2021KvP fvlvi awbZ
KvP fvlvi awbZ gnixb gybRvixb iZv
cfvlK, Icb zj, evsjv`k Dby wekwe`vjq, MvRxcyi
Email: [email protected] : evsjv`k emevmiZ z`
b-Mvxq fvlvwji AbZg KvP| fvlvwU GLbv wbii Ges Gi Kvbv wjLb eev bB|
eZgvb cewU m-jB iwPZ| GZ KvP fvlvi awbZ AvjvPbv KiZ wMq G fvlvi
^iawb I eb Dvi I AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ| G cPv g~jZ fvlvwU msiYi cv_wgK
cqvm wnmeB MnYxq| KvPfvlx`i Aevb
evsjv`ki kicyi I bKvYv,UvvBj, gqgbwmsn, MvRxcyi Rjvq KvPfvlxiv
evm Ki| wK MvRxcyii Zzjbvq kicyii KvPfvlxiv msLvq AwaK| G Rjvi
wZbwU DcRjvi evBkwU Mvg Zv`i emwZ iqQ (mviwY-07 `e)| MvRxcyi Rjvi
MvRxcyi m`i DcRjvi KvP`i emevm iqQ h_vg LvUvPziv I nvwZqve Mvg|
KvP-BwZnvm
KvP-fvlvfvlxi Drcw I weKvk, Zv`i mswZ I Rxeb-hvcb cYvwj mK Zgb
weZ I wbfihvM Z_ cvIqv hvq bv| AwaKvsk AvjvPbvq KvP`i ivReswk`i m
Awfb Ki KvP ivReswk wnme DjL Kiv nqQ
(www.britanical.com/EBchecked/topic/320823/)| wK KvPfvlxiv ^Z
RvwZmv| ivReswk`i m GKxf~Z Ki Zv`i weePbv Kiv hvq bv| KvP`i mK
hZ`~i Rvbv hvq ZvZ Zviv Dcgnv`k B`v-Avh (Indo-Aryan) fvlx`i AvMgbi
c~eB Di-cwg Pxb _K G Aj Avm| bZvwK w`K _K Zviv gvjxq RvwZfz| G `k
Ges fviZxq cRvZ emevmiZ KvP`i kvixwiK MVb, ZK, Pzj m-mv`kB cgvY Ki
(Ahmad, et al.,2011:10)| KvPiv g~jZ KwlRxex njI Zv`i AwaKvskiB wbR^
f~wg bB| RxweKvi cqvRb Zv`i AbKKB eva nq Zv`i Abi RwgZ w`b gRyii
KvR KiZ nq| ag-cwiPq KvPiv wn`y ev mbvZb agvej^x| Zv`i cavb Lv`
fvZ| GQvov myKzwi Avjy, KzBPv I wekl gvQ Zv`i cQ`i Lvevi|
MelYvi myweav_ Avgiv MvRxcyi m`i DcRjvi nvwZqve Mvgi KvPfvlx`i
wbevPb KiwQ Ges Zv`i gyLi fvlvK AvkqB KiB cqvRbxq Z_-Dcv msMnxZ
nqQ| DjL h, G Mvgi gvU RbmsLvi ga 330 Rb KvP| Gi ga cyiyl 177 Rb
Ges bvix 153 Rb (2002-Gi Rbgvwi Abyhvqx wicvU)|KvP fvlv
fvlv wnme KvP Pxbv-wZewZ (Sino-Tibetan) cwievii wZewZ-ewg
(Tibeto-Burman) kvLvi AMZ| KvPi KqKwU Dcfvlv ev ewP (varieties)
iqQ| Gwji ga `ywU DjLhvM nwiMqv (Harigaya) I mZcwiqv (Satpariya)|
Mvivi Dcfvlv AZs (Atong)-Gi m KvPi iqQ jYxq mv`k| MVbm~
(typology)-Gi w`K _K KvP KZv + Kg + wqv (Subject + Object + Verb =
SOV) Avkqx fvlv| evsjv`k fvlvwUi Kvb wjLbwewa (Writing-System) bB|
A_vr, KvP GLbv wbii (illiterate) fvlv|
MelYv cwZgvV chvq msMnxZ Dcvi AvjvK MelYvKgwU cZ Kiv nqQ| Dcv
msMn mvvrKvi UciKvWvi aviY, fvwlK m`vqi K_vcK_b, wewfb cwZek
(context) Zv`i fvlvewP, mieivnKZ ckc wjwLZ Zv`i DPvwiZ k, eeZ evK
BZvw`i mvnvh MnY Kiv nqQ| awbZ (Phonology) fvlv GKwU gvbweK mskq|
Rbm~ gvbe gw fvlv AbywgZ (programmed) nq Ges gvbylgvB AZ GKwU fvlv
eenvi Ki| fvlvi msMVb ievwnK awb (sound), k (word), k I evK
(sentece)-Gi A_ (meaning) ev evMv_ (semantics) Avkqx| gvbyli awb
ARb (acquision) mnRvZ| RweK (biological) wqv mv`bi gZvB m Zvi evMhi
mvnvh awb DPviY Kib| Zvi GB awb GKvfveB gvbwmK Dcjw| fvlvwevb GK
Avgiv ewj awbg~j (Phoneme)| fvlvi awbg~jwji kwYwefvM wb`k Ki mwjK
`ywU kwYZ `Lvbv nq ^iawb (vowel) I ebawb (consonant)| ^iawb^iawb
gyLi fZi evK-cZi msk I Aei Aev QvovB DPvwiZ nq Ges G awb Ai Zwi KiZ
cvi (Matthews: 1997: 399)| ^iawb wbYqi KZwj cwqv ev gvb` iqQ| mwji
ga DjLhvM njv wRfi DPZv (Tongue height) wRfi Aevb (Lip position)
VvuUi MvjvKwZ (Lip rounding) Kvgj Zvjyi Aev (State of soft palate);
gyL w`q wbMZ evZvmi cwigvY I bxPi Pvqvji gvsmcwki Pvc (Puff of air
and muscular tension in mandible)
DwjwLZ gvbwji mvnvh KvP fvlvi ^iawb weklY Kij gvU mvZwU c~Y^i
(monophthong) cvIqv hvq| Gwj njv B, G, Av, Av, A, I, D (| wRfi
DPZv, wRfi Aevb I VvuUi MvjvKwZ Abyhvqx wePvi Ki ^iawbwjK mviwYi
mvnvh wbvfve `Lvbv hvq : wRfi DPZvwRfi Aevb
myLgacvr
DPB D
DP-gaG I
wb-ga Av A (
wb Av
mviwY- 01 : KvP miawbw^iawb (Diphthong)
GKwU c~Y^i (monophthong) I GKwU wcwQj (glide) ^ii mgevq w^iawb
Zwi nq| m-wnme w^iawb njv Z^i (GKwU c~Y^i + GKwU wcwQj ^i = w^i)|
c~Y^iwU Ai (syllable) Zwi KiZ cvi ej GK ejv nq AvwiK ^i| wK wcwQj
^iii m-hvMZv bB ej Zv njv AbvwiK ^i| Abme Rxe fvlvi gZv KvP fvlvqI
w^i iqQ| evsjvi gZvB KvP wZxq ^i (off-glide)-wUB mvaviYZ AbvwiK ev
Aa^i nq| Avgv`i Abymvb KvP fvlvi bxPi w^iwj wPwZ nqQ|w
^iawbD`vniY
1BAv Kzwiqv Kiv, gymybw`qv PvLi cvZv
2BI Iw_I // mLvb, Ab Mvw`I (/ gvwo
3DAv Lyqv Kzqvkv/, DAv /u(/ GwU/
4DB `yBv `yB
5GAv nbqv /(`Iqv
6GB kB RvgvB,kBMv Nygvbv
7IAv bvgvqv my`i
8ID nID ki
9IB MvBkv GK
10AvB W`evB Mvb
11AG (QqUv ( Qq
mviwY -02 : KvP Aa^i|w-^iawbGKB Aii DPviY ^ii `y-aibi cwieZb NUj
ZvK w^i (triphthong) ejv nq (Matthews, 2007:415)| G cwieZb `yfve nZ
cvi weeZ (open) ^i mseZ (close) I myL (fron) ^i Ges myL ^i ga
(central) ^i nZ cvi| cwigvY ^ njI KvP fvlvq w^ii DcwZ jYxq| bxPi
D`vniY Gwj `Lvbv njv|
BAvB /iai/ wkqvBwnwqv gZAvBAv/aia/ NymybvAvBAv a KuvwkAvIAv/aoa/
gBPvIAv WvbPZz^iKvP fvlvi k w^ii gZv PZz^ii DPviY KLbv-KLbv kZ nq|
Avgv`i Abymvb Ggb `ywU awbZvwK cwZeki mvb cvIqv wMqQ| bxP Gwj DjL
Kiv njv| GBAvB dBAvBwnOwMqv fvOvGBAvI bBAvI kvwo(
DP+-----+
DP-ga-+---+-
wbg-ga--+-+--
wbg---+---
myL+++----
cvr----+++
ga---+---
MvjvKZ----+++
AMvjvKZ+++----
mseZ++---++
AamseZ-+---+-
mviwY-02 : ewk QvuP Abyhvqx KvP ^iawb| ebawbhme evMawb DPviY
dzmdzm AvMZ evZvm gyLi ga KLbv m~Y i, KLbv AvswkK iy Ges KLbv `ywU
evMh KvQvKvwQ Avmvi dj kywZMvn NlYi mw Ki DPviZ nq mwjB njv ebawb
(consonants)| wKQz eb DPviYi mgq evZvm c_g gyLi ga i nq Ges Kej bvK
w`q ewiq hvq| ebawb DPviY I awbwj weklY cavb cwqv ev gvb` njv `ywU
DPviYvb (Place of articulation) I DPviYixwZ (Manner of
artcualtion)|
evMawb Kvb evKcZi mvnvh DPviY Zv-B njv DPviYvb| awbwevbxiv
(Davenport, at al.,1998:11) GK evKcZwji Avbyf~wgK mK (vertical
realtion) wnme DjL Ki _vKb| DPviYvb Abyhvqx gvbexq fvlvi awbwjK
mviwYZ wb`k Kiv njv|
awb evKcZ awb
1w-I (Bilabial)Dcii VvuU I bxPi VvuU
2Avi-` (Labiodental)bxPi VvuU I Dcii `vuZ
3`(Dental)wRfi mvgbi Ask I Dcii cvwUi KZb `vuZ
4`g~jxq (Alveolar)wRfi mvgbi Ask I Dcii cvwU `g~j
5cvr `g~jxq (Postalveolar)wRfi mvgbi Ask I cvr `g~j
6Zvje (Palatal)wRfi mvgbi Ask I myL Zvjy(
7wRnvg~jxq VelarwRfi cvr Ask I Kvgj Zvjy
8AvjwRnv (Uvular)wRfi cQbi Ask I AvjwRf
9Mjwejxq (Pharyngeal)wRfi cQbi Ask I Mjwej
10Kbvjxq (Glottal)^ii (glottis)
mviwY-03: DPviYvb Abyhvqx ebawb| DPviYvb Abyhvqx KvP ebawbwj njv
: w-I : c&&, e&&, f&&, g `-I : d&&
` : Z&&, _&&, `&&, a&& `g~jxq :
b&, i&, j&, m& Zvje-`g~jxq : U&&,
V&&, W&&, X&& /t, th, d, dh/ Zvje :
P&&, Q&&, R&&, S&& k&& ((
wRnvg~jxq : K&&, L&&, M&&, N&&,
O&&
Kbvjxq : n&& DPviYixwZDPviYvb evKcZwji ga Avbyf~wgK mK
nj DPviYixwZ njv Dj^ (vertical) mK| Abfve ejv hvq, evMawb DPviY
evqycevn Kxfve wewfb cvKcZ Kxfve wqvkxj _vK Zv-B njv DPviYixwZ
(Roach, 1992:69)| DPviYixwZ Abyhvqx ebawbwjK wbvfve weklY Kiv
nq|
1. i (Stop) : gyLi ga evZvm wKQyYi Rb m~Y Aeiy nq DPvwiZ awbwjB
njv iy| G RvZxq eb njv- 2. bvwmK (Nasal) : evZvm gyLi ga c_g evavcv
nq, Zvici bvK w`q ewiq hvq| hgb //.3. NlYRvZ (Fricative) : G RvZxq
eb DPviY `ywU evMh Lye KvQvKvwQ Avm; wK GKm hy bv-nIqvq msKxY c_
evZvm ewiq hvIqvi mgq NlYi mw nq| G RvZxq eb njv /&& 4. N
(Affricate) : G RvZxq ebwj DPviYixwZ `y-aibi, Gwji iy nq NlYRvZ eb
DPviYixwZ Abyhvqx Avi kl nq iy awb DPviY cwqvi ga w`q (Richards, et
at, 1985:7)| G kwYi eb njv |5. cvwkK (Lateral) : G kwYi eb DPviY
mgq evZvm wRfi GK cvk ev `y-cvk w`q ewiq hvq| G aibi eb nQ / 6. KwZ
(Rolling/Trill) : wRf KwZ nq ev gvMZ UvKv w`q G kwYi eb Zwi nq| hgb
/ ((7. ZvobRvZ (Flap/Tap) : G RvZxq eb DPviYKvj wRf Dci DV mvgvbi
w`K hvq Zvi ci cQbi w`K GKwU UvKv `q| G aibi eb njv | 8. bKUg~jK
(Approximate) : G RvZxq awbwj DPviYi w`K _K ^i I eb Dfq awbi ewkB
jvf Ki| G kwYi awb nQ | 9. cvwkK bKUg~jK (Lateral Approximate) :
Gme awbi DPviYi mgq mswk evMh `ywU KvQvKvwQ Avm wK Kvbv NlYi mw nq
bv| G kwYi awb njv (| DPviYixwZ Abyhvqx KvP ebawbwj njv : iy (Stop)
: /(( bvwmK (Nasl) : KbRvZ (Trill/Rolling) :
NlYRvZ (Fricative) : cvwkK bKUg~jK (Lateral Approximate) :
/l/jYxq, evsjv eb /d&&/ w-I ANvl gnvcvY i awb wK KvP fvlvi
`-I ANvl gnvcvY NlYRvZ awb| evsjv cwZewZ ebI KvP fvlvq AbycwZ|
DPviYixwZ Abyhvqx ebawbK ^iZi Aev Ges gyL w`q wbMZ evZvmi cwigvY I
bxPi Pvqvji gvsmcwki Aev Abyhvqx h_vg ANvl (Unvoiced) I Nvl
(Voiced) Ges AcvY (Unaspirated) I gnvcvY (Aspirated) awb wnme
weePbv Kiv nq| hme eb DPviYi mgq ^iZ KwZ nq mwj Nvl Avi Kbnxb ebwj
nQ ANvl| Ab w`K hme eb DPviYKvj gyL w`q AwaK evZvm ei nq mwj njv
gnvcvY| mvaviYZ i ebi m GKwU Ac~Y /n&&/ (raising ) awb
DPvwiZ nq| Abw`K mB me ebK AcvY awb ic aiv nq hwji mwZ gyL w`q Kg
evZvm wbMZ nq| KvP fvlvi eb awbwji NvlZv I gnvcvYZv ewk QvuP
(Feature Matrix)-Gi gvag bxPi mviwYZ Gfve `Lvbv hZ cvi|
awbANvlNvlAcvYgnvcvY
+-+-
+--+
+-+-
+--+
-+--
+-+-
+--+
-++-
-+-+
++--
+---
+---
+---
+---
+--+
+-+-
+--+
-++-
-+-+
+-+-
+--+
(-++-
(-+-+
+-+-
+--+
-++-
-+-+
-+--
-+-+
mviwY-04 : ewk QvuP Abyhvqx KvP ebawb|Dcmsnvi
fvlvi `ywU cwqv mgK`xfeb (convergence) I welgK`xfeb (divergence)
wekl f~wgKv cvjb Ki (Crystal, 1992:83)| mgvRi ev cwZekx fvwlK
mc`vqi m msvcbi cqvRb fvlvfvlxi fvlvi Av`j hLb Kvbv msLvjNyfvlx ev
fvwlK mc`vqi fvlv cwiewZZ nq ZLb ZvK ej mgK`xfeb| G cwieZb `xNgqvw`
nj Zvi cfve msLvjNy fvlvi awbmsMVb, icmsMVb I evKmsMVb cov ^vfvweK|
G-Aevq fvlvi MVbm~ ch cwiewZZ nZ cvi| KvP fvlvi MVbm~ Gfve cwiewZZ
nIqv wewP bq| Abw`K msLvi cwZekx fvlvi cfve mI fvlvfvlxiv hLb wbR`i
fvwlK ^vZ iv Ki ZLb mB cwqvK wPwZ Kiv nq welgK`xfeb wnme| GI cwZekx
fvlv ev fvlvmg~ni cfve cwic~Yfve gy nIqv hvq bv| icmsMVb I evKmsMVb
Zv Zgb cfve wevi bv KijI awbmsMVb jYxqfve cfvweZ nq| y`-bMvxi
fvlvwji awbZ weklY I evsjv awbZi GKKvwjK (synchronic) AvjvPbvi gvag
Zv wb`k Kiv hvq| KvP fvlvi Aevb ZvB Ggb GK cvwK Aevb hvi SvuK
mgK`xfeb cwqvi w`K AwaK bZ|cwiwk : 1. KvP ^i I eb awbwji mvnvh MwVZ
k|
K) ^iawb hvM MwVZ k : ^iawbKvP kA_
B wej weLvj
wgwgbvBqvv wPwiv /ciriga/ Pvgov
KwjRv
nvwm
LvIqv
G Pwnv `eiv gb`vB Gw_I cwZekx
evg
gvbyl
GLvb
Gv (jvsMov)
(RvVv) ( Luvov
PvPv
Av (AvOMv)
AvOb /ane/ Avwg
Avgiv
A (A(`uvZ
I /o/Iqv H
D /u/
Dqv
Ly GUv
gyL
mviwY-05 :KvP ^iawb-hvM Zwi k|KvP ^iawb B, Av icg~j (morpheme)
ev ki c_g eeZ nq bv| (u/ icg~ji wZb Aevb ev c_g (initial), ga
(medial) I kl (final) eeZ nq| L) KvP eb awbwj w`q MwVZ k : ebawbKvP
kA_
c&& wcib ( cyzi Rvgv
cyKzi
d&& dzivOMv dv /fa/mKvj
evev
e&& ey`vB evj e
evZvm
f&& fv`vB evKv
Z& wZbZv wZb
_& _vjjyO _vbZv gw
wPeyK
`& w`evB `y Mvb
`vIqvZ
a& avbyK isaby
U AvUZv /AvU
V VOwM AbK
W Weviv evm
X XOwK XuwK
P Pvbw`bv //Pvv Pvwi /cari/Pzbv Kcvj
Mvb
bL
kvwo
Q& gvPQv evN
R& (RvOj (RvmyKzj (RvK (wcV
nvuUz
nvZ
S& (SzgvObvwkqv ( ^c
K& KPiv KvbwPjv bexb
wk
L& LyQyj Ly Lvggv VuvU
gyL
Mig
M& M`K ((
MiO O ^i
nvo
bvK
N& NymybvBAv Kvwk
g& gv`v gvbv gv_vB Kvb
Kb
abevb
b& byKKziyO bvmyj
bOmvwi ( PvL
Kvb
bb`
O& wmAvBwnOwMAv gZ
i& ivI
wiMvgwbqv ejv
WvKv
j& jyeywi hKZ
m& mKKvwgqv mB kxZ
RvgvB
k& kjev wRf
n& nvbwQ nvb i
kixi
mviwY-06 : KvP ebawb-hvM Zwi k|M) kicyi Rjvi KvP-fvlvj|
DcRjv Mvg
kxew`1nvwZevi
2EvjvRvwi
3LvovRvwo
4RvKKvwo
5cvievi
6eKvKviv
7c~e evKvKviv
8evjyKv
9`wY Mvw`MvI
10Di Mvw`MvI
11njQwU
12MRwb
13bKwk
14Di bKwk
15avDavi
16LvivbSiv
17acjvB
18kjQziv
19iswZqv
wSbvBMvwZ20eov iswZqv
bwjZv evwo21mgvPziv
22LvjP`v
mviwY-07 :kicyiRjvi KvPfvlxi`i Aevb|
N) AvRvwZK awbgyjK eYgvjv (2005 ch mskvwaZ)-SKdzmdzmxq ebawb
(Pulmonic Consonatss) :
Adzmdzmxq ebawb (Nonpulmonic Constonats)
AwZwi awbg~jxq ewk (Suprasegmental Features) Ges myi I kvmvNvZ
(tones and accents) :
AbywPmg~n (diacritics) :
^iawb (Vosels):
Z_`vZvi cwiPq : 1. Pvb gwb egY (bvix); eqm 90 eQi, wkvMZ hvMZv
wbii; ckv : MwnYx| 2. Abxj P` egY (cyil); eqm : 50 eQi; wkvMZ hvMZv
: 5g kwY cvm; ckv : eemvq|
3. mZ` egY (cyyyyil); eqm- 50 eQi; wkvMZ hvMZv : 7g kwY ch Aaqb;
ckv : PvKwi| 4. dYx` P` egY (cyil): eqm : 53 eQi; wkvMZ hvMZv :
cvwZvwbK wkv bv _vKjI bvg ^vi KiZ cvib; ckv : Zgb Kvbv wekl ckvq
wbqvwRZ bb| 5. ^Ygqx egY (bvix); eqm : 35 eQi; wkvMZ hvMZv : ^vi;
ckv : eemvq|
DjLcw (References) Ahmad, Sayed, Amy Kim, sung Kim, Mridul
Sangma. 2011. The Koch of Bangladesh: A Sociolinguistic Survery.
Dhaka: SIL International
Davenport, Mike & S.J. Hannas. 1998. Introducing Phonetics
and Phonology. London: Arnold
David.Crystal, 1992. An Encyclopalic Dictionary of Language and
linguistics. New youk; Pengluin
Boardd.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_clusterMatthews, P.
H. 2007. Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford
University PressR. L Trasks. l997, A Dictionary of Phonetics and
Phonology. London: Ronthledge.Trask, R. T. 1999. Key Concepts in
Language and Linguistics. London: Routldge
mnvqK M/cwKv
Avjx, kL gvKmy`| 1993| evsjv`k Rjv MRwUqvi: eni XvKv| XvKv|
Avn`, gvt dwi`| 2001| MvRxcyi Rjvi BwZnvm I HwZn| MvRxcyi : ievU
AvU cm
Avn`, gvt dwi`| 1995| fvIqvji BwZnvm| MvRxcyi : ievU AvU cmnvB,
gyn` Ave`yj| 1967| awb wevb I evsjv awbZ| XvKv : zWU IqR
