KingdomAnimalia

How Are They Different From

Everything Else We Have Studied?

Review of Other Kingdoms

• Monera »(Bacteria)

• Protista »(Catch-all)

• Fungi• Plantae

Monera

• Prokaryotic cells

• Unicellular organisms

• Some cell walls

Protista• Eukaryotic cells

• Mix of unicellular and multicellular organisms

• Some cell walls

Fungi• Eukaryotic cells

• Most multicellular, but some unicellular organisms

• Cell wall (made of chitin)

Plantae

• Eukaryotic cells

• Multicellular organisms

• Cell wall (made of cellulose)

How does Kingdom Animalia

compare to the others?

Animalia• Eukaryotic cells

• Multicellular organisms

• No cell walls

Animalia–Informal Groups

• VertebratesVertebrates

– Have a backbone

– 5% of all animals

• InvertebratesInvertebrates

– No backbone

– 95% of all animals

Essential functions

What do animals do to survive?

There are 7 functions they must perform to stay

alive.

FEEDING• Must bring in food (and water) to provide energy

for life.

• Examples:• Herbivores => plants• Carnivores => animals• Omnivores => animals and plants• Detritovores => decomposer• Filter-feeders => filter water• Parasites => live off of a host

Respiration

• Must exchange gases between body and the environment– O2 brought in, CO2 removed

• Performed via…• simple diffusion => complex systems

Circulation

• Transport of food, wastes, and gases (O2, CO2)

• Performed via…– simple diffusion => complex systems

Excretion• Removal of cellular wastes

– Primary waste is ammonia (poisonous)

• Must eliminate immediately or convert into something less toxic (like urea)

• Performed via…– simple diffusion => complex systems

Response• Respond to the environment with nerve

cells

– Other organisms respond, but none with nerve cells

Movement• Just like it sounds (and voluntary)

• Usually have muscle or muscle-like tissue

• Attached to a single spot => fully motile

Reproduction• Passing on of genetic material

• Most animals use sexual reproduction with haploid gametes

• Some are asexual

Trends in Animal Evolution

There are five ways that animals change as they go from simple to complex

1. Cell Specialization & Levels of Organization

• As the cells of an organism get more specialized…

• …the more complex the organism becomes.

2. Early

Embryonic

Development

A lm o s t a llIN V E R T E B R A T E S

B L A S TO P O R Eb e com esth e m ou th

a P R O TO S O M Eis fo rm e d if. ..

A lm o s t a llV E R T E B R A T E S

p lu s E C H IN O D E R M S

B L A S TO P O R Eb e com esth e a n us

a D E U T E R O S O M Eis fo rm e d if. ..

B L A S T U LA(h o llo w b a ll o f ce lls )

Z ygo te(s in g le ce ll)

3. Body Symmetry – 2 main types

•RadialRadial– Infinite number of

planes

– Tend to be sessile or drifting

– Usually a cylinder body shape

•BilateralBilateral– Divide the body into 2

halves– Have a left/right and

usually a front/back– Allow for

segmentation• Same genes control

segmentation and appendages in insects and humans

4. Cephalization• Concentration of sense organs & nerves at the

anterior end of the body

• The more complex the animal… – …More cephalization

• If different enough => qualifies as a head– This is good and positive

• Allows for walking/flying movements

5. Body Cavity Formation

• Def: fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and the body wall

• Important because…a) Can suspend internal organs (for safety)

b) Allows for specialized regions