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Knowledge is power
Knowledge comes by eyes always open and working hands; and there
is no knowledge that is not power.
The phrase implies that with knowledge oreducation one's
potential or abilities in life will certainly increase. Having
and sharing knowledge is widely recognised as the basis for
improving one's reputation and influence, thus power.
This phrase may also be used as a justification for a reluctance
to share information when a person believes that
withholding knowledge can deliver to that person some form of
advantage. It is possible that Bacon was paraphrasing
Proverbs 24:5: "A wise man has great power, and a man of
knowledge increases strength." Another possible meaning
for this phrase can be found in philosophical idealism - if the
world exists solely as the content of consciousness, then
knowledge itself can be used to directly manipulate the content
of reality.
Pollution A hazardous
pollution contamination of the environment as a result of human
activities. The termpollution refers primarily to thefouling of
air, water, and land by wastes (see air pollution ; water pollution
; solid waste ). In recent years it has come
to signify a wider range of disruptions to environmental
quality. Thus litter, billboards, and auto junkyards are said
to
constitute visual pollution; noise excessive enough to cause
psychological or physical damage is considered noise
pollution ; and waste heat that alters local climate or affects
fish populations in rivers is designated thermal pollution.
The 20th cent. has seen pollution approach crisis proportions
throughout the world. At issue is the capacity of the
biosphere to disperse, degrade, and assimilate human wastes (see
ecology ). The biosphere is a closed ecological
system with finite resources and is maintained in
Pollutants can cause disease, including cancer, lupus, immune
diseases, allergies, and asthma. Higher levels of
background radiation have led to an increased incidence of
cancer and mortality associated with it worldwide. Someillnesses
are named for the places where specific pollutants were first
formally implicated. One example is Minamata
disease, which is caused by organic mercury compounds.
Microsoft Office
Microsoft Office is anoffice suiteof interrelated desktop
applications, servers and services for the Microsoft
Windows andMac OS X operating systems. Microsoft Office was
introduced by Microsoft in 1989 forMacintosh,
with a version for Windows in 1990. Initially a marketing term
for a bundled set of applications, the first version of
Office containedMicrosoft Word, Microsoft Excel, andMicrosoft
PowerPoint. Additionally, a "Pro" (Professional)
version of Office includedMicrosoft Access and Schedule Plus.
Over the years, Office applications have grown
substantially closer with shared features such as a common spell
checker, OLE data integration and Microsoft Visual
Basic for Applications scripting language. Microsoft also
positions Office as a development platform for line-of-business
software under the Office Business Applications (OBA) brand.
The current versions areOffice 2010for Windows which was
released on June 15, 2010, and Office 2008 for Mac OS
X, released January 15, 2008. Office 2007/Office 2008 introduced
a new user interface and new Office Open XML
document formats (docx, xlsx, pptx). Consequently, Microsoft has
made available, free of charge, an add-on known as
the Microsoft Office Compatibility Packto allow Office 2000-2003
for Windows and Office 2004 for Mac editions toopen, edit, and save
documents created under the new formats for Office 2007.
According toForrester Research, as of June 2009, some version of
Microsoft Office is used in 80% of enterprises, and
64% of enterprises have the 2007 Office version used.
Microsoft Windows versions
The Microsoft Office for Windows 1.0 started in October 1990 as
a bundle of three applications designed for
Microsoft Windows 3.0: Microsoft Word for Windows 1.1, Microsoft
Excel for Windows 2.0, and MicrosoftPowerPoint for Windows 2.0.
The Microsoft Office for Windows 1.5 updated the suite with
Microsoft Excel 3.0.
The Microsoft Office for Windows 1.6 added Microsoft Mail for PC
Networks 2.1 to the bundle.
The Microsoft Office for Windows 3.0, released in August 1992,
contained Word 2.0, Excel 4.0, PowerPoint 3.0 and
Mail 3.0. It was the first version of Office to be also released
on CD-ROM. In 1993, The Microsoft Office
Professional was released, which included additionally Microsoft
Access 1.1.
In 1994, Microsoft Office 4.0 was released containing Word 6.0,
Excel 5.0, PowerPoint 4.0, Mail, and Access. Word
was called Word 6.0 at this point despite the fact the previous
version number was 2.0.
Microsoft Office 95 was released in August 1995. Again, the
version numbers were altered to create parity across the
suite every program was called version 7.0 meaning all but Word
missed out versions.
Microsoft Office 97 (Office 8.0), a majormilestone release which
included hundreds of new features and
improvements, introduced command bars, a paradigm in which menus
and toolbars were made more similar in
capability and visual design.
Microsoft Office 2000 (Office 9.0) introduced adaptive menus,
where little-used options were hidden from the user. It
also introduced a new security feature, built around digital
signatures, to diminish the threat of macro viruses.
Microsoft Office XP (Office 10.0 or Office 2002) was released in
conjunction with Windows XP, and was a major
upgrade with numerous enhancements and changes over Office
2000.
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Microsoft Office 2003 (Office 11.0) was released in 2003. It
features a new logo.
Microsoft Office 2007 (Office 12.0) was released in 2007. It
includes Groove, a collaborative software application
Microsoft Office 2010 (Office 14.0) was finalized on April 16,
2010. According to Microsoft, it will be made
available to enterprise customers on April 27[ and, was made
available to consumers on June 15, 2010.
Components of MS Office Word
Microsoft Word is a word processorand was previously considered
to be the main program in Office. Its proprietary
DOC format is considered a de factostandard, although Word 2007
can also use a new XML-based, Microsoft Office-optimized format
called .DOCX which has been standardized by Ecma International as
Office Open XML and its SP2
update will support ODF and PDF. Word is also available in some
editions ofMicrosoft Works. It is available for the
Windows and Mac platforms. The first version of Word, released
in the autumn of 1983, was for the DOS operating
system and had the distinction of introducing the mouse to a
broad population. Word 1.0 could be purchased with a
bundled mouse, though one was not required. The following spring
Apple introduced the Mac, and Microsoft released
Word for the Mac, which became the most popular Mac application
and which, like all Mac apps, required the use of a
mouse.
Excel
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program which originally
competed with the dominant Lotus 1-2-3, but eventually
outsold it. It is available for the Windows and Mac platforms.
The current Mac version (Office 2008) has removed
Visual Basic functionality so macros cannot be used and those
generated in previous iterations of Office no longer
work. Microsoft announced in May 2008, that Visual Basic would
be returning to Excel in future versions.
Outlook/Entourage
Microsoft Outlook, not to be confused with Outlook Express, is
apersonal information managerand e-mail
communication software. The replacement forWindows Messaging,
Microsoft Mail and Schedule+ (Plus) starting inOffice 97, it
includes an e-mail client, calendar, task manager and address book.
Although historically it has been
offered for the Mac, the closest to an equivalent for Mac OS X
is Microsoft Entourage, which offers a slightly
different feature set. Office 2011 for Mac will reintroduce
Outlook, replacing Entourage.
PowerPoint
Microsoft PowerPoint is a popularpresentation program for
Windows and Mac. It is used to create slideshows,
composed of text, graphics, movies and other objects, which can
be displayed on-screen and navigated through by the
presenter or printed out on transparencies orslides. This is
convenient forschool or work presentations.Office Mobile
forWindows Mobile 5.0 and later features a version of PowerPoint
called PowerPoint Mobile. Movies, videos, sounds
and music, as well as Wordart and Autoshapes can be added to
slideshows.
Publisher
Microsoft Publisheris a program mostly used for designing
brochures, labels, calendars, greeting cards, business
cards, newsletter, and postcards.
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