KL1034 Lect1 Computer assembly.pdf

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    KL / KJ 1034

    Mechanical & Electrical Basics

    Computer Assembly

    by:

    Kamarulzaman Mat

    JKEES, May 2009

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    Subtopics

    Introduction

    Basic components of computer

    system

    The classification of computers

    Assembling the computer hardware

    Software and drivers installation

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    IntroductionComputer Architecture is:

    the arrangement of computercomponents and their relationships

    the theory behind the design of acomputer.

    Requirement of a computer includes:

    process data, store data, move databetween the computer and the outsideworld and control the operation of theabove.

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    Introduction cont.

    1. Types of the computer?

    2. Why the computer is very useful?

    3. Names component of thecomputer that you know.

    4. Names the operating systems that

    you know/use.

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    Introduction cont.

    Dell Inspiron 530s

    Amazing 256MB graphic card for crystal

    clear display in a space saving slim design

    Intel Core2 Duo Processor E4500 (2MB L2 cache,2.20 GHz)

    Genuine Windows Vista Operating System

    Memory: 2GB DDR2 SDRAM

    Hard Drive: 250GB Hard Drive

    Optical Drive: DVD Burner

    Graphic Card: 256MB ATI Radeon HD 2400 Pro

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    G Example

    Machines

    HW SW Performance

    1st ENIAC

    UNIVAC I

    UNIVAC II

    IBM 700

    Vacuum tubes,

    magnetic

    drums,

    electrostatic

    tubes memory

    Machine code,

    stored

    programs

    2-4 KB

    memory,

    40 KIPS

    2nd IBM 7094

    PDP-1

    Transistors,

    core memory,

    ZSI

    High level

    languages

    4-32 KB

    memory, 200

    KIPS

    3rd IBM 360 370,

    PDP-2

    ICs,

    semiconductor

    memory,

    microprocessors,

    SSI, MSI

    Timesharing,

    graphics,

    structure

    programming

    2-8 MB

    memory, 1

    MIPS

    History of Computers

    *G Generation *HW Hardware *SW - Software

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    4th IBM 3090 Cray

    XMP IBM PC

    Intel 4004-Intel

    8088

    LSI, VLSI,

    networks,

    optical disks

    Packaged

    programs,

    object-oriented

    languages,

    expert systems

    8-64 MB

    memory, 10

    MIPS,

    108 KHz-5

    MHz clock

    speeds

    5th Sun SparcIntel Paragon

    (80286-Itanium)

    PowerPC 601-

    PowerPC G4

    VLSI, ULSI,parallel systems

    Parallellanguages

    symbolic

    processing,

    Artificial

    Intelligence

    64 MB- 1 GB(yr 2006)

    memory, 100

    MIPS, 6 MHz-

    1.8 GHz (yr

    2006) clock

    speeds

    History of Computers cont.

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    Input-Process-Output Model (IPO)

    Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner, punch cards

    Processing: CPU executes the computer program

    Output: monitor, printer, fax machine

    Storage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes, magnetic tape

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    Architecture Components

    Hardware (HW)Processes data by executing instructions

    Provides input and output

    Software (SW) Instructions executed by the system

    DataFundamental representation of facts and

    observations

    CommunicationsSharing data and processing among

    different systems

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    Personal Computer System

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    Basic Component of computer

    Hardware (HW)

    The most visible part and all physical

    components.

    Provides the physical mechanisms to input and

    output data.

    Input devices : keyboard, mouse etc.

    Output devices : printer, display screen etc.

    Others components : central processing unit

    (CPU), memory, disk, tape.

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    Basic Component of computer

    A typical personal computer consists

    of a case or chasis in desktop or

    tower shape and the following parts:

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    Basic component of computer

    1) Motherboard or system board (also knownas main board) with slots for expansioncards and holding parts :

    Central processing unit (CPU)

    Computer fan - used to cool down the CPU

    Random Access Memory (RAM)- for program execution & short term datastorage

    - More RAM will normally contribute to a fasterPC.

    - RAM is almost always removable as it sits inslots in the motherboard, attached with smallclips.

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    Basic component of computer-cont.

    Basic Input-Output System (BIOS) or

    Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) in

    some newer computers

    Buses

    PCI

    PCI-E

    USB

    HyperTransport

    What is ROM? For what? ROM vs RAM?

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    Basic component of computercont.

    2) Power supply - a case that holds atransformer, voltage control, and(usually) a cooling fan

    3) Storage controllers ofIDE, SATA, SCSIor other type, that control hard disk,floppy disk, CD-ROM and other drives;the controllers sit directly on themotherboard (on-board) or onexpansion cards

    4) Video display control lerthat producesthe output for the computer display.

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    Basic component of computercont.

    5) Computer bus controllers (parallel, serial,USB, FireWire) to connect the computer toexternal peripheral devices such asprinters orscanners

    6) Internal storage - keeps data inside the

    computer for later use.7) Hard disk - for medium-term storage of

    data.

    8) Disk array control ler or RAID controller

    9) Sound card - translates signals from thesystem board into analog voltage levels,and has terminals to plug in speakers.

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    10) Networking - to connect the computerto the Internet and/or other computers

    11) Modem - for dial-up connections

    12) Network card - for DSL/Cable internet,and/or connecting to other computers.

    13) Otherperipherals

    Basic component of computer cont.

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    Basic component of computer cont.

    Input Devices

    scanner

    joystick

    keyboard

    mouse

    stylus

    Webcamera

    PC gamming device

    trackball

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    Basic component of computer cont.

    Output Devices

    LCDmonitor

    cathode ray tube monitor

    impactprinter

    ink jet printerflatbedplotter

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    Basic component of computer cont.

    Central Processing Units (CPU)

    CPU Cooler

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    Typical Motherboard

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    Basic component of computer

    Typical Personal Computer System

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    Basic component of computer cont.

    Software (SW)

    Consists of programs that tell the computerwhat to do.

    Two major categories of SW - System SW andApplication SW.

    System SW - helps user to manage files, toload and execute programs, and to acceptcommands from the mouse and keyboard.Collectively known as an operating system(OS).

    Examples of an OS : Windows 2000, WindowsXP, Vista, UNIX, and LINUX.

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    Basic component of computer cont.

    Application SW programs which tend tousers specific needs.

    Application SW can be obtained by

    developing it (on our own) or purchase it

    from the vendor.

    Examples of Application SW Word

    processing (MS Words), spreadsheets (MS

    Excel), presentation and graphical software

    (MS Power Point) etc

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    Basic component of computer cont.

    Data

    Data is the component, which is being

    manipulated.

    It may be numeric or alphanumeric orgraphic or in some other form.

    It must be presentable to be manipulated

    by the computer

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    Basic component of computer cont.

    Communication Components

    Normally modern computers are tied toother computers directly via a network(LAN/MAN/WAN) and requires both HW

    and SW. A communication channel provides the

    connection between computers.

    The channel may be a wire cable, a fiberoptic cable, a telephone line, or a wireless

    technology.

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    Basic component of computer cont.

    Communication Components

    A modulator demodulator (modem) ornetwork interface card (NIC) - as an interface

    between the computer and the communicationchannel.

    A common set of ground rules known asprotocols that make it possible for eachcomputer to understand what other computers.

    The Internet is a measure of the success to

    which protocols have been standardized.

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    Computer Classification

    Personal Computer Minicomputer

    Mainframes Super computer

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    Computer Classification

    Normally computers are classified

    based on its sizes - in both

    appearance and power.

    The classifications mainframes,

    supercomputers, minicomputers and

    personal computers, microcomputers

    and workstations.

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    Computer Classification

    The characteristics used for computer classification

    (differentiate the computers) are:

    speed

    number of CPU registers

    word length

    main memory size complexity of I/O modules

    OS complexity

    physical size, cost

    virtual address space

    secondary memory size degree of multiprogramming.

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    Computer Classification

    Mainframes Capable of processing data at very fast

    speeds at MIPS and have access to billionsof data characters.

    Principal use is forprocessing vastamounts of data quickly, thus, obviouscustomers are ISPs, banks, insurancecompanies and manufacturers.

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    Computer Classification Supercomputers: Process data at a speed

    of BIPS. They are used formammoth jobs,

    such as worldwide weather forecasting,

    earthquake center, oil exploration and military

    uses. Minicomputers : Smaller computers which

    are slower and less costly than mainframes.

    Became known as superminis as their

    popularity, power and speed grew until thetop of the line.

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    Computer Classification

    Personal Computers (PCs):

    The smallest computers also known as

    microcomputers.

    Became known as supermicros or

    referred as workstations.

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    Assembling the Computer Hardware

    Before begin building or refitting a

    computer, some basic tools:

    Phillips-head (cross-shaped)

    screwdriverA flathead screwdriver

    Needle nose pliers

    Anti-static Wrist Strap

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    Assembling the Computer Hardware

    cont.

    Construction Process:

    1) Install the motherboard

    - fasten a screw througheach of the motherboard

    screw holes

    2) Installing the processor,

    and the CPUs heatsink

    and fan

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    Assembling the Computer Hardware

    -cont.

    Two things that go wrong the most oftenand most expensively are both related tothe CPU and i ts cooler:

    Switching the computer on before addingany CPU cooling uni t.

    Without cooling, CPUs heat up at extremerates between 10X and a 1000X (as fast as acooking area). By the time the first display onthe screen, CPU will already be severelyoverheating and might be damaged beyondrepair.

    Mounting the CPU cooler improperly.

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    Assembling the Computer Hardware

    -cont.

    3) Install RAM.

    Find the RAM slots on the motherboard;

    Do not force them, they should move

    fairly easily.

    Put the RAM module in the socket.

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    Assembling the Computer Hardware -cont.

    4) Power supply (PS)

    Installing PS is straightforward, if itcame with your case it was preinstalled.Otherwise a few moments of screwdriver

    work will get the job done.5) Video card

    If your motherboard has a built-in videoskip this section.

    If you have an AGP video card: Install

    the video card into the AGP socket. Thisis always the top expansion slot near theback of the computer.

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    Assembling the Computer Hardware -

    cont.

    6) Drive jumpers

    If you are using SATA drives --skip thissection.

    Before install IDE/ATA dr ives, will need

    to set the drives jumpers. Each IDE/ATAchannel can handle two drives, a masterand a slave.

    7) Drives

    Install the hard drive and optical drives.

    8) Other connectionPower button and while you're at it, youmight as well do the reset buttons

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    Assembling the Computer Hardware -

    cont.

    9) Prepare to power up.

    Monitors will eitherhave a VGA or a newerDVI plug

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    Software and Drivers Installation

    After the assembling process is over,

    then do:

    1. BIOS Setup

    2. Partition & format the hard disk(if necessary)

    3. Operating system installation

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    Software and Drivers Installation

    cont.

    1. BIOS Setup

    - built in setup utility that lets us

    configure several basic system

    characteristics.- enter the setup utility; restart the

    system and press F1 (or sometimes,

    other key) when prompted on

    screen during the startup process.

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    Software and Drivers Installation

    cont.

    Example of BIOS system (diagram)

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    Software and Drivers Installation

    cont.

    2. Part ition the hard diskHard disk drive partitioning is the creation oflogical divisions upon a hard disk that allowsone to apply operating system - specificlogical formatting.

    Appear to be more than one hard drive,especially in how each partition is formattedfor different operating systems, and in howfiles are copied from one partition to another.

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    Software and Drivers Installation cont.

    Partitioning allows the creation of several filesystems on one hard disk. This has manybenefits:

    Al lowing fordual boot setups (for example,to boot Microsoft Windows and Linux),.

    Sharing swap partitions between multiple

    Linux distributions, so such partitions useless hard drive space.

    Protecting or isolating files

    Raising overall computer performance.

    Higher levels of data organization, raising the

    user efficiency of the system

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    Software and Drivers Installation cont.

    2. Formatting the hard disk:to prepare a disk, for reading and

    writing.

    the operating system erases allbookkeeping information on the disk,tests the disk to make sure all sectorsare reliable, marks bad sectors andcreates internal address tables that itlater uses to locate information.

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    Software and Drivers Installation

    cont.

    3. Operating systeminstallation:

    - UNIX

    - LINUX

    - Windows OS:- Windows 95

    - Windows 98

    - Windows 2000(ME)

    - Windows NT

    - Windows XP- Windows Vista

    *Use Win XP for thelab purposes

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    Software and Drivers Installation cont.

    Requirements for Windows XP

    Keyboard, mouseKeyboard, mouseDevices

    CD-ROM or higherCD-ROM/DVD ROMDrives

    1.5 GB or higher1.5 GBHard drive disk

    free space

    Super VGA or higher

    resolution

    Super VGAVideo adapter and

    monitor

    128 MB RAM or higher64 MB RAMMemory

    300 MHz or higher233 MHzProcessor

    RecommendedMinimum

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    Exercise:

    Find the information for SDRAM type:

    DDR vs DDR2 vs DDR3

    in terms of:

    i . data transfer rate (range),ii. I/O c lock (range) and

    i ii . the supply voltage

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    Motherboard Connectors

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    Processor Socket

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    IDE Connectors

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    TERM

    IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics

    ATA - Advanced Technology Attachment, or PATA

    SATA - Serial ATA

    PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect

    AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port

    PCIe - PCI Express, also known as 3GIO

    SDRAM - Synchronous Dynamic RAM

    SCSI - Small Computer System Interface, faster thanstandard serial or parallel port

    USB - Universal Serial Bus, USB 1.1 (12 Mbps) & USB 2.0(480 Mbps)

    FireWire IEEE 1394, 400Mbps (in 1394a) and 800Mbps (in1394b).

    VGA - Video Graphics Array

    DVI - Digi tal Visual Interface

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    ~THE END~

    Note: please read before attending

    your lab session.