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Klpyrgjft Hrgk Sfhom` 299;

MALZOHDJH AHTZLRM N@YYGAJ ELR [XKKH[[GLAYO@AAGAJ3

@YYOWGAJ [LKG@O AHTZLRM @A@OW[G[ TL GDHATGEWGAJK@ADGD@TH[ ELR AHVT JHAHR@TGLA MALZOHDJH OH@DHR[

by

Hrgk Sfhom`

@ prlchkt subngtthd ga p`rtg`o euoegoonhatle tfh rhqugrhnhats elr tfh dhjrhh le

N`sthr le @ppoghd [kghakh

N`a`jhnhat le Thkfaloljy Yrljr`nnhDhp`rtnhat le N`a`jhnhat [kghakhs

E`kuoty le HajgahhrgajXagvhrsgty le Z`throll

Yrlchkt @dvgslr3 Dr! Kogeelrd Bo`mh

Z`throll/ Lat`rgl/ K`a`d`

08 @ujust 299;

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Klpyrgjft Hrgk Sfhom` 299; gg

@B[TR@KT

MALZOHDJH AHTZLRM N@YYGAJ ELR [XKKH[[GLA

YO@AAGAJ3@YYOWGAJ [LKG@O AHTZLRM @A@OW[G[ TL GDHATGEWGAJ

K@ADGD@TH[ ELR AHVT JHAHR@TGLA MALZOHDJH OH@DHR[

Hrgk Sfhom`

[ubchkt n`tthr hxphrts &[NHs'/ wfl k`rry tfh klrh klnphthakghs le tfhgr lrj`agz`tglas/ `rh

krgtgk`o tl tfh klatgaugty le tfh busgahss/ `ad tfhrhelrh/ rhqugrh po`aahd rhpo`khnhat! Tfgs

study dhthrngahd flw whoo malwohdjh ahtwlrm n`ppgaj/ ` nhtfldloljy b`shd la slkg`o

ahtwlrm `a`oysgs &[A@'/ gdhatgeghd `ad r`amhd [NHs! @ K`a`dg`a hajgahhrgaj egrn w`s

survhyhd ga 24 str`thjgk `rh`s `ad twl le tfh quhstglas whrh `a`oyshd ga dht`go! Tfh

k`okuo`thd r`amhd rhsuot &usgajRh`kf.2 [thp Ga khatr`ogty nh`surh' w`s klnp`rhd wgtf

tfh `ktu`o r`amhd ogst suppoghd by tfh tlp [NH! [ph`rn`as r`am klrrho`tgla klheegkghat

k`nh up vhry strlaj &Rs>!6;29/ p?!990/ de>06'! Zfha klnp`rgaj tfh twl ogsts/ 68( le

tfh `ktu`o [NHs whrh k`pturhd by tfh [A@ survhy! Ga ala.gdh`o kladgtglas/ tfh rhsuots

whrh stgoo sgjagegk`at! Tfh survhy tllo ushd elr d t` kloohktgla/ Mahtn`p/ h shd tfh hatgrh

prlkhss sl tf`t elr h`kf le tfh 24 survhys/ la `vhr`jh/ ;6( le tfh survhy plpuo`tgla &286

phlpoh' p`rtgkgp`thd! Zgtfga tfrhh flurs le h`kf quhstgla bhgaj shat vg` hn`go/ la `vhr`jh/

69( le tfh tlt`o rhsplashs whrh rhkhgvhd `t tfh whb sgth elr aswhrgaj! K`adgd`ths elr

sukkhssgla po`aagaj whrh gdhatgeghd wgtf fgjf klaegdhakh! Tfh rhsuots whrh prlvha

rheohktgla le tfh truh gaelrn`tgla hxkf`ajh ahtwlrm ga tfh lrj`agz`tgla uadhr study!

U`ou`boh dhkgsgla supplrt w s dhrgvhd `ad lrj`agz`tgla`o gathrvhatglas whrh sujjhsthd!

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft Hrgk Sfhom` 299; ggg

T@BOH LE KLATHAT[

OG[T LE EGJXRH[ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! GU

OG[T LE T@BOH[ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! GU

DHEGAGTGLA LE THRN[ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! U

GATRLDXKTGLA !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 0

YXRYL[H !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ;

TFHLRHTGK@O YHR[YHKTGUH !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4

OGTHR@TXRH RHUGHZ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 8

PXH[TGLA[/ LBCHKTGUH[/ LR FWYLTFH[H[ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 09

NHTFLDLOLJW !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 00

YRLKHDXRH3!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 00TFH PXH[TGLA[3 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 0;[XRUHW GA[TRXNHAT3 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 0;KLATHVT LE TFH [TXDW !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 08

RH[XOT[ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 0:

MAHTN@Y [XRUHW!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 0:[XBCHKT N@TTHRHVYHRT [XRUHW &ELRPXH[TGLA +0.UGO%PXH[TGLA +09.EY' !!!!!!!!!!!! 20

AHTZLRM @A@OW[G[ LE D@T@ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 22

DG[KX[[GLA !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 25

KLAKOX[GLA[ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ;;

RHEHRHAKH[ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ;4@YYHADGV G[XRUHW PXH[TGLA[ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ;:

@YYHADGV GGHV@NYOH MAHTN@Y PXH[TGLA LE TFH ZHHM [KRHHA[ ! ;6

@YYHADGV GGGRH[XOT[3 [NH [XRUHW !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 40

@YYHADGV GURH[XOT[3 AHTZLRM UG[X@OGS@TGLA DG@JR@N[ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 42

@XTFLR ALTH !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 84

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft Hrgk Sfhom` 299; gv

OG[T LE EGJXRH[

EGJXRH 0.OH@DHR[FGY DHUHOLYNHAT YO@AAGAJ U[!KLATGAXGTW YO@AAGAJ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2EGJXRH 2.ELXRMHW RLOH.YO@WHR[ GA TFH KLATHVT LE @ [LKG@OAHTZLRM!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! :EGJXRH ;.RH[H@RKF N@Y ELR TFG[ [TXDW !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 7EGJXRH 4.HN@GO "K@RRGHR" ZFGKF DHOGUHRHD H@KF PXH[TGLA!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 0;EGJXRH 8.Y@RTGKGY@TGLA R@TH LE H@KF YHR[LA &JHAHR@TGAJ LXTJLGAJ OGAM[' !!!!!!!!!!!!! 07EGJXRH 5.RHEHRHAKHD R@TH ELRH@KF YHR[LA &RHKHGUGAJ GAKLNGAJ OGAM['!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 29EGJXRH :.HV@NYOH [XRUHW @A[ZHR [KRHHA!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ;6EGJXRH 6.HV@NYOH TF@AMWLX [KRHHA !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ;7EGJXRH 7.HV@NYOHAHTZLRMUGHZHR [KRHHA !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 49EGJXRH 09.[LKG@OAHTZLRMN@Y P+0UGO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 42EGJXRH 00.[LKG@OAHTZLRMN@Y P+2.F[K !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 42EGJXRH 02.[LKG@OAHTZLRMN@Y P+;.H[Y !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4;EGJXRH 0;.[LKG@OAHTZLRMN@Y P+4.KGRK!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4;EGJXRH 04.[LKG@OAHTZLRMN@Y P+8.UN[ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 44EGJXRH 08.[LKG@OAHTZLRMN@Y P+5

[[3KY !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 44EGJXRH 05.[LKG@OAHTZLRMN@Y P+:[[3[Y !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 48EGJXRH 0:.[LKG@OAHTZLRMN@Y P+6.GY[ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 48EGJXRH 06.[LKG@OAHTZLRMN@Y P+7.BY !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 45EGJXRH 07.[LKG@OAHTZLRMN@Y P+09.EY !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 45EGJXRH 29.[LKG@OAHTZLRMN@Y P+00.FV!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4:EGJXRH 20.[LKG@OAHTZLRMN@Y P+02.KBU !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4:EGJXRH 22.[LKG@OAHTZLRMN@Y P+0;.ETU !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 46EGJXRH 2;.[LKG@OAHTZLRMN@Y P+04.[J !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 46EGJXRH 24.[LKG@OAHTZLRMN@Y P+08.F[ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 47EGJXRH 28.[LKG@OAHTZLRMN@Y P+05.NLTLR[!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 47EGJXRH 25.[LKG@OAHTZLRMN@Y P+0:.UED !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 89EGJXRH 2:.[LKG@OAHTZLRMN@Y P+06.DH!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 89

EGJXRH 26.[LKG@OAHTZLRMN@Y P+07

@RNOGAM!KLN !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 80EGJXRH 27.[LKG@OAHTZLRMN@Y P+29L.OLT !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 80EGJXRH ;9.[LKG@OAHTZLRMN@Y P+20FV [,Z !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 82EGJXRH ;0.[LKG@OAHTZLRMN@Y P+22@RN[TRLAJYXNY[!KLN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 82EGJXRH ;2.[LKG@OAHTZLRMN@Y P+2;Y@RTAHR*[ ZHB [GTH !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 8;EGJXRH ;;.[LKG@OAHTZLRMN@Y P+24@KH[,Z !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 8;

OG[T LE T@BOH[

T@BOH 0.@JJRHJ@TH RH[XOT[ ELRH@KF PXH[TGLA!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 0:T@BOH 2.R@AMKLRRHO@TGLA %AXNBHRK@YTXRHD RH[XOT[!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 28T@BOH ;.BH[T KHATR@OGTW NH@[XRH[ ERLN TFH RH[XOT[!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2:

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft Hrgk Sfhom` 299; v

DHEGAGTGLA LE THRN[

@ktlr @ aldh ga tfh ahtwlrm! @a `ktlr k`a bh `a gadgvgdu`o/ ` jrlup/`a lrj`agz`tgla/ lr hvha ` a`tgla.st`th! Ga jhahr`o/ slkg`oahtwlrm `a`oysts `rh klakhrahd wgtf `ktlrs le tfh s`nh typh/ h!j!`oo gadgvgdu`os lr jrlups &Z`sshrn`a % E`ust/ 0777'!

Khatr`ogtyNh`surh

Khatr`ogty gs tfh struktur`o `ttrgbuth le h`kf aldhlr phrsla wgtfgatfh ahtwlrm strukturh le tfh rhsuot sht! Gt nh`surhs tfhklatrgbutgla letfh phrslas plsgtgla ga tfh ahtwlrm tl tfhgrgnplrt`akh/ gaeouhakh/ `ad prlngahakh `nlaj tfh ltfhr rhsuots&F`aahn`a/ 2990'!

Klnphthaky @ klnphthaky gs kf`r`kthrgstgk le a hnpolyhh tf`t klatrgbuthstl sukkhsseuo clb phrelrn`akh `ad tfh `kfghvhnhat lelrj`agz`tgla`o rhsuots! Tfhsh gakoudh malwohdjh/ smgoos/ `ad`bgogtghs pous ltfhr kf`r`kthrgstgks sukf `s v`ouhs/ nltgv`tgla/gagtg`tgvh/ `ad shoe.klatrlo &Mghrsth`d/ 0776'!

DgrhkthdAhtwlrm

Tfh ogams klaahktgaj tfh aldhs ga tfh slkg`o ahtwlrm `rh altahkhss`rgoy rhkgprlk`thd! Tfgs typh le ahtwlrm wluod bhrhprhshathd by `a `synnhtrgk`o n`trgx!

EY Egrh YunpsJhldhsgkdgst`akh

Tfh ohajtf le tfh sflrthst p`tf bhtwhha twl aldhs &Blrj`ttg/299;'!

Jrlup Tfgs gs ` bluadhd kloohktgla le `ktlrs la wfgkf tghs rh tl bhnh`surhd! Lah nust bh `boh tl `rjuh tfhlrhtgk`ooy/ hnpgrgk`ooy/

lr klakhptu`ooy tf`t tfh `ktlrs ga tfgs sht `rh tghd tl lah `altfhr`ad `rh nlrh lr ohss bluadhd! Tfh `ktlrs bholaj tljhtfhr ga bluadhd sht/ lah ga wfgkf tfh aunbhr le `ktlrs gs egagth `ad tfhbluad`rghs `rluad tfgs sht le `ktlrs gs koh`roy dhegahd&Z`sshrn`a % E`ust/ 0777'!

FU@K Fh`tgaj/ Uhatgo`tgla/ `ad @gr KladgtglagajGadhjrhhs &Tfh aunbhr le' dgrhkthd ogams klaahktgaj tl tfgs aldh

&Z`sshrn`a % E`ust/ 0777'!Gaeouhakh @ nh`surh le tfh eehkt a `ktlr f`s upla ` slkg`o ahtwlrm=

usu`ooy rho`thd tl o`rjh lut.dhjrhhs &n`ay dgrhkthd ogamsklaahktgaj lut erln tfgs aldh' lr kflgkhs shat!

M[@s Malwohdjh/ smgoo/ `ad `bgogty qu`ogegk`tglas!Ogam @ TghAldh @a @ktlrLutdhjrhhs &Tfh aunbhr le' dgrhkthd ogams klaahktgaj tl ltfhrs erln tfgs

aldh

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft Hrgk Sfhom` 299; vg

Y`tf La ` slkgljr`n/ tr`kgaj tfh klnpohth p`tf bhtwhha lah aldh`ad `altfhr `krlss tfh ogams `ad wgtflut rhph`tgaj `ay le tfhgathrvhagaj aldhs! Tfh ohajtf le p`tf gs tfh aunbhr le ogams!

Yrhstgjh @ nh`surh le tfh prlngahakh lr gnplrt akh le a `ktlr ga `slkg`o ahtwlrm `ad usu`ooy rho`thd tl o`rjh gadhjrhhs lr kflgkhsrhkhgvhd! @osl k`oohd st`tus/ plwhr/ r`am/ dhehrhakh/ `adplpuo`rgty &Z`sshrn`a % E`ust/ 0777'!

Rho`tgla @ rho`tgla gs ` sphkgegk typh le tgh bhtwhha `ktlrs ga ` ahtwlrm!Tfhrh `rh n`ay dgeehrhat mgads le rho`tglas3 klnnuagk tgla lrslkg`o gathr`ktgla/ erghadsfgp/ rhkgprlkgty/ trust/ dgpoln`ky/ `dvgkh/`ad sl elrtf &Z`sshrn`a % E`ust/ 0777'!

[NH [ubchkt N`tthr Hxphrt &`osl malwa `s ` Malwohdjh Oh`dhr'[A@ [lkg`o Ahtwlrm @a`oysgs gs tfh n`ppgaj `ad nh`surgaj le

rho`tglasfgps `ad eolws bhtwhha phlpoh/ jrlups/ lrj`agz`tglas/

klnputhrs/ lr ltfhr gaelrn`tgla,malwohdjh prlkhssgaj hatgtghs&Mrhbs/ 2992'!

[lkg`oAhtwlrm

@ slkg`o ahtwlrm gs ` egagth sht le ktlrs wfl `rh klaahkthd tllah `altfhr tfrlujf rho`tglas! @ slkg`o ahtwlrm k`a klasgst lejrlups `ad sub.jrlups le `ktlrs &Z`sshrn`a % E`ust/ 0777'!

Tgh @ ogam bhtwhha ktlrs! Tfhsh tghs k`a bh rhkgprlk thd/ lruarhkgprlk`thd/ `ad tfhy k`a bh dgrhkthd &h!j! ` phrsla jgvgaj`altfhr phrsla nlahy' lr uadgrhkthd &h!j! twl phlpoh wlrmgaj `ttfh s`nh lrj`agz`tgla' &Z`sshrn`a % E`ust/ 0777'!

XRO Xagvhrs`o Rhslurkh Olk`tlr &g!h! ` whb `ddrhss'UGO Uhrtgk`o Ga.Ogah Yunps

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft 299; Hrgk Sfhom` Y`jh 0

GATRLDXKTGLA

[ukkhssgla po`aagaj gs `a lajlgaj/ dya`ngk prlkhss tf`t fhops `a lrj`agz`tgla `ogja gts busgahss

jl`os `ad gts fun`a rhslurkh rhqugrhnhats! Zfgoh sukkhssgla po`aagaj f`s tr`dgtgla`ooy bhha

`ppoghd tl `jhgaj shaglr oh`dhrsfgp lr tl skha`rgl `ad dgs`sthr rhklvhry/ gt gs alw bhgaj `ppoghd

nlrh `ad nlrh tl tfh dhvholpnhat le mhy malwohdjh oh`dhrs/ tflsh wgtf sphkgegk smgoos `ad

klnphthakghs/ ga lrdhr tl fhop n`a`jh po`aahd rhtgrhnhat ga ` nlrh flogstgk w`y &Butohr %

Rlkfh.T`rry/ 2992'!

Ga Egjurh 0 . Oh`dhrsfgp Dhvholpnhat Yo`aagaj vs! Klatgaugty Yo`aagaj/ [`gat.Lajh &299;'

sujjhsts tf`t tr`dgtgla`o sukkhssgla po`aagaj elr tfh n`a`jhrg`o oh`dhr gs qugth dgeehrhat tf`a tfgs

ahw sukkhssgla po`aagaj elr tfh malwohdjh oh`dhr! Ga e`kt/ tfhrh `rh shp`r`th tr`kms elr h`kf

jrlup! Tfgs study sf`oo elkus la tfh sukkhssgla po`aagaj tr`km elr tfh malwohdjh oh`dhr!

Tfh sukkhssgla po aagaj ogthr`turh gs rhpohth wgtf nhatgla le klnphthakghs &h!j! ]Rltfwhoo/ 2990^/

]@tfhy % Lrtf/ 0777^/ htk!'! Elr tfh purplshs le tfgs study/ klnphthakghs sf`oo bh rhstrgkthd tl

malwohdjh klnphthakghs lr M[@ &Malwohdjh/ [mgoo/ `ad @bgogty' qu`ogegk`tglas &Mghrsth`d/

0776' `s tfhsh ohad tfhnshovhs tl nh`surhnhat by nhtfldloljghs sukf `s slkg`o ahtwlrm

`a`oysgs!

Lrj`agz`tglas `rh klnprgshd le o`yhrs le slkg`o ahtwlrms! Tfhsh gaelrn`o ahtwlrms `rh alt

vgsgboh ga tfh lrj`agz`tgla kf`rt but jrh toy gaeouhakh gts dya`ngks &Krlss/ Yrus m/ % Y`rmhr/

2992'! Malwohdjh ahtwlrm n`ppgaj/ b`shd la tfh prgakgpohs le slkg`o ahtwlrm `a`oysgs &[A@'/

k`a jht qugkmoy `t tfh hxgstgaj hxkf`ajh le malwohdjh3 gt sflws wfl malws wf`t &Mrhbs/ 0776'!

Malwohdjh ahtwlrm n`ppgaj k`a bh ushd tl rhvh`o gaelrn`o oh`dhrsfgp `ad gaeouhakhrs la

prldukts/ prlkhsshs/ `ad,lr shrvgkhs! Tfh rhsuots k`a bh ushd tl ohvhr`jh malwohdjh `krlss tfh

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft 299; Hrgk Sfhom` Y`jh 2

hathrprgsh elr bhtthr dhkgsglas `ad jrh`thr phrelrn`akh &M`fa/ Krlss/ % Y`rmhr/ ga prhss'! Ga tfh

k`sh le tfgs gavhstgj`tgla/ tfh rhsuots k`a bh ushd tl dhvholp str`thjgk skha`rgls tf`t k`a `ssgst

wgtf sukkhssgla `ad klatgaugty po`aagaj elr tfh malwohdjh oh dhrs!

Flwhvhr/ heehktgvh sukkhssgla po`aagaj dhn`ads `sshssnhat systhns tf`t k`a nh`surh tfh

dhvholpnhat le smgoos/ klnphthakghs/ `ad malwohdjh wgtfga tfh hathrprgsh &Butohr % Rlkfh.

T`rry/ 2992'! Tfgs gavhstgj`tgla rhplrts la rhsh`rkf dhsgjahd tl gnprlvh tfh gdhatgegk`tgla `ad

`sshsshd r`amgaj le subchkt n`tthr hxphrts ga v`rglus dln`gas le hxphrtgsh tfrlujf tfh ush le

malwohdjh ahtwlrm n`ppgaj!

Egjurh 0 . Oh`dhrsfgp Dhvholpnhat Yo`aagaj vs! Klatgaugty Yo`aagaj

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft 299; Hrgk Sfhom` Y`jh ;

YXRYL[H

Tfh purplsh le tfgs study gs tl dhthrngah flw whoo malwohdjh ahtwlrm n`ppgaj/ b`shd la [A@/

gdhatgeghs `ad r`ams tfh subchkt n`tthr hxphrt k`adgd`ths elr sukkhssgla po`aagaj le tfh

malwohdjh oh`dhr!

Ga `ddgtgla/ G klasgdhr tfh ush `ad `dlptgla le ` d`t` kloohktgla prlkhss tl `ddrhss tfh e`kt tf`t

d`t` kloohktgla gs letha ` stunbogaj bolkm tl [A@!

Tfgs study dlhs alt elkus la tfh sukkhssgla po`aagaj prlkhss phr sh! Flwhvhr tfh gdhatgegk`tgla

le k`adgd`ths elr sukkhssgla po`aagaj le tfh malwohdjh oh`dhr prlvgdhs tfh eluad`tgla `ad

rhqugsgth dhkgsgla supplrt elr ` sukkhsseuo lrj`ags`tgla gathrvhatgla!

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft 299; Hrgk Sfhom` Y`jh 4

TFHLRHTGK@O YHR[YHKTGUH

Tfh tfhlrhtgk`o b`sgs le malwohdjh ahtwlrm n`ppgaj gs jrluadhd ga [lkg`o Ahtwlrm @a`oysgs

&[A@'! [A@ gs klnprgshd le slkg`o ahtwlrms `ad ` aunbhr le blrrlwhd `a`oysgs nhtflds!

@ slkg`o ahtwlrm gs ` egagth sht le ktlrs wfl `rh klaahkthd tl lah `altfhr tfrlujf rho`tglas! @

slkg`o ahtwlrm k`a klasgst le jrlups `ad sub.jrlups le `ktlrs &Z`sshrn`a % E`ust/ 0777'! Tfh

study le slkg`o ahtwlrms klnhs erln slkgloljy `ad psykfloljy `ad k`a bh tr`khd b`km tl

Nlrhal `ad tfh 07;9s gavhatgla letfh slkgljr`n &Z`sshrn`a % E`ust/ 0777'! Lakh

rho`tglasfgps bhtwhha phlpoh lr jrlups kluod bh rhprhshathd jr`pfgk`ooy `ad tfha ga ` n`trgx/ gt

shhnhd ` a`tur`o prljrhssgla tl t`mh `a`oysgs thkfagquhs erln jr`pf tfhlry/ `ojhbr` &hsphkg`ooy

n`trgx `ojhbr`'/ st`tgstgks/ slkglnhtry/ `ad psykflnhtry! Tfhrh `rh hvha prlngsgaj gasgjfts erln

systhns tfhlry `ad klnpohxgty tfhlry &Blrj`ttg/ a!d!'! N`ay hxkhoohat [A@ thxts &h!j!

Z`sshrn`a % E`ust/ 077:' ad gatrlduktlry vlounhs &h!j! Dhjhaah % Elrs 0777' `rh v`go`boh!

Ga `ddgtgla/ `a `kkhssgboh lvhrvghw le tfh `a`oysgs le slkg`o ahtwlrms gs `v`go`boh la.ogah

&F`aahn`a/ 2990' sfluod gt bh ahkhss`ry!

Alth3 tfh wlrds gakoudhd ga tfh Dhegagtgla Le Thrns la p`jh vf`vh dhegagtglas sphkgegk tl

malwohdjh ahtwlrm n`ppgaj `ad [A@!

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft 299; Hrgk Sfhom` Y`jh 8

OGTHR@TXRH RHUGHZ

Ga tfgs shktgla/ slkg`o ahtwlrm `a`oysgs &[A@' gs dhegahd `ad tfha hx`npohs `rh prlvgdhd le flw

[A@ k`a bh ushd tl hxplsh ahtwlrms gasgdh le lrj`agz`tglas elr eurtfhr study!

@nlaj tfh n`ay dhegagtglas le [A@ &h!j! ]Z`sshrn`a % E`ust/ 077:^/ ]Zhoon`a/ 299;^/ htk!'/ G

prhehr tfgs str`gjft.elrw`rd dhegagtgla erln Mrhbs &2992'3 [A@ gs tfh n`ppgaj `ad nh`surgaj

le rho`tglasfgps `ad eolws bhtwhha phlpoh/ jrlups/ lrj`ags`tglas/ klnputhrs/ lr ltfhr

gaelrn`tgla,malwohdjh prlkhssgaj hatgtghs! Ga tfh klathxt le malwohdjh n`a`jhnhat/ [A@

ha`bohs rho`tglasfgps bhtwhha phlpoh tl bh n`pphd ga lrdhr tl gdhatgty malwohdjh eolws3 erln

wfln dl phlpoh shhm gaelrn`tgla `ad malwohdjh< Zgtf wfln dl tfhy sf`rh tfhgr gaelrn`tgla

`ad malwohdjh< Ga klatr`st tl `a lrj`ags`tgla kf`rt wfgkf sflws elrn`o rho`tglasfgps . wfl

wlrms wfhrh `ad wfl rhplrts tl wfln/ slkg`o ahtwlrm a`oysgs kf`rt &slkgljr`n' sflws

gaelrn`o rho`tglasfgps . wfl malws wfl `ad wfl sf`rhs gaelrn`tgla `ad malwohdjh wgtf

wfln! [A@ `oolws n`a`jhrs tl vgsu ogsh `ad uadhrst`ad tfh n`ay rho`tglasfgps tf`t k`a hgtfhr

e`kgogt`th lr gnphdh malwohdjh krh`tgla `ad sf`rgaj &Mrhbs/ 0776'! Bhk`ush tfhsh rho`tglasfgps

`rh alrn`ooy gavgsgboh/ [A@ `ad malwohdjh ahtwlrm n`ppgaj f`vh bhha dhskrgbh `s `mga tl tfh

snlmh le dry gkh tf`t rhvh`os tfh o`shr bh`ns le klnnuagk`tgla tfrlujflut `a lrj`agz`tgla

&@rnstrlaj % Mrhbs/ 2990'! Tfgs sa`psflt sflws tfh gaelrn`o ahtwlrms tf`t lphr`th

uadhrah`tf tfh sure`kh lrj`ags`tgla`o strukturh!

@ qu`atgt`tgvh,qu`ogt`tgvh `jjrhj`th study by Krlss/ Blrj`ttg/ `ad Y`rmhr &2992' althd tf t duh tl

heelrts tl dh.o`yhr lrj`agz`tglas `ad rhdukh euaktgla`o bluad`rghs/ kllrdga`tgla gakrh`sgajoy

lkkurs tfrlujf ahtwlrms le gaelrn`o rho`tglas r`tfhr tf`a kf`aahos tgjftoy prhskrgbhd by elrn`o

rhplrtgaj strukturhs lr dht`gohd wlrm prlkhsshs! Zlrmgaj wgtf ` klaslrtgun le Elrtuah 899

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft 299; Hrgk Sfhom` Y`jh 5

klnp`aghs `ad jlvhranhat `jhakghs/ tfh `utflrs `sshsshd kloo`blr`tgla `ad wlrm ga lvhr 49

gaelrn`o ahtwlrms erln 2; dgeehrhat lrj`agz`tglas! Rhsuots sflwhd tf`t/ ga `oo k`shs/ tfh

ahtwlrms tfhy studghd prlvgdhd str`thjgk `ad lphr`tgla`o v`ouh tl tfh hnbhddgaj lrj`agz`tgla by

ha`bogaj hnpolyhhs tl heehktgvhoy kloo`blr`th `ad gathjr`th dgsp`r`th hxphrtgsh! B`shd upla tfhgr

egadgajs/ tfh `utflrs rhklnnhad [A@ `s ` v`ou`boh nh`as le e`kgogt`tgaj kloo`blr`tgla ga

str`thjgk`ooy gnplrt`at jrlups `ad le sueegkghat bhahegt tl custgey tfh gavhstnhat le tgnh `ad

hahrjy la tfh p`rt le tfh lrj`agz`tgla! @t tfh gadgvgdu`o ohvho/ tfh utflrs alth tf`t tfhsh

gaelrn`o ahtwlrms `rh gakrh`sgajoy gnplrt`at klatrgbutlrs tl hnpolyhh clb s`tgse`ktgla `ad

phrelrn`akh! Ahtwlrm rho`tglasfgps `rh krgtgk`o `akflrgaj plgats elr hnpolyhhs ga thrns le

oly`oty `ad klnngtnhat! Wht/ dhspgth tfhgr gnplrt`akh/ tfhsh ahtwlrms `rh r`rhoy whoo supplrthd

lr hvha uadhrstlld by tfh lrj`agz`tglas ga wfgkf tfhy `rh hnbhddhd! [A@ prlvgdhs n`a`jhrs

wgtf `a ddgtgla o nh`as le dhkgsgla supplrt wfha `sshssgaj str`thjgk`ooy gnplrt`at ahtwlrms

wgtfga `a lrj`agz tgla!

Lah le tfh nlst gathrhstgaj `sphkts le tfh Krlss / Blrj`ttg/ `ad Y`rmhr study gs flw gt sujjhsts

b`o`akgaj bhahegts tl tfh lrj`agz`tgla `ad bhahegts tl tfh gadgvgdu`o wgtf `ay lrj`agz`tgla`o

gathrvhatglas dr`wa erln ` slkg`o ahtwlrm `a`oysgs! Tfh study `osl n`dh pp`rhat tf`t [A@ gs

alt ` kurh.`oo `ad tf`t gt gs gnplrt`at tl bh k`utglus `blut lvhr.klrrhktgaj wgtf jrlups!

@ k`sh study by Krlss `ad Yrus`m &2992' rhvghwhd slkgljr`ns erln v`rglus [A@ prlchkts `ad

`aswhrhd tfh quhstgla tf`t gav`rg`boy k`nh erln tfh hxhkutgvh splaslrgaj tfh prlchkt3 [l wf`t

sfluod G dl

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft 299; Hrgk Sfhom` Y`jh :

lvhroy khatr`o phlpoh wfl ngjft bh lvhrol`dhd `ad flodgaj tfh jrlup b`km! @othra`tgvhoy/ tfhsh

phlpoh kluod bh tfh uasuaj fhrl ga ahhd le whoo dhshrvhd yht lvhrollmhd rhkljagtgla= 2!

Gaelrn`tgla Brlmhrstfhsh `rh mhy brlmhrs wgtfga ` ahtwlrm `ad `pph`r tl bh

dgsprlplrtgla`thoy gnplrt`at ga dgeeusgaj gaelrn`tgla `ad malwohdjh tfrlujflut ` ahtwlrm= ;!

Bluad`ry [p`aahrsgaeouhatg`o bluad`ry sp`aahrs `rh krgtgk`o ga fhopgaj tl klaahkt ahtwlrms

`krlss euaktglas/ dgvgsglas/ fghr`rkfgk`o ohvhos/ lr pfysgk`o olk`tglas! Elr hx`npoh/ ga tfh k`sh le

twl jrlups trygaj tl nhrjh/ tfh bluad`ry sp`aahrs `rh tflsh ehw wfl f`vh `orh`dy st`rthd tl

gathr`kt wgtf tfh ltfhr jrlup= `ad 4! Yhrgpfhr`o [phkg`ogsts . lvhroy phrgpfhr`o phlpoh ngjft bh

uadhr.utgogzhd `sshts! La ` ahtwlrm dg`jr`n/ tfhy wluod `pph`r `s ollshoy klaahkthd lr hvha

klnpohthoy gslo`thd! La lah f`ad/ tfhy n`y alt egtwgtf tfh lrj`agz tgla`o kuoturh= la tfh ltfhr

f`ad/ tfhy n`y bh stukm la tfh phrgpfhry `ad alt surh flw tl klaahkt! @kklrdgaj tl tfh

`utflrs/ letha ` [NH wgoo n`mh tfhnshovhs gathatgla`ooy phrgpfhr`o/ plssgboy n`gat`gagaj tfh

tgnh/ sp`kh/ `ad elkus tf`t `oolwhd tfh phrsla tl dhvholp tfh hxphrtgsh upla wfgkf tfh jrlup

rhoghs! Egjurh 2 sflws tfh 4 mhy rloh.po`yhrs dhskrgbhd `blvh ga rho`tgla tl lah `altfhr &Y`rmhr/

2992'3

Egjurh 2 . Elur Mhy Rloh.Yo`yhrs ga tfh Klathxt le ` [lkg`o Ahtwlrm

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft 299; Hrgk Sfhom` Y`jh 6

Tfh `utflrs alth/ gatrgjugajoy/ tf`t elr n`ay n`a`jhrs ad skflo rs/ tfh gdh` le tfh ahtwlrm/ ga

lah elrn lr `altfhr/ gs bhklngaj ` khatr`o lrj`agzgaj nht`pflr elr 20st khatury egrns `ad `s `

rhpo`khnhat elr tr`dgtgla`o klnn`ad.`ad.klatrlo lrj`agz`tglas! Flwhvhr/ dhspgth ` pohtflr` le

rhsh`rkf ga tfh slkg`o skghakhs la tfh prlphrtghs le slkg`o ahtwlrms &shh tfh hatgrh Rhehrhakhs

shktgla le tfgs p`phr'/ tfhrh f`s bhha rho`tgvhoy ogttoh pr`ktgk`o `tthatgla p`gd tl flw tl dhvholp

`ad supplrt ahtwlrm b`shd lrj`agz`tglas!

Ga klakoudgaj/ tfh `utflrs fgjfogjft tf`t [A@ prlvgdhs ` dg`jalstgk tllo wgtf wfgkf tl t`rjht

gathrvhatglas tl sphkgegk `rh`s wgtfga lrj`agz`tglas wfhrh kloo`blr`tgla gs krgtgk`o! By vgrtuh le

n`mgaj tfhsh gnplrt`at ahtwlrms vgsgboh/ gt `osl `ttr`kts hxhkutgvh `tthatgla elr tfhsh gakrh`sgajoy

krgtgk`o/ yht letha gavgsgboh/ strukturhs!

Tfh pr`ktgk`ooy/ gt gs tfh rhsuotgaj strukturhs le tfh gaelrn`o slkg`o ahtwlrm &lr o`km tfhrhle' tf`t

`rh gnplrt`at wfha dhthrngagaj `a lrj`agz`tgla`o gathrvhatgla!

@ qu`ogt tgvh,qu`atgt`tgvh k`sh study by M`fa/ Krlss/ % Y`rmhr &ga prhss' gooustr ths flw kogagk`o

&h!j! lrj`agz`tgla`o psykfl`a`oytgk`o' `ad ahtwlrm `pprl`kfhs tl dg`jalsgs k`a rhvh`o dgeehrhat

kf`ajh gathrvhatglas! Tfh `utflrs gdhatgey tfrhh prgakgpohs elr klnbgagaj kogagk`o `ad slkg`o

ahtwlrm thkfagquhs! 0! Ga `ddgtgla tl vghwgaj strukturh le tfh slkg`o ahtwlrm s klastr`gagaj

`ktgla/ ahtwlrms sfluod bh klasgdhrhd `s gadgk`tlrs le dhhphr lrj`agz`tgla`o gssuhs! 2! [lkg`o

ahtwlrms sfluod bh uadhrstlld bltf ga thrns le r`tgla`o t`sm rhqugrhnhats `ad ga thrns le

ltfhr/ ohss lbshrv`boh/ `ad plssgboy grr`tgla`o/ ahhds le lrj`agz`tgla nhnbhrs! ;! @a`oysts `ad

kf`ajh `jhats `rh bhst shrvhd by dhvholpgaj rho`tglasfgps le trust wfha `ppoygaj [A@ `ad

gathrprhtgaj p`tthras ga w`ys nh`agajeuo tl tflsh bhgaj `sshsshd!

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft 299; Hrgk Sfhom` Y`jh 7

Zfgoh [A@ k`a n`mh v`rglus rho`tgla`o p`tthras vgsgboh ad sl fhop t`rjht gathrvhatglas/ ` jrh`t

dh`o le klaskglus `ad uaklaskglus gathrphrsla`o dya`ngks hxgsts bhah`tf tfh sure`kh!

Lrj`agz`tgla`o gathrvhatglas nust bh f`adohd wgtf k`rh!

Bholw gs tfh rhsh`rkf n`p wfgkf po`khs tfh p`phrs le tfh ogthr`turh rhvghw ga rho`tgla tl tfgs

study!

Egjurh ; . Rhsh`rkf n`p elr tfgs study

[A@ ga tfh o`b

[A@ ga tfh lr `agz tgla

Dh.o`yhrhd lrjs/rhdukhd bluad`rghs/

[A@ supplrts str`thjgkkloo`blr`tgla

&h!j! Krlss/ Blrj`ttg/ %Y`rmhr/ 2992'

Gaelrn`o ahtwlrms `rhlbshrv`boh %

jlvhra`boh! 4 mhy rlohpo`yhrs,bolkmhrs ga

strukturh&h!j! Krlss/ Yrus`m/ 2992'

Klnp`rh [A@ %Kogagk`o `pprl`kfhs tl

lrj`agz`tglagathrvhatgla dg`jalsgs&h!j! M`fa/ Krlss/ %

Y`rmhr/ 2992'

Tfgs study3 olk`th `pprlprg`th

k`adgd`ths elr str`thjgk malwohdjhtr`asehr rh3 sukkhssgla po`aagaj

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft 299; Hrgk Sfhom` Y`jh 09

PXH[TGLA[/ LBCHKTGUH[/ LR FWYLTFH[H[

Tfgs gavhstgj`tgla dlhs alt `ddrhss tfh hxgstgaj tfhlry le slkg`o ahtwlrms alr le sukkhssgla

po`aagaj/ r`tfhr gt `ppoghs malwohdjh ahtwlrm n`ppgaj/ b`shd la [A@ thkfagquhs/ tl tfh

busgahss prlbohn le sukkhssgla po`aagaj elr tfh malwohdjh oh`dhr ga lrdhr tl dhthrngah gts

heegk`ky!

Tfh quhstglas tl bh ddrhsshd by tfgs study `rh3

Flw whoo dlhs malwohdjh ahtwlrm n`ppgaj gdhatgey `ad r`am tfh tlp `ad tfh up.`ad.klngaj subchkt n`tthr hxphrts ga mhy dgskgpogah `rh`s le tfh lrj`agz`tgla< @rh tfh rhsuots

`kkur`th< @rh tfh rhsuots rhph`t`boh< Zf`t nh`surhs sfluod bh ushd elr sgngo`r

malwohdjh ahtwlrm n`ppgaj studghs ga tfh euturh 6 de > 06 de > 6 de > 06

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft 299; Hrgk Sfhom` Y`jh 25

DG[KX[[GLA

Ga jhahr`o/ wfha tfh survhy d`t` klnhs erln gdh`o/ haj`jhd p`rtgkgp`tgla/ `s lkkurrhd wgtf nlst

le tfh 24 quhstglas gakoudgaj Puhstgla +0.UGO/ malwohdjh ahtwlrm n`ppgaj k`pturhs 69( lr

nlrh le tfh malwa k`adgd`ths `ad phrelrns vhry whoo `t r`amgaj tfhn ga tfh lrdhr sgngo`r tl tfh

[NH suppoghd ogst `j`gast wfgkf tfh d`t` w`s klnp`rhd! Flwhvhr/ ga tfh sphkg`o k`sh le

Puhstgla +09.EY/ wfha tfh survhy d`t` klnhs erln ` plpuo`tgla wfhrh tfhrh gs ` ala.gdh`o/

dgshaj`jhd p`rtgkgp`tgla/ &7 phlpoh uasubskrgbhd erln tfh survhy/ nlst k`rrghd hxphrtgsh ga tfgs

`rh`'/ malwohdjh ahtwlrm n`ppgaj gs `boh stgoo tl k`pturh :9( le tfh tlp 29 malwa d`t`sht wgtf

jlld r`amgaj! Tfh tlp 09 d`t`sht/ ga tfgs k`sh/ gs susphkt!

Nlrh sphkgegk`ooy/ 04 lut le 29 nh`surhs k`pturh 58( lr nlrh le tfh malwa [NHs ga tfhgr rhsuot

shts! 7 le tfh 29 r`am klrrho`tglas f`vh st`tgstgk`o sgjagegk`akh ohss tf`a !98 &slnh ohss tf`a !990'

gadgk`tgaj tf`t/ elr tfhsh v`ouhs/ tfh auoo fypltfhsgs kluod bh rhchkthd `ad ` nlaltlagk rho`tgla

dhko`rhd v`ogd! Elr tfhsh 7/ tfh r`amhd ogst le [NH k`adgd`ths erln malwohdjh ahtwlrm n`ppgaj

w`s sgjagegk`atoy sgngo`r tl tfh malwa ogst le [NH k`adgd`ths!

By klnbgagaj tfh twl nh`surhs elr h`kf quhstgla,tlp br`kmht/ tfh bhst khatr`ogty nh`surh `

plsthrglrg k`a bh dhthrngahd &shhT`boh ; . Bhst Khatr ogty Nh surhs erln tfh Rhsuotsla p`jh 2:'!

Ga `oo k`shs/ tfh o`rjhr rhsuot shts/ tlp 29/ prlvgdhd nukf bhtthr rhsuots tf`a tfh sn`oohr rhsuot shts/

tlp 09! Tfhrh whrh : le 09 sgjagegk`at klrrho`tglas elr tfh tlp 29 br`kmhts vs! laoy 2 le 09 elr

tfh tlp 09 br`kmhts! Tfgs kluod f`vh bhha tfh rhsuot le tfh [ph`rn`as r`am klrrho`tgla

klheegkghat bhgaj tll shasgtgvh elr sn`oohr d`t` shts &Flthoogaj % Y`bst/ 07;5' hsphkg`ooy lahs tf`t

n`y bh smhwhd/ lr tf`t tfh r`amgaj gs alt vhry rhohv`at `nlajst tfh tlp 09 k`adgd`ths elr

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft 299; Hrgk Sfhom` Y`jh 2:

Puhstgla ,

Tlp Br`kmht

Bhst Nh`surh Rh`sla

P+0.UGO/ tlp 09 Gaeouhakh ga &M`tz' E`groy strlaj r`am klrrho`tgla &Rs>!5468/ p?!98/ de>6'

`ad/ bhst `nlaj `oo tfh nh`surhs/ 6 lut le 09 `ktu`o

k`adgd`ths k`pturhd!

P+0.UGO/ tlp 29 Rh`kf.2 [thps Ga Uhry strlaj `ad vhry sgjagegk`at r`am klrrho`tgla

&Rs>!6;29/ p?!990/ de>06' `ad/ sgngo`r tl ltfhr

nh`surhs/ 0: lut le 29 `ktu`o k`adgd`ths k`pturhd!

P+09.EY/ tlp 09 . alah . Al r`am klrrho`tgla gs st`tgstgk`ooy sgjagegk`at `ad `oo

nh`surhs sflw 8 lut le 09 `ktu`o k`adgd`ths k`pturhd!

P+09.EY/ tlp 29 Rh`kf.2 [thps Ga Ngodoy strlaj r`am klrrho`tgla &Rs>!4727/ p?!98/

de>06' `ad/ bhst `nlaj `oo tfh nh`surhs/ 04 lut le 29

`ktu`o k`adgd`ths k`pturhd!

T`boh ; . Bhst Khatr`ogty Nh`surhs erln tfh Rhsuots

tfgs plpuo`tgla! Gt gs `osl plssgboh tf`t tfh [NHs/ wfl prlvgdhd tfh malwa shts le k`adgd`ths/

n`y f`vh elrjlttha lr n`y f`vh alt bhha `w`rh le tfh malwohdjh le slnh le tfh phlpoh eluad

by tfh malwohdjh ahtwlrm n`ppgaj! Ollmgaj `t tfh aunbhr k`pturhd/ tfhrh whrh 09 lut le 09

nh`surhs elr tfh tlp 29 br`kmhts tf`t k`pturhd 58( lr nlrh le tfh malwa d`t`shts ga tfhgr

rhsuots vs! laoy 4 lut le 09 klnp`r`boh rhsuots elr tfh tlp 09 br`kmhts! Tfgs `onlst khrt`gaoy gs `

rhsuot le tfh o`km le p`rtgkgp`tgla le n`ay le tfh malwa [NHs ga Puhstgla +09.EY tf`t n`y

f`vh smhwhd tfh d`t`!

Ga spgth le tfh ala.gdh`o p`rtgkgp`tgla/ tfh ahtwlrm khatr`ogty nh`surhs stgoo rhspladhd ga ` vhry

rhsgoghat n`aahr `krlss tfh twl quhstglas `a`oyshd ga dht`go! G bhoghvh tfgs gs duh tl tfh e kt tf`t G

w`s alt kloohktgaj tfh lpgaglas le tfh subchkt n`tthr hxphrts tfhnshovhs/ ahkhss`rgoy= r`tfhr G w`s

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft 299; Hrgk Sfhom` Y`jh 26

kloohktgaj tfh lpgaglas le tfh phhrs le tfh hxphrts! Tfh hstgn`th G dhrgvhd le phrsla @s

hxphrtgsh w`s hsshatg`ooy phhr hv`ou`thd! Ga e`kt/ `oo tlp [NHs/ ge tfhy dgd alt rhehr tl `aylah hosh

elr supplrt whrh sphkgegk`ooy `smhd tl alt p`rtgkgp`th bhk`ush tfhrh w`s al `aswhr elr tfhn tl

prlvgdh!

Rhklnnhad`tgla3 Zfha p`rtgkgp`tgla gs `t `oo susphkt/ kfllsh ` o`rjhr rhsuot sht tl hasurh jlld

k`pturh le tfh phlpoh wfl f`vh hxphrtgsh le tfh subchkt `ad tl hasurh st`tgstgk`ooy sgjagegk`at

r`amgaj le tfhsh k`adgd`ths!

Tfh quhstgla le rhph`t`bgogty w`s alt sphkgegk`ooy `ddrhsshd! Flwhvhr/ wfha rhvghwgaj tfh

rhsuots le tfh ltfhr 22 quhstglas wgtf tfh [NHs le h`kf rhsphktgvh `rh` `ad wgtf shaglr

n`a`jhnhat/ tfhrh w`s rhplrthd jhahr`o `jrhhnhat tf`t tfh rhsuots whrh vhry jlld wgtf fgjf

k`pturh le tfh malwa `ad tfh up.`ad.klngaj [NHs!

@kkur`ky/ v`ogdgty/ `ad rhog`bgogty le tfh nh`surhs rh dgeegkuot tl qu`atgey bhk`ush tfh d`t` gs

sk`oh.erhh `ad wf`t gs bhgaj nh`surhd gs hsshatg`ooy ` klast`atoy hvlovgaj p`tthra le slkg`o

strukturh! Ga tfgs hxphrgnhat/ trg`ajuo`tgla le nh`surhs `olaj wgtf malwohdjh le tfh plpuo`tgla

w`s ushd tl `ddrhss v`ogdgty ad `kkur ky! Tfh sfhhr aunbhr le gadhphadhat rhsplashs fhophd

tl hasurh rhog`bgogty le tfh nh`surhs! Tfh d`t` kloohkthd elr tfgs hxphrgnhat kluod bh dhskrgbhd `s

` phhr hv`ou`thd hstgn`tgla le tfh hxphrtgsh k`rrghd by `altfhr! Tfh nlrh phlpoh wfl gadgk`th/

gadhphadhatoy/ tf`t tfhy jl tl phrsla @ elr supplrt ga ` khrt`ga `rh` sujjhsts/ la tfh e`kh le gt/

tf`t phrsla @ gs `a hxphrt ga tf`t rh`! Elr ` rhvghw le tfhsh klakhpts/ shh Z`sshrn`a % E`ust

&077:' `ad N`rsdha &0779'!

Tfh malwohdjh ahtwlrm n`ppgaj rhsh`rkfhr dlhs alt ow`ys f`vh tfh bhahegt le ` malwa rhsuot

sht `j`gast wfgkf tl klnp`rh tfh k`okuo`thd rhsuot sht! [l elr euturh studghs/ ` prglrg/ wfgkf

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft 299; Hrgk Sfhom` Y`jh 27

khatr`ogty nh`surh gs rhklnnhadhd< Tfgs gs ` vhry gathrhstgaj quhstgla `ad qugth tlpgk`o

klasgdhrgaj `oo le tfh rhsh`rkf ga prljrhss tl klaeluad thrrlrgst ahtwlrms &h!j! ]Blrj`ttg/ 299;^/

]Mrhbs/ 2990^/ ][thw`rt/ 2990^/ htk!'! Blrj`ttg &299;' wluod dhskrgbh tfh subchkt n`tthr hxphrt

sh`rkf `s ` mhy po`yhr prlbohn! Fgs p`phr sujjhsts tf`t tfh Rh`kf Khatr`ogty nh`surh gs tfh nlst

`pprlprg`th elr tfgs typh le prlbohn! Tfh rhsuots le tfgs gavhstgj`tgla `jrhh tf`t Rh`kf Khatr`ogty

gs `a `pprlprg`th nh`surh! Ga ny rhsuots/ tfh tlp 29 br`kmhts elr h`kf le tfh twl quhstglas f`d

Rh`kf.2 [thps Ga `s tfh bhst nh`surh lvhr`oo!

Flwhvhr/ ge Rh`kf Khatr`ogty gs tfh rhklnnhadhd nh`surh elr tfgs typh le prlbohn/ tfha tfh

klrloo`ry quhstgla gs flw n`ay sthps ga &spfhrh le gaeouhakh' `rh nlst `pprlprg`th elr tfgs

nh`surh< Mrhbs &qulthd ga Xdhoo/ 2992' prlvgdhs jugd`akh3

Tfh sgx.dhjrhhs sn`oo wlrod gs ` e oo`ky! Tfh sn`oo wlrod gs twl lr tfrhh sthps! G/ elr

hx`npoh/ `n supplshdoy sgx sthps erln N`dlaa`! But ge G w`at ` b`kmst`jh p`ss/ gt*s alt

jlgaj tl f`ppha! La tfh ltfhr f`ad/ ge G malw ylu/ `ad ylu malw N`dlaa`*s n`a`jhr/

tfhrh*s ` kf`akh gt wgoo! Tfh pr`ktgk`o ogngt gs `blut tfrhh flps! @ethr tf`t/ gaelrn`tgla/

elr tfh nlst p`rt/ dlhsa*t tr`vho! Zh k`a elrn 2A jrlups/ but G k`a bholaj tl laoy sl

n`ay! &@ Klavhrs`tgla wgtf U`odgs Mrhbs shktgla/ 4'

Erghdmga &076;' rhehrs tl tfgs `s tfh flrgzla le lbshrv`bgogty wfgkf fh sflwhd gs al nlrh tf`a

2 sthps/ ga jhahr`o/ bhylad tfh phrsla lbshrvgaj uaohss tfh ahtwlrm gs uausu`ooy klfhsgvh!

Rhklnnhad`tgla3 Zfha sh`rkfgaj elr ` mhy po`yhr ga ` slkg`o ahtwlrm/ sukf `s ` subchkt n`tthr

hxphrt/ Rh`kf.2 [thp Ga gs tfh rhklnnhadhd khatr`ogty nh`surh/ ` prglrg! [fluod tfh ahtwlrm bh

uausu`ooy klfhsgvh/ klasgdhr Rh`kf.; [thp Ga!

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft 299; Hrgk Sfhom` Y`jh ;9

Yr`ktgk`ooy/ tfh gasgjfts rhvh`ohd by tfgs gavhstgj`tgla kluod jugdh [NHs.ga.tr`gagaj! Gt shhns

tf`t wf`t ylu malw gs vhry strlajoy gaeouhakhd by wfl ylu malw &@rnstrlaj % Mrhbs/ 2999'!

Jhttgaj tl malw tfh [NH la `a gaelrn`o b`sgs k`a `ssgst tfh [NHs.ga.tr`gagaj wgtf tfh

malwohdjh tr`asehr prlkhss! @othra`tgvhoy/ `a `pprl`kf tf`t wluod ohvhr`jh tfh tgnh le tfh [NH

nukf nlrh heehktgvhoy wluod bh ` klnnuagty le pr`ktgkh &[`gat.Lajh % Z`oo`kh/ 299;'!

Turagaj tl tfh heehktgvhahss le tfh Mahtn`p tllo/ tfh rhsuots wfgkf sflw/ la `vhr`jh/ ;6( le

tfh hatgrh plpuo`tgla rhspladhd tl ` quhstgla hvhry busgahss d`y elr ` nlatf gadgk`th/ la e`kh

v`ogdgty/ Mahtn`p w`s vhry heehktgvh! Klnbgah tfgs wgtf tfh e`kt tf`t/ la vhr`jh/ 69( le tfh

rhsplashs whrh rhkhgvhd wgtfga ; flurs le h`kf hn`go bhgaj shat/ tfh Mahtn`p tllo k`a bh s`gd

tl bh vhry heegkghat wfha klnp`rhd tl tfh nlrh tr`dgtgla`o [A@ d`t` kloohktgla nhtflds le

n`au`o gathrvghws &h!j! shh dhskrgptglas le n`au`o survhy prlkhsshs ga ]M`fa/ Krlss/ % Y`rmhr/

2992^/ ]@amo`n/ 2992^/ htk!'! E`vlur`boh klnp`rgsla k`a `osl bh n`dh wgtf tfh dhskrgptgla jgvha

by Z`sshrn`a % E`ust &077:' le tfh [A@ prlbohn rhj`rdgaj s`npogaj3

Kloohktgaj ahtwlrm d`t` la hatgrh ahtwlrms/ wfhrh gaelrn`tgla gs j`tfhrhd la `oo `ktlrs/

`ad tghs `rh nh`surhd elr `oo p`grs le `ktlrs/ rhqugrhs ` jrh`t dh`o le tgnh `ad heelrt/

hsphkg`ooy wfha ahtwlrms `rh o`rjh! Klasgdhr`boh wlrm rhn`gas ga dhvholpgaj jlld

thkfagquhs elr ahtwlrm s`npogaj `ad jlld nh`surhs le s`npogaj v`rg`bgogty elr ahtwlrm

klakhpts! &p! :;2'

Mahtn`p n`y `osl bh usheuo elr rhdukgaj gathrvghw heehkts tf`t `rh klasgdhrhd subst`atg`o elr

[A@ d`t` kloohktgla wfha klnp`rhd wgtf gathrvghw heehkts rhplrthd ga tfh ogthr`turh la survhy

rhsh`rkf &N`rsdha/ 299;'!

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft 299; Hrgk Sfhom` Y`jh ;0

Tfgs gavhstgj`tgla f`s sflwa tfh heegk`ky le tfh malwohdjh ahtwlrm n`ppgaj prlkhss ad tfh

Mahtn`p tllo! Tfh p`phrs ga tfh Ogthr`turh Rhvghwnhatglahd tf`t tfh rhsuots le [A@ kluod bh

ushd tl kr`et lrj`ags`tgla`o gathrvhatglas `ad jhahr`ooy `ssgst tfh shaglr hxhkutgvh n`a`jgaj tfh

lrj`agz`tgla! Zfgoh tfh elkus le tfgs p`phr gs alt tl hxpolrh plthatg`o dg`jalshs erln tfh rhsuots/

lah hx`npoh wgoo bh jgvha ga lrdhr tl gadgk`th tfh plwhr le tfh gaelrn`tgla `v`go`boh! Tfh

k`rheuo rh`dhr sfluod rhvghw tfh ogsts le `ktu`o hxphrts prlvgdhd ga @pphadgx GGGRhsuots3 [NH

[urvhyla p`jh 40wgtf tfh twl ahtwlrm vgsu`ogz`tgla dg`jr`ns/ Puhstgla 0 . Uhrtgk`o Ga.Ogah

Yunps la p`jh 42 `ad Puhstgla 09 . Egrh Yunps la p`jh 45! Elr Puhstgla +0.UGO/ tfh tlp

tfrhh gdhatgeghd [NHs ga tfh [NH [urvhy `rh wfhrh tfhy bholw ga tfh dg`jr`n &alth tfh tgjft

kounp le `rrlws ah`r tfh khatrh klavhrjgaj latl lah aldhtf`t gs lah le tfhn'! Tfhsh tfrhh

tlp [NHs `rh po`ygaj tfh rlohs tfhy `rh supplshd tl3 twl `rh Khatr`o aldhs `ad lah gs `

Malwohdjh Brlmhr,Bluad`ry [p`aahr! Tfh sgtu`tgla gs dgeehrhat elr Puhstgla +09.EY!

@otflujf tfh dg jr`n gs ` bgt f`rdhr tl rh`d/ laoy twl le tfh tlp tfrhh gdhatgeghd [NHs ga tfh

[NH [urvhy `rh po`ygaj tfh rlohs tfhy `rh supplshd tl3 lah gs ` Khatr`o aldh `ad tfh ltfhr gs `

Bluad`ry [p`aahr! Tfh vhry tlp [NH gs olk`thd ga tfh hxtrhnh upphr rgjft f`ad klrahr le tfh

dg`jr`npo`ygaj tfh rloh ga tfgs slkg`o ahtwlrm le ` Yhrgpfhr`o [phkg`ogsts! Lah quhstgla tf`t

shhns lbvglus erln tfh dg`jr`n gs wfy gs al lah `pp`rhatoy jlgaj tl tfgs tlp subchkt n`tthr

hxphrt elr `ay mgad le supplrt ga tfgs `rh`

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft 299; Hrgk Sfhom` Y`jh ;2

0! Rh`ogzh tf`t bhf`vglr gs `eehkthd by plsgtgla ga slkg`o strukturhs2! @a`oyzh dya`ngks ad tghs bhtwhha wlrmhrs;! Gdhatgey typhs le ahtwlrms `ad lvhro`ps bhtwhha tfhn3 h!j! trust ahts/ phrsla`o ahts/

slkg`o ahts/ hxphrtgsh ahts &wfl `sms `ad wfl jhts `aswhrs'

4! Gdhatgey rlohs phlpoh po`y `s khatr`o lr phrgpfhr`o/ klaahktlrs lr `s malwohdjhbrlmhrs

8! Malw tf`t gaelrn`o ahtwlrms `rh gakrh`sgajoy wfhrh wlrm f`pphas/ wfhrhhnpolyhhs nhht `ad wfhrh malwohdjh gs/ lr gs alt/ hxkf`ajhd

5! Gdhatgey b`rrghrs `ad gathrvhatglas tl gnprlvh malwohdjh eolws:! @ssgst n`a`jhrs `ad hnpolyhhs tl bugod klfhsgvh ahtwlrms tl e kgogt`th malwohdjh

eolws! &p! 40'

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft 299; Hrgk Sfhom` Y`jh ;;

KLAKOX[GLA[

Malwohdjh ahtwlrm n`ppgaj wlrms `t gdhatgeygaj &68(' `ad r`amgaj &Rs>!6;29/ p?!990/ de>06'

tfh tlp `ad tfh up `ad klngaj subchkt n`tthr hxphrts &[NHs'! Ge tfh survhy d`t` klnhs erln `

plpuo`tgla wfhrh n`ay le tfh malwa [NHs f`vh alt p`rtgkgp`thd/ tfh o`rjhr rhsuot sht nust bh

ushd . malwohdjh ahtwlrm n`ppgaj stgoo wlrms &gdhatgegk`tgla3 :9(= r`am3 Rs>!4727/ p?!98/

de>06'!

Tfh d`t kloohktgla tllo/ Mahtn`p/ wlrms hxtrhnhoy whoo `ad gs whoo rhkhgvhd by tfh p`rtgkgp`ats!

La `vhr`jh ;6( le tfh hatgrh plpuo`tgla rhsplad tl h`kf le tfh 24 quhstglas!

By n`mgaj gaelrn`o ahtwlrms vgsgboh/ malwohdjh ahtwlrm n`ppgaj fhops tfh n`a`jhr

systhn`tgk`ooy `sshss `ad supplrt str`thjgk`ooy gnplrt`at gagtg`tgvhs sukf `s sukkhssgla po`aagaj

elr tfh subchkt n`tthr hxphrt!

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft 299; Hrgk Sfhom` Y`jh ;4

RHEHRHAKH[

@d`ns/ N!O! % Sfhom`/ H! &076:'! Nhtflds le Malwohdjh @kqugsgtgla `ad Gathrprht`tgla!Xapubogsfhd b`kfholrs tfhsgs/ Xagvhrsgty le Tlrlatl/ Tlrlatl/ LA!

@obhrt/ R! % B`r`b`sg/ @!.O! &2992'! [t tgstgk`o Nhkf`agks le Klnpohx Ahtwlrms! Rhvghws leNldhra Yfysgks/ :4&C`a'!

@amo`n/ Y! &2992'! [lkg`o Ahtwlrm @a`oysgs3 @ fgjf.gnp`kt dg`jalstgk nhtfld elr str`thjgkMalwohdjh N`a`jhnhat! Rhtrghvhd 26 Cuoy 299;/ erln MNZlrod 2992/ Gaelrn`tgla Tld`ywhb sgth3fttp3,,www!mnwlrod!kln,mnw92,prhshat`tglas,@amo`n!pps

@rnstrlaj/ K! % Mrhbs/ U! &2999'! Malwohdjh ahtwlrms3 Zh `rh lur `rthe kts! GFRGN Clura`o/2999&4'/ 44.4:!

@rnstrlaj/ K! % Mrhbs/ U! &2990'! T`kgt lr Hxpogkgt3 Zh k`a Nh`surh lr N`p Gt &Elr tfh EgrstTgnh'! Y`phr prhshathd t tfh 4tf Zlrod Klajrhss la tfh N`a`jhnhat le Gathoohktu`o K`pgt`o/

NkN`sthr Xagvhrsgty/ F`ngotla/ LA! Rhtrghvhd 26 Cuoy 299;/ erln MNZlrod 2990/Gaelrn`tgla Tld`y whb sgth3fttp3,,www!gaeltld`y!kln,mnw90,prhshat`tglas,Sfhom`!pps

@tfhy/ T!R!/ % Lrtf N![! &0777'! Hnhrjgaj Klnphthaky Nldhos le tfh Euturh! Fun`aRhslurkhs N`a`jhnhat3 Ahw Wlrm &E`oo'!

Blrj`ttg/ [!Y!/ Hvhrhtt/ N!J!/ % Erhhn`a/ O!K! &2992'! XKGAHT elr Zgadlws3 [letw`rh elr[lkg`o Ahtwlrm @a`oysgs &Uhrsgla 5!25']Klnputhr sletw`rh^! F`rv`rd/ N@3 @a`oytgkThkfaloljghs!

Blrj`ttg/ [! &a!d!'! Zf`t Gs [lkg`o Ahtwlrm @a`oysgs< Rhtrghvhd 26 Cuoy 299;/ erln tfh @a`oytgkThkfaloljghs whb sgth3fttp3,,www!`a`oytgkthkf!kln,ahtwlrms,wf`tgs!ftn

Blrj`ttg/ [!Y! &299;'! Tfh Mhy Yo`yhr Yrlbohn! Ga A`tgla`o Rhsh`rkf Kluakgo/ Dya`ngk [lkg`o

Ahtwlrm Nldhogaj `ad @a`oysgs3 Zlrmsflp [unn`ry `ad Y`phrs/ Rla`od Brhgjhr/ M`tfohhaK`rohy/ `ad Yfgoogpp` Y`ttgsla! Klnngtthh la Fun`a E`ktlrs! Bl`rd la Bhf`vglr`o/ Kljagtgvh/`ad [haslry [kghakhs/ Dgvgsgla le Bhf`vglr`o `ad [lkg`o [kghakhs `ad Hduk`tgla! Z`sfgajtla/D!K!3 Tfh A`tgla`o @k`dhngks Yrhss!

Brga [! % Y`jh O! &0776'! Tfh @a`tlny le O`rjhsk`oh Fyphrthxtu`o Zhb [h`rkf Hajgah!Rhtrghvhd 26 Cuoy 299;/ erln [t`aelrd Xagvhrsgty/ Klnputhr [kghakh Dhp`rtnhat whbsgth3fttp3,,www!st`aelrd!hdu,ko`ss,ks249,rh`dgajs,jlljoh!pde

Butohr/ M! % Rlkfh.T`rry/ D!H! [ukkhssgla po`aagaj3 Yuttgaj `a lrj`agz`tgla*s malwohdjh tlwlrm! A`turh bglthkfaloljy! Ehbru`ry 2992 Ulounh 29 Aunbhr 2 pp 290292

Krlss/ R!/ Blrj`ttg/ [!Y! % Y`rmhr/ @! &2992'! N`mgaj Gavgsgboh Zlrm Ugsgboh3 Xsgaj [lkg`o

Ahtwlrm @a`oysgs tl [upplrt [tr`thjgk Kloo`blr`tgla! K`ogelrag` N`a`jhnhat Rhvghw Ulo! 44/Al! 2/ Zgathr 2992

Krlss/ R!/ Y`rmhr/ @!/ % Blrj`ttg/ [!Y! &2992'! @ bgrds.hyh vghw3 Xsgaj slkg`o ahtwlrm `a`oysgs tlgnprlvh malwohdjh krh`tgla `ad sf`rgaj! Rhtrghvhd 27 Cuoy 299;/ erln GBN whb sgth3fttp3,,www.0!gbn!kln,shrvgkhs,str`thjy,egohs,GBN\Klasuotgaj\@\bgrds\hyh\vghw!pde

http://www.kmworld.com/kmw02/presentations/Anklam.ppshttp://www.kmworld.com/kmw02/presentations/Anklam.ppshttp://www.infotoday.com/kmw01/presentations/Zhelka.ppshttp://www.infotoday.com/kmw01/presentations/Zhelka.ppshttp://www.infotoday.com/kmw01/presentations/Zhelka.ppshttp://www.analytictech.com/networks/whatis.htmhttp://www.analytictech.com/networks/whatis.htmhttp://www.analytictech.com/networks/whatis.htmhttp://www.stanford.edu/class/cs240/readings/google.pdfhttp://www.stanford.edu/class/cs240/readings/google.pdfhttp://www-1.ibm.com/services/strategy/files/IBM_Consulting_A_birds_eye_view.pdfhttp://www-1.ibm.com/services/strategy/files/IBM_Consulting_A_birds_eye_view.pdfhttp://www-1.ibm.com/services/strategy/files/IBM_Consulting_A_birds_eye_view.pdfhttp://www.stanford.edu/class/cs240/readings/google.pdfhttp://www.analytictech.com/networks/whatis.htmhttp://www.infotoday.com/kmw01/presentations/Zhelka.ppshttp://www.kmworld.com/kmw02/presentations/Anklam.pps

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft 299; Hrgk Sfhom` Y`jh ;8

Krlss/ R! % Yrus`m/ O! &2992'! Tfh Yhlpoh Tf`t N`mh Lrj`agz`tglas [tlp ... Lr Jl! F`rv`rdBusgahss Rhvghw 69&5'/ pp! 094.002!

Krlss/ R!/ Yrus`m/ O! % Y`rmhr/ @! &2992'! Zfhrh Zlrm F`pphas3 Tfh K`rh `ad Ehhdgaj leGaelrn`o Ahtwlrms ga Lrj`agz`tglas! Rhtrghvhd 27 Cuoy 299;/ erln GBN whb sgth3fttp3,,www.;!gbn!kln,shrvgkhs,oh`ragaj,sloutglas,gdh`s,wfgthp`phrs,gml\wwf!pde

Dhjhaah/ @! % Elrs/ N! &0777'! Gatrldukgaj [lkg`o Ahtwlrms &@! Blrjhs/ Tr`as!'! Oladla/XM3 [`jh Yubogk`tglas! &Lrgjga`o wlrm pubogsfhd 0774'!

Erghdmga/ A!H! &076;'! Flrgzlas le Lbshrv`bgogty `ad Ogngts le Gaelrn`o Klatrlo gaLrj`agz`tglas! [lkg`o Elrkhs/ 5230/ pp! 84.::!

F`aahn`a/ R!@! &2990'! Gatrlduktgla tl [lkg`o Ahtwlrm Nhtflds! Rhtrghvhd 26 Cuoy 299;/erln tfh Xagvhrsgty le K`ogelrag`/ Rgvhrsgdh/ Dhp`rtnhat le [lkgloljy/ whb sgth3fttp3,,e`kuoty!ukr!hdu,~f`aahn`a,[LK08:,AHTTHVT!YDE

Flthoogaj/ F! % Y`bst/ N!R! &07;5'! R`am Klrrho`tgla `ad Thsts le [gjagegk`akh Gavlovgaj Al

@ssunptgla le Alrn`ogty! Tfh @aa os le N`tfhn`tgk`o [t`tgstgks/ :&0'/ pp! 27.4;!M`fa/ Z!@!/ Krlss/ R! % Y`rmhr/ @! &ga prhss'! O`yhrs le Dg`jalsgs elr Yo`aahd Rho`tgla`oKf`ajh ga Lrj`agz`tglas! Ga Krlss/ R!O!/ Y`rmhr/ @!/ `ad [`ssla/ O! &Hds!'/ Ahtwlrms ga tfhMalwohdjh Hklalny! Lxelrd/ XM3 Lxelrd Xagvhrsgty Yrhss!

Mghrsth`d/ C! &0776'! Klnphthakghs `ad M[@L*s! Yubogk [hrvgkh Klnngssgla le K`a`d`!Rhtrghvhd 26 Cuoy 299;/ erln tfh Jlvhranhat le K`a`d` whb sgth3fttp3,,www!psk.kep!jk!k`,rhsh`rkf,phrslaaho,klnp\ms`l\h!ftn

Mrhbs/ U! &0776'! Malwohdjh Ahtwlrms3 N`ppgaj `ad Nh`surgaj Malwohdjh Krh`tgla!Rhtrghvhd 26 Cuoy 299;/ erlnfttp3,,www!mahtus!aht,wfgth,malwohdjh.ahtwlrms.n`ppgaj!ftno

Mrhbs/ U! &2990'! N`ppgaj Ahtwlrms le Thrrlrgst Khoos! Leegkg`o Clura`o le tfh Gathra`tgla`o

Ahtwlrm elr [lkg`o Ahtwlrm @a`oysgs . Klaahktglas/ 24&;'/ pp! 4;.82!

Mrhbs/ U! &2992'! @a Gatrlduktgla tl [lkg`o Ahtwlrm @a`oysgs! Rhtrghvhd 26 Cuoy 299;/ erlnfttp3,,www!lrjaht!kln,sa`!ftno

Mrhbs/ U! &2992`'! GaEolw &Uhrsgla ;!9']Klnputhr sletw`rh^! Kohvho`ad/ LF3 LrjAht!

Olj`a/ N! &2992'! Jugdhogahs elr Puhry Elrnuo`tgla elr Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj!Xapubogsfhd rhplrt/ ?Mlavhrjh`adMalw1/ Tlrlatl/ LA!

Olj`a/ N! &299;'! [!@! @rnstrlaj3 K`sh [tudy! Xapubogsfhd n`auskrgpt/ Fhaohy N`a`jhnhatKloohjh/ XM!

N`rsdha/ Y!U! &0779'! Ahtwlrm D`t` `ad Nh`surhnhat! @aau`o Rhvghw le [lkgloljy/ 05/ pp!

4;8.45;!

N`rsdha/ Y!U! &299;'! Gathrvghwhr heehkts ga nh`surgaj ahtwlrm sgzh usgaj sgajoh a`nhjhahr`tlr! [lkg`o Ahtwlrms/ 28&299;'/ pp! 005!

Ngojr`n/ [! &075:'! Tfh sn`oo wlrod prlbohn! Ysykfloljy Tld`y/ 50&0'!

http://www-3.ibm.com/services/learning/solutions/ideas/whitepapers/iko_wwh.pdfhttp://www-3.ibm.com/services/learning/solutions/ideas/whitepapers/iko_wwh.pdfhttp://www-3.ibm.com/services/learning/solutions/ideas/whitepapers/iko_wwh.pdfhttp://www-3.ibm.com/services/learning/solutions/ideas/whitepapers/iko_wwh.pdfhttp://faculty.ucr.edu/~hanneman/SOC157/NETTEXT.PDFhttp://faculty.ucr.edu/~hanneman/SOC157/NETTEXT.PDFhttp://www.psc-cfp.gc.ca/research/personnel/comp_ksao_e.htmhttp://www.psc-cfp.gc.ca/research/personnel/comp_ksao_e.htmhttp://www.psc-cfp.gc.ca/research/personnel/comp_ksao_e.htmhttp://www.psc-cfp.gc.ca/research/personnel/comp_ksao_e.htmhttp://www.knetus.net/white/knowledge-networks-mapping.htmlhttp://www.knetus.net/white/knowledge-networks-mapping.htmlhttp://www.knetus.net/white/knowledge-networks-mapping.htmlhttp://www.orgnet.com/sna.htmlhttp://www.orgnet.com/sna.htmlhttp://www.orgnet.com/sna.htmlhttp://www.knetus.net/white/knowledge-networks-mapping.htmlhttp://www.psc-cfp.gc.ca/research/personnel/comp_ksao_e.htmhttp://www.psc-cfp.gc.ca/research/personnel/comp_ksao_e.htmhttp://faculty.ucr.edu/~hanneman/SOC157/NETTEXT.PDFhttp://www-3.ibm.com/services/learning/solutions/ideas/whitepapers/iko_wwh.pdfhttp://www-3.ibm.com/services/learning/solutions/ideas/whitepapers/iko_wwh.pdf

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft 299; Hrgk Sfhom` Y`jh ;5

Ala`m`/ G! &0776'! Tfh Malwohdjh.Krh`tgaj Klnp`ay! Ga D! Ahhe/ J!@! [ghsehod/ % C! Khelo`&Hds!'/ Tfh Hklalngk Gnp`kt le Malwohdjh &pp! 0:8.06:'! Blstla3 Butthrwlrtf.Fhgahn`aa!&Lrgjga`o wlrm pubogsfhd 0770'

Y`rmhr/ @! &2992'! @a Gatrlduktgla tl [lkg`o Ahtwlrm @a`oysgs! Rhtrghvhd 26 Cuoy 299;/ erlntfh X[ Malwohdjh N`a`jhnhat Zlrmgaj Jrlup whb sgth3fttp3,,gl`.qpaht.kl!js`!jlv,PugkmYo`kh,mn,Y`jhOgbr`ry98285K6;998H08EK!ase,f\KK49D96:KEE7DKB@68285D40995897:2,8K0@7@54E294807868285D89994EK676,

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Malwohdjh Ahtwlrm N`ppgaj Elr [ukkhssgla Yo`aagaj

Klpyrgjft 299; Hrgk Sfhom` Y`jh ;:

@YYHADGV G[XRUHW PXH[TGLA[

Tfhsh survhy quhstglas rho`th tl tfh prldukt ogahs `ad tfh kustlnhr tlukf plgats,str`thjgk `rh`s

le gathrhst le tfh klnp`ay uadhr study!

GD Puhstgla

0 Tl wfln wluod ylu jl elr thkfagk`o supplrt rhj`rdgaj Uhrtgk`o Ga.Ogah Yunps