KINGDOM ANIMALIACharacteristics of

Animals

Picasso time!

3 minutes!Draw the first thing that

comes to mind when you hear the word…….

ANIMAL

Picasso time!

How many of you drew a familiar animal such as a dog , cat or horse?

How many drew a wild animal?How many drew more than one type

of animal?Did anyone draw something that

shows the general characteristics of an animal, rather than a specific animal?

Picasso time!

If you knew nothing about animals, what would you conclude about animals based on these drawings?

Animalia

General Characteristics

All animals are eukaryotic and multicellular

All animal cells do not have cell walls

All animals are heterotrophic: - They are unable to obtain energy directly from the sun and

must therefore obtain food and energy from other Heterotrophic or Autotrophic organisms

To survive Animals must:

• Feed to gain nutrients

• Respire to use oxygen

• Have an internal transport for o2, nutrients, and waste

• Excrete their wastes

• Respond to their environment

• Move (actually some are sessile!)

• Reproduce

How would you group animals?

Frog, horse, shark, snake, jellyfish, shrimp, lobster, octopus, snail, sea star, eagle, cricket, crab, salmon, dolphin, monkey, earthworm, tapeworm, butterfly, moose, iguana, turtle, bat, eel, squid, bumble bee, sea urchin, leech, earthworm, tarantula spider, oyster, clam

What are the Unifying Characteristics of each group you have made?

Animal Cell Diagram

Animal Species

Somewhere around 9 or 10 million species of animals inhabit the earth.

About 800,000 species have been identified.

Seven Levels of

Taxonomic Classificatio

n

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Animal Phyla

Biologists recognize about 36 separate phyla within the Kingdom Animalia.

We will look at 9 phyla:8 invertebrate phyla

Major Animal Phyla

Arthropoda87%

Mollusca5%

Chordata2%

Cnidaria1%

Platyhelminthes1%

Nematoda1%

Annelida1%

Porifera1%

Echinodermata1%

Other12%

Animal Classification

1. Level of Organization (Tissues)2. Type of Body Plan3. Type of Symmetry4. Type of Coelom5. Segmentation6. Embryological Development

1. Level of Organization

All living organisms can demonstrate different levels of organization:

Atoms,Molecules,

Cells,Tissues,

Organs,Organ Systems,Organisms.

1. Level of Organization

Cellular level:- No tissues present, just cells

Tissue level:- Has tissues but no organs- Has 2 germ layers

– Endoderm = inner layer of cells– Ectoderm = outer layer of cells

Organ level:- Has 3 germ layers

– Endoderm = inner layer of cells– Ectoderm = outer layer of cells– Mesoderm = middle layer of cells

TISSUE LAYER ORGAN & ORGAN SYSTEMS THEY FORM

Ectoderm Nervous system

Skin

Mesoderm Muscles

Circulatory System

Skeletal System

Reproductive System

Endoderm Lining of gut and respiratory tracts

Liver

Pancreas

1. Level of Organization con’tThe bodies of most animals

(all except sponges) are made up of cells organized into tissues.

Each tissue is specialized to perform specific functions.

In most animals, tissues are organized into even more specialized organs.

1. Level of Organization con’t

a. Cellular Levelb. Tissue Levelc. Organ Level

2. Body Plan

Sac-Like Plan:- Has an incomplete digestive

system with only one opening which serves the function of both the mouth and the anus

Tube-Within-a-Tube Plan:- Has a complete digestive system

with two openings – a mouth for food input and an anus for waste output

2. Body Plan con’t

a. Sac-Like Planb. Tube-Within-A-Tube Plan

3. Body Symmetry

How many ways can you divide a pizza into perfect halves?

3. Body Symmetry con’t

How many ways can you divide a chair into perfect halves?

3. Body Symmetry con’t

How many ways can you divide a rock into perfect halves?

3. Body Symmetry con’t

a. Asymmetrical body (ex. Rock)

b. Radial Symmetry (ex. Pizza)

c. Bilateral Symmetry (ex. Chair)

Body Symmetry

Asymmetry (sponge)Radial symmetry (sea anemone)Pentaradial symmetry (starfish, sea urchin)Bilateral symmetry (human, insect)

Body Symmetry

Body symmetry

Animal Symmetry

The most primitive animals are asymmetrical.

a. Asymmetrical

Ex. The Sponges

Radial Symmetry

…applies to forms that can be divided into similar halves by more than two planes passing through it.

Animals with radial symmetry are usually sessile (remain in a fixed place), free-floating, or weakly swimming.

b. Radial Symmetry

Ex. Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, Anemone

c. Bilateral Symmetry

Animals with bilateral symmetry are most well-suited for directional movement which makes them motile

Radial vs. Bilateral Symmetry

Cephalization

Bilateral Symmetry usually has led to cephalization—the process by which sensory organs and appendages became localized in the head end of animals.

4. Type of Coelom

A coelom is an internal body cavity that develops from the mesoderm tissue layer during an animal’s development.

This cavity lies between the gut and the body wall and is lined by epithelial cells which make up the peritoneum.

4. Type of Coelom con’t

1.Acoelomates2.Pseudocoelomates3.Coelomates

Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Coelomate

EndodermMesodermEctoderm

No Coelom

Body Cavity (-) Peritoneum

Body Cavity (+) Peritoneum

a. Acoelomates

These animals have no other cavity than the gut.

They are often called the “solid worms.”

b. PseudocoelomatesThese animals have a

body cavity (the pseudocoelom) which is not completely lined with mesoderm.

The “tube within a tube” body plan.

This category is also composed of mostly worms.

c. Coelomates

These animals have a “true coelom” lined with mesodermal peritoneum.

Most animals are coelomate.

5. Segmentation

Segmentation refers to the repetition of body parts that contain similar structures along the length of the body.

This can lead to specialization of body parts because various segments become differentiated for specific purposes

5. Segmentation con’t

Animal Evolution

We typically study animals in three groups which reflect their evolutionary history.

A. The Lower Invertebrates

• These phyla demonstrate a fairly linear evolution (simple biology)

• They include: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes and Nematodes

Early embryonic development

The blastopore becomes….

The mouth in protostomesThe anus in deuterostomes

Animal Evolution

B. The ProtostomesThis is one of two main

branches of animal evolution

• Named this way due to embryo development

• They include the Annelids, Molluscs, and Arthropods

Animal Evolution

C. The Deuterostomes

• These are the the animals on the other great branch of animal evolution

• Include the Echinoderms and the Chordates (including us!)

• Represent the most highly evolved animals

Animals

MulticellularEukaryotic HeterotrophsNo cell walls7 “must have” behavioursEvolutionary advances

Evolutionary “Advances” effect behaviour

1. Multicellular body plan2. True tissues (germ layers)3. Bilaterally symmetrical body plan (vs.

radial, asymmetrical)4. “Tube-within-a-tube” body plan (vs no

body cavity)5. Coelomate body plan (vs.

pseudoceolomate)6. Segmentation (vs. non segmented)

7. Prostostome (vs deuterostome)

The 7 animal “must have” behaviours:

1.Feed to gain nutrients2.Respire to use oxygen3.Have an internal transport for o2,

nutrients, and waste4.Excrete their wastes5.Respond to their environment6.Move (actually some are sessile!)7.Reproduce

Other terms to know

Ventral - the undersideDorsal - the back of the animal; the side

opposite the ventral side. The vertebral column of vertebrates is on the dorsal side of the animal.

Lateral - toward the sideMedian - toward the middleAnterior - the head endPosterior - the end opposite the head endCaudal - toward the tailCranial - toward the head

Other terms to know (continued)

(will not be on a test or quiz, but are useful for labs etc.)

Longitudinal - along a line from the head to the tail

Transverse - along a line that is 90° to the longitudinal axis (see above)

Superficial - shallowPectoral - toward the forelimbsPelvic - toward the rear limbsDistal - far fromProximal - near