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Position Paper for W3C Workshop on Internationalizing SSML
The Usage of Part-Of-Speech for
Resolving Multiple Pronunciations in SSML
2005. 11. 3.
Myoung-Wan Koo and Du-Seong Chang
KT/KAIT
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Introduction
Multiple pronunciation problem
Same word but different pronunciations Newton: /nju:t n/ v.s.
/nu:t n/
Same spelling but different pronunciations (homograph)
refuse: /r 'fju:z/ v.s. /'refju:s/
Newton
nju:t n
nu:t n
refuse
r 'fju:z
'refju:s
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Multiple pronunciation in SSML&PLS
SSML
The Speech Synthesis Markup Language SpecificationVersion
1.0
Pronunciation information in SSML
Phoneme element
Lexicon element
PLS Pronunciation Lexicon Specification Version 1.0
Pronunciation information in PLS
Phoneme element
Prefer attribute
They doesnt fully support the pronunciation lexicon for
multiplepronunciations and agglutinative language.
Part-Of-Speech information is needed
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Pronunciation information in PLS (1/2)
Pronunciation Lexicon Specification
Version 1.0/Feb 2005/W3C Voice Browser Working Group It allow
interoperable specification of pronunciation
information for either ASR and TTS engines within voicebrowsing
applications.
It is expected to handle multiple pronunciation.
Example of PLS
tomato
t mei ou
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Pronunciation information in PLS (2/2)
Prefer attribute of phoneme element
Give one pronunciation high priority among
pronunciationcandidates.
Effective in speech synthesis Only in multiple pronunciations
for same orthography
Not in homograph problem
refuse: verb /r 'fju:z/ v.s. noun/'refju:s/
No information for ASR systems.
Newton
nju:t n
nu:t n
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Typical Korean TTS system structure
Morphological
Analyzer
Grapheme-to-
Phoneme
Prosody
Analysis
Waveform
production
Pronunciation Dictionary
morpheme POS Pronunciation
Text
Morpheme Dictionary
morpheme POS1 POS2
Speech
Morphemes, POSPhonemes, POS
Phonemes, Prosody
Structural Information
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POS for resolving multiple pronunciations
POS information can reduce the overhead of resolving
multiple
pronunciations in ASR and TTS systems. The word refuse can have
two different pronunciations
depending on pos information.
Proposal: POS attribute
refuse
r 'fju:z
refuse
'refju:s
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POS information for LVCSR
Large vocabulary continuous speech recognition of
agglutinative
language Basic unit is morpheme (pseudo-morpheme) for
reducing
the vocabulary size.
Many homographs in the recognition dictionary.
POS information help system to get a proper pronunciation
in a dictionary as well as to resolve multiple pronunciationsin
some words.
It reduce the search time since POS information could cutthe
wrong word connection in the first stage, not in thesemantic
interpretation stage.
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Proposals
Proposal 1: POS attribute of phoneme element
Optional attribute Proposal 2: POS element
Lexeme element contain optional POS elements.
POS values: language-specific
Type: allow vendor-specific POS type?
Outstanding POS set: Penn Treebank, Sejong project
(Korean)
refuse
r 'fju:z
verb
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Conclusion
No element or attribute for resolving multiple
pronunciations
In current SSML, PLS POS information
can reduce the overhead of resolving multiplepronunciations in
ASR and TTS systems.
Can reduce the search time in a large vocabulary
recognition system.
Can be effective in agglutinative language.
Proposals
POS element
POS attribute
