of the 38th parallel

• The war was never ended. Finally in 1953 both sides agreed to a cease fire: DMZ created along the 38th parallel. Technically they are still at war.

Korean War

Korea Rebounds

• Whether discussing North or South Korea, both have recovered from foreign occupation. Whenever Korea has been torn apart from war, they seem to pick up the pieces of their lives and put their country back together again. What makes this situation unique is that North and South Korea had different ideas on how to recover, thus splitting the country into two.

North Korea

• North Korea is communist; therefore, the people have little say in their government. They also have a command economy where the government makes all decisions on what products are made, how much, wages, etc. Economic growth is slow due to command economy, wars, droughts, and conflicts. N. Korea has a low standard of living, poor healthcare, and the literacy rate is low.

• They spend a great deal of their money on the military instead of its people, including nuclear weapons!!!

• Many North Korans are farmers and work on cooperatives, 300+ families working together, like communes

Armistice in Korea• In 1953, both sides signed an armistice to end

the fighting, but troops today remain on both sides of the demilitarized zone (DMZ)

• There is no peace treaty between North and South Korea—a state of war technically still exists

• Over time, South Korea enjoyed an economic boom and a rise in living standards, while communist North Korea’s economy declined

• Many North Koreans have starved to death• Kim Il Sung’s emphasis on self-reliance kept

North Korea isolated and poor

Koreans Learned from the Chinese

• Chinese ideas migrated to Korea: Style of writing, printing techniques, Confucianism, and Buddhism. However, North Korea discourages religious freedom.

• Instead, they worship their leader, Kim IL Sung II as a god/ deity. All credit is given to their leader.

• South Korea worships Buddhism and Christianity.

South Korea is Different!• South Korea’s government is a republic where people

vote for their leaders. • They have a market economy (free enterprise system)

where the price of goods is determined by supply and demand. South Korea is known as an “Economic Tiger” because it has rapidly and aggressively improved it’s economy since the Korean War. Other “Economic Tigers” include Japan and Taiwan. All three trade regularly with the US and other nations around the world.

South Korea is like Japan…• Both Japan and South Korea have homogeneous

populations. • The majority of the population lives in urban centers

(cities). • Both have benefited from the large amount of coastal

land, they use the seas by providing transportation routes for easy trade.

•South Koreans, like Japan, have a high standard of living and a high literacy rate because of it’s economic success. South Korea exports cars and electronics!

• Both are economically interdependent with the US. Americans want and need Japan’s and south Korea’s high quality products, Japan and South Korea need the market to sell to.

• Both South Korea and Japan see their most valuable resource as their people or their workforce.

Background of The Korean War

1910 - 1945

• Korea used to have some of Asia's most prominent communist groups and activists

• These organizations worked underground to reestablish Korea's independence during Japan's occupation of the Korean Peninsula (1910-1945)

 

Occupation• In 1945 Korea was

occupied by Soviet forces in the north and American forces in the south.

• The line that was chosen to separate the two was the same one that Japan and Russia used in the early part of the 20th century.

• It was called the 38th parallel.

Kim II Sung

• 33-year-old, soviet army captain, Kim II Sung became known to be a heroic guerrilla commander.

• In early 1946, Soviet occupying forces chose him to head the provisional government for North Korea.

• 3 weeks after the Southern Republic of Korea was made, _____ was named premier of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea on September 9th 1948.

Progression & Economy

Kim didn't want a Soviet satellite state and instead embraced Korean nationalism. The focus of which was the Korean People’s Army. Under Kim's rule:

•over 2 million acres of land were redistributed in under a month •women were guaranteed equality under the law •political action cells were formed to educate the population

It was clear that under his rule, North Korea had become economically well-endowed in comparison to South Korea. In June of 1949 both the Soviets and Americans had left the peninsula, this is when Kim's plan to unite Korea became evident.

On the Brink of War• South Korea obviously appeared

to be faltering, but President Syngman Rhee (South Korea) unleashed a brutal campaign against suspected communists and leftists.

• At first Kim wanted to use force, however he needed support and so he turned to Stalin for help. Stalin supported his invasion plan, and advised him to get support from China’s new communist leader, Mao Zedong. He did and was now on the brink of war.

Causes of the Korean War

Leading Causes of the Korean War • Reputation

– American Army had recently upped the anti as far as the arms race went and Truman wanted to display the power and wealth of America internationally.

– The USSR wanted better results and a chance to prove themselves after the Berlin Blockade. This was particularly important to Stalin.

– They felt that the Korean war was their way of proving their reputation.

Leading Causes of the Korean War

• Support

– The USA wanted to support Syngman Rhee because he was a democrat surrounded by communism

– USA: supported South Korea.

– The USSR wanted to support the communist nation, because of the same political ideals.

– USSR: supported North Korea.

– They could not get involved in a war against

communism without directly fighting the USSR.

Leading Causes of the Korean War

• Cold War

– Stalin encouraged the spread of communism as long as it did not result in a war with America. He soon realized that nuclear war might be a possibility and wanted to avoid that and beat the USA using more indirect means.

– The Domino Effect - Truman believed that if Korea fell to communism, Japan (a major trading partner) would follow.

– The Truman Doctrine stated that the USA would lend aid to any country not wishing to be suppressed by the political ideals (communism) of any other country.

– April 1950 the American National Security Council issued a report recommending direct involvement (a proxy war) against communism.

– Stalin saw that the Korean War Was a chance for a war by proxy. Kim II Sung visited Stalin to persuade him that he could conquer South Korea.

This map is from an American magazine from 1950. This shows how much the US feared communism in the far east.

United States, United Nations, and the Soviet

Union’s Response to the Korean War

United Nations• The United Nations now had to

formulate a plan. Sixteen member states would provide troops under a United Nations Joint Command. It would fight with the South Korean army.

• This United Nations force was dominated by America even to the extent of being commanded by an American general – Douglas MacArthur

• On September 15th 1950, United Nations troops landed at Inchon. The landing was a huge success and the United Nations effectively cut the North Korean army in half and pushed them out of South Korea.

• Note: MacArthur was later fired by Truman for getting the Chinese involved in the war.

Soviet Union• Soviets sold Chinese military

equipment, including artillery and MIG fighter planes.

• The USSR also provided advisers and military hardware to the North Koreans.

• Soviet pilots flew MIGs against US planes.

• However, Stalin was unwilling to become involved with the United States in a war over Korea.

United States• The US provided the majority

of the UN military forces which drove the North Koreans out of South Korea and still stand guard along the border. The US moved their troops into South Korea quickly.

• The US and the Soviets agreed to divide Korea temporarily to avoid long term decisions regarding Korea's future.

• Although the United States took the lead in the Korean action, it did so under the order of the United Nations.

China Enters the Korean War

Why did China enter the war?

• UN forces pushed north to China

• Crossed 38th parallel– Yalu River and border

with China

• Mao Zedong already made it clear that China would not tolerate foreign forces on border

What happens next?

• October 14 to November 1, 1950– Chinese send 180,000 of the People’s

Volunteer Army to cross Yalu River– They pushed the American forces back

• November 2– UN realizes that the attack was done by

Communist China

“Home-by-Christmas” offensive

• November 24 – MacArthur launches offensive attack

• Chinese army retaliates with full force

• American and South Korean units retreat

• Ends January 1951

The Korean War Armistice

The Korean War Armistice

• Designed to insure an end to warfare and all acts of armed force in Korea until a definitive peaceful could be achieved

• It was signed on July 27,1953

• Covered issues such as - exchange of prisoners of war- location of a demarcation line

• Intended as a temporary measure, but the 38th parallel remains standing even today.

• Enforced by a Military Armistice Commission

• Armies began the awkward process of disengagement over the 4km wide DMZ.

• It provided… suspension of open hostilities fixed demarcation line with a four kilometre (2.4

mile) buffer zone - the so-called demilitarization zone

A mechanism for the transfer of prisoners of war

Map of Korea

• 1954 - an international conference in Geneva was organized by the United States

- discussed the political future of Korea - no agreement was produced

• Armistice- only safeguard for peace on the Korean peninsula

Winners? Losers?

• After three years, July 27, 1953- ceasefire stopped the fighting

• Although there was no declared winner, South Korea never succumbed to a communist rule.

• There was an armistice signed by North Korea, China, and the UN but not by South Korea.

• The armistice was NOT a peace treaty, just a temporary cessation of hostilities.

• Korea is still split up into North Korea (communist) and South Korea (non-communist)

• The border between the two countries has remained one of the most heavily-armed stretches of land on Earth