Kjell A. Eliassen Centre for European and Asian Studies The Global and Digital Reality in Schools and Kindergarten The Global and Digital Reality in Schools

Kjell A. EliassenCentre for European andAsian Studies

The Global and Digital

Reality in Schools and Kindergarten

The Global and Digital

Reality in Schools and Kindergarten

Professor Kjell A EliassenCenter for European and Asian Studies

Norwegian School of Management

Professor Kjell A EliassenCenter for European and Asian Studies

Norwegian School of Management

Bergen kommuneSolstrand seminar11. og 12. mars 2008


The New Economy:

- Global

- Favours intangible things (ideas, information, relationships)

- Intensely interlinked network economies

- Mediating technologies - the more plentiful things become, the more valuable they are

The New Economy:

- Global

- Favours intangible things (ideas, information, relationships)

- Intensely interlinked network economies

- Mediating technologies - the more plentiful things become, the more valuable they are

Information Society- Characteristics -

Information Society- Characteristics -


The Actors

- Customers/Subscribers

- IT-related industries (hardware, software)

- Telecom industry

- Other network providers (electricity, cable,

satellite)

- Other network industries (bank, insurance)

- Content providers (publishers, media,

entertainment industry)

The Actors

- Customers/Subscribers

- IT-related industries (hardware, software)

- Telecom industry

- Other network providers (electricity, cable,

satellite)

- Other network industries (bank, insurance)

- Content providers (publishers, media,

entertainment industry)

Information Society II- Characteristics -

Information Society II- Characteristics -


Possible Consequences

- Many new jobs

- New and growing markets

- New strategies for firms and governments (eCommerce, eBusiness, eGovernment)

- Increased life-quality (more convenience, better services, better access)

- Increased jobs-quality (convenience, increased job flexibility, hi-tech work environments)

- Improved education

- Possible digital divide (within and across countries)

Possible Consequences

- Many new jobs

- New and growing markets

- New strategies for firms and governments (eCommerce, eBusiness, eGovernment)

- Increased life-quality (more convenience, better services, better access)

- Increased jobs-quality (convenience, increased job flexibility, hi-tech work environments)

- Improved education

- Possible digital divide (within and across countries)

Information Society III- Characteristics -

Information Society III- Characteristics -


The New EconomyThe New Economy

eCommerce is the exchange of value electronically, within the context of the rapidly emerging eEconomy.eCommerce is the exchange of value electronically,

within the context of the rapidly emerging eEconomy.

eEconomy … the broad business environment in which global commerce is conducted

eEconomy … the broad business environment in which global commerce is conducted

eCommerce … the conduct of business among eEnterprises and consumerseCommerce … the conduct of business among eEnterprises and consumers

eEnterprise … a business enterprise with the capability to exchange value (money, goods, services and information) electronically

eEnterprise … a business enterprise with the capability to exchange value (money, goods, services and information) electronically

eEconomyeEconomy

eCommerceeCommerce

eEnterpriseeEnterprise

Source: Accenture


•Information is less expensive (often free) and easier to access. Consumers expect inexpensive or free services

•Consumers have access to more information in a global market, are more selective when finding information (click increasingly rarely on ads and banners), and are more price sensitive

•Marginal costs of production are minuscule compared to development costs

•Information is less expensive (often free) and easier to access. Consumers expect inexpensive or free services

•Consumers have access to more information in a global market, are more selective when finding information (click increasingly rarely on ads and banners), and are more price sensitive

•Marginal costs of production are minuscule compared to development costs



•Network owners can get a key position as it is difficult to generate revenues from content

•e-Trade is growing rapidly

•There are large investments in ICTs

•Increasing number of consumers have mobile access to Internet (WAP, UMTS)

•Financial transaction can be done anywhere, at any time (e.g. trading stocks)

•Network owners can get a key position as it is difficult to generate revenues from content

•e-Trade is growing rapidly

•There are large investments in ICTs

•Increasing number of consumers have mobile access to Internet (WAP, UMTS)

•Financial transaction can be done anywhere, at any time (e.g. trading stocks)



•The number of mobile subscribers is growing more rapidly than Internet subscribers

•The number of mobile subscribers is growing more rapidly than Internet subscribers




Source: Accenture

The trend lineThe trend line

TimeTime

Vo

lum

eV

olu

me

eCommerceeCommerce

eGovernmenteGovernment

The receptivity of users is highThe receptivity of users is high

Medium

TelephoneRadioTVCableMobile phoneInternet

Medium

TelephoneRadioTVCableMobile phoneInternet

Years

25381310125

Years

25381310125

Timeframe

1920-19451922-19601951-19641976-19861985-19971993-1998

Timeframe

1920-19451922-19601951-19641976-19861985-19971993-1998

Take-up of the Internet has has been particularly fast

Take-up of the Internet has has been particularly fast



Source: Accenture

Source: Marvin Zonis & Associates

ElectronicElectronic

Percentage of

Economy

Percentage of

Economy

IndustrialIndustrial

0%0%

10%10%

20%20%

30%30%

40%40%

50%50%

60%60%

70%70%

80%80%

90%90%

100%100%

18901890 19101910 19301930 19501950 19701970 19841984 19921992 19971997 20012001 20052005

ElectronicElectronic

IndustrialIndustrial

AgrarianAgrarian

AgrarianAgrarianAgrarianAgrarian


What is eGovernment?What is eGovernment?

A definition:

Public services delivered electronically through a network, either locally or over the Internet

A definition:

Public services delivered electronically through a network, either locally or over the Internet

eEconomyeEconomy

eGovernmenteGovernment

GovernmentOrganisationGovernmentOrganisation


What is eGovernment?What is eGovernment?

Basic distinctions:G2B - Government to businesse.g. e-procurement, provision of licenses and permits

G2C - Government to citizene.g. filing taxes, renewing drivers licenses

G2G - Government to Governmente.g. information exchange, organization, intranet, cooperation among departments, billing

Basic distinctions:G2B - Government to businesse.g. e-procurement, provision of licenses and permits

G2C - Government to citizene.g. filing taxes, renewing drivers licenses

G2G - Government to Governmente.g. information exchange, organization, intranet, cooperation among departments, billing


Customer-focused Government

Customer-focused Government

Steps:

• Concentrate servicesIn one front office/portal - one-stop-shopping

• Integrate servicesstandardized information, one blanket for many public services

• Redefinition of servicesadapt legislation and organization, reassign responsibilities and competencies etc.

Steps:

• Concentrate servicesIn one front office/portal - one-stop-shopping

• Integrate servicesstandardized information, one blanket for many public services

• Redefinition of servicesadapt legislation and organization, reassign responsibilities and competencies etc.

Source: OL2000 (www.ol2000.nl)Source: OL2000 (www.ol2000.nl)


e Government and Reengineering

e Government and Reengineering

Dep

artm

ent

C

Cit

izen

s an

d B

usi

nes

ses

Cit

izen

s an

d B

usi

nes

ses

Cit

izen

s an

d B

usi

nes

ses

Cit

izen

s an

d B

usi

nes

ses

Cit

izen

s an

d B

usi

nes

ses

Cit

izen

s an

d B

usi

nes

ses

Go

vern

men

tG

ove

rnm

ent

Dep

artm

ent

BD

epar

tmen

t A

Go

vern

men

tG

ove

rnm

ent

Go

vern

men

tG

ove

rnm

entB

ack-

offic

e C

Bac

k-of

fice

BB

ack-

offic

e A

Fro

nt-

off

ice

Fro

nt-

off

ice

Fun

ctio

n C

Fun

ctio

n B

Fun

ctio

n A

BeforeBefore PartialPartial AfterAfter

Source: PRISMA 2001Source: PRISMA 2001Source: PRISMASource: PRISMA


Internet Service MaturityInternet Service Maturity

Publish

Benefits

Level of eCommerce/ eGovernmentSophistication

Interact

Low HighLow

High

Transact

Integrate

Basic InternetPresence

Advanced Internet Presence

Source: AccentureSource: Accenture


Internet Maturity: ServiceInternet Maturity: Service


Publish• Information is made available through the internet• No interaction with users• Users simply navigate through the website to find the information they

require.

Interact• Introduces two-way communication between users and the application.• Users can perhaps set up an account and the application maintains

context information for each user to provide a customized view of the website.

• This level will also typically include the use of more sophisticated web pages which are dynamically created.

Publish• Information is made available through the internet• No interaction with users• Users simply navigate through the website to find the information they

require.

Interact• Introduces two-way communication between users and the application.• Users can perhaps set up an account and the application maintains

context information for each user to provide a customized view of the website.

• This level will also typically include the use of more sophisticated web pages which are dynamically created.



Transact• Not only do users interact with the application, but they can carry out

“transactions” which achieve a specific goal. • Non-financial transactions are included (e.g. submitting a tax return)

as well as financial transactions (e.g. paying tax or receiving a refund).• Solution needs to be sophisticated and stable enough to guarantee

security, reliability and data integrity with a high degree of confidence.Integrate• The website and its associated services are no longer simply an

extension of the organization• The medium becomes intrinsic to the way of doing business.• Organizations may re-structure themselves around the new “virtual”

organisation.

Transact• Not only do users interact with the application, but they can carry out

“transactions” which achieve a specific goal. • Non-financial transactions are included (e.g. submitting a tax return)

as well as financial transactions (e.g. paying tax or receiving a refund).• Solution needs to be sophisticated and stable enough to guarantee

security, reliability and data integrity with a high degree of confidence.Integrate• The website and its associated services are no longer simply an

extension of the organization• The medium becomes intrinsic to the way of doing business.• Organizations may re-structure themselves around the new “virtual”

organisation.

Internet Maturity: ServiceInternet Maturity: Service


• CRMDoes Government remember me?

• Single point of access

• Citizen focusIs a Service built for citizens’ needs?

• Reaching out Does a portal/service provide help automatically?

• Adding value Are public services bundled with private sector services for additional value

• CRMDoes Government remember me?

• Single point of access

• Citizen focusIs a Service built for citizens’ needs?

• Reaching out Does a portal/service provide help automatically?

• Adding value Are public services bundled with private sector services for additional value

Source: Accenture 2001Source: Accenture 2001

Internet Maturity: DeliveryInternet Maturity: Delivery


Why eGoverment?Why eGoverment?

CitizensCitizens

GovernmentGovernment

BusinessBusiness

• Licensing• Permits• Tax returns• Govt procurement• Tourism promotion• Medical claims

• Licensing• Permits• Tax returns• Govt procurement• Tourism promotion• Medical claims

• Permits• Tax returns• Registration • Directory services• Public information/records• Benefits management

• Permits• Tax returns• Registration • Directory services• Public information/records• Benefits management

• Budget process• Grants administration• Education support• Procurement management• Financial management• HR management

• Budget process• Grants administration• Education support• Procurement management• Financial management• HR management

Source: Accenture


• A tool for improving municipal/school cervices

• Necessitates improved administrative solutions

• Empowers citizens/parents and increases participation

• A tool for improving municipal/school cervices

• Necessitates improved administrative solutions

• Empowers citizens/parents and increases participation

Additionally...

Is popular with both citizens and politicians because it is new and politically uncontroversial Is popular with both citizens and politicians because it is new and politically uncontroversial

Why eGovernment?Why eGovernment?


FORMS

DEPARTMENT A

COMPLAINTS

DEPT. B

TAX

EXIT

Why eGoverment?Why eGoverment?

The Disconnected GovernmentThe Disconnected Government

Source: Accenture


Challenges to Cities and SchoolsChallenges to Cities and Schools

• Increased citizen/parents focus

• Functional and convenient first-line services

• Increased service for citizens and parents

• Increased citizen/parents participation

• More efficient administration

• Increased citizen/parents focus

• Functional and convenient first-line services

• Increased service for citizens and parents

• Increased citizen/parents participation

• More efficient administration


How can eGovernment Contribute to Cities and

Schools?

How can eGovernment Contribute to Cities and

Schools?

• Availability - 24x7x365, everywhere, no lines

• Price - Inexpensive and improved services

• Popularity - More participation, less irritation

• Philosophy - Citizen/parents focused public services

• Technology - New opportunities for all, regardless of place

• Availability - 24x7x365, everywhere, no lines

• Price - Inexpensive and improved services

• Popularity - More participation, less irritation

• Philosophy - Citizen/parents focused public services

• Technology - New opportunities for all, regardless of place


• 24x7x365 accessibility

• Involves citizens in production of services

– Ordering, filling in blankets, checking bills

• Leverages technology that citizens already have

– Internet, mobile, cabel TV

• Leverages technology that municipals already have

• 24x7x365 accessibility

• Involves citizens in production of services

– Ordering, filling in blankets, checking bills

• Leverages technology that citizens already have

– Internet, mobile, cabel TV

• Leverages technology that municipals already have

A Tool for Improving Municipal Services

A Tool for Improving Municipal Services


• Administrative systems must be compatible

• ”Back-office” activities most be streamlined and improved

• Employees are freed to concentrate on front-line services

• Administrative systems must be compatible

• ”Back-office” activities most be streamlined and improved

• Employees are freed to concentrate on front-line services

Additionally...

Employees’ job-satisfaction increases as tasks become more interestingEmployees’ job-satisfaction increases as tasks become more interesting

Necessitates Improved Administrative SolutionsNecessitates Improved

Administrative Solutions


• Direct participation in production of services– Not just ”polls”

• User panels can continuously improve services• Political administration can interact directly with

citizens– Municipal/parliament meetings on local television or

Internet– Regular Internet meetings with politicians

• Bills and decisions can be accessed immediately by citizens

• Direct participation in production of services– Not just ”polls”

• User panels can continuously improve services• Political administration can interact directly with

citizens– Municipal/parliament meetings on local television or

Internet– Regular Internet meetings with politicians

• Bills and decisions can be accessed immediately by citizens

Empowers Citizens and increases ParticipationEmpowers Citizens and increases Participation


What are the Gains?What are the Gains?

Political gains•Decentralization

•Participation•Proximity

•Legitimity and ownership

Political gains•Decentralization

•Participation•Proximity

•Legitimity and ownership

Effectiveness•Time

•Money•For municipals

•For citizens

Effectiveness•Time

•Money•For municipals

•For citizens

Quality•Accessibility

•Individual tailoring•Already established

services•New services

Quality•Accessibility

•Individual tailoring•Already established

services•New services


What are the Gains?What are the Gains?

The value that can be created through its

deployment is real, measurable and compelling.

The value that can be created through its

deployment is real, measurable and compelling.

1¢1¢

Banking$1.07Banking$1.07

$2$2Travel$10Travel$10

$6$6Trading$150Trading$150

eProcurementProjected to save State of California 15% on its annual

US$2bn purchases of goods & services,

75% of its orders costs.

Source: Accenture


•Builds largely on eEurope principles and policy

•The Norwegian eStrategy and degree of implementation has resulted in a number four ranking globally on e-maturity

•eNorway is a step in the Government’s plan for

renewal of the public sector

•Builds largely on eEurope principles and policy

•The Norwegian eStrategy and degree of implementation has resulted in a number four ranking globally on e-maturity

•eNorway is a step in the Government’s plan for

renewal of the public sector

eNorwayeNorway


Source: NHD, 2000Source: NHD, 2000

• More than 90 of Norwegian companies have Internet Access

• Mobile penetration in Norway is 90%• Norway is ranked as number 4 of 55

countries on use of ICTs• UMTS and broadband will

be developed in the entirecountry

• More than 90 of Norwegian companies have Internet Access

• Mobile penetration in Norway is 90%• Norway is ranked as number 4 of 55

countries on use of ICTs• UMTS and broadband will

be developed in the entirecountry

Internet is increasinglyaccessible

Internet is increasinglyaccessible


• Citizens/parents/teachers are willing to participate

• Politicians are interested

• Internet is increasingly accessible

• Significant investment in ICTs

• Systems and programs for eGovernment is increasingly available

• Citizens/parents/teachers are willing to participate

• Politicians are interested

• Internet is increasingly accessible

• Significant investment in ICTs

• Systems and programs for eGovernment is increasingly available

Why is eGovernment Possible in Cities and Schools?

Why is eGovernment Possible in Cities and Schools?


New Resource AllocationNew Resource Allocation

CitizensCitizens ResourcesResources

The current allocation modelThe current allocation model

Self-serviceoffers

Partial self-serviceoffers

Intensive services

AccentureAccenture


New Resource AllocationNew Resource Allocation

CustomersCustomers ResourcesResources

eGovernment modeleGovernment model

Partly self-service

AccentureAccenture

Self-serviceoffers

Partial self-service

Intensive services


• Resources are re-allocated to other services

• Less resourceful citizens requiring intensive

services receive more attention

• Public employees can allocate more time to

core activities

• etc...

• Resources are re-allocated to other services

• Less resourceful citizens requiring intensive

services receive more attention

• Public employees can allocate more time to

core activities

• etc...

ResultResult


•Mobile networks are less expensive. Much of the world today has inadequately developed fixed line networks. The development of mobile networks makes it easier for such countries to take part in the new economy and reap the benefits of Internet and ICTs.

•The possibility for pre paid services and customer identification is an additional advantage in countries where bank- and payment services are underdeveloped.

•Some of the advantages for less developed countries are directly applicable to European districts

•Mobile networks are less expensive. Much of the world today has inadequately developed fixed line networks. The development of mobile networks makes it easier for such countries to take part in the new economy and reap the benefits of Internet and ICTs.

•The possibility for pre paid services and customer identification is an additional advantage in countries where bank- and payment services are underdeveloped.

•Some of the advantages for less developed countries are directly applicable to European districts

Mobile vs. fixed lineMobile vs. fixed line


Differences between e-trade and m-trade:

•While e-trade creates value by connecting firms and customers across wide distances (globally), the greatest potential of m-trade lies in proximity to users.

•The mobile industry develops location-based services like finding restaurants, purchasing/ordering of tickets, announce shops as customers pass nearby, and terminals that work as ID and credit cards

•The mobile is significantly simpler and less expensive than a PC, there are twice as many mobile subscribers as Internet subscribers, and people carry their phones with them everywhere

Differences between e-trade and m-trade:

•While e-trade creates value by connecting firms and customers across wide distances (globally), the greatest potential of m-trade lies in proximity to users.

•The mobile industry develops location-based services like finding restaurants, purchasing/ordering of tickets, announce shops as customers pass nearby, and terminals that work as ID and credit cards

•The mobile is significantly simpler and less expensive than a PC, there are twice as many mobile subscribers as Internet subscribers, and people carry their phones with them everywhere

’e’ vs. ’m’’e’ vs. ’m’


• Increasing numbers of municipalities invest in e-strategies

• Most countries have ambitious eGovernment plans and initiativesUSA, Great Britain, Germany – and Norway

• There is political consensus about eGovernment in municipalities

• Politicians believe that voters are interested

• Increasing numbers of municipalities invest in e-strategies

• Most countries have ambitious eGovernment plans and initiativesUSA, Great Britain, Germany – and Norway

• There is political consensus about eGovernment in municipalities

• Politicians believe that voters are interested

Politicians are increasingly interested

Politicians are increasingly interested


• More than 60% wish to perform transactions with public administration on the Internet

• 80% of firms wish the same• 75% prefer using a local portal, i.e. the

municipal or city they live in• There is a strong wish for increased access

to services (24x7x365), reduced costs, and easier access to information

• More than 60% wish to perform transactions with public administration on the Internet

• 80% of firms wish the same• 75% prefer using a local portal, i.e. the

municipal or city they live in• There is a strong wish for increased access

to services (24x7x365), reduced costs, and easier access to information

Source: Momentum Research GroupSource: Momentum Research Group

Citizens and Parents Want to Participate

Citizens and Parents Want to Participate

Documents

Kjell A. Eliassen Centre for European and Asian Studies The Global and Digital Reality in Schools and Kindergarten The Global and Digital Reality in Schools