KINETIC THEORY Chapter Sixteen, Section One

KINETIC THEORY, THERMAL ENERGY, AVERAGE KINETIC ENERGYA. Kinetic Theory- An expansion of how particles in matter behave.

1. All matter is composed of small particles.2. These particles are in constant, random motion.3. These particles are colliding with each other and the walls of their

container.a. They loose a little energy, possibly a negative amount, in this

process above.B. Thermal Energy- Total energy of material particle, including kinetic.

1. Higher temperature=more movementC. Average Kinetic Energy- How fast particles are moving.

SOLID STATE, LIQUID STATE, GAS STATE A. Solid State

1. Particles are closely packed together.2. Geometrical arrangements.

B. Liquid State1. Melting Point- Temperature at which a solid begins to liquefy.2. Heat of Fusion- the amount of energy required to change substances

from a solid to a liquid at its melting point. C. Gas State

1. Particles are far apart.2. Attractive forces between particles.3. Does not have a definite volume.4. Vaporization- Process of liquid turning into gas.

LIQUIDS FLOW1. Liquids have more kinetic energy than particles in a solid.2. Partially overcome the attractions to other particles.3. Particles can slide past each other. 4. Gives liquids a definite volume.

BOILING POINT1. The temperature at which the pressure of vapor in the liquid is equal to

the external pressure acting on the surface of the liquid.a. Heat Fusion- The amount of energy required for the liquid at its

boiling point to become a gas.

GASES FILL THE CONTAINER1. Diffusion- the spreading of particles throughout the given volume until

they are uniformly disturbed.

HEATING CURVE OF LIQUID AND PLASMAA. Heating Curve of Liquid

1. Increase in temperature or heat equals an increase in kinetic energy.2. Constant Temperature means melting taking place.

B. Plasma- matter consisting of positively charged particles. 1. A lot of matter in universe, not on earth.

THERMAL EXPANSION A. Expansion of matter

1. Thermal Expansion- separation of particles which results in expansion of the entire object.

a. sidewalks2. Contraction- movement of particles closer together

B. Expansions in liquids1. It is used in thermometers.

C. Expansions in Gases1. It is used in hot air balloons

STRANGE BEHAVIOR OF WATER

1. Has “highly” positive and negative areas 2. Molecules line up with unlike charges attracted to each other3. Empty spaces result in…

a. larger areas of iceb. floats in water

SOLID OR LIQUID? A. Amorphous Solids

1. Greek (without form)- no crystals2. Glass and plastic

B. Liquid Crystals1. Most solids lose crystal structure when turned to liquid2. Liquid crystals don’t lose completely

a. LCD- calculators