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Classification
Classification • Biological classification, or scientific classification in
biology, is a method of scientific taxonomy used to
group and categorize organisms into groups such
as genus or species. These groups are known as
taxa
•
Living MRS GREN: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition
images from en.wikipedia.org
•
Three main ‘Domains’ in the Phylogenetic Tree of Life
•
Eukaryota
Prokaryota
•
Some examples of Phyla we need to know
Kingdom Animalia • porifera • cnidaria • platyhelminthes • annelida • mollusca • arthropoda
Kingdom Plantae (phyla are better know as divisions) • Bryophyta • Filicinophyta • Coniferophyta • Angiospermophyta
•
As we move down the taxonomic levels, groups become smaller and more closely related. For example, the Phylum Chordata includes the Classes: Amphebia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia
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Common names • What is the common name for this species?
camel
camello
جمال
Chameau
верблюд
•
Binomial Nomenclature
‚two-name naming system‛
typed binomial names MUST be italicized
Handwritten binomial names MUST be underlined
Camelus dromedarius Genus name is capitalized
Species name is NEVER capitalized
C. dromedarius or C. dromedarius
Binomial Nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus
1707-1778
Carolus Lineus
1707-1778
Reasons for putting organisms in groups
• Trying to make sense of the biosphere
• Showing evolutionary links
• Predicting characteristics shared by members of a
group
Mnemonic
D
K
P
C
O
F
G
S
• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum • Class
• Order
• Family
• Genius
• Species
• Subspecies
Classification & Naming 10-minute Poster Task
• Complete one poster each for an animal and a
plant o Include IUCN database conservation status information
o Include citations, photo credit and license
• Explore the interactive tree of life: o http://www.wellcometreeoflife.org/interactive/
o How closely related are your two species?
o Test it with other pairs of species (and us).
Taxonomy
Taxonomy • The practice and science
of classification
• Classifying organisms helps
develop an
understanding of of their
structure
Species • A group of organism which can interbreed and
produce fertile offspring
• Species are named: Genus species
o Pan troglodytes
• The smallest taxonomic group, though many
subspecies are recognized.
o Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
Which two species of reef shark are most closely related?
How do you know
• Black-tip reef shark
Carcharhinus melanopterus
• White-tip reef shark
Triaenodon obesus
• Caribbean reef shark
Carcharhinus perezi
Which two species of reef shark are most closely related?
How do you know
• Black-tip reef shark
Carcharhinus melanopterus
• White-tip reef shark
Triaenodon obesus
• Caribbean reef shark
Carcharhinus perezi
Which two are most commonly related
• Domestic dog
Canis lupus familiaris
• Tibetan wolf
Canis lupus chanco
• Red wolf
Canis rufus
Which two are most commonly related
• Domestic dog
Canis lupus familiaris
• Tibetan wolf
Canis lupus chanco
• Red wolf
Canis rufus
Same species Different subspecies
Same genus Different species
Which of the following are true about these elephants
• Elephas maximus Loxodonta afriana
• They are two species in the same genus
• They are two species in different geni
• They are from two geni in the same family
• They are two subspecies of the same species
Which of the following are true about these elephants
• Elephas maximus Loxodonta afriana
• They are two species in the same genus
• They are two species in different geni
• They are from two geni in the same family
• They are two subspecies of the same species
Plantae Photosynthetic Cell wall
Non-Vascular Plants • Chlorophyta
o Aquatic algae
• Bryophyta
o mosses
Chlorophyta (algae) • Vasculature
o none
• Appearance:
o Photosynthetic, small
o Marine freshwater, terrestrial
http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/pdb/images/Chlorophyta/Spirogyra/group_B/sp_16b.html
Bryophyta (mosses) • Vasculature
o None, absorb moisture
• Appearance
o Simple, small, furry
o Under 50 cm
• Reproduction
o spores
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anthoceros.jpg
Vascular Plants • These have vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) to
transport resources and waste
• Plants can be larger in size
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_tissue
Filicinophyta (ferns) • Appearance
o Roots, leaves, short stem
o Max height 15m
o Leaves in sections
• Vasculature
o Yes, not woody
• Reproduction
o Spores under leaves
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Athyrium_filix-femina.jpg
Coniferophyta (conifers) • Appearance
o Woody
o Leaves are needles
o 100 m
• Vasculature
o Yes, woody
• Reproduction
o Female cones contain seed
http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/webb/BOT201/Conifers/coniferophytaDIYSLifeCycle.htm
Angiospermophyta (flowering plants)
• Appearance
o Flowering plants
o Roots, stems, leaves
o 100 m
• Vasculature
o yes
• Reproduction
o Seeds dispersed
o Pollination through flowers
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sweetbay_Magnolia_Magnolia_virginiana_Flower_Closeup_2242px.jpg
Kingdom Animalia
Symmetry Symmetry in biology is the balanced distribution of duplicate body parts or shapes
Segmentation • Segmentation in biology refers to the division of
some animal and plant body plans into a series of
repetitive segments
Porifera (sponges) • Symmetry
o none
• Digestion
o No mouth or anus
o Filter food from currents
• Segmentation
o none
• Notes
o pore=hole
o Attached to rocky surfaces
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porifera
Cnidaria • Symmetry
o radial
• Digestion
o Mouth, no anus
• Segmentation
o none
• Notes
o Tentacles around mouth
o Many have stinging cells http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
• Symmetry
o bilateral
• Digestion
o Mouth, no anus
• Segmentation
o none
• Notes
o Ribbon-shaped
o Many are parasites
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platyhelminthes
Annelida (segmented worms)
• Symmetry
o bilateral
• Digestion
o Mouth and anus
• Segmentation
o yes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nerr0328.jpg
Mollusca • Symmetry
o bilateral
• Digestion
o Mouth and anus
• Segmentation
o Not visibly
• Notes
o Hugely diverse group
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tonicella-lineata.jpg
Arthropoda • Symmetry
o bilateral
• Digestion
o Mouth and anus
• Segmentation
o Segmented, jointed
• Notes
o Exoskeleton, joints
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arthropoda.jpg