Korean War : The Forgotten War1950-1953

1905-1945 When the Russo-Japanese War ended in 1905, Korea

became a protectorate and was annexed in 1910 by Japan.

The Allied victory in 1945 ended Japan’s 35-year colonial rule of Korea.

In a proposal opposed by nearly all Koreans, the United States and the Soviet Union agreed to temporarily occupy the country as a trusteeship with the zone of control demarcated along the 38th parallel.

The purpose of this trusteeship was to establish a Korean provisional government which would become "free and independent in due course.”

Though elections were scheduled, the two superpowers backed different leaders and two states were effectively established, each of which claimed sovereignty over the whole Korean peninsula.

Korea 1945

A South Korean governmentThe UN was unable

to settle the matter to the satisfaction of the US and USSR.

In 1948 the South holds a general election and Syngman Rhee was elected to lead its government.

A Communist N. Korea In the Russian Korean

Zone of Occupation, the USSR established a Communist North Korean government led by Kim Il-Sung.

Both Syngman Rhee and Kim Il-Sung were intent upon reunifying Korea under their own political system.

With Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong fighting over the control of the Korean Peninsula, the North Koreans gained support from both the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China.

Eternal president of the Republic

June 25, 1950: War begins North Korean armies cross the 38th

parallel, dividing North Korea and South Korea. South Korea was not expecting the attack and was caught completely off guard.

North Korean armies were easily able to invade South Korea, because the United States had not given South Korea enough weapons, for fear of having South Korea start a war against North Korea.

By June 27th, Seoul, the capital of South Korea, was captured. South Koreans panicked as North Korea easily invaded their country.

A UN Police ActionThe United States along with

the United Nations decided to take a stand - if communism was allowed to spread in Korea, the UN feared it would only spread to close countries such as Japan.

With the Soviet Union boycotting the Security Council, the Truman was able to get the UN authorize the use of force to repel the invasion.

Containment: NSC-68President Truman

believed that fighting the invasion was essential to the American goal of the global containment of communism as outlined in the National Security Council Report 68.

Secretary of State Dean Acheson helps craft the US/UN response.

Acheson was Truman’s Secy. of State: 1949-1953

MacArthur in charge

General Douglas MacArthur, UN Command observes the naval shelling of Inchon from the USS Mt. McKinley, September 15,1950.

China intervenes: October-December 2950

On October 15, 1950, President Truman and General MacArthur met at Wake Island in the mid-Pacific Ocean, for a meeting much publicized because of the General's discourteous refusal to meet the President in the US.

To President Truman, MacArthur speculated there was little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea.

On October 19th thousands of Chinese troops crossed the Yalu River and entered the War.

Truman fires MacArthur MacArthur is guilty of

insubordination.

He openly criticizes Truman’s decision to keep the war limited.

According to the Constitution, the President is the elected Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces.

To Representative Joseph W. Martin he wrote, “There is no substitute for victory.”

Stalemate (July 1951 – July 1953)

Armistice (July 1953 – November 1954)

The armistice negotiations continued for two years.

President-elect, Dwight D. Eisenhower, went to Korea and used his influence to bring about the armistice.

The Aftermath/Significance The Korean War was the first conflict in

American history in which African American soldiers were integrated into white military units. Among the 1.8 million American soldiers who fought in the Korean War there were more than 100,000 African Americans.

The Korean War (1950–53) was the first major proxy war in the Cold War (1945–91). The Korean War established proxy war as one way that the nuclear superpowers indirectly conducted their rivalry in third-party countries.

The Demilitarized Zone, (DMZ) a strip of land (155x2.5 mi), is the most heavily militarized border in the world. Even so, skirmishes, incursions, and incidents between the combatants have continued since the Armistice was signed.

The Korean War Memorial

The Koreas today

1988 Seoul Olympics

Kim Jong Eun- “Great Successor”