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Diversity of Life: Kingdom Systems
• From Aristotle’s time to middle of the 20th Century, biologist recognized only two kingdoms:
Kingdom Plantae (plants) and Kingdom Animalia (animals)
• After light microscope was perfected in late 1600s, unicellular organisms were discovered not to fit either plant and animal kingdom
The Three-Domain System:1. Bacteria
- prokaryotic, unicellular organisms that reproduce asexually
- bacteria 2. Archaea
- prokaryotic, unicellular organisms that reproduce asexually; live in extreme environments
- bacteria3. Eukarya
- eukaryotic, contains both unicellular and multicellular organisms; some reproduce both asexually & sexually, others reproduce only sexually
- fungi, protists, plants, and animalsThe Five-Kingdom System:
1. Monera2. Fungi3. Protista4. Plantae5. Animalia
-based on:1. type of cell2. number of cells/levels of
organization3. mode of nutrition
• The Eight-Kingdom System:
- it divides the prokaryotes into two kingdoms: Eubacteria & Archaebacteria, a modification based on molecular evidence for an early evolutionary divergence between Bacteria and Archaea, as distinct lineages of prokaryotes
-splits the protists into three kingdoms: Archezoa, Chromista, & Protista
• Eubacteria 4 groups:-photoautotrophic,
chemoautotrophic, -photoheterotrophic, and -chemoheterotrophic bacteria
• Archaebacteria 3 groups:- extreme thermophiles- extreme halophiles- methanogens
Photoautotrophic bacteria 1. Anabaena azolla2. Nostoc sp.
Chemoautotrophic bacteria 1. Nitrosomonas sp. 2. Thiobacillus sp. 3. Nitrobacter sp.
Chemoheterotrophic bacteria 1. Escherichia coli2. Lactobacillus casei3. Streptococcus pneumoniae4. Listeria sp.
Photoheterotrophic bacteria 1. Rhodospirillum sp.2. Chlorobium sp.
Extreme Thermophiles1. Thermus aquaticus2. Sulfolobus sp.
Extreme Halophiles1. Halobacterium sp.2. Dunaliella salina
Methanogens1. Methanococcus sp.
2. Methanosarcina acetivorans
Archezoa
• Ancient• Lack mitochondria• Have flagella, 2 separate nuclei, no
mirochondria, no plastids
e.g . Giardia lamblia
Chromista
• Includes several groups of photosynthetic autotrophs and numerous heterotrophs
• Numerous fine, hair-like projections on the
flagella
• Pigmented plastids
Bacillariophyta-diatoms
Chrysophyta-golden algae
Phaeophyta-Brown algae e.g .Sargassum sp.
Chlorophyta-Green algae
Protista• Eukaryotic organisms
Amoeboid Protozoans Amoeba Foraminiferans radiolarians
Ciliates Paramecium sp. Balantidium coli
Sporozoans Pneumocytis carinii Dinoflagellates
Fungi
Has hyphae and mycelium Heterotrophic Reproductive spores with specialized
dispersal mechanisms Decomposers Parasites
Chitridiomycota
most primitive group, mainly aquatic non-parasitic & parasitic forms the only fungi with flagella
Scientific Name Cladochytrium sp. Location material from freshwater sites in the vicinity of the Universit y of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, USA and from collections of organisms maintained at the University Comments Cladochytrium is a chytrid, in which the cytoplasm develops into a system of fine branching rhizoids which are used to pick up food.
Zygomycota Bread molds Oreina vaga
Ascomycota Neurospora sp. Saccharomyces cerevesiae
Basidiomycota
Lycoperdon perlatum Boletus mirabilis
Deuteromycota Penicillium camemberti Aspergillus sp.
Plantae
• Multicellular organisms• Cellulose in cell wall• Vascular tissues in higher groups: xylem
and phloem• Sperm: pollen
nonvascular plants
Division Hepatophyta Liverworts
Division Bryophyta Mosses
Division Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
Phaeoceros laevis (L.) Prosk. Dendroceros sp.
seedless vascular plants
Division Psilotophyta Psilotum nudum
(whisk fern) Psilotum sp.
Division Lycopodiophyta Lycopodiella alopecuroides (foxtail clubmoss) Lycopodium digitatum (fan clubmoss)
Division Equisetophyta horsetails
Division Pteridophyta Polystichum acrostichoides (Christmas fern) Asplenium nidus (bird’s nest) Botrychium dissectum (cutleaf grapefern)
seed vascular plants(gymnosperms)
Division Pinophyta conifers
Division Cycadophyta cycads
Division Gnetophyta gnetophytes
Division Gingkophyta Maidenhair tree
Seed vascular plants(angiosperms)
Division Magnoliophyta
Animalia
• Multicellular• Heterotrophs• Motile
Cnidarian Platyhelminthes Annelida Nematoda Mollusca Echinodermata Arthropoda Chordata
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