KINGDOM FUNGIKINGDOM FUNGIMycology - the study of fungi

FUNGIFUNGIGeneral characteristicsGeneral characteristics

EukaryoticEukaryotic

Heterotrophic (decomposers)Heterotrophic (decomposers)

Have cell walls with Have cell walls with chitinchitin – – complex carbohydrate also complex carbohydrate also found in the external skeleton found in the external skeleton of insects.of insects.

They are multicellularThey are multicellular

They are either saprobes (feed They are either saprobes (feed on dead animals) or parasites.on dead animals) or parasites.

Digest food outside their bodies and then absorb it.Digest food outside their bodies and then absorb it.Many feed on decaying matter, other are parasites.Many feed on decaying matter, other are parasites. They have thin filaments called They have thin filaments called hyphae hyphae that are that are

only one cell thick.only one cell thick.Bodies composed of many hyphae tangled together Bodies composed of many hyphae tangled together

into a thick mass calledinto a thick mass called mycellium mycellium that grows that grows beneath the soil.beneath the soil.

Fruiting bodies are reproductive structures that we Fruiting bodies are reproductive structures that we recognize as mushroom. It grows from the recognize as mushroom. It grows from the mycellium .mycellium .

Reproduce both asexually and sexually.Reproduce both asexually and sexually.

Produce spores that allow it to spread easily.Produce spores that allow it to spread easily.

FOUR GROUPS OF FUNGIFOUR GROUPS OF FUNGI -- Fungi are -- Fungi are divided by structure and reproductiondivided by structure and reproduction

ZYGOMYCETESZYGOMYCETES – common molds (bread – common molds (bread molds)molds)

ASCOMYCETESASCOMYCETES – sac fungi (morels, truffles, – sac fungi (morels, truffles, and yeastsand yeasts

BASIDIOMYCETESBASIDIOMYCETES – mushrooms, puff balls – mushrooms, puff balls

DEUTEROMYCETESDEUTEROMYCETES – imperfect fungi – imperfect fungi (penicillium)(penicillium)

ZYGOMYCETESZYGOMYCETESThese are common molds that grow on meat, These are common molds that grow on meat,

cheese, and bread.cheese, and bread.

The mold is a The mold is a dark fuzzdark fuzz that grows on bread. that grows on bread.

Zygomycetes form two kinds of hyphae:Zygomycetes form two kinds of hyphae:

Rhizoids:Rhizoids: root like structures that holds the root like structures that holds the fungus in the soil, release digestive enzymes fungus in the soil, release digestive enzymes and absorb digested organic matter.and absorb digested organic matter.

StolonsStolons: stemlike hyphae that runs along the : stemlike hyphae that runs along the surface of the host and contain surface of the host and contain sporangiaphores.sporangiaphores.

Bread mold

Moldy fruitMoldy fruit

Examples of FungiExamples of Fungi

Bread MoldBread Mold

Reproduce by spreading spores not seeds

SporangiaSporangia-produce spores at the -produce spores at the end of treelike structures called end of treelike structures called hyphae. (ex. Hyphae)hyphae. (ex. Hyphae)

Spores

sporangium

ASCOMYCETESASCOMYCETES – – Largest of the Largest of the kingdom Fungikingdom Fungi

Sac fungi (morels, Sac fungi (morels, truffles, and yeasts)truffles, and yeasts)

produce spores in sac-produce spores in sac-like structures.like structures.

Named from Named from ascusascus:: a a cup shaped cup shaped reproductive structure reproductive structure containing spores.containing spores.

Cup fungi

LICHEN

BASIDIOMYCETESBASIDIOMYCETES – –

These are the club fungiThese are the club fungi

Examples are mushrooms ,puff balls Examples are mushrooms ,puff balls jelly fungi and plant parasites.jelly fungi and plant parasites.

Named from Named from basidiumbasidium- - a club a club shaped reproductive structure that shaped reproductive structure that carries spores and are found carries spores and are found underside of the mushroom caps.underside of the mushroom caps.

The ‘living’ body of the fungus is a mycelium

The part of the fungus that we see is only the “fruit” of the organism

MushroomsMushrooms

Tree FungusTree Fungus

Decaying TreeDecaying Tree

DEUTEROMYCETESDEUTEROMYCETES – –

These are the imperfect fungi These are the imperfect fungi (penicillium)(penicillium)

Do not have sexual reproduction ,only Do not have sexual reproduction ,only asexual.asexual.

Example : Example : Penicillium notatumPenicillium notatum

Helpful FungiHelpful Fungi Food – mushroomsFood – mushrooms Used to make cheese – Blue CheeseUsed to make cheese – Blue Cheese Used to make wine, beer, and whiskey (Yeast)Used to make wine, beer, and whiskey (Yeast) Used to make bread riseUsed to make bread rise Used to make soy sauce from soy beansUsed to make soy sauce from soy beans Used to break down materials and recycle Used to break down materials and recycle

wastes and dead organismswastes and dead organisms Used to make certain drugs (ex. Penicillin)Used to make certain drugs (ex. Penicillin)

Wine, Beer, and WhiskeyWine, Beer, and Whiskey

Blue CheeseBlue Cheese

PenicillinPenicillin

Harmful FungusHarmful FungusCause food spoilageCause food spoilageCause plant disease such as rusts, Dutch Cause plant disease such as rusts, Dutch

Elm Disease, and mildewElm Disease, and mildewCause Human diseases such as:Cause Human diseases such as:

Ring Worm Ring Worm

Athlete’s FootAthlete’s Foot

Thrush, Thrush,

lung Infections, lung Infections,

Yeast InfectionsYeast Infections

Destroy leather, fabrics, plasticsDestroy leather, fabrics, plastics, etc., etc.

Food spoilageFood spoilage

Dutch Elm DiseaseDutch Elm Disease

RingwormRingworm

Athlete’s foot –Epidermophyton floccosum

ThrushThrush

Fungal Lung InfectionFungal Lung Infection

Yeast InfectionsYeast Infections

Tongue yeast

Fungus Destroying LeatherFungus Destroying Leather

smutssmuts

mildewsmildews

Symbiotic relationshipsSymbiotic relationships

Mycorrhizae:Mycorrhizae: Mutualistic association Mutualistic association between a fungus and plant roots. between a fungus and plant roots.

Lichen.Lichen. Mutualistic association Mutualistic association between a fungus and photosynthetic between a fungus and photosynthetic organisms (green algae or organisms (green algae or cyanobacterium)cyanobacterium)