Korean Demilitarized Zone - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)

Hanbando Bimujangjidae

Korean Peninsula

The Korean DMZ is shown in red with the Military

Demarcation Line (MDL) denoted by the black line.

Type DMZ

Site information

Controlled by North Korea

South Korea

United States

United Nations

Open to

the public

No, access only by permission

Condition Fully manned and operational

Site history

Built by North Korea

South Korea

United States

United Nations

In use July 27, 1953, onwards

Events Division of Korea

Korean Demilitarized ZoneFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ; Hangul: ; hanja: ) is a strip of landrunning across the Korean Peninsula; it was established atthe end of the Korean War to serve as a buffer zone betweenNorth and South Korea. The DMZ is a de facto borderbarrier, which runs in the vicinity of the 38th parallel north.The DMZ cuts the Korean Peninsula roughly in half,crossing the 38th parallel on an angle, with the west end ofthe DMZ lying south of the parallel and the east end lyingnorth of it. It was created as part of the Korean ArmisticeAgreement between North Korea, the People's Republic ofChina, and the United Nations Command forces in 1953.

It is 250 kilometres (160 miles) long,[1] approximately 4 km(2.5 mi) wide and, despite its name, is the most heavily

militarized border in the world.[2][3] The Northern LimitLine, or NLL, is the de facto maritime boundary betweenNorth and South Korea in the Yellow Sea and the coastlineand islands on both sides of the NLL are also heavily

militarized.[4]

Contents

1 History2 Joint Security Area3 DMZ-related incidents and incursions

3.1 Incursion tunnels4 Propaganda

4.1 Buildings4.2 Flagpoles4.3 Korean Wall

5 Transportation6 Nature reserve7 Gallery

7.1 JSA8 See also9 Notes10 References11 External links

History

Korean Demilitarized Zone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone

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A South Korean checkpoint in the DMZ (viewed

from the North Korean side), August 17, 2005.

Detail of the DMZ

The 38th parallel northwhich divides the KoreanPeninsula roughly in halfwas the original boundarybetween the United States and Soviet brief administrationareas of Korea at the end of World War II. Upon the creationof the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK,informally North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (ROK,informally South Korea) in 1948, it became a de factointernational border and one of the most tense fronts in theCold War.

Both the North and the South remained heavily dependenton their sponsor states from 1948 to the outbreak of theKorean War. The conflict, which claimed over three millionlives and divided the Korean Peninsula along ideologicallines, commenced on June 25, 1950, with a full-front DPRKinvasion across the 38th parallel, and ended in 1953 afterinternational intervention pushed the front of the war back to near the 38th parallel.

In the Armistice Agreement of July 27, 1953, the DMZwas created as each side agreed to move their troops back2,000 m (2,200 yards) from the front line, creating a bufferzone 4 km (2.5 mi) wide. The Military Demarcation Line(MDL) goes down the center of the DMZ and indicatesexactly where the front was when the agreement wassigned.

Owing to this theoretical stalemate, and genuine hostility between the North and the South, large numbers oftroops are still stationed along both sides of the line, each side guarding against potential aggression from theother side. The armistice agreement explains exactly how many military personnel and what kind of weaponsare allowed in the DMZ. Soldiers from both sides may patrol inside the DMZ, but they may not cross the MDL.Sporadic outbreaks of violence due to North Korean hostilities killed over 500 South Korean soldiers and 50

U.S. soldiers along the DMZ between 1953 and 1999.[5]

Daeseong-dong (also written Tae Sung Dong) and Kijng-dong were the only villages allowed by the armistice

committee to remain within the boundaries of the DMZ.[6] Residents of Tae Sung Dong are governed andprotected by the United Nations Command and are generally required to spend at least 240 nights per year in

the village to maintain their residency.[6] In 2008, the village had a population of 218 people.[6] The villagers of

Tae Sung Dong are direct descendants of people who owned the land before the 195053 Korean War.[7]

To continue to deter North Korean incursion, in 2014 the United States government exempted the Korean DMZ

from its pledge to eliminate anti-personnel landmines.[8]

Joint Security Area

Inside the DMZ, near the western coast of the peninsula, Panmunjom is the home of the Joint Security Area

(JSA). Originally, it was the only connection between North and South Korea[9] but that changed in 2007 whena Korail train crossed the DMZ to the North on the new Donghae Bukbu Line built on the east coast of Korea.

There are several buildings on both the north and the south side of the Military Demarcation Line (MDL), and a


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View of the North from the southern

side of the JSA.

Conference Row seen from the

northern side of the JSA.

A portion of the North Korean DMZ

seen from the Joint Security Area in

January 1976.

few are built right on top of it. The JSA is the location where allnegotiations since 1953 have been held, including statements of Koreansolidarity, which have generally amounted to little except a slight declineof tensions. The MDL goes through the conference rooms and down themiddle of the conference tables where the North Koreans and the UnitedNations Command (primarily South Koreans and Americans) meet faceto face.

Within the JSA are a number of buildings for joint meetings calledConference Row. These are used for direct talks between the KoreanWar participants and parties to the armistice. Facing the ConferenceRow buildings are the North Korean Panmungak (English: PanmunHall) and the South Korean Freedom House. In 1994, North Koreaenlarged Panmungak by adding a third floor. In 1998, South Korea builta new Freedom House for its Red Cross staff and to possibly hostreunions of families separated by the Korean War. The new buildingincorporated the old Freedom House Pagoda within its design.

Since 1953 there have been occasional confrontations and skirmisheswithin the JSA. The Axe Murder Incident in August 1976 involved theattempted trimming of a tree which resulted in two deaths (CPT ArthurBonifas and 1LT Mark Barrett). Another incident occurred on November23, 1984, when a Soviet tourist Vasily Matuzok (sometimes spelledMatusak), who was part of an official trip to the JSA (hosted by the

North), ran across the MDL shouting that he wanted to defect.[10] NorthKorean troops immediately chased after him opening fire. Border guards on the South Korean side returned fireeventually surrounding the North Koreans as they pursued Matusak. One South Korean and three North Korean

soldiers were killed in the action, and Matusak was not captured.[11]

In late 2009, South Korean forces in conjunction with the United Nations Command began renovation of itsthree guard posts and two checkpoint buildings within the JSA compound. Construction was designed toenlarge and modernize the structures. Work was undertaken a year after North Korea finished replacing four

JSA guard posts on its side of the MDL.[12]

DMZ-related incidents and incursions

Since demarcation, the DMZ has had numerous cases of incidents andincursions by the North Koreans, although the North Koreangovernment never acknowledges direct responsibility for any of these

incidents.[13] These include:

October 1966October 1969: The Korean DMZ Conflict, a seriesof skirmishes along the DMZ, results in 43 American, 299 South

Korean and 397 North Korean soldiers killed.[14]

January 17, 1968: 31 North Korean commandos crossed theborder disguised as South Korean soldiers in the Blue House Raid,an attempt to assassinate President Park Chung Hee at the BlueHouse. The failed mission resulted in 29 commandos killed (onecommitted suicide), one captured and one escaped. Two South Korean policemen and five civilians were


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Operation Paul Bunyan, to remove a

tree in front of the Bridge of No

Return, takes place following the axe

murder incident in August 1976.

killed by the commandos. Other reports indicated as many as 68 South Koreans were killed and 66wounded, including about 24 civilians. Three Americans were killed and another three wounded in an

attempt to prevent the commandos from escaping back via the DMZ.[15]

October 1968: 130 North Korean commandos entered the Ulchin and Samcheok areas in Gangwon-do.Eventually 110 of them were killed, 7 captured, and 13 escaped.March 1969: Six North Korean infiltrators crossed the border near Chumunjin, Gangwon-do and killed aSouth Korean policeman on guard duty.April 1970: Three North Korean infiltrators were killed and five South Korean soldiers wounded at anencounter in Kumchon, Gyeonggi-do.November 20, 1974: The first of what would be a series of North Korean infiltration tunnels under theDMZ was discovered. The joint ROK-U.S. investigation team tripped a North Korean booby-trap, killingone American and wounding 6 others.

March 1975: The second North Korean infiltration tunnel wasdiscovered.June 1976: Three North Korean infiltrators and six South Koreansoldiers were killed in the eastern sector south of the DMZ.Another six South Korean soldiers were injured.August 18, 1976: The axe murder incident resulted in the death oftwo U.S. soldiers and injuries to another four U.S. soldiers andfive South Korean soldiers.July 14, 1977: An American CH-47 Chinook helicopter was shotdown after straying into the north over the DMZ. Three airmenwere killed and one was briefly held prisoner (this was the sixth

such incident since the armistice was signed).[16]

October 1978: The third North Korean infiltration tunnel wasdiscovered.October 1979: Three North Korean agents attempting to infiltrate the eastern sector of the DMZ wereintercepted, killing one of the agents.December 6, 1979: US patrol in the DMZ accidentally crossed the MDL into a North Korean minefield.

One US soldier was killed and four were injured.[17]

March 1980: Three North Korean infiltrators were killed attempting to enter the south across the estuaryof the Han River.March 1981: Three North Korean infiltrators spotted at Kumhwa, Gangwon-do, with one being killed.July 1981: Three North Korean infiltrators were killed in the upper stream of Imjin River.May 1982: Two North Korean infiltrators were spotted on the east coast, with one being killed.March 1990: The fourth North Korean infiltration tunnel was discovered, in what may be a total of 17tunnels in all.May 1992: Three North Korean infiltrators dressed in South Korean uniforms were killed at Cheorwon,Gangwon-do. Three South Koreans were also wounded.December 17, 1994: An American OH-58A+ Kiowa helicopter crosses 10 km into North Korean territory

and was shot down. Of the crew of two, one died and the other was held for 13 days.[17]

October 1995: Two North Korean infiltrators were intercepted at Imjin River. One was killed, while the

other escaped.April 1996: Several hundred North Korean armed troops enter the Joint Security Area and elsewhere onthree occasions, in violation of the Korean armistice agreement.May 1996: Seven North Korean soldiers crossed the DMZ, but withdrew when fired upon by South


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Korean troops.April 1997: Five North Korean soldiers crossed the military demarcation line's in the Cheorwon sectorand fired at South Korean positions.July 16, 1997: Fourteen North Korean soldiers crossed the MDL, causing a half-hour exchange of heavy

gunfire.[18]

October 26, 2000: Two US aircraft observing a ROK army military exercise accidentally crossed over the

DMZ.[17]

May 26, 2006: Two North Korean soldiers entered the DMZ and crossed into South Korea. They returnedafter South Korean soldiers fired warning shots.October 7, 2006: South Korean soldiers fired warning shots after five North Korean soldiers crossedbriefly into their side of the border.October 27, 2009: A South Korean pig farmer, who was wanted for assault, cut a hole in the DMZ fence

and defected to North Korea.[19]

October 29, 2010: Two shots were fired from North Korea toward a South Korean post near Hwacheon

and South Korean troops fired three shots in return.[20]

October 6, 2012: An 18-year-old North Korean Army private defected to South Korea. He was apparently

not detected as he crossed the DMZ and had to knock on an ROK barracks door to draw attention to

himself. The soldier later told investigators that he had defected after killing two of his superiors.[21][22]

September 16, 2013: A 47-year-old man was shot dead by South Korean soldiers while trying to swim

across the Tanpocheon Stream near Paju to North Korea.[23]

March 24, 2014: A North Korean drone was found crashed near Paju, the onboard cameras containedpictures of the Blue House and military installations near the DMZ. Another North Korean drone crashed

on Baengnyeongdo on March 31.[24][25]

October 19, 2014: A group of North Korean soldiers approached the South Korean border and SouthKorean soldiers fired warning shots. The North Korean soldiers returned fire before retreating. No

injuries or property damage results.[26]

June 15, 2015: A teenaged North Korean soldier walked across the DMZ and defected at a South Korean

guard post in north-eastern Hwacheon.[27]

In 1976, in now declassified meeting minutes, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense William Clements told HenryKissinger that there had been 200 raids or incursions into North Korea from the south, though not by the U.S.

military.[28] Details of only a few of these incursions have become public, including raids by South Korean

forces in 1967 that had sabotaged about 50 North Korean facilities.[29]

Incursion tunnels

Since November 15, 1974, the South has discovered that four tunnels crossing the DMZ have been dug byNorth Korea. This is indicated by the orientation of the blasting lines within each tunnel. Upon their discovery,North Korea claimed that the tunnels were for coal mining; however, no coal has been found in the tunnels,which are dug through granite. Some of the tunnel walls have been painted black to give the appearance of

anthracite.[30]

The tunnels are believed to have been planned as a military invasion route by North Korea. Each shaft is largeenough to permit the passage of an entire infantry division in one hour, though the tunnels are not wide enoughfor tanks or vehicles. All the tunnels run in a north-south direction and do not have branches. Following eachdiscovery, engineering within the tunnels has become progressively more advanced. For example, the thirdtunnel sloped slightly upwards as it progressed southward, to prevent water stagnation. Today, visitors may visit


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Entrance to the North Korean-dug 4th

Infiltration Tunnel, Korean DMZ.

the second, third and fourth tunnels through guided tours.[31]

First

The first of the tunnels was discovered on November 20, 1974, by aSouth Korean Army patrol, noticing steam rising from the ground. Theinitial discovery was met with automatic fire from North Koreansoldiers. Five days later, during a subsequent exploration of this tunnel,U.S. Navy Commander Robert M. Ballinger and ROK Marine CorpsMajor Kim Hah Chul were killed in the tunnel by a North Koreanexplosive device. The blast also wounded five Americans and one SouthKorean from the United Nations Command.

The tunnel, which was about 0.9 by 1.2 m (3 by 4 ft), extended morethan 1 km (0.62 mi) beyond the MDL into South Korea. The tunnel wasreinforced with concrete slabs and had electric power and lighting. Therewere weapon storage and sleeping areas. A narrow gauge railway withcarts had also been installed. Estimates based on the tunnel's size suggestit would have allowed approximately 2,000 KPA soldiers (one regiment)

to pass through it per hour.[32]

Second

The second tunnel was discovered on March 19, 1975. It is of similar length to the first tunnel. It is locatedbetween 50 and 160 m (160 and 520 ft) below ground, but is larger than the first, approximately 2 by 2 m (7 by7 feet).

Third

The third tunnel was discovered on October 17, 1978. Unlike the previous two, the third tunnel was discoveredfollowing a tip from a North Korean defector. This tunnel is about 1,600 m (5,200 ft) long and about 73 m

(240 ft) below ground.[33] Foreign visitors touring the South Korean DMZ may view inside this tunnel using asloped access shaft.

Fourth

A fourth tunnel was discovered on March 3, 1990, north of Haean town in the former Punchbowl battlefield.The tunnel's dimensions are 2 by 2 m (7 by 7 feet), and it is 145 metres (476 ft) deep. The method of

construction is almost identical in structure to the second and the third tunnels.[34]

Propaganda

Buildings

Both North and South Korea maintain peace villages in sight of each other's side of the DMZ. In the South,Daeseong-dong is administered under the terms of the DMZ. Villagers are classed as Republic of Koreacitizens, but are exempt from paying tax and other civic requirements such as military service.


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Kijng-dong, seen from South Korea.

The world's fourth-tallest

flagpole flying a North

Korean flag over

Kijng-dong near

Panmunjom.

In the North, Kijng-dong features a number of brightly painted, poured-concrete multi-story buildings and apartments with electric lighting.These features represented an unheard of level of luxury for ruralKoreans, north or south, in the 1950s. The town was oriented so that thebright blue roofs and white sides of the buildings would be the mostdistinguishing features when viewed from the border. However, based onscrutiny with modern telescopic lenses, it has been claimed the buildingsare mere concrete shells lacking window glass or even interior rooms,[35][36] with the building lights turned on and off at set times and theempty sidewalks swept by a skeleton crew of caretakers in an effort to

preserve the illusion of activity.[37]

Until 2004, massive loudspeakers mounted on several of the buildings deliveredDPRK propaganda broadcasts directed towards the south as well as propaganda

radio broadcasts across the border.[35] In 2004, both North and South agreed to

mutually end their loudspeaker broadcasts at each other.[38]

Flagpoles

In the 1980s, the South Korean government built a 98.4 m (323 ft) tall flagpolewith a 130 kg (287 lb) South Korean flag in Daeseong-dong. The North Koreangovernment responded by building what was then the tallest flagpole in theworld at 160 m (525 ft) with a 270 kg (595 lb) North Korean flag inKijng-dong near Panmunjom, in what some have called the "flagpole war." Theflagpole was superseded as the world's tallest, following the construction of the

flagpole in Baku's National Flag Square at 162 m (531 ft).[35][39][40] Bothflagpoles were topped in 2011 by the Dushanbe Flagpole in Tajikistan, at 165 m

(541 ft).[41] Which was subsequently superseded in 2014 by the Jeddah Flagpolein Saudi Arabia, at 171 m (561 ft).

Korean Wall

According to the DPRK, between 1977 and 1979 the South Korean and United States authorities constructed aconcrete wall along the DMZ. Dutch journalist and filmmaker Peter Tetteroo shot footage of a barrier which his

North Korean guides said was the Korean Wall.[42] Various organisations, such as the DPRK tour guidecompany Korea Konsult repeat these claims of a wall dividing the Korean Peninsula, saying that:

In the area south of the Military Demarcation Line, which cuts across Korea at its waist, there is aconcrete wall which [...] stretches more than 240 km (149 mi) from east to west, is 58 m(1626 ft) high, 1019 m (3362 ft) thick at the bottom, and 37 m (1023 ft) wide in the upperpart. It is set with wire entanglements and dotted with gun embrasures, look-outs and varieties ofmilitary establishments.

Korea Konsult[43]

In December 1999, Chu Chang-jun, North Korea's longtime ambassador to China, repeated claims that a "wall"divided Korea. He said the south side of the wall is packed with soil, which permits access to the top of the walland makes it effectively invisible from the south side. He also claimed that it served as a bridgehead for any


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The Korean Wall in the Demilitarized

Zone seen through binoculars from

the North Korean side.

The Donghae-bukbu line on Korea's

east coast. The road and rail link was

built for South Koreans visiting the

Mount Kumgang Tourist Region in

the North.

northward invasion.[44][45]

The United States and South Korea deny the wall's existence,althoughthey do claim there are anti-tank barriers along some sections of theDMZ.

In the RT documentary "10 Days in North Korea," the crew shot footageof the wall as seen from the North, apparently confirming its existence,and in addition to providing a clear visual, the narration describes it as a

"5 meter high wall stretching from east to west".[46]

Transportation

Panmunjeom is the site of the negotiations that ended the Korean Warand is the main center of human activity in the DMZ. The village is located on the main highway and near arailroad connecting the two Koreas.

The railway, which connects Seoul and Pyongyang, was called the Gyeongui Line before division in the 1940s.Currently the South uses the original name, but the North refers to the route as the P'yngbu Line. The railwayline has been mainly used to carry materials and South Korean workers to the Kaesong Industrial Region. Itsreconnection has been seen as part of the general improvement in the relations between North and South in theearly part of this century. However, in November 2008 North Korean authorities closed the railway amid

growing tensions with the South.[47] Following the death of former South Korean President, Kim Dae-jung,conciliatory talks were held between South Korean officials and a North Korean delegation who attended Kim's

funeral. In September 2009, the Kaesong rail and road crossing was reopened.[48]

The road at Panmunjeom, which was known historically as Highway One in the South, was originally the onlyaccess point between the two countries on the Korean Peninsula. Passage is comparable to the strict movementsthat occurred at Checkpoint Charlie in Berlin at the height of the Cold War. Both North and South Korea's roadsend in the JSA; the highways do not quite join as there is a 20 cm (8 in) concrete line that divides the entire site.People given the rare permission to cross this border must do so on foot before continuing their journey by road.

In 2007, on the east coast of Korea, the first train crossed the DMZ onthe new Donghae Bukbu (Tonghae Pukpu) Line. The new rail crossingwas built adjacent to the road which took South Koreans to MountKumgang Tourist Region, a region that has significant culturalimportance for all Koreans. More than one million civilian visitorscrossed the DMZ until the route was closed following the shooting of a

53-year-old South Korean tourist in July 2008.[49] After a jointinvestigation was rebuffed by the North, the Republic of Koreagovernment suspended tours to the resort. Since then the resort and the

Donghae Bukbu Line have effectively been closed by the North.[50][51]

Nature reserve

In the past half century, the Korean DMZ has been a deadly place forhumans, making habitation impossible. Only around the village of Panmunjeom and more recently the DongBukbu Line on Korea's east coast have there been regular incursions by people.


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The endangered Amur Leopard that

may have found unlikely protection

within the Korean DMZ.

This natural isolation along the 250 km (160 mi) length of the DMZ has created an involuntary park which is

now recognized as one of the most well-preserved areas of temperate habitat in the world.[52]

Several endangered animal and plant species now exist among theheavily fortified fences, landmines and listening posts. These include theextremely rare red-crowned crane (a staple of Asian art), and thewhite-naped crane as well as, potentially, the extremely rare Siberian

tiger,[52] Amur leopard and Asiatic black bear. Ecologists have identifiedsome 2,900 plant species, 70 types of mammals and 320 kinds of birds

within the narrow buffer zone.[52] Additional surveys are now being

conducted throughout the region.[53]

The DMZ owes its varied biodiversity to its geography, which crossesmountains, prairies, swamps, lakes and tidal marshes. Environmentalists

hope that the DMZ will be conserved as a wildlife refuge, with a well-developed set of objective andmanagement plans vetted and in place. In 2005, CNN founder and media mogul Ted Turner, on a visit to NorthKorea, said that he would financially support any plans to turn the DMZ into a peace park and a UN-protected

World Heritage Site.[54]

In September 2011, South Korea submitted Nomination form to Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) inUNESCO for designation of 435 km in the southern part of the DMZ below the Military Demarcation Line, aswell as 2,979 km in privately controlled areas, as a Biosphere Reserve according to the Statutory Framework of

the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.[55] MAB National Committee of the Republic of Korea mentionedonly southern part of DMZ to be nominated since there was no response from Pyongyang when it requestedPyongyang to push jointly. North Korea is a member nation of the international coordinating council of

UNESCOs Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme, which designates Biosphere Reserves.[56]

North Korea opposed the application as a violation of the armistice agreement during the council's meeting inParis on July 9 to 13. The South Korean government's attempt to designate the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) aUNESCO Biosphere Reserve was turned down at UNESCO's MAB council meeting in Paris in July, 2012.Pyongyang expressed its opposition by sending letters to 32 council member countries, except for Korea, andthe UNESCO headquarters a month prior to the meeting. At the council meeting, Pyongyang unfolded political

rhetoric, claiming that the designation violates the Armistice Agreement.[57] It also claimed that DMZ is underjurisdiction of both South Korea and UNC, therefore it is necessary to gain consent from UNC over thedesignation. Despite the effort put by Republic of Korea, on July 12, the MAB International CoordinatingCouncil (ICC) deferred South Korea's September 2011 application.

Gallery


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Republic of Korea(ROK) soldiers and aUnited States (U.S.)officer monitor theKorean DemilitarizedZone from atop OPOuellette nearPanmunjeom.

An ROK soldierprotects the door toNorth Korea in thebuilding where thearmistice was signed.

A U.S. soldier, assignedto the United NationsCommand SecurityBattalion, meets localchildren.

Main entrance into theNorth Korean DMZ,north of Panmunjom.375754.23N1263846.59E

Looking back towardthe same entrance. Ananti-tank measurecarries the slogan:"Reunification withoutoutside interference".

North Koreanpropaganda that states:"Let us pass on theunited country to thenext generation!".

The KPA has preparedcement blocks ready toact as emergencyroadblocks.375752.88N1263853.14E

House where theArmistice Agreementwas signed ending theKorean War.37.961092N126.6647E

View from North Koreaof an outpost on thesouthern boundary ofthe DMZ.

JSA


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The Republic of Korea'sFreedom Building, JSA.

The original FreedomPagoda.

Camp Bonifas standsjust outside the SouthKorean Joint SecurityArea.

A Korean People'sArmy watchtower in theJoint Security Area inMarch 1976.

A DPRK soldierstanding guard on theroad to the JSA.

North Korean bordertroops monitorConference Row.

North Korea's Hall ofUnification in the JSA.375727.69N1264037.17E

The concrete boundaryin Conference Row,JSA.

Crossing into theDPRK's part of JointSecurity Area withinthe DMZ.

Military DemarcationLine marker on theSouth Korean side ofthe Bridge of NoReturn.

Looking toward NorthKorea across the Bridgeof No Return.375721.88N1264018.86E

ROK MP stands guardon the Bridge of NoReturn.

See also

Camp BonifasNeutral Nations Supervisory Commission


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Notes

"Korean Demilitarized Zone: Image of the Day" (http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=3660). NASAEarth Observatory. Retrieved 2010-03-26.

1.

Bermudez (2001), pg 1.2. "Background Note: North Korea" (http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2792.htm), US Department of State, October,2006.

3.

Elferink, Alex G. Oude. (1994). The Law of Maritime Boundary Delimitation: a Case Study of the RussianFederation, p. 314. (https://books.google.com/books?id=x-VYb-wida8C&pg=PA314), p. 314, at Google Books

4.

Potts, Rolf (3 February 1999). "Korea's no-man's-land" (http://www.salon.com/1999/02/03/feature_115/). Salon.Retrieved 31 January 2013.

5.

"DMZ sixth-graders become graduates" (http://www.stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&article=52586). Stars andStripes. 2008-02-19.

6.

"Santa mobbed by students during visit to Joint Security Area" (http://www.army.mil/-news/2009/01/26/16093-santa-mobbed-by-students-during-visit-to-joint-security-area/). army.mil.com -The Official U.S. Army Website. Retrieved2009-12-11.

7.

Kwaak, Jeyup S (24 September 2014). "Why the Korean Peninsula Keeps Land Mines" (http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2014/09/24/why-the-korean-peninsula-keeps-landmines/). Wall Street Journal.

8.

"Panmunjon" (http://imcom.korea.army.mil/imakoroweb/sites/local/news/020808_IMCOMK_DMZ.asp).army.mil.com. Retrieved 2009-12-15.

9.

http://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/korea/general-revisits-deadly-1984-thanksgiving-firefight-at-dmz-1.16144310. "Korea Demilitarized Zone Incidents" (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/dmz-list.htm). 2009-05-28.11. "South Korea to revamp DMZ towers" (http://www.stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&article=65534). Stars andStripes. 2009-10-22. Retrieved 2009-11-09.

12.

"North Korea: Chronology of Provocations, 1950 2003" (http://www.fas.org/man/crs/RL30004.pdf) (PDF).Retrieved 2012-02-02.

13.

Bolger, Daniel (1991). Scenes from an Unfinished War: Low intensity conflict in Korea 19661969. Diane PublishingCo. ISBN 978-0-7881-1208-9.

14.

"Scenes from an Unfinished War: Low-Intensity Conflict in Korea, 19661968" (http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/download/csipubs/scenes/scen_c3.pdf) (PDF). Cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil. Retrieved 2012-02-02.

15.

"KOREA: Careful Response to an Accident" (http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919105,00.html).TIME. 1977-07-25. Retrieved 2010-09-11.

16.

John Pike. "Demilitarized Zone" (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/dmz-list.htm). Globalsecurity.org.Retrieved 2010-09-11.

17.

Park Soo Gil. "Letter dated 28 July 1997 from the permanent representative of the Republic of Korea to the UnitedNations addressed to the President of the Security Council". (http://archives-trim.un.org/webdrawer/rec/511065/view/Item-in-KAA%20Trouble%20Areas%201997%20-%202001%20-%20Korea%20Question.PDF) UnitedNations Archives and Records Management Section. (https://archives.un.org/) 1997-07-28. Retrieved 2013-04-08.

18.

"South Korean 'defector' wanted for assault" (http://asiancorrespondent.com/23878/south-korean-defector-wanted-for-assault/). Associated Press. 2009-10-28. Retrieved 2015-05-08.

19.

"North Korea [sic] troops 'fire into South Korea'." (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11650810). BBCNews. 2010-10-29. Retrieved 2010-10-29.

20.

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"Minutes of Washington Special Actions Group Meeting, Washington, August 25, 1976, 10:30 a.m."(http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve12/d286). Office of the Historian, U.S. Department ofState. 25 August 1976. Retrieved 12 May 2012. "Clements: I like it. It doesn't have an overt character. I have beentold that there have been 200 other such operations and that none of these have surfaced. Kissinger: It is different forus with the War Powers Act. I don't remember any such operations."

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53.


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Wikimedia Commons has

media related to KoreanDemilitarized Zone.

Wikivoyage has a travelguide for DMZ (Korea).

"Ted Turner: Turn Korean DMZ into peace park" (http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-11-18-turnerdmz_x.htm). USA TODAY. 2005-11-18. Retrieved 2010-05-07.

54.

Choi, Chungil. "Nomination of Korea DMZ Biosphere Reserve" (ftp://ftp.unesco.org/upload/sc/Advisory_Cttee2012/New%20BRs/Korea/DMZ/Letter%20of%20endorsement-DMZ.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 3 October 2012.

55.

Kim, Jeong-su. "Seoul to seek UNESCO Biosphere Reserve status for DMZ" (http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/540913.html). Hankyoreh. Retrieved 3 October 2012.

56.

Cho, Do-soon (Aug 14, 2012). "Biosphere reserve status for the DMZ is urgent"(http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2957816). JoonAng Daily. Retrieved3 October 2012.

57.

References

Bermudez, Joseph S. (2001). Shield of the Great Leader. The Armed Forces of North Korea. The ArmedForces of Asia. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86448-582-5.Elferink, Alex G. Oude, (1994). The Law of Maritime Boundary Delimitation: a Case Study of theRussian Federation. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff. 10-ISBN 079233082X/13-ISBN 9780792330820;OCLC 123566768 (http://www.worldcat.org/title/law-of-maritime-boundary-delimitation-a-case-study-of-the-russian-federation/oclc/123566768)

External links

U.S. Army official Korean Demilitarized Zone image archive(http://www.flickr.com/photos/imcomkorea/sets/72157607715383952//)Washington Post Correspondent Amar Bakshi travels to theKorean Demilitarized Zone... And uncovers the world's mostdangerous tourist trap (http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/postglobal/america/2008/01/too_sexy_for_the_dmz.html),January 2008.Status and ecological resource value of the Republic of Korea's De-militarized Zone(http://www.springerlink.com/content/n2271722420134m0/)

Tour Of DMZ on YouTube. Dec. 2007 (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6cIUKOqPMI)DMZ Forum: Collaborative international NGO focusing on promoting peace and conservation within theKorean DMZ region (http://www.dmzforum.org/)ABCNews/Yahoo! report/blog on the DMZ (http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/power-players-abc-news/inside-tour-scariest-place-earth-072912137.html)

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