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Knowledge preservation and PLM: a cultural perspective Bruno Bachimont Université de Technologie de Université de Technologie de Compiègne

Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

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Page 1: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

Knowledge preservation and PLM: a cultural perspective

Bruno BachimontUniversité de Technologie deUniversité de Technologie de 

Compiègne

Page 2: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

ProloguePrologue• PLM deals with information related to product life :

– The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal process.– The product is in time. Information helps managing this property.

• Bad news :Bad news :– Information is also in time and has a lifecycle.

1. A piece of knowledge elaborated and mastered by some specialists.2 A piece of knowledge shared by society or designated communities2. A piece of knowledge shared by society or designated communities3. A forgotten piece of knowledge, whose medium is corrupted and content 

unintelligible. The issue is knowledge preservation

– Digital information is much more fragile than ordinary one. Digital information requires new approaches

PLM should deal with the digital nightmare of knowledge preservation : welcome in hell !

Page 3: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

ContentsContents

• Memory gaps y g p– From knowledge management to memory management

• Memory Conflicts• Memory Conflicts– Two models : the static model, the dynamic model.

• Digital memoryDigital memory – Currently a deadlock, the dynamic model helps dealing with it.

M t• Memory management– Need for new tools and approaches :

• Criticizing contents, maintaining interpretation.g , g p

Page 4: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

MEMORY GAPSMEMORY GAPSTHE WILD LIFE OF KNOWLEDGE

Page 5: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

An usual perspective on KMAn usual perspective on KM

• KM deals with knowledge formats : from tacit to li it d lexplicit, and conversely.

• No attention paid to time, memory and intelligibility.intelligibility.

Page 6: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

Three challengesThree challengescontent

Perceptible medium

Trace Interpretation

Technological

Physical corruption

Coded resource

Published view

Technological Medium

Physical corruption

Obsolescence gapTechnical readability

p

Intelligibility gapCultural readabilityIntelligibility gapCultural readability

6

Page 7: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

Two complementary problematicsTwo complementary problematics

Knowledge and hypomnemata Knowledge and memoryKnowledge and hypomnemata• Knowledge is not (only) cognition.• Knowledge as such should be 

materialized in people mind, social 

Knowledge and memory• Knowledge management is 

a problem of :p p ,codes and correlated with material artefacts (documents, books, tools, etc.) : the hypomnemata

• Knowledge is not a material object but 

– Memory management– Knowledge preservation

• Knowing is something like g jthe interpretative process enabled by the hypomnemata.

• Knowledge relies on :– the preservation of the material

g gremembering (Plato).

What does that mean to bethe preservation of the material counterpart of the hypomnemata

– the interpretative capacity of understanding them.

What are the relevant artefacts for knowing 

What does that mean to be able to remember/know 

something ?something ?

How to preserve the interpretative capacity ?

Page 8: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

ADOPTING A KNOWLEDGE /ADOPTING A KNOWLEDGE / MEMORY UNDERSTANDING

Page 9: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

Two approachesTwo approaches• “classical” approach

– One has memories: • Objective traces (documents, vestiges, indices): enables History;• Subjective traces (memories) : enables remembrance.

– If one keeps memories intact, one gets a trusted memory.• The issue is the preservation of intact items.

– Remembrance relies on intact memoriesh h• An other approach

– Memories cannot remain intact:• Physical Corruption of medium• Unintelligibility and unreadability if contents remain unaccessed

– Through remembering as a process memories are reactivated and technically and intellectually actualized. Memories rely on remembrance– Memories rely on remembrance.

9

Page 10: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

Etruscans: intact memories, no bremembrance

10

Page 11: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

Aristotle: no memories, full bremembrance

• Why is it still possible to read Aristotle t d ?today?

• No original traces: the oldest come from the IXthcentury AD (Aristotle died in 322 BC).

• Many copies done because Aristotle has always been read and commentedbeen read and commented.

• Each succeeding generation has made his works intelligible for its time, according to its own interests.

• The preservation of the works of Aristotle pis the process of explaining what these works mean using language and concepts intelligible by today’s public.

• Preservation thus results from the• Preservation thus results from the attempts of scholars to understand and interpret Aristotle

Page 12: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

Re‐inventing the pastRe inventing the past

U d t diUnderstanding

ReadingReadings reduce the

Intelligibility gap

Readings reduce the cultural distance between an archived object and its interpretation

Reading

Archive item

interpretationReading

Archive item

Preserving integrity Preserving readabilityg g y g y

Page 13: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

A success story : musicA success story : music• Scores

– Keeping a user manual telling how to reproduce a given piece of music;

• Organology:– Coupled with scores, organology is an artisanal tradition preservingan artisanal tradition preserving and transmitting instrument elaboration ; 

• Music School / ConservatoryMusic School / Conservatory– Preserving know‐how by a perpetual practice merging generations.g

Page 14: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

First conclusionsFirst conclusions

• Our experience from the long term history• Our experience from the long term history learns us that:

Contents are never completely preserved– Contents are never completely preserved• Libraries always burn one day…

We are nevertheless able to remember because– We are nevertheless able to remember, because remembrance is an invention and interpretation process based on critical tools and methods.p

• Memory is a dynamic process inventing its objects and faithfully using themobjects and faithfully using them.

Page 15: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

ESCAPING FROM THE DIGITALESCAPING FROM THE DIGITAL NIGHTMARE

Page 16: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

The original paradise before the FallThe original paradise before the Fall

Universal: every content may bedigitized

H thi b

Copy :  bitwise copy:  perfect andand eternal

Ubiquity:  multiple access to the 

0010111001110110001100100010010001111101000101

Homogneous: everything may be digitally

processed

same resource

0010111001110110001100100010010001111101000101

Page 17: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

But…But…

In fact….

00101110011101100011001000100100011111010001010010111001110110001100100010010001111101000101

Page 18: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

The digital damnation: the four horsemen of the digital Apocalypsehorsemen of the digital Apocalypse

Platforms: Windows, Linux, MacOS, etc.

Formats (metadata) : XML, LaTeX, mpeg‐7, mxf, rdf, TEI,… 

Environments : Word, WMP, Realplayer, VLC, EMACS, VI….

0010111001110110001100100010010001111101000101

Formats (codes) : unicode, ascii, iso‐latin1, mpeg, jpeg,tiff,aiff, pdf… 

18

Page 19: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

The digital schizophreniaThe digital schizophrenia

• From the theoretical stance:– Everything should be digitized to be preserved– Digital memories are preserved intactTh i i t i thi i di it l– The main issue : turning everything in an digital counterpart and keep it intact.

• From the practical stance:p– Digital contents should evolved to remain accessible:

• Format obsolescence• Medium decay• Medium decay.

– The main issue : transforming contents to keep them alive without loosing their authenticity / fidelity and identityidentity.

Page 20: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

Why such a schizophrenia?Why such a schizophrenia?• We do not want to abandon the theoretical 

t b it t it i th lstance because it seems to us it is the only way to preserve knowledge :

we fear to loose our memories and hence our– we fear to loose our memories, and hence our capacity of remembrance.

• But:But:– According to the dynamic model of memory, digital contents are nothing particular;g g p ;

– One should remember (!) how to do from our past experience of knowledge preservation.

Page 21: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

TURNING THE “OTHER” MEMORY MODEL INTO METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLESPRINCIPLES

Page 22: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

Two problemsTwo problems

Dealing with contents Dealing with interpretationsDealing with contents• Contents should evolve and 

cannot remain identical– Physical and technical 

Dealing with interpretations• Interpretation is a cognitive 

and social process;• Interpretation should bey

transformations• Contents should be preserved 

through their use– Interpretations to keep them alive

• Interpretation should be preserved according to a social need and a given community

• Question:Interpretations to keep them alive and intelligible

• Question:– How to transform content and 

exploit it on a respectful and

Q– How to ensure the possibility of 

interpretation ?• Answer :

i i l dexploit it on a respectful and authentic manner?

• Answer:– Some old disciplines to consider 

with a closer look.

– Principles to manage and organize the memory process: OAIS and its designated community.

with a closer look.

Page 23: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

ContentsResources are unaccessiblein themselves: a mediation

<course title="…"><definition>

…</definition>

is necessary

How to assess that the published view is fair and i h ? </definition>

</course>right ?

How to compare and sort the different

t ti ? ?reconstructions? ??

Page 24: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

The problem of a reference bl h destablishing content identity

A R

?Anonymous Resources

M ViMany Views

Putative CanonicalCanonical reference document

Page 25: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

An old problem!An old problem!

Page 26: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

Manuscripts studiesManuscripts studies?

(original)

Page 27: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

Token Identity A unique material object

Digital Codicology

… …Formal Identity …A given formal presentationDigital Diplomatics

Content Identity

Content that should be invariant

Digital philology

Semantic Commentaries Digital HermeneuticsSemantic Identity and content 

explications27

Digital Hermeneutics

Page 28: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

StrategiesStrategies

Focused on materials Focused on meaningFocused on materials• Museal approach

– Keeping operational the whole set‐up: contents, devices ;

Focused on meaning• Descriptive approach

– Scoring : Contents are too complex to be preserved,up: contents, devices ;

• Emulation approach– Keeping contents intact ; emulating 

obsolete rendering devices on t t

complex to be preserved, emulated or migrated. A description is made and kept in order to re‐invent content with the future current technologies

contemporary systems• Migration approach

– Migrating contents from obsolete formats to contemporary ones in 

g– Modeling : contents or objects 

are modeled to extract the very objects meaning and express it in a consistent and faithful way.formats to contemporary ones in

order to use the current rendering devices (proposed by the market)

y But : 

producing new descriptions / models that are documents 

N d f th i ti Needs for their preservation.

Page 29: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

InterpretationsInterpretations

concept

This is not a conceptThis is not a concept (piece of knowledge)

This is not a pipep p

Page 30: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

An essential tensionAn essential tension

Formalised language “natural” languageFormalised language• Syntax is set up to control 

semantic interpretation:

natural  language• Semantics depends on 

context– No ambiguity– Formal calculus– Formal reasoning

• Context cannot be fully explicit 

bl• Expressions are not contextual• Problems :

R d d i it

• Problems :– Rich expressivity– Semantics should be 

– Reduced expressivity– Need for a convention to 

interpret syntactical expressions

negotiated according to context, actors, situations.

expressions.

Page 31: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

A necessary tradeoffA necessary tradeoffFreezing the context: from context to formalization

Making sense of the formal: from formalization to contextcontext to formalization

• Formalization as a means for reducing ambiguity, variability d h i i t bilit

from formalization to context• Putting the formalization in 

context to apply formal t t l itand enhancing interoperability. constructs on real items.

forall x, H(x)  ‐> A(x) forall x, H(x)  ‐> A(x)

H, A: predicates, whose reference are defined through sets in a  H A : interpret them in the effectivegreference model, based on set theory: how to relate these sets to effective reality? 

H, A : interpret them in the effective contexts, according to actors’ knowledge. 

Page 32: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

Context cannot be eliminatedContext cannot be eliminated

Formalizing knowledge and context

Tacit knowledge inherent to context and situationsand context to context and situations

The borderline can be deplacedThe borderline can be deplaced, never suppressed.

Page 33: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

A traditional approachA traditional approach• Historical examples :

– 1537 : royal library of France (édit de Montpellier)1530 llè d l– 1530 : collège des lecteurs royaux (former « Collège de France »)

• Lesson :• Lesson :– On one side, you keep 

materials– On an other side you

Guillaume Budé1467 ‐ 1540

– On an other side, you preserve the reader, and maintain a continuous tradition of reading

François 1er1494 ‐ 1547

Page 34: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

Relying on context and current state of k l d l ftacit knowledge : example of OAIS

• Designated Community: g y– An identified group of potential Consumers who should beable to understand a particular set of information. 

P

Preservation Planning

DescriptiveInfo.

RODU

Designated Community

queriesresult sets

Ingest Access

DataManagement

DescriptiveInfo.

orders

SIP

AIP AIP DIP

UCER

Community

ArchivalStorage

Administration

MANAGEMENT

Page 35: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

ConclusionsConclusions

• PLM needs KLM• KLM relies on contents and interpretations:

– Preserving contents and their authenticity/identity• Conceptual and critical organization of knowledge

– Preserving interpretation by managing / monitoring designated communities

• Social organization of knowledge• KLM needs tools to manage hypomnemata(ontologies document engineering metadata(ontologies, document engineering, metadata, etc.), and methods to manage communities (OAIS, CSCW, etc.).

Page 36: Knowledge preservation PLM: a cultural perspective · Prologue • PLM deals with information related to product life : – The issue is to collect knowledge to manage a temporal

Thanking audience for being here and quietThanking audience for being here and quiet

Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!

Time flies….

Thank you for your attention!This was the excipit

Usual formula in XXIst  century in colloquium