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KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENTBANK ON

CARS

Presented by:

Siddharth Singh(05427G)

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INTRODUCTION

An automobile or motor car is a wheeledmotor vehiclefor transportingpassengers, which also carries its ownengine or motor. Most definitions of the term specify thatautomobiles are designed to run primarily on roads, tohave seating for one to eight people, to typically have

four wheels, and to be constructed principally for thetransport of people rather than goods. However, the termautomobile is far from precise, because there are manytypes of vehicles that do similar tasks.

As of 2002, there were 590 million passenger cars

worldwide (roughly one car per eleven people).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passengerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passengerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel

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HISTORY

Although Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is often credited with buildingthe first self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile inabout 1769 by adapting an existing horse-drawn vehicle, thisclaim is disputed by, who doubt Cugnot's three-wheeler everran or was stable. Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of aJesuit mission in China, built the first steam-powered vehiclearound 1672 which was of small scale and designed as a toy

for the Chinese Emperor that was unable to carry a driver or apassenger, but quite possibly, was the first working steam-powered vehicle ('auto-mobile'). What is not in doubt is thatRichard Trevithickbuilt and demonstrated his Puffing Devil roadlocomotive in 1801, believed by many to be the firstdemonstration of a steam-powered road vehicle although itwas unable to maintain sufficient steam pressure for longperiods, and would have been of little practical use.

In Russia, in the 1780s, Ivan Kulibin developed a human-pedalled, three-wheeled carriage with modern features such asa flywheel, brake, gear box, and bearings; however, it was notdeveloped further.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas-Joseph_Cugnothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Verbiesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Verbiesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_China_missionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Trevithickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Trevithickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Kulibinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_boxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_boxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Kulibinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Trevithickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_China_missionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Verbiesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas-Joseph_Cugnot

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PRODUCTION

The large-scale, production-line manufacturing ofaffordable automobiles was debuted by Ransom Olds athis Oldsmobile factory in 1902. This concept was greatlyexpanded by Henry Ford, beginning in 1914.

As a result, Ford's cars came off the line in fifteen minute

intervals, much faster than previous methods, increasingproductivity eight fold (requiring 12.5 man-hours before,1 hour 33 minutes after), while using less manpower.Itwas so successful, paint became a bottleneck. OnlyJapan black would dry fast enough, forcing the company

to drop the variety of colors available before 1914, untilfast-drying Ducolacquer was developed in 1926. This isthe source of Ford's apocryphal remark, "any color aslong as it's black".In 1914, an assembly line worker couldbuy a Model T with four months' pay.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production-linehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransom_Oldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldsmobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan_black&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacquerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocryphalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocryphalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacquerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan_black&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldsmobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransom_Oldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production-line

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FUEL AND PROPULSIONTECHNOLOGIES

Most automobiles in use today are propelled by gasoline(also known as petrol) or diesel internal combustion engines,which are known to cause air pollution and are also blamedfor contributing to climate change and global warming.Increasing costs of oil-based fuels, tightening environmental

laws and restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions arepropelling work on alternative power systems forautomobiles. Efforts to improve or replace existingtechnologies include the development ofhybrid vehicles,and electric and hydrogen vehicles which do not releasepollution into the air.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline

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Petroleum fuels Main article: Petroleum fuel engine Diesel Main article: Diesel engine Diesel-engined cars have long been popular in Europe with

the first models being introduced as early as 1922 byPeugeot and the first production car, Mercedes-Benz 260 Din 1936 by Mercedes-Benz. The main benefit of dieselengines is a 50% fuel burn efficiency compared with 27% inthe best gasoline engines. A down-side of the Diesel engineis that better filters are required to reduce the presence inthe exhaust gases of fine soot particulates calleddiesel particulate matter. Manufacturers are now starting tofitdiesel particulate filters to remove the soot. Many diesel-powered carscan run with little or no modifications on 100% biodiesel andcombinations of other organic oils.

Gasoline Main article: Petrol engine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_fuel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_260_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_particulate_matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_particulate_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_particulate_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrol_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_particulate_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_particulate_matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_260_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_fuel_engine

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Gasoline engines have the advantage over diesel in beinglighter and able to work at higher rotational speeds and theyare the usual choice for fitting in high-performance sportscars. Continuous development of gasoline engines for over ahundred years has produced

Biofuels Ethanol, other alcohol fuels (biobutanol) and biogasoline

have widespread use an automotive fuel. Most alcohols haveless energy per liter than gasoline and are usually blendedwith gasoline. Alcohols are used for a variety of reasons - toincrease octane, to improve emissions, and as an alternativeto petroleum based fuel, since they can be made fromagricultural crops.improvements in efficiency and reducedpollution.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biobutanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogasolinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biobutanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol

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ELECTRIC

The first electric cars were built around 1832, well beforeinternal combustion powered cars appeared For a period oftime electrics were considered superior due to the silentnature of electric motors compared to the very loud noise of

the gasoline engine. This advantage was removed withHiram Percy Maxim's invention of the muffler in 1897.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Percy_Maximhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufflerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufflerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Percy_Maximhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_car

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Steam

Main article: steam car

Steam power, usually using an oil- or gas-heated boiler, wasalso in use until the 1930s but had the major disadvantageof being unable to power the car until boiler pressure wasavailable (although the newer models could achieve this inwell under a minute). It has the advantage of being able toproduce very low emissions as the combustion process canbe carefully controlled. Its disadvantages include poor heatefficiency and extensive requirements for electric auxiliaries.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_car

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Air

Main article: Compressed-air car

A compressed air car is an alternative fuel car that uses amotor powered by compressed air. The car can be poweredsolely by air, or by air combined (as in a hybrid electricvehicle) with gasoline/diesel/ethanol or electric plant andregenerative braking. Instead of mixing fuel with air andburning it to drive pistons with hot expanding gases;compressed air cars use the expansion of compressed air todrive their pistons.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed-air_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_airhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_brakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_brakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_airhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed-air_car

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Costs and benefits

The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see thediscussion on the talk page. Please do not remove thismessage until the dispute is resolved.(December 2007)

Further information:Automotive industry

Main article: Economics of automobile usage

The costs of automobile usage, which may include the costof: acquiring the vehicle, repairs, maintenance, fuel,depreciation, parking fees, tire replacement, taxes andinsurance,are weighed against the cost of the alternatives,

and the value of the benefits - perceived and real - ofvehicle usage. The benefits may include on-demandtransportation, mobility, independence and convenience.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_viewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_disputehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_of_automobile_usagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_maintenancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depreciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_feehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_feehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depreciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_maintenancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_of_automobile_usagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOVDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_disputehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view

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Future car technologies

Future car technologies

Automobile propulsion technology under development includegasoline/electric and plug-in hybrids, battery electric vehicles,hydrogen cars, biofuels, and various alternative fuels.

Research into future alternative forms of power include thedevelopment offuel cells,Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI),stirling engines, and even using the stored energy ofcompressed air or liquid nitrogen.

New materials which may replace steel car bodies includeduraluminum, fiberglass, carbon fiber, and carbon nanotubes.

Telematicstechnology is allowing more and more people toshare cars, on a pay-as-you-go basis, through such schemes asCity Car Club in the UK, Mobility in mainland Europe, and Zipcarin the US.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_car_technologieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCCIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duraluminumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Car_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Car_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobility_CarSharinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipcarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipcarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobility_CarSharinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Car_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Car_Clubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberglasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duraluminumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCCIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_electric_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_hybridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_propulsionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_car_technologies

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Thanking You.