Brittney Ibrahim

Madi Fawcett

June 5 2017

AP World History/ Period 4

Mr. Tickler

BRITAIN A-ZThe 1450s in Europe was in the early stages of the

Renaissance, mainly Italy, but these new ideas diffused to England as the Age of Exploration

began, allowing Great Britain to use the combination of new ideas and new land to begin

their journey to power. Britain organized a system of colonies and trade routes between Africa and

the Americas, also in south Asian water, dominating trade and the economy in both the

Atlantic ocean and Indian ocean allowed for England to be a major economic presence in the evolving world. Great Britain also maintained a

strong and advanced military, enabling the government to maintain their growing empire, all

around the world. Britain was always one step ahead of their competition, which allowed them to

become a powerful world power. At the time Britain

was considered to have the greatest naval power. Through events such as the Thirty Years War, English Civil War, and the Victorian Era Britain

dominated the naval world. It's military abilities put it at the top of the charts, thus creating its strong

and successful society and economic system.

We chose to do a scrapbook because we wanted to bring out our creative side in history and

incorporate a different way to view history, rather than from an ordinary school textbook. Our

scrapbook describes Britain from 1450 to 1900 and its uprisings. Each letter in the alphabet has a

major word that is either a person, place, thing, or event during that time period. To extend on that

word, we wrote a brief paragraph giving information of about that word and information

around it and what its effects were on Britain. Our overall goal in our project was to further teach the

class about Britain uprisings during the Modern Era. We used our historical knowledge in our

project through coming up with words to satisfy for project idea, also in writing your paragraphs. Our

previous knowledge that we learned for history this year majorly contributed to us and was very

beneficial because we knew what everything was

and what happened during the event. We came up with this idea because Madi’s sister did something similar to our idea in IB, but in her case she was

describing herself. Overall, the scrapbook we created shows visual and historical factors in

history that helps teach a viewer in a different and interesting way.

American War for IndependenceThe war for American independence began around 1765 when the British government began implementing taxes against the colonists on items such as paper, tea and sugar. These unfair taxes sparked rebellions such as the Boston Tea Party. The actual fighting began in 1770 in the Boston Massacre. Following both the massacre and the Tea Party, the intolerable acts were enacted, in which accused colonists could be tried in England, the Boston Harbor was closed, and the colonists were forced to house and feed British soldiers. After lots of turmoil and battle the Declaration of Independence, declared the colonies separate from England, leading to one last battle ending in the spring of 1777.

British East India Company The British East India Company was founded in 1600 by Queen Elizabeth, which was established with the goal of gaining profit from its main colony, India. They maintained a monopoly on exotic goods including silk, cotton and tea, imported from India to Britain. In addition, the East India Company upheld a military mainly to enforce and strengthen local authority among Indian rulers. This monopoly on trade between India and Britain also allowed for exchange of not only goods, but culture and traditions.

ChristianityDuring the Modern Era, Christianity was Britain’s dominant religion in the form of the Anglican Church. It came into this region through the Roman artisans and traders arriving in Britain to spread the name and story of Jesus. Christianity affected British politics through the British emperor’s vision

of seeing Christianity as a method to harness and unite the empire as a whole.

Drake, FrancisFrancis Drake was a captain and privateer, participating in the earliest English slaving voyages to Africa, requested by Queen Elizabeth II. He returned home, and received the honor of knighthood by Queen Elizabeth II because of his attainment of circumnavigating the globe. Along with his attainment of circumnavigating the globe, he returned to England with him an abundant amount of Spanish treasure, an accomplishment that earned him a reputation as a leading privateer, as well as knighthood from the Queen.

English Civil Wars The English Civil Wars began in 1642 and ended roughly around 1651. The wars occurred because of the arising conflicts between Charles I and Parliament over an Irish insurrection. The English Civil Wars was between the Parliaments and the Royalists. Throughout the series of wars, the

second English war ended with the victory of the parliament. Soon after, King Charles I was sent to the court of trial. At the end of the trial the Commissioners found Charles I guilty of high treason, as a "tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy". King was shortly after killed. Continuing on, the Parliament declared that England should be governed as a Commonwealth.

French and Indian War The French and Indian war, also known as the Seven Years’ war, began in 1754 and ended in 1763 with the Treaty of Paris. The land dispute in the Ohio River Valley between the British and the French ultimately caused this conflict, combined with the pre-existing rivalry between the two. This war led to great territorial gains for the British in North America, but also led to disputes over land policies, and ultimately the beginning of the American Revolution. Thus causing both the French and the American Indians to be against the British, which was key in order for the colonists to gain independence in during the American Revolution.

George IIIKing George III ruled Britain from 1760 to 1820. In 1775 King George III spoke before both houses of the British Parliament to discuss growing concern about the rebellion in America. He pushed the Parliament to move fast to end the rebellions and bring discipline to the colonies. Finally, the two sides reached a final political standoff and the War for Independence soon followed. King George III during the American Revolutionary War, which finished with colonies gaining independence.

House of HanoverThe House of Hanover was a British Royal house that came from British descent From George Louis, which reigned over Britain known as George I in 1714 to 1724. The house then had six monarchs George I, George II, George III, George IV, William VI, and following him, Victoria. Because of the English revolution that occurred in 1688 to 1689, the Act of the settlement of 1701 secured the English crown to the protestants. This made Anne the their heir presumptive. Later on, Hanover became a kingdom in 1804 and joined with the

British crown in 1837, which was the year Queen Victoria inherited the throne, turning into the Victorian Era.

Industrial RevolutionThe industrial Revolution affected many places, including Britain. It began in the second half of the 18th century. It affected and built up Britain as a whole in which it modernized and forward the nation through producing and exploiting items that improved trade and communication between nations. Along so, because of their beneficial devices created, it brought wealth and economic growth through the demand of these items.

John LockeJohn Locke was an English philosopher and physician, widely considered as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism". Locke was forced to leave in England in 1683 due to a failed assassination attempt of King Charles II and his brother.Upon his flea, Locke completed two

treaties, along with one essay, in which he published when he returned back to his homeland, that focused on the nature of humans. In 1688, upon the arrival of Locke back to his homeland, he had come in the aftermath of the dramatic departure of King James II, who'd fled the country, allowing the Whigs to rise to power. Thus, being further known as the Revolution of 1688, in which occurred the balance of power from the throne to the parliament.

King Henry VIIIKing Henry VIII took the throne after the death of his father King Henry VII. During his rule he had six wives, beheading two of them, because he became frustrated with the struggle of not having male children. In 1533 Henry broke away from the Catholic church and formed the Church of England, because the pope refused a petition for divorce and excommunicated him. This began the English Reformation. In the reformation Henry instituted the Act of Appeals, the Acts of Succession and the first Act of Supremacy, which defined the relationship between the King and the Pope, and the structure of the Church of England. This took

away Rome’s power over England, making Great Britain a sovereign state, demonstrating England’s power.

LevellersThe levellers were early Christian radicals who fought for rights for the working class and the people in poverty in England in the mid-1600s during the rule of King Charles I. The Levellers used free speech to print pamphlets and other texts to fight for rights. The demands of the Levellers were listed in the a document called An Agreement of the People. They claimed the rights of natural law of human rights, holding themselves to be “freeborn Englishmen”. Their ideas and movement influenced many other revolutions such as the American and French Revolutions. Their efforts led to an increase for workers rights helping Britain become a more equal nation, setting an example for future countries.

Monarchy

A monarchy is a political system in which one person has the rule of a sovereignty. The British monarchy is known as the constitutional monarchy, which means although the sovereign is head of the sovereignty, the ability to pass legislations is still inhabited with the Parliament. The Monarch undertakes constitutional responsibilities that represents the sovereignty. The Sovereign is shown as a unity and pride that continues on to give stability and continuity to the nation.

Napoleonic Period The Napoleonic Period began around 1799 and lasted all the way up to 1815. It began with a hatred between France and England, which then marked the beginning of a series of wars. Napoleon, the French ruler, was feared by England to lead an invasion into their land. Following the Treaty of Amiens in 1802, Britain resumed their war against Napoleonic France in 1803, this continued on until British victory at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, the hostilities between France and England then came to an end.

OppositionIn British history, the constant competition and opposition challenged them to become more powerful in the world economy and in politics. Such as the competition for land in the new world against the the Dutch and the French. The Dutch also challenged the British in South Asia, with the Dutch East Indies Company. Within their own empire, they were challenged by the American colonists, followed by Africa and India in the late 1900s. The constant opposition from other nations and colonized lands was due to Britain's great power but also allowed for them to come out on top and be more powerful than their competition.

ParliamentA British Parliament, is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom, in which British Crown dependencies and British overseas territories. The Parliament in britain is in charge on passing legislations and laws, provide taxation for the nation and to debate find solutions for major

issues. The payment in Britain was made of three parts, the Queen or King, which is the head of the sovereignty, the House of the Lords, which are the people who inherited the family title, and the House of the Commoners, who are certain people elected to sit on the Parliament and solve major issues.

Queen Elizabeth IQueen Elizabeth ruled England and Ireland from 1558 to 1603. Queen Elizabeth made the Church of England the official religion and. Under Queen Elizabeth England experienced the renaissance art in art, literature, and architecture. Along so, Elizabeth established a legal code to encourage English enterprise and commerce. Queen Elizabeth I finished her reign when she passed in 1603.

Royalists

The Royalists fought in the English Civil Wars between 1642 to 1651. The royalists were supporters of King George I. Fighting against them, the Parliamentarians, who were supporters of the Parliaments. During the English Civil wars the Royalists were referred to as the “Cavaliers.” This term comes from the Royalists fighting for the king on horseback. The Royalists were Catholics, most of the Nobles and gentry, from the poorer areas of the North and West.

Slave TradeThe British was most dominant in the slave trade from the 1600s to 1807, when it was abolished. The British were the first to introduce slaves into the new world, specifically in the Caribbean. Their dominance didn’t take hold until Africa opened up to all traders, rather than just African companies. The slave took manufactured goods to Africa, slaves to the americas, and raw goods back to the Europe. The main ports were based in London, Bristol, and Liverpool, and slave imports to Britain were limited to these ports in 1799 by the Slave Trade Act. Slavery was later abolished in 1807, not only in Britain, but also in the colonies and applied

to the vessels employing British workers. This new policy gave the British control over trade in the Caribbean and in Africa patrolling for illegal traders.

Thirty Years WarThe Thirty years War began in 1618 and ended 1648. This war consisted of a series of wars fought by various nations for multiple reasons, these including religious, dynastic, and territorial rivalries. Its destructive campaigns and battles occurred over most of Europe. After these complications, the war finally ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, effectively ending the European wars of reigon. One effect of the war was, Europe's overall map became unalterable. This war affected Britain through the post-war period, thus producing cessation of the Holy Roman Empire

ExecUtion

In Britain execution was the main form of punishment, carried out in public until 1868, and was completely abolished in 1964. These hangings and executions drew large crowds. Hanging was the most common form of execution, while beheading reserved was for the highborn, like royals and nobles. Before the 19th century there were many crimes punishable with the death penalty ranging from forgery to murder. But, in the 19th century the list of crimes punishable by death was limited to, murder, piracy, arson in the Royal Dockyards and high treason. Opposition against execution became prominent in the 1930s, led by a wealthy woman, Violet Van der Elst, later leading the abolishment of execution in 1964.

Victorian EraThe Victorian Era began roughly in 1836 and lasted to 1901, it was the time period in which Queen Victoria ruled. During the Victorian Era, the British focused heavily on politics and the pursuing of improving women's rights and education. Their laws were slightly more theological based, but also and included standard laws such as the prohibition

of murdering, stealing, and adultery .The Victorian era was prosperous and full of economic growth through their inventions of ships, railroads, photography, and telegraph, thus helping them maintain easy access to goods and transport materials more quickly and easily.

War of 1812The War of 1812 was fought between the United States and Great Britain. Britain had was the biggest naval power in the world at the time. Some Causes of the war included British attempts to restrict U.S. trade and America’s desire to expand its territory. American troops were able to repel British invasions in New York, Baltimore and New Orleans. The signing of the Treaty of Ghent In February of 1815, ended the war. The United States celebrated the war as the “second war of independence.”

XYZ AffairThe XYZ Affair was a series of events that involved the U.S. and France during the late 1790s. This

affair resulted in an undeclared war at sea known as the Quasi-War. In 1793, France went to war with Great Britain while America remained neutral. Later on, the United States and Britain signed the a Treaty, which is now known as the Jay Treaty. This treaty resolved several issues each nation had with one another. The problem began when the French were enraged by this treaty because they believed it disobeyed the earlier treaties that were established before. Continuing on, when the United States heard of the French’s demands, the members of the congress asked to see for the names of the French agents regarding what had arose in France. Giving to the congress the names was John Adams, Adams then replaced their names with XYZ, thus deriving the name of the XYZ affairs. The disputes between each nation was later on settled with the convention of 1800, which is now known as the Treaty of Mortefontaine.

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