Kixor Herbicide Technical Brochure - Greg Cunninghamgcgdgraphics.com/images/lay_basf_kixor_brochure.pdf · Kixor™ Herbicide Technical Brochure. BASF Agricultural Products 26 Davis

Kixor™ HerbicideTechnical Brochure

BASF Agricultural Products26 Davis DriveResearch Triangle Park, NC 27709USA+1 919-547-2000

Kixor, Integrity, OpTill, Sharpen and Treevix are trademarks of BASF. ©2009 BASF Corporation. All Rights Reserved. APN-09-01-079-0020

57808_BASF_Kixor_Brochure_2.indd 1-2 10/12/09 2:39 PM

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PREFACEThis technical brochure provides general information about Kixor™ herbicide – a new active ingredient under development from BASF Crop Protection. Kixor is not currently registered for use in the United States. The registration dossier for Kixor was submitted for tri-lateral review in the United States, Canada and Australia in January 2008.

DISCLAIMERThe product discussed in this technical brochure is not registered and is not available for sale. This technical and educational material is provided for informational purposes only and is not intended to promote the sale of the product.

Any sale of this product after registration is obtained shall be solely on the basis of approved product labels, and any claims regarding product safety and efficacy shall be addressed solely by the label.


KIXOR HERBICIDE TECHNICAL BROCHURE4 5

TABLE OF CONTENTSIntroduction 5

Key Benefits of Kixor™ Herbicide 5

General Characteristics 6

Weeds Controlled 7

Crop Development Targets 8

Application Considerations 8

The Kixor Herbicide Family of Products 9

Integrity™ Herbicide for Corn and Grain Sorghum 10

OpTill™ Herbicide for Soybean, Dry Field Peas and Chickpeas 11

Sharpen™ Herbicide for Burndown 12

Treevix™ Herbicide for Fruit and Nut Trees 13

Mammalian Toxicology 14

Ecotoxicology 14

Environmental Fate 15

Physical and Chemical Properties 15

INTRODUCTIONKixor is an innovative, new active ingredient under development by BASF and represents a new standard for broadleaf weed control. Kixor is a highly effective herbicide that will be suitable for contact and residual control of broadleaf weeds.

Row crop research has shown that Kixor will be able to be applied prior to crop emer-gence for burndown of emerged broadleaf weeds in a number of crops and at higher rates in corn and sorghum for season-long residual broadleaf control. Kixor has also shown po tential to be used as a directed postemergence treatment in citrus fruit, pome fruit, stone fruit and nut trees, as a sunflower desiccant, as a postharvest burndown treatment, and as a postemergence treatment in fal low cropland.

KEY BENEFITS OF KIXOR HERBICIDEn A unique chemistry for the herbicide market.

n Excellent control of all major broadleaf weeds, including glyphosate, ALS and atrazine-resistant biotypes.

n Broad-spectrum weed control without the need for atrazine.

n Rapid foliar burndown and residual soil activity.

n Safe for use in multiple crops and rotational crop systems.

n Compatible with other herbicides to provide broad-spectrum weed control.

n Favorable environmental, toxicological and ecotoxicological profile.



GENERAL CHARACTERISTICSNew Chemistry

Kixor™ herbicide is the first in the class known as pyrimidinedione in North America. Kixor was designed with a novel side chain (Figure 1). This novel side chain means that Kixor is readily metabolized by tolerant crops, which leads to excellent crop safety. The novel side chain also imparts chemical properties that result in soil bioavailability and foliar activity that enhance weed control.

Crop Safety

Lab studies have shown that tolerant crops, like corn, are capable of rapidly metabolizing Kixor (Figure 2) whereas sensitive weeds, like morningglory, cannot (Figure 3).

Figure 2: 4 hours after treatment

Data provided by Dean Riechers, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Figure 3: 4 hours after treatment

Common Name Scientific Name Morningglory, pitted Ipomoea lacunosa

Morningglory, tall Ipomoea purpurea

Mustard, black Brassica nigra

Mustard, tumble Sisymbrium altissimum

Mustard, wild Sinapis arvensis

Nettle, burning Urtica urens

Nightshade, black Solanum nigrum

Nightshade, cutleaf Solanum triflorum

Nightshade, Eastern black Solanum ptycanthum

Nightshade, hairy Solanum saccharoides

Pennycress, field Thlaspi arvense

Pigweed, prostrate Amaranthus blitoides

Pigweed, redroot Amaranthus retroflexus

Pigweed, smooth Amaranthus hybridus

Puncturevine Tribulus terrestris

Purslane, common Portulaca oleracea

Ragweed, common Ambrosia artemisiifolia

Ragweed, giant Ambrosia trifida

Sesbania, hemp Sesbania exaltata

Shepherd’s Purse Capsella bursa-pastoris

Sida, prickly Sida spinosa

Smartweed, Pennsylvania Polygonum pensylvanicum

Sowthistle, annual Sonchus oleraceus

Sowthistle, spiny Sonchus asper

Sunflower, common Helianthus annuus

Tansymustard, pinnate Descurainia pinnata

Thistle, Canada Cirsium arvense

Thistle, Russian Salsola kali

Velvetleaf Abutilon theophrasti

Waterhemp Amaranthus tuberculatus

Willowweed Epilobium adenocaulon

Common Name Scientific NameAmaranth, Palmer Amaranthus palmeri

Bedstraw, catchweed Galium aparine

Beggarticks, hairy Bidens pilosa

Beggarweed, Florida Desmodium tortuosum

Bindweed, field Convolvulus arvensis

Buckwheat, wild Polygonum convolvulus

Canola, volunteer (rapeseed) Brassica spp.

Carpetweed Mollugo verticillata

Cocklebur, common Xanthium strumarium

Cowcockle Vaccaria pyramidata

Dandelion Taraxacum officinale

Eveningprimrose, cutleaf Oenothera laciniata

Falseflax, smallseed Camelina microcarpa

Fleabane, hairy Conyza bonariensis

Flixweed Descurainia sophia

Groundcherry, cutleaf Physalis angulata

Groundsel, common Senecio vulgaris

Horseweed (marestail) Conyza canadensis

Knotweed, prostrate Polygonum aviculare

Kochia Kochia scoparia

Ladysthumb Polygonum persicaria

Lambsquarters, common Chenopodium album

Lambsquarters, narrowleaf Chenpodium pratericola

Lettuce, prickly Lactuca serriola

Mallow, common Malva neglecta

Mallow, little (cheeseweed) Malva parviflora

Mallow, Venice Hibiscus trionum

Marestail (horseweed) Conyza canadensis

Morningglory, entireleaf Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula

Morningglory, ivyleaf Ipomoea hederacea

Morningglory, palmleaf Ipomoea wrightii

WEEDS CONTROLLEDThis list is a general indication of the burndown and residual spectrum demonstrated in testing.

Uptake and TranslocationKixor is readily absorbed by plant roots, shoots and leaves. Once absorbed, Kixor is predominantly translocated via the xylem, with some movement in the phloem.

Mode of Action

Kixor is a potent inhibitor of chlorophyll biosynthesis resulting in a rapid buildup of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation of the cellular membranes. This results in a rapid loss of membrane integrity leading to cellular leakage, tissue necrosis and, ultimately, plant death.

Figure 1

Rapid metabolism No metabolism

33% Kixor

100% Kixor

MorninggloryCorn



CROP DEVELOPMENT TARGETSKixor™ herbicide has demonstrated the potential for utility in a variety of cropping sys tems. Crop selectivity is most often based on physical placement and metabolism but will ultimately depend on the crop species, use rate, soil characteristics and application tim ing. Kixor cannot be applied after crop emergence or injury will occur.

THE KIXOR HERBICIDE FAMILY OF PRODUCTS

APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONSKixor is being developed as a water-based spray alone or, more commonly, in combination with other herbicides for broad-spectrum control. Studies indicate that when Kixor is applied as a contact herbicide to emerged weeds it should be mixed with a suitable adjuvant system. Maximum burndown activity has been achieved with a an adjuvant system including a crop oil concentrate or methylated seed oil plus a spray-grade, ammonium containing fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate.

Proposed Crop Species Proposed Application TimingCereals: barley, oat, wheat PP, PPI, PRE

Chickpeas and Dry Field Peas PP, PPI, PRE

Corn PP, PPI, PRE

Cotton PP

Fallow and Post Harvest POST

Grain Sorghum PP, PPI, PRE

Soybean PP, PRE

Sunflower POST-Desiccant

Fruit and Nut Trees POST-Directed

Key: PP = Preplant Surface; PPI = Preplant Incorporated; PRE = Preemergence; POST = Postemergence

AdjuvantCrop Oil Concentrate or Methylated Seed Oil PLUSAmmonium Sulfate orUrea Ammonium Nitrate

Rate1 gal/100 gal (1% v/v)

8.5-17 lb/100 gal (1-2% w/v)

1.25-2.5 gal/100 gal (1.25-2.5% v/v)

Ground applications for which water is the carrier should be made with a proposed minimum spray volume of 5 gal/A. Higher spray volumes typically improve spray coverage and control of larger weeds and denser weed populations.

Kixor is nonvolatile, but spray drift must be managed to avoid contact with non-target plant foliage.

Integrity™ HerbicideCorn, Grain Sorghum

Treevix™ HerbicideCitrus Fruit, Pome Fruit, Stone Fruit, Nut

OpTill™ HerbicideSoybean (Midwest), Chickpeas, Dry Field Peas

Sharpen™ HerbicideSmall Grain Cereals, Corn, Cotton, Fallow, Grain Sorghum, Chickpeas, Dry Field Peas, Soybean, Sunflower (desiccation)



INTEGRITY™ HERBICIDE FOR CORN AND GRAIN SORGHUMIntegrity is Kixor™

herbicide plus dimethenamid-p formulated as a liquid emulsifiable concentrate (5.57 lb ai/gal). BASF is developing Integrity for use in corn and grain sorghum as a preplant, preplant incorporated or preemergence treatment in all types of tillage. Integrity has been shown to be effective when used as a full-rate, one-pass treatment or as a reduced-rate setup for a POST, in-crop herbicide application.

Key Development Targets

n One-pass, season-long broadleaf and grass control

n Broad-spectrum weed control without the need for atrazine

n Unique Kixor chemistry

OPTILLTM HERBICIDE FOR SOYBEAN, DRY FIELD PEAS AND CHICKPEASOpTill is a dry formulation (68% WG) of Kixor™ herbicide plus imazethapyr in devel opment by BASF for burndown and residual weed control when applied preplant through preemergence.


n Fast, complete burndown

n Residual broadleaf and grass control

Lambsquarters (6*)

Morningglory spp. (9)

Sunflower (3)

Velvetleaf (6)

Waterhemp (5)

Grasses† (23)

Residual Weed Control (3-8 WAT)2008 University Soybean Trial Results

40 50 60 70 80 90 100% Control

Treatments**

n OpTill + glyphosate + COC + AMS n 2,4-D ester + glyphosate + NIS + AMS

* Number of trials** All treatments applied preplant† Includes: annual bluegrass, barnyardgrass, foxtail spp., johnsongrass, large crabgrass,

sprangletop spp.

Untreated Integrity

7 WATSeymour, IL

glyphosate + 2,4-D ester

6 WATRichland, IA

6 WATSeymour, IL

7 WATUniversity of Wisconsin

OpTill + glyphosate

C. Cocklebur (19*)

Giant Ragweed (13)


C. Sunflower (6)

Velvetleaf (36)

One-Pass Broadleaf Weed Control (7-10 WAT)2005-2008 BASF Corn Trial Results

40 50 60 70 80 90 100% Control

Treatments**

n Integrity n Atrazine-based premix

* Number of trials** Treatments applied preemergence +/- 3 days of planting

Ann. Grass (6*)

C. Sunflower (2)


Palmer Amaranth (6)

Velvetleaf (3)

One-Pass Broadleaf Weed Control (6-8 WAT)2008 University Sorghum Trial Results

0 20 40 60 80 100% Control

Treatments**

n Integrity n Atrazine-based premix

* Number of trials** Treatments applied preemergence +/- 3 days of planting

Untreated Integrity

Integrity



Dandelion (4*)

Henbit (9)

Marestail (8)

G. Ragweed (3)

Shepherd’s Purse (4)

Broadleaf Weed Burndown (1-2 WAT)2008 University Soybean Trial Results

40 50 60 70 80 90 100% Control

Treatments**

n Sharpen + glyphosate + COC + AMS n 2,4-D ester + glyphosate + NIS + AMS

* Number of trials** All treatments applied preplant

TREEVIXTM HERBICIDE FOR FRUIT AND NUT TREESTreevix has been designed for directed, postemergence applications in bearing and non-bearing tree crops (citrus fruit, pome fruit, stone fruit and nut trees). BASF and inde pendent research have confirmed its ability to control over 75 broadleaf weeds with excellent tree safety. Treevix will be formulated for easy tank mixing with other herbicides to provide a complete weed control program. Preharvest intervals are being projected at 0 days for citrus, pome fruit and stone fruit trees and 7 days for nut trees.


n Fast, complete broadleaf weed control

n Tree safe and nonvolatile

n Application timing flexibility

SHARPEN™ HERBICIDE FOR BURNDOWNSharpen is being developed by BASF for fast, complete burndown of broadleaf weeds. Field and row crop research has shown that Sharpen will provide excellent burndown control when applied either in preplant to preemergence treatments (corn, chickpeas, dry field peas, grain sorghum, small grain cereals and soybean), in preplant treatments (cotton), for sunflower desiccation, or fallow and postharvest treatments.

9 DAT Washington County, NC

13 DATKern County, CA

Cheeseweed (8*)

Fleabane (9)

Marestail (3)

Broadleaf Weed Burndown (<3 WAT)2005-2008 BASF Fruit and Nut Tree Field Trial Results

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100% Control

Treatments**

n Treevix n flumioxazin n oxyfluorfen

* Number of trials** All treatments + glyphosate + COC + AMS

Untreated Check

Treevix + glyphosate

Kochia (4*)

Lambsquarters (3)

Prickly Lettuce (2)

Russian Thistle (2)

Wild Buckwheat (3)

Broadleaf Weed Burndown (<2 WAT)2008 University Cereal Trial Results

40 50 60 70 80 90 100% Control

Treatments**

n Sharpen + glyphosate + COC + AMS n 2,4-D ester + glyphosate + NIS + AMS

* Number of trials** All treatments applied preplant

Sharpen + glyphosate

Untreated


n Fast, complete burndown

n Wide range of crops

n No antagonism with other herbicides



MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGYAcute mammalian toxicology studies indicate Kixor™ herbicide has low toxicity for mammals after ingestion, dermal exposure or inhalation. It is not an eye or skin irritant and does not act as a sensitizer.

Results also indicate Kixor is not a selective reproductive or developmental toxicant, and is not neurotoxic or carcinogenic. Kixor is not genotoxic.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Common Name

CAS Number

Chemical NameIUPAC

Empirical Formula

Molecular Weight

Appearance

Odor

Vapor Pressure

SolubilityWater

AcetoneAcetonitrileMethanol

Saflufenacil

372137-35-4

N´-[2-chloro-4-fluoro-5-(3-methyl-2,6-dioxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3,6-dihydro-1(2H)pyrimidinyl) benzoyl]-N-isopropyl-N-methylsulfamide

C17H17ClF4N4O5S

500.9

White powder

Odorless

2.0x10-14 (Pa @ 25C)

pH 5: 25 mg/LpH 7: 2100 mg/L27.5 g/100 mL19.4 g/100 mL2.98 g/100 mL

Mammalian ToxicologySpecies Study Active Ingredient Effect LevelRat Acute oral LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bwRat Acute dermal LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bwRat Acute inhalation LC50 > 5.5 mg/LRabbit Skin irritation Not irritatingRabbit Eye irritation Slightly irritatingGuinea pig Skin sensitization Not sensitizing

Environmental FateSorption Koc 9-56 (6 soils)Soil Dissipation Lab aerobic metabolism, DT50 15 days (4 soils) Field DT50 17 days (7 sites)Hydrolysis Stable at pH < 7 Half-life 5 days at pH 9Photostability DT50 29 days under soil photolysis

EcotoxicologySpecies Study Active Ingredient Effect LevelMallard duck Acute oral LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bwBobwhite quail Acute oral LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bwMallard duck Acute dietary LD50 > 5000 mg/kg dietBobwhite quail Acute dietary LD50 > 5000 mg/kg dietBobwhite quail Reproductive study NOAEL 1000 mg/kg dietMallard duck Reproductive study NOAEL 1000 mg/kg dietSheepshead minnow Acute (most sensitive) LC50 > 98 mg/L Fathead minnow Sub-chronic NOEC > 9.1 mg/LDaphnid, Daphnia magna Acute EC50 > 100 mg/LDaphnid, Daphnia magna Chronic NOEC > 2.5 mg/LMysid, Americamysis bahia Acute EC50 > 8.0 mg/LEastern Oyster, Shell deposition EC50 > 6.0 mg/LCrassostrea virginica Sediment dweller, Acute EC50 > 7.7 mg/kg dry sedimentChironomus ripariusDuckweed, Lemna gibba Acute NOEC = 0.077 mg/LAlga, Pseudokirchneriella Acute (most sensitive) EC50 = 0.041 mg/L subcapitataEarthworm, Eisenia fetida Acute (14d) EC50 > 1000 mg/kg soilHoneybee Acute contact LD50 = 100 µg/bee

ECOTOXICOLOGYEcotoxicological testing indicates low toxicity and no dangerous acute or chronic effects on birds, fish, aquatic invertebrates, sediment-dwelling organisms, earthworms, honey bees or beneficial arthropods.

ENVIRONMENTAL FATELaboratory and field studies have been conducted to determine the fate of Kixor in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Under typical conditions, Kixor was found to de grade rapidly in the environment.


Kixor™ HerbicideTechnical Brochure

BASF Agricultural Products26 Davis DriveResearch Triangle Park, NC 27709USA+1 919-547-2000

Kixor, Integrity, OpTill, Sharpen and Treevix are trademarks of BASF. ©2009 BASF Corporation. All Rights Reserved. APN-09-01-079-0020


Documents

Kixor Herbicide Technical Brochure - Greg Cunninghamgcgdgraphics.com/images/lay_basf_kixor_brochure.pdf · Kixor™ Herbicide Technical Brochure. BASF Agricultural Products 26 Davis