KINGDOM ANIMALIAKINGDOM ANIMALIA

CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS

EUKARYOTICEUKARYOTIC MULTICELLULARMULTICELLULAR HETEROTROPHIC (by ingestion)HETEROTROPHIC (by ingestion) MOVE AT SOME POINT IN LIFEMOVE AT SOME POINT IN LIFE DIGEST FOOD TO GET DIGEST FOOD TO GET

NUTRIENTSNUTRIENTS LACK CELL WALLSLACK CELL WALLS

TRENDS IN ANIMAL TRENDS IN ANIMAL EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION

CELL SPECIALIZATIONCELL SPECIALIZATION CEPHALIZATIONCEPHALIZATION EARLY DEVELOPMENTEARLY DEVELOPMENT BODY SYMMETRYBODY SYMMETRY BODY CAVITY FORMATIONBODY CAVITY FORMATION

CELL SPECIALIZATIONCELL SPECIALIZATION

CELLS FORM TISSUESCELLS FORM TISSUES– EPITHELIAL (skin, lining of cavities)EPITHELIAL (skin, lining of cavities)– CONNECTIVE (bone, blood)CONNECTIVE (bone, blood)– MUSCULAR (heart, biceps)MUSCULAR (heart, biceps)– NERVOUS (brain, nerves)NERVOUS (brain, nerves)

CEPHALIZATIONCEPHALIZATION

CONCENTRATION OF SENSE CONCENTRATION OF SENSE ORGANS AND NERVE CELLS AT ORGANS AND NERVE CELLS AT FRONT END OF BODYFRONT END OF BODY

EARLY DEVELOPMENTEARLY DEVELOPMENT FERTILIZATION FORMS A ZYGOTEFERTILIZATION FORMS A ZYGOTE BLASTULA (hollow ball of cells)BLASTULA (hollow ball of cells) GASTRULA (stage when layers that GASTRULA (stage when layers that

produce adult tissues form) produce adult tissues form) GERM LAYER GERM LAYER

FORMATIONFORMATION

GERM LAYERSGERM LAYERS

ECTODERMECTODERM

ENDODERM ENDODERM

MESODERMMESODERM

GERM LAYERSGERM LAYERS ECTODERMECTODERM

– Covers surface of embryoCovers surface of embryo– Forms outer covering & CNSForms outer covering & CNS

ENDODERM ENDODERM – Innermost germ layerInnermost germ layer– Forms lining of digestive tract, liver, lungsForms lining of digestive tract, liver, lungs

MESODERMMESODERM– Located b/w ectoderm & endodermLocated b/w ectoderm & endoderm– Forms muscles & most organsForms muscles & most organs

2 TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT2 TYPES OF DEVELOPMENT PROTOSTOMEPROTOSTOME

SS– mouth forms mouth forms

from the from the opening opening (blastopore) of (blastopore) of the gastrula the gastrula

DEUTEROSTOMEDEUTEROSTOMESS– anus forms from anus forms from

the opening the opening (blastopore) of (blastopore) of the gastrula the gastrula during during developmentdevelopment

BODY SYMMETRYBODY SYMMETRY

Animal’s body plans are Animal’s body plans are adapted for how they get their adapted for how they get their foodfood

they may be motile (move) or they may be motile (move) or sessile (don’t move)sessile (don’t move)

3 TYPES OF BODY 3 TYPES OF BODY SYMMETRYSYMMETRY

Asymmetrical-no symmetry (ex, Asymmetrical-no symmetry (ex, sponge)sponge)

Bilateral- body plan in Bilateral- body plan in which single line can which single line can divide body into 2 divide body into 2

equal partsequal parts Radial-body plan in which body Radial-body plan in which body

parts repeat around center of bodyparts repeat around center of body

ANATOMICAL TERMSANATOMICAL TERMS

Dorsal- top or backDorsal- top or back Ventral- bottomVentral- bottom Anterior- head end that goes Anterior- head end that goes

firstfirst Posterior- tail end that followsPosterior- tail end that follows Lateral- along the side Lateral- along the side

(lengthwise)(lengthwise)

ANATOMICAL TERMSANATOMICAL TERMS

DorsalDorsal

AnteriorAnterior

PosteriorPosterior

VentralVentral

BODY PLANS BODY PLANS OR BODY CAVITY FORMATIONOR BODY CAVITY FORMATION

ACOELOMATE- no body cavity b/w ACOELOMATE- no body cavity b/w digestive tract and outer body walldigestive tract and outer body wall

ex. Platyhelminthes (flatworms)ex. Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

BODY PLANS BODY PLANS OR BODY CAVITY FORMATIONOR BODY CAVITY FORMATION

PSEUDOCOELOMATE- slight body PSEUDOCOELOMATE- slight body cavity between the mesoderm and cavity between the mesoderm and endodermendoderm

Ex. Nematoda (roundworms)Ex. Nematoda (roundworms)

BODY PLANS BODY PLANS OR BODY CAVITY FORMATIONOR BODY CAVITY FORMATION

COELOMATE- body cavity forms COELOMATE- body cavity forms and cushions organs, allows for and cushions organs, allows for growth of organs.growth of organs.

Ex. Annelids (earthworm)Ex. Annelids (earthworm)

FEEDING HETEROTROPHSFEEDING HETEROTROPHS

HERBIVORES- eat vegetation HERBIVORES- eat vegetation such as plantssuch as plants

FEEDING HETEROTROPHSFEEDING HETEROTROPHS

CARNIVORES- eat other CARNIVORES- eat other animalsanimals

FEEDING HETEROTROPHSFEEDING HETEROTROPHS

OMNIVORES- feed on both OMNIVORES- feed on both vegetation & other animalsvegetation & other animals

FEEDING HETEROTROPHSFEEDING HETEROTROPHS

FILTER FEEDERSFILTER FEEDERS- - feed by feed by straining tiny floating plantsstraining tiny floating plants

FEEDING HETEROTROPHSFEEDING HETEROTROPHS

DETRITUS FEEDERSDETRITUS FEEDERS- - feed on tiny feed on tiny bits of decaying matter bits of decaying matter

Sea Cucumber

FEEDING HETEROTROPHSFEEDING HETEROTROPHS

PARASITESPARASITES- - feed on living feed on living organisms usually destroying or organisms usually destroying or injuring the host organisminjuring the host organism

2 MAIN GROUPINGS OF 2 MAIN GROUPINGS OF ANIMALSANIMALS

INVERTEBRATESINVERTEBRATES

– 95% of animal 95% of animal speciesspecies

– No backboneNo backbone

VERTEBRATESVERTEBRATES

– 5% of animal 5% of animal speciesspecies

– Contains Contains backbonebackbone

ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS OF ANIMALSOF ANIMALS

FEEDINGFEEDING RESPIRATIONRESPIRATION CIRCULATIONCIRCULATION EXCRETIONEXCRETION RESPONSERESPONSE MOVEMENTMOVEMENT REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION

SEE PAGES 658-659.

VARIOUS ANIMAL FUNCTIONS HELP VARIOUS ANIMAL FUNCTIONS HELP MAINTAIN MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASISHOMEOSTASIS OFTEN BY OFTEN BY USING FEEDBACK MECHANISMS USING FEEDBACK MECHANISMS INCLUDING FEEDBACK INHIBITIONINCLUDING FEEDBACK INHIBITION

EXAMPLE: DOGS GET HOT RUNNING, EXAMPLE: DOGS GET HOT RUNNING, NERVOUS SYSTEM TRIGGERS NERVOUS SYSTEM TRIGGERS PANTING. PANTING REDUCES BODY PANTING. PANTING REDUCES BODY TEMPERATURE SO PANTING STOPS.TEMPERATURE SO PANTING STOPS.