Knowledge Utilization:Knowledge Utilization:The Nursing Knowledge SystemThe Nursing Knowledge System

By Paul J Graham MA MLISBy Paul J Graham MA MLIS

Research Research Associate/LibrarianAssociate/Librarian

Social Research UnitSocial Research Unit

Department of SociologyDepartment of Sociology

AgendaAgenda

Background Information Knowledge Utilization and Policy Implementation KUPI at the University of Saskatchewan My role in the KUPI group

Information Retrieval How do you find these resources? What examples are out there?

Organization of Information Using bibliographic Software Using a Faceted Analysis

Applying Research Nursing Knowledge System What’s happening here at the University?

Background InformationBackground Information::A Knowledge Utilization ProjectA Knowledge Utilization Project

Knowledge Utilization and Policy Knowledge Utilization and Policy Implementation (KUPI)Implementation (KUPI) Carole A. Estabrooks (PI), Rejean Landry, Harley Dickinson, Carole A. Estabrooks (PI), Rejean Landry, Harley Dickinson,

Karen Golden-BiddleKaren Golden-Biddle FunderFunder: CIHR: CIHR

The The purposepurpose of this research program is to develop of this research program is to develop theoretical foundations for knowledge utilization (KU) theoretical foundations for knowledge utilization (KU) to enable relevant knowledge use by practitioners to enable relevant knowledge use by practitioners and decision-makers. It draws on four distinct and decision-makers. It draws on four distinct disciplinary perspectives and applies multi-methods disciplinary perspectives and applies multi-methods and multi-level analysis to existing datasets.and multi-level analysis to existing datasets.

The The research questions research questions addressed are:addressed are: How do the determinants of KU vary across levels How do the determinants of KU vary across levels

of decision-making?of decision-making? How is KU accomplished in organizations?How is KU accomplished in organizations? How does KU shape policy implementation?How does KU shape policy implementation?

Background InformationBackground Information::KUPI at the University of SaskatchewanKUPI at the University of Saskatchewan

Dr. Dickinson, Dept of Sociology, U of S Dr. Dickinson, Dept of Sociology, U of S Working with Knowledge System Working with Knowledge System

Framework toFramework to Develop a theory of KS Processes of Develop a theory of KS Processes of

Knowledge Production-Transfer-UseKnowledge Production-Transfer-Use Research Team includes Research Team includes

Liz Quinlan (CIHR PDF), William Boateng Liz Quinlan (CIHR PDF), William Boateng (PhD candidate), Kelly Chessie (PhD (PhD candidate), Kelly Chessie (PhD student), Cara Spence (MA Student), Aoub student), Cara Spence (MA Student), Aoub Alagasham (MA Student), Fleur McQueen-Alagasham (MA Student), Fleur McQueen-Smith (MA Students) Smith (MA Students)

Background InformationBackground Information::The Wide and Savage Sea in the Knowledge SocietyThe Wide and Savage Sea in the Knowledge Society

Information RetrievalInformation Retrieval:: The Facts about Knowledge Utilization The Facts about Knowledge Utilization

Terminological Tangle Transfer, Utilization, Translation, Dissemination,

Distribution, Diffusion, Uptake, Bridging the gap, research utilization, implementation research, etc.

Mode 2, Post Normal Science, Triple Helix “Two Communities Metaphors” “Sticky

Knowledge” “Communities of Practice” “Epistemic Culture”

Cross-disciplinary Web of Science, CINAHL, Academic Search

Premier Various Studies

Organizational, Individual, Gender, Technological

The Literature is full of various terminology, theories, and concepts.

Information RetrievalInformation Retrieval:: Bibliometric Example of Knowledge Utilization Bibliometric Example of Knowledge Utilization

Estabrooks et al. (2004). Mapping the Field: A Bibliometric Analysis of the Research Utilization Literature in Nursing

Development of RU by Nurse Scholars Iowa Model of Research in Practice, Collaborative Research

Model Ottawa Model of Research Use, Multidimensional Framework

Top Journals Journal of Advanced Nursing, Nursing Standard, Journal of

Nursing Administration, Nursing Clinics of North America

Important Authors Cheryl Stetler, Jo Anne Horsley, Carole Estabrooks

Information RetrievalInformation Retrieval:: Bibliometric Example of Knowledge Utilization Bibliometric Example of Knowledge Utilization

Important Findings

Limited research transfer: only 2% of the references in the clinical research utilization literature were references to research articles

More than 60% of the references in articles are to research by nurses (Nurses citing Nurse Scholarship)

40% of references citing external sources . The scholarship is not completely insular.

Information RetrievalInformation Retrieval:: Bibliometric Example of Knowledge Utilization Bibliometric Example of Knowledge Utilization

Meijers et al. (2006). Assessing the relationships between contextual factors and research utilization in Nursing

Investigating Factors The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature

on studies reporting a relationship between contextual factors and research utilization by nurses in clinical practice

Contextual Factors included: Time, Access to research, leadership, authority, culture, structure, support, incentives, skills, education, size of hospital, professionalism, communication, innovation champion

Results No single study was assessed to be of high methodological

quality Identified 10 study findings that had a statistically significant

relationship with research utilization: Role, Access, organizational climate, multifaceted support, time, Education

Information RetrievalInformation Retrieval:: Bibliometric Example of Knowledge Utilization Bibliometric Example of Knowledge Utilization

Measures of Research Utilization, whose validity is clearly demonstrated, are needed. One approach to enhancing interpretation is to provide nurses with a clear definition of research utilization before they complete a survey

More theory and research are needed to conceptualize and measure nursing context.

Observational and intervention studies with less reliance on self-report would strengthen the evidence obtained from research in this field.

The impact of research utilization on patient outcomes has to be assessed, as well as the sustainability of practice changes when implementing research findings.

Information RetrievalInformation Retrieval::Nursing Students and ResearchNursing Students and Research

Ax, Susanne (2001). Nursing Students’ Perceptions of Research: Usefulness, Implementation and Training

Stresses the Research Component of Nursing in Britain Purpose of Study

Investigate Nursing Student perceptions on the usefulness, implementation, & interest surrounding research use

Investigate Nursing training in structure and design of classes, reading materials, personal study and stress

Methodology One to one Interviews of 13 Nursing Students

Findings Improving Practice by testing assumptions of current practice Students voiced difficulties in making suggestions for change Feeling of a lack of understanding, a disconnect to application

Information RetrievalInformation Retrieval::Nursing Students and ResearchNursing Students and Research

Few students indicated that they employed their research knowledge or skills in practice.

Some students suggested that it was useful to know how to search the literature before going on a clinical placement

Few were actually involved in a research project at the time of the interview.

A separation of Scientific Research and Information Retrieval skills was not clear.

Many Nursing students had complained about the early introduction of research into the curriculum. Some reported increased anxiety.

Information RetrievalInformation Retrieval:: What is Important from this Section? What is Important from this Section?

KU is a Widely Dispersed and KU is a Widely Dispersed and Terminologically Diverse FieldTerminologically Diverse Field

KU Bibliometric Studies can help KU Bibliometric Studies can help you understand this field and the you understand this field and the Challenges for NursingChallenges for Nursing

Additionally, it is clear you have Additionally, it is clear you have a role for being involved as a role for being involved as Nurse Scholars publishing your Nurse Scholars publishing your works, being involvedworks, being involved

Organization of InformationOrganization of Information:: Why Should we Care? Why Should we Care?

Organization of InformationOrganization of Information:: Bibliographic Software Bibliographic Software

EndnoteEndnote Collecting and searching resourcesCollecting and searching resources Organization of ResourcesOrganization of Resources User FriendlyUser Friendly

RefWorksRefWorks Good for initially capturing resources to Good for initially capturing resources to

edit and review for a projectedit and review for a project Excellent for sharing knowledge across a Excellent for sharing knowledge across a

team based work.team based work.

Organization of InformationOrganization of Information:: RefWorks RefWorks

The GoodThe Good Download results from Google ScholarDownload results from Google Scholar Search, Browse and edit referencesSearch, Browse and edit references Produce Bibliographies in various stylesProduce Bibliographies in various styles Share Information with a team working on Share Information with a team working on

the same projectthe same project The BadThe Bad

Hierarchies (a folder within a folder) are Hierarchies (a folder within a folder) are not possiblenot possible

Controls are not yet user friendlyControls are not yet user friendly

Organization of InformationOrganization of Information:: Finding RefWorks Software Finding RefWorks Software

Organization of InformationOrganization of Information:: Finding RefWorks Software Finding RefWorks Software

Organization of InformationOrganization of Information:: Login with your NSID and Password Login with your NSID and Password

Use your NSID and Password

Organization of InformationOrganization of Information:: Endnote: Organizational Strategy Endnote: Organizational Strategy

Use Reference Types to organize Use Reference Types to organize your referencesyour references

Compose your own classification Compose your own classification system for information retrievalsystem for information retrieval

Caution: contents may cause you to be an extremely organized person

Organization of InformationOrganization of Information:: Typical Endnote File Typical Endnote File

Organization of InformationOrganization of Information:: Typical Components of the Reference Typical Components of the Reference

Organization of InformationOrganization of Information:: Typical Components of the Reference Typical Components of the Reference

Organization of InformationOrganization of Information:: Bonus Features for Organization Bonus Features for Organization

Organization of InformationOrganization of Information:: Bonus Features for Organization Bonus Features for Organization

Select “Edit” And

“Preferences”

Organization of InformationOrganization of Information:: EDIT EDIT REFERENCE TYPESREFERENCE TYPES

Your Preference options dialog box

appears

Organization of InformationOrganization of Information:: Modify Modify REFERENCE TYPESREFERENCE TYPES

Select “Reference Types”

And“Modify Reference

Types”

Organization of InformationOrganization of Information:: ADD YOUR CONTENT TO ADD YOUR CONTENT TO REFERENCE TYPESREFERENCE TYPES

Use the Custom Fields to design your own classification system.

All of the Features for

“Journal”appears for you to

edit as you like.

Organization of InformationOrganization of Information:: YOUR Custom Fields YOUR Custom Fields REFERENCE TYPESREFERENCE TYPES

Notice the “Custom Fields”

Organization of InformationOrganization of Information:: YOUR Custom Fields YOUR Custom Fields REFERENCE TYPESREFERENCE TYPES

Notice that I’ve typed in elementsImportant to my

Work!

Organization of InformationOrganization of Information:: YOUR Custom Fields YOUR Custom Fields REFERENCE TYPESREFERENCE TYPES

Notice the multiple resources

that can beorganized

Organization of InformationOrganization of Information:: YOUR Custom Fields YOUR Custom Fields REFERENCE TYPESREFERENCE TYPES

Press the “Apply” button

and you’reready to go!

Organization of InformationOrganization of Information:: YOUR Custom Fields YOUR Custom Fields REFERENCE TYPESREFERENCE TYPES

You’re classificationnow appears!

Organization of InformationOrganization of Information:: YOUR Custom Fields YOUR Custom Fields REFERENCE TYPESREFERENCE TYPES

Knowledge UtilizationStructure

Organization of InformationOrganization of Information:: Faceted AnalysisFaceted Analysis

Filing TermFiling Term Knowledge Utilization-Health-Knowledge Utilization-Health-

ConceptualConceptual Knowledge Translation-EmpiricalKnowledge Translation-Empirical Knowledge Transfer-Health-EmpiricalKnowledge Transfer-Health-Empirical

KeywordsKeywords Nursing, Healthcare, Nursing, Healthcare,

CIHR FundedCIHR Funded Yes or NoYes or No

Organization of InformationOrganization of Information:: What is Important from this Section? What is Important from this Section?

Organization is necessary for Organization is necessary for your academic work and your academic work and especially in Knowledge especially in Knowledge UtilizationUtilization

Using Bibliographic software is Using Bibliographic software is the most efficient way to the most efficient way to organize your workorganize your work

You can use Bibliographic You can use Bibliographic software to classify your worksoftware to classify your work

Research ApplicationResearch Application::Now What?!Now What?!

Research ApplicationResearch Application::Knowledge SystemsKnowledge Systems

Knowledge Systems ThinkingKnowledge Systems ThinkingHolzner and Marx, 1979Holzner and Marx, 1979 Knowledge System represents the Knowledge System represents the

different, but sometimes overlapping, different, but sometimes overlapping, processes in society that involve processes in society that involve knowledge production, organization, knowledge production, organization, Transfer, Application and/or Transfer, Application and/or ImplementationImplementation

Von Bertalanffy, 1968Von Bertalanffy, 1968 Systems Theory involves an Systems Theory involves an

interconnectedness of processes, to do interconnectedness of processes, to do science is to have a knowledge system. science is to have a knowledge system.

Research ApplicationResearch Application::Knowledge SystemKnowledge System

Implementation

ProductionManagement

Transfer

Utilization

Knowledge System

Holzner & Marx, 1979

Research ApplicationResearch Application::Knowledge SystemKnowledge System

Knowledge Management Strategy Hansen et al. (1999) “What’s your Strategy for

Managing Knowledge” in Harvard Business Review

Knowledge is divided up into Tacit (People to People) and Codified (Documents to People)

For your organization to excel, you must selection one strategy over the other, either codified or tacit

Your decision must be based on an 80/20 split Hansen’s framework for the study investigated

helath organizations as well as business.

Research ApplicationResearch Application::Nursing Knowledge System ApplicationNursing Knowledge System Application

Dr. Liz Quinlan, Sociology Dr. Liz Quinlan, Sociology DepartmentDepartment With Hansen’s study in mind, a With Hansen’s study in mind, a

framework of codified vs. Tacit knowledge framework of codified vs. Tacit knowledge is considered for reinterpretation of a is considered for reinterpretation of a Nursing Survey.Nursing Survey.

She reviewed the Knowledge Transfer She reviewed the Knowledge Transfer and Utilization literatureand Utilization literature

She found that:She found that: Codified Knowledge strategy is the Codified Knowledge strategy is the most most

effective in improving health outcomeseffective in improving health outcomes

Research ApplicationResearch Application::Nursing Knowledge Management StrategyNursing Knowledge Management Strategy

Organizational support for Innovation

Codified KM strategy

(people to documents)

Personalized KM strategy (people to

people)

Nurses’ job satisfaction

and sense of well-being

Patienthealth

outcomesh1

h4h3

h4

h2

Key Component

Research ApplicationResearch Application::Nursing Knowledge Management StrategyNursing Knowledge Management Strategy

Exhaustion

Job Satisfaction

Innovation

Codified KM

Personalized KM:

Nurse-to-Nurse

Nurse-to-Mgt

Nurse-to-Drs

PatientOutcomes

Key Element

Research ApplicationResearch Application::What is important from this Section?What is important from this Section?

The Knowledge System concept Sees the current Knowledge Society in terms of the

institutions, processes, and actors involved in the production, management, application and implementation of Knowledge

Nurses in the Knowledge SystemNurse Scholarship in different sections of the Knowledge

System How do nurses…

Produce Knowledge Use Knowledge Share Knowledge

Relationships with… Other Nurses/Clinicians Interdisciplinary Teams

Concluding ThoughtsConcluding Thoughts::What should you get out of this talk?What should you get out of this talk?

Information RetrievalInformation Retrieval Re-emphasized the need for quality information skills Re-emphasized the need for quality information skills

for finding KU resources as well as championing your for finding KU resources as well as championing your

own careerown career. . Organization of InformationOrganization of Information

To be efficient, you must be organized; embrace the To be efficient, you must be organized; embrace the new technologies. new technologies.

Make them relevant to you.Make them relevant to you.

Application of Research Application of Research Think of yourself within a Knowledge SystemThink of yourself within a Knowledge System Consider the different System StrategiesConsider the different System Strategies Imagine your role in the Knowledge SystemImagine your role in the Knowledge System

Thank youThank you

What will your role be in the Health Knowledge system?

What skills will you need in the Health Knowledge system?

How can Knowledge Utilization assist you in your life goals in the Health Knowledge System?