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Korea and Viet Nam. LTC Joel Johnston, US Army. Rules of Engagement. I am not a recruiter. A Soldier’s political opinion ends with “GO.” Disagreement is not disrespect. All material obtained Open Source: nothing classified. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Korea and Viet Nam
LTC Joel Johnston, US Army
Rules of Engagement• I am not a recruiter.
• A Soldier’s political opinion ends with “GO.”
• Disagreement is not disrespect.
• All material obtained Open Source: nothing classified.
• After the presentation, you will have a chance to ask me questions on Homeland Security, War on Terror, the Army, etc. etc.
The Korean War
The Korean War 1950-53• “Power Vacuum” left after WWII.• US and Soviet border at 38th Parallel.• North Korean Attack 25 JUN 50.• Communism vs. Democracy.• UN Resolution 82; US and 20 Allies.• Terrain of Korea:
– Mountainous– Many choke points at bridges and
mountain passes– Most forest vegetation cut down by
Japanese during WWII.– Extreme weather
Participants in Korean War
• South Korea• United States• Australia• Belgium• Canada,• Columbia• Ethiopia• France • Greece• Luxembourg• Netherlands
• New Zealand• Philippines• South Africa• Thailand• Turkey• England• Denmark (Medical)• Italy (Medical)• Norway (Medical)• Sweden (Medical)
• North Korea
• China
• Soviet Union
Total 1,139,518 Total: 1,066,000
5 Phases of the War:•North Korean Invasion•Pusan Perimeter & Inchon Landing •Chinese Direct Intervention•Struggle for the boundary•Cease Fire at the DMZ
Korean War in a Nutshell
Korean War LegacyDid We Win?
• The first of many engagements in the “Cold War”
• Superpower “Limited War”
• Communist Threat Motivates Western Europe to Re-Arm and form NATO.
• Continued US Presence in Korea.
• Split of China and Soviet Union
• Communism Containment
The Human Cost of the Korean War
South Korea: 673,000
USA: 36,516
England 1,078
Turkey 721Total: 711,315
Civilians: 1,271,244
North Korea: 200,000
China: 171,687
USSR 315
Total: 372,002
Civilians: 1,858,000
Korean War Lexicon Test
• DMZ• TF Smith• Operation Chromium• Pusan Perimeter• Inchon Landing• T-34• ROK Army• 38th Parallel• Yalu River
• DPRK• F-80 and F-86• Chosin Reservoir • MiG-15• Operation Paul Bunyan• MiG Alley• “police action”• Truman Doctrine• Integrated Combat Units
War in Viet Nam
Vietnam War Era Timeline
1954- French defeated Dien Bien Phu
1959- First US casualties1963- Escalation--US sends
15,000 military advisors (up from 700 in 1962)
1968- US troop numbers reach peak of 540,000;
Tet Offensive 1969- Troop numbers reduced to
under 500,000; 1971- Troop numbers reduced to
140,0001973- Cease-fire signed; last US
troops withdrawn1974- Communists build up
power in South Vietnam; 1975- Last Americans are
evacuated as communist forces capture Saigon
Terrain: Conducive for Guerilla War
Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History
Vietnam War Participants
• US• South Korea • Thailand • Australia • New Zealand • Phillipines• Not Involved
– Britain– Canada
• Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam)
• National Liberation Front (Viet Cong)
• USSR • People’s Republic of
China
Did We Win?
• Failure to achieve a war’s political objective(s)—which may not mean military defeat.
The United States was never militarily defeated inVietnam, but nonetheless lost the war because itfailed to achieve its declared political objective:the preservation of an independent, non-Communist South Vietnam.
4 Ways to Slay Goliath
# 1. Stronger Political Will (Andrew Mack, “Why BigNations Lose Small Wars,” World Politics, 1975).
# 2. Superior Strategy (Ivan Arreguin-Toft, How the Weak Win Wars, 2005).
# 3. Regime Type (Gil Merom, HowDemocracies Lose Small Wars, 2003).
# 4. Access to External Assistance (“Why the Strong Lose,” Parameters, 2006)
Recipe for Upset• North Vietnam manufactured no military goods(except helmets).• China, Soviet Union, & other Communist Blocstates supplied all of North Vietnam’s militaryhardware.• Chinese & Soviets constructed & operated NorthVietnam’s integrated Air Defense system.• 170,000 Chinese logistics troops operated &maintained North Vietnam’s RR system.• North Vietnam conducted a guerilla war.• Vietnamese jungle conducive for hit and run tactics.• An unarmed North Vietnam could have defeatedneither the United States nor South Vietnam.
Bottom Line: The Will to Win
The Vietnam War• Military Dead / % of Total Population:
US: 58,000/194,000,000 = 0.02%VC: 1,100,000/ 20,000,000 = 5.50%
• (5.5% of U.S. population today: 16,000,000+)
• US Civil War: 600,000/31,000,000 = 1.9%
• French losses in World War I: 1,400,000/42,000,000 = 3.4%
Viet Nam War Lexicon Test
• Rolling Thunder• Linebacker• Ho Chi Mihn Trail• Armalite• Agent Orange• Hanoi Hilton• Vietnamization• SAM• Tet Offensive• SKS
• Foo Gas• Claymore• My Lai• Kmer Rouge• Fragging• Dien Bien Phu• 7.62 FMJ• Thud• BLU-82 Daisy Cutter• Punji stick
QUESTIONS?