Journal of Scientific & Industri al Research Vol. 61 , April 2002, pp 269-274

Plant Products in Controlling Rice Weevil Sitophilus oryzae

KJ Thomas, M Selvanayagam, N Raja*t and S Ignac imuthu*

Department of Zoology, Loyola Co llege, Chennai 600034 *Entomology Research Institute, Loyola Coll ege, Chennai 600034

Rice weevil SilOphiills oryzae causes severe damages to stored rice and other cereals. Traditionall y. in ou r rural vill ages, pl ant products of neem and vitex have been used to protect stored grains. Many studi es have been made to ascertain the efficacy of other pl ants and their parts, oil s (ind extracts, in controlling rice weevil SilOl'hiills orv:ae. This paper summari es the find ings arrived at in various research studi es with regard to the use of plant products in cont ro ll ing ri ce

weevi l SilOphiills on 'we ,

Introduction

Rice Weevil and their Importance

Stored product insec t pests cause severe damage to food grain st . Sitophilus oryz.ae is a common ri ce weevil and it is one of the mos t important storage pests, which causes severe damage to raw cereals

J ,

throughout the world-, Cotton ' has reported that one pair of Sitophilus orvzae can reproduce about one million of its species w ithin a pe ri od of three months under favourable conditi ons. A la rva of the SiTnphilus oryzae consumes 14mg grain/d and in its adult stage consumes OA mg grain/d4

. While the quantity of grain consumed and the loss cumulati ve ly is very hi gh the quality o f the grain s remaining often the attack becomes very poor as the rice weev i I reduces the nutriti ve va lue of the gra ins' . Surveys condu cted in the US and Canada indi ca ted th at 20-26 per cent of stored wheat was infes ted by storage pes ts6 1n Indi a the damage o f stored gra ins by insec t pests was estimated as 6.S per cent o f the to ta l storage7

. The above studies e mphasise the need in contro lling the ri ce weevi l SifOphilus o ry::o('.

Chemical Pesticides

During the last few decades' p ' s ts were controll ed usi ng chemical pesti c ides. Most of the farming co mmunit y uses synthe ti c che mica l pes ti c ides readil y available in the market. The indisc riminat e use o f c hemi ca l pesticides has led to the deve lopment of res istance. It has bee n found that about sao spec ies of insec t pes ts are res istant to one

t Author lor correspondence

or more pes ti c ides. The app licati on of chemical pesti c ides causes hea lth hazards; Hea lth author iti es are constantl y advocating reducti on of che mi cal pesticides due to the presence o f the che mical res idues in gra ins8

. The chemi ca l res idues cause adverse effec ts on humans9 and on the environmen t ' O

It is necessary to find out safe and ceo-fri endl y pes ticides in contro lling storage pes ts.

Importance of Plant ProduCTs in ConTrolling Storage Pests

Plants, wh ich have ri ch source o f secondary metabo lities, can act as in sec ti c ides , ov ic ides, ov ipos iti onal de te rrent s, feeding deterrents , and growth retardants. Most of the plant products are non­po llutant , less tox ic and a re eas il y bi odegradable in nature. Certa in plant powders are hi ghl y repe ll elll and hence they can p laya ro le in sage prutect ion of sto red grain s. These powders ca n be used fo r small -sca le storage by small and marg in al farmers as fo ll ows :

(a) Powdered pl ant Il1Jte ria ls are ad mi xed with surface laye r o f grain in s to rage o r

(h) Stored g ra in is covered by cru:; hed pl ant mate ri a l, whi ch ex hibits a hi g h degree of repe ll ency o r

(c) Plant powde rs are used t crea te repe ll ent b;,rri cr a round the grains in s torage or

(d ) Plant powde rs are ll sed fo r packi ng mate rial s.

Sc ientific in vesti gati ons have bee n conducted to study the efficacy of planr produc ts in control ling the rice weevil. The plan t proclu c t ~ that can be u ' ed in

270 J SCII ND RES VOL 61 APRIL 2002

controlling the rice weev il and class ified into three categories, name ly:

(a) Pl ant o il s,

(b) Pl ant leaves and powders, and

(c) So lvents ex tract and isolated compounds.

Plant Oils and their Role on Grain Protection

In Indi a, applicati o n o f vegetabl e o il s to protec t the seed has been a common cultura l practice in rura l villages. Thi s applicati on has now fo und favo urable acceptance worldover. Applicati on o f vegetabl e o il s (3 mLlkg) such as castor (Ricinus commllnis), sesame , mu stard , soyabean, Eruca sati va (E. vesicaria) and Raphmws sativus (Rad ish) has been fo und to be very effec ti ve: among the o il s, radi sh o il is found to be more e ffec tive aga in st Sitophilus ory::.ae and a lso inc reases the seed germin ati on II .

Sing et al. / 2 have studied natura ll y occurring essenti a l o il from plant o ri g in ( 1000 ppm in acet one) against S. ory::.ae and have reported that vo latil e o il fro m Pinus long!folia (P. roxbllrghii) reduces the rice weevi l popul ati on by 37.5 1,75.2 1 and 86.82 per cent after 30,60, and 90d of applicati on, respecti ve ly. The essenti a l oi ls from Amol1lum sublllatllm, Artemisia I17 nrtima, Cedrus deodam, Z. plall. ispinulI1ols and Pin us roxburghii have protec ted wheat gra in s from the damage of rice weev i I. The essentia l o i Is fo rm Callica rpa macrophvlla and Zanthoxylul11 a latum showed significant growth promo ti on o f the pests . Mentha citrata (M. p iperita var. c itra ta) o il fumigati on is t'ffecti ve aga in st S. ory::ae for 30d. The essen ti a l o il vapou rs of Indi an Acorus calamus rhi zomes were tox ic to S. oryzae. T he tox ic effects were depended on the peri od ~f exposure I.'.

Wheat treated with 2 per cent Mentha longifolia subsp. himalainsis essenti a l o il caused 100 per cent morta lity w ithin 48h. T he maj or const ituents present in thi s o il are piperitone oxides (26.5 pe r cent), p iperitenone oxi de (58 .9 per cent) and other 6-monote rpene hydroca rbons (6.7 per cent) and fo ur oxygenated monote rpeno ids (5 .9 per cent)I~. Newly la id eggs ex posed to I il L of Acorus calamus o il vapour fo r n h showed good controlling e ffec t o f the pest!). Essenti a l oi l of Chenopodium ambrosioides

I· 50 /. 16 cau ed 52.5 per cent morta Ity at Il g In sect .

The number of off springs of S. olyzae e merg ing from food was considerabl y lower afte r it was treated with Acarus calamlls o il vapours l 7

. Sage oil at a concentrati on of 1511 LlL caused 100 per cent

18 morta lity to S. OI)1zae . The treatment wi th Mustard

o il at 4 or 8mLlkg and 2 or 4 per cent concentrati on o f turmeric powe r gave apprec iable mo rta lity aft e r 3-month storage pe ri od . The 4 mLlkg of mustard oil combining 1-20g o f turmeri c powder/kg o f ri ce gave best protecti on as it compl ete ly suppressed the

19 T f " I d progeny. reatment 0 maize WIt 1 co ttonsee, sesame, peanut, and paraffin o il s inc reased adult morta lity and reduced the produc ti on of o ff springs of S. oryzae. Hi gher concentrati on of these o il s In treatment caused reducti on in seed germinati on20

.

Musta rd , groundnut , sesame, maize, and nee m oil and piperonyl butox ide showed synerg isti c or add iti ve effec t w ith fi ve diffe rent insecti c ides, espec ia lly mu stard o i I, except for maize o i I wi th permethrin aga inst S. oryzaeCI

. Weevi l morta lity was fo und to be max imum after I d treatment of maize with mu sta rd, soyabean, coconut , neem, ground nur, cotton, sesame o r w ith castor. T he percentage red uc ti on in the ave rage weevil popul ati on was highest in the case of soya bean o il at 3.30mLlkg, foBowed by cotto n seed and coconu t oi Is12. Sesame oil was a signi ficant repe llent while oa t and wheat germ oi ls were attrac ti ve to S. ory:ae . A commerc ia l food produc t composed primaril y of soyahean o il and wheat germ e li c ited no response from S. oryzae lJ

.

Neem seed o i I was the mos t effect ive aga inst S. OIy::ae , fo ll owed by Piper nignll l1 seed powder, leaves of Vitex negundo, !\ ndrogrophis paniclilata dried mandarin fruit peel, rhi zome powder of turmeri c and seed powder of Cassia fistula. respecti ve l l~. Essenti a l o il vapours o f Pimpill el/a allisul11 , Eucalypills camaldulanses, Thvmhra spicata var. spicata and Satureja thymhra caused over 94 per cent morta lity w ith doses in the range of 108- 135 1-1 Lli itre15 M ell tha arvensis (Japanese mint) o i I was used effec ti ve ly as a fumi gant aga inst S. ory:ae in sto red sorghum16 and the o il was recommended for sorghum seed preservati on27

. Essentia l o il s fro m Eucalyptus tereliconzis, Eucalyptlls cirriodora, Cirrus sinellsis and Ocil11ul11 basiliculII were tes ted aga inst S. orywe in the laboratory in pe tri d ishes . T he les t did not show any cont ro lling effect~8

Synergisti c effects were obta ined in mi xture of DDT with musta rd , groundnut , sesame, maize, and neem o il s or piperonyl butox ide, with lindane in combination with maize or neem o il pipe ronyl butox ide29 Acorus calamus o i I was acti ve aga inst S. ol)'zae adults at 30° C but not at lower temperatures. The mos t acti ve ingred ient of the o il aga in st S . ory:ae

.-

. ....

THOMAS et al.: CONTROL OF RICE WEEVIL SITOPHILUS ORYZAE 271

was cis-asarone'o. The essential oil of Caesulia II

. . , I axillaries has the repe ent act! vltt .

Plant Leaves and Powders in Controlling Rice Weevil

The LCso values of sun dried leaves of guava and eucalyptus when admixed with rice grains, were 2.251 and 4 .140g/l 00 of grains, respectively . Both test materials at 15g/l OOg depressed the progeny development of S. oryzae,2. 33 . Mentha spicata powder mixed with wheat grains at 2/1 00 wt/wt produced 100 per cent mortality and protected the grains for upto 4 weeks34. Acorus calamus rhizome powder at 0 .1 and 0.2 per cent mixed in milled rice, showed higher mortality after 3 or 6 months of storage and only a few progeny adults could emerge from 0.1 per cent concentration. The application of this powder for more than eight months had not affected the cooking

I· f ' 'S qua \ty 0 nce' .

Application of powdered Pachyrhizus erosus at 2: 100. 4: 100 and 6 : 100 parts by weight of the powder to the wheat grains caused 83.33 - 96.66 per cent mortality and powdered Polygonum hamiltonii at 6: 100 wt/wt caused 66 .66 per cent mortality within 5 d'6. One gram of dried leaves of Ocimum canum (Ocimum americanum) containing linalool at 8.6 ± 0.9 mg were tested and the LC.iO value for S. oryzae was 427J..lg/cm2 (ref. 37). Seed powders of custard apple (A nnona squamosa) and neem are found to be effective in controlling S. oryzae38

. Maize weevil was controlled by mixing small pieces of Acorus calamus rhizome with the grains stored in bamboo baskets39

.

In Nepal, locally available Acorus calamus rhizome was dried, powdered and applied at 50g/kg wheat. The results revealed that damage of stored grain was reduced from 33 per cent in untreated control to 5.4 per cent when treated40

. Damage by S. oryzae was reduced when the grain was admixed with powders or slurries (at 10 per cent) of seeds or leaves of Azadirachta indica or roots of Cissampelos owariensis, seeds of Datura stramonuim or Ricinus communis or leaves of Chrmolaema odorata. Erythrophleum suaveo[ens. Sida acuta, Solanum nigrum or Hyptis spicigaa41

. Neem seed kernel powder at low dose (2 per cent w/w) was effective in protecting maize for 2 weeks, and dose of 10 per cent w/w was necessary for longer period of protection42. Cotton stem ashes resulted in 65 per cent mortality in

43 S. oryzae after three weeks of treatment .

At higher doses (1-5 per cent), powdered aerial parts of Meliotus officinalis (ribbed melilot) and Melilotus albus (white melilot) have repellent

activity. Coumarin , a characteristic and volatile constituent of mililots , which produces the repellent effect44

. Acorus calamus collected from high altitude was slightly less toxic than from low altitude. Exposure to 2 per cent w/w admixed rhizome powder at 200 C, for 7 d resulted in complete adult mortality . Under field conditions at 20-30°C the initial res idue

of approximately 1300mg/kg of ~-asarone content of rhizome powder is required to disinfest wheat containing these weevils45. Azadirachta indica kernel powder at the rate of 109/kg seed was the most effective protectant, the infestation percentage being 12.34 per cent as against 38 per cent in the untreated control46.

Powdered aerial parts of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), corn mint (Mentha arvensis) and horse mint (Mentha longifolia), and leaf powders of peppermint (Mentha piperita) and marjo ram (Origanum vulgare) showed repellent activity against S. oryzae47

. Wheat grains mixed with 5 and 10 per cent air-dried Swallow root (Decalepis hamiltonii) caused 96 and 100 per cent mortality , respecti ve ly,

48 and no progeny emerged from the treatment . The combination of neem and diatomaceous earth ( 1.0 g diatomaceous earth with 0.2 or 1.0g azadirachtin) was effective in controling the pest population49.

Solvent Extract and Isolated Compounds from the Plants in Controlling Rice Weevil

Nudifiorine, a pyridone alkaloid isolated from the leaves of Trewia nudiflora caused 90 and 76 per cent mortality after J 2 h treatment at 1.25 and 1.0 per cent concentration respectively'°. Ground powder of fenugreek (Trigonella foenumgraecum) extract with chloroform was most toxic to S. oryzae followed by acetone, methanol and petroleum ether ex tracts . Based on the above, Afifi et al. 51 have recommended that, fenugreek seeds be used as a dressing material at the rate of 500g/ I 00 kg of flour or wheat grains.

Embelin (a benzoquinone isolated from the berries of Embelia ribes ) and chloranil (quinone fungicide) applied at 0.0125 and 0.025 per cent (w/w) concentration, respectively in wheat produced 77.8 and 68.7 per cent mortality of S. orvzae after 14 d of exposureS2. Wheat grain surface treated with acetone extract of dill (Anethum graveolens) seeds at 2000 ppm reduced the F I generation completely after I d treatmentS'. Rani and Jamil54 have reported that effect of petroleum ether extract of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) leaves to adults of S. oryzae was non-toxic . Aqueous or methylated spirit extract

272 J SCI IND RES VOL 61 APRIL 2002

of neem seed was more effective than neem leaf ex tract and it also seemed to control the emergence of S 55 . oryzae .

Petroleum ether extracts of Ricinus communis. Zanthoxylum budrunga. and zanthoxylum alatwl1 (Zantholylum planispinum) showed antifeedant effect. Among the plant extract Z. plCl/1.ispinum appears to be the most effective56. Fumigant of allylisothiocyanate, an allelochemical from cruciferous plants was tested against adult S. oryzae forLD 5o. and LD95 the resultant values were 0.482 and 10.582ng, respectivel/7. The acetone extracts of Dysophylla tomentosa, Hyptis suaveolens , Lavendula perrottetii, Leucas stelligera, Ocimim americanull1 Pogostemon parviflorus (aerialpart), Salvia plebia (Essential oil) were coated on to the petridishes as a film of 200f.1g/cm2 The study showed no adulticidal activit/8

.

Sorbic acid (0.25 per cent) and a product of Acorus calamus (0.50 per cent) s ignificantly reduced kernel infestation and F I progeny production of the weevil 59. Grain treated with chloroform extract of DidymocQlPus podocarpa, petroleum ether extract Cora ria nepalensis and Clerodendron fragrans showed antifeedant activity. The methanol extract of Clerodendron siphononthus appeared to be the most effective insecticidal chemical60. Neem formulation containing crude extract from ripe berries of Azadirachta indica in I per cent concentration showed a mortality rate of 90 per cent6 1

.

The crude ethanol extract of pithraj , Aphanamixis polystachya (Ricinocarpodendron polystachyum) seed had strong repe llent and feeding deterrent effects , and are moderate ly tox ic . The ground leaf, bark and seeds in 2.5 pe r cent rati o, provide good protection for rice grains by reducing the FI progeny 'emergence and the grain infestation 62 . Powdered fruits of Melia azedara , h reduced FI progeny moderate ly and its acetone and petroleum ether ex tract showed hi gh and complete reduction of FI progen/'. Melia looselldan bark extracts contall1l11g 67Sppm toosendanin , afte r 6-week ex posure ex hibited 67 per cent mortality of S . oryzae. The ex tracts s ignificantl y reduced FI adults

64.

Petroleum ether and methanol extracts of Ricinus communis (castor) seed gave a good protection of wheat grains for about 12 weeks than chloroform and acetone ex tracts65. The LC50 va lue of S. orvzae was exceeded after 24h with Ocimim basilicum ( I per cent), Capsicum frul escens ( I per cent), Piper Ruilleellse (0 .2 per cent) and Terapleura

teraptera ( I per cent) and after 48h with Eichhornia crassiper (I per cent)66. Petroleum ether extract of Dicoma sesilifora showed significant activity against adults and progeny development than Neo rautanenia mitis67

.

Extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernels in alcohol at 1.0 per cent concentration provide 100 per cent protection to ri ce grain s for s ix weeks68

. Toxic effec ts were studied in acetone and petroleum ether extract and powders of Capsicum frutescens fruits and the leaves of Clerodendrol1. inerme, Eucalyptus globules and Dauranla plumieri . In general petroleum ether and acetone (brought 100 per cent mortality) ex tracts were more en ctive than powders69.

Insec ticidal components again st S . oryzae are isolated by chromatographic technique fro m sawdust of Thujopsis dolabrata . The iso lated component carvacrol showed some in secti cidal acti vity and also fumigant action7o. The presence of sorghum tannin from Sorghum bicolor culti vars BKS5 in pellets significantly reduced the feeding actIvIty of S. oryzae71

. RB-a (neem extract) did not act as an acute contact poi son even at I 257f.1g/cm2. It caused only 34 per cent mortality in S. oryzae72. n-Hexane extract of Eucalyptus fereticornis leaves showed effect for up to four weeks 71 .

Tussilago fa rafara (powdered leaves) and aerial parts of Cichorium illtybus were attracti ve to weevil s and can be used for sampling purposes

74. LC50 of

Acorus calamus extract (AC-Hex-I ) on S. oryzae was reported to 3500f.1g/cnl (ref. 75). Chenopodium multifidum , Fla veria bide/His, Aristolochia argentina and Tagefes erecta showed a significant activity aga inst S. oryzae76

. Thi osulphinates isolated from Allium plants are found to be e ffecti ve repe ll ent against S. oryzae77

. The fraction ex tracted at 150-200°C from Eupatorium adenohouum (E. trapezoideum) shows high level of insecticida l activity against S. oryz.ae and the LDs() was found to

7X be 15.51 14mg/L ' .

Conclusions

In the present context of an ever-increas ing popul ation dwindling earthl y resources it is very necessary to save food grains produced . The necess ity to have non-tox ic pesticides is ga ining importance now-a-days. Most of the work in producing the biopesticides are in the experimental stage in the laboratories; large scale conce rted efforts are required for mass production of non-tox ic pes tic ides. At

TH OMAS el al.: CO NTROL OF RICE W EEVIL SITO PHILUS OR YZAE 273

present only neem product is commerci ally avail able in the market. The admi xing of the powder and o il seems to be a laborious process and the availability of the raw materi als are far, few and difficult to procure. The documentati on of organoleptic properties such as appearance, fl avor, taste, tex ture, and the germin ation of treated seeds are needed for most of the tested plant materials. Many bioresources are yet to be exploited . The efforts in identification, isolation, and development of new products from the plants have to be doubled for the effective control of in sect pests. The following items have to be worked out e ffic ientl y:

(a) To select the most appropriate biopestic ides for use, take into considerati on the effi c iency of the products, cost-e ffec ti veness and the climatic vari ati ons of each region in the country;

(b) To produce products to biopesticides ;

suff ic ient amount of plant commercially manu fac ture

(c) To create max imum awareness among the users the advantages of the bio-pesti cides , the ir uses and commerc ial ava ilability of the products.

(d) To create a central organi zati on to do the fo ll owing tasks:

(i) To upgrade the technologies in the effi cient producti on of the bi o­pesticides,

(i i) To educate the users the advantages of biopes tic ides and the ir avail ability,

(iii ) To encourage the commerci al manufac ture of effic ient bi opestic ides, and

(iv) To oversee the quality of the biopestic ides produces and the ir proper di stributi on and sa les to various regions in the cou ntry.

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