Kinetic Inductance DetectorsKinetic Inductance DetectorsSRON Stephen Yates, Jochem Baselmans, Andrey Baryshev, Jan Joost Lankwarden, Henk Hoevers.

TNOG. Gerini, A. Neto, D. Bekers.

TU DelftR. Barends, J.R. Gao, T.M. Klapwijk.

Cardiff University S. Doyle, P.D. Mauskopf, P. Ade

Radiation

Al film

1 2Sub-mm

2

SRON: The Netherlands Institute for Space ResearchSRON: The Netherlands Institute for Space Research

• Low Energy Astrophysics;Low Energy Astrophysics;• historically: IRAS, ISO-SWS...historically: IRAS, ISO-SWS...• PI for Herschel HIFI (PI)PI for Herschel HIFI (PI)• ALMA band 9ALMA band 9

• High Energy AstrophysicsHigh Energy Astrophysics• XMM-Newton XMM-Newton

• Sensor Research and TechnologySensor Research and Technology• TES microcalorimeters for IXO (XEUS)TES microcalorimeters for IXO (XEUS)• KIDs researchKIDs research• also HEBsalso HEBs

• Also Also • Earth Orientated ScienceEarth Orientated Science• Engineering Division - ASIC Engineering Division - ASIC

developmentdevelopment

3

SPICA-SAFARISPICA-SAFARI

SPICASPICA Japanese satelliteJapanese satellite

3.5 m 4 K mirror (first ever)3.5 m 4 K mirror (first ever)

-> very low photon background-> very low photon background

European instrument SAFARIEuropean instrument SAFARIFIR-sub-mm FTS imaging spectrometerFIR-sub-mm FTS imaging spectrometer

selected ESA cosmic vision program 2015+selected ESA cosmic vision program 2015+

3 bands3 bands

f/20 implies 31x31 mm arraysf/20 implies 31x31 mm arrays

NEP < 2NEP < 21010-19 -19 W/W/Hz, 3dB roll-off > 20 HzHz, 3dB roll-off > 20 Hz

Instantaneous dynamic range >1000 Instantaneous dynamic range >1000

Band 1

4

KID: Principle of operationKID: Principle of operation

• Superconducting pair breaking detectorSuperconducting pair breaking detector• Measure broken Cooper pairs by Measure broken Cooper pairs by

measuring the Kinetic Inductancemeasuring the Kinetic Inductance• At T<<Tc Superconductor impedance At T<<Tc Superconductor impedance

Zs ~ -iLK

P. Day, et al., Nature 425, 817 (2003).

Photons E > 2

1 2

• Read out ZRead out Zss by resonant circuit @ F=2-8 GHz by resonant circuit @ F=2-8 GHz

• Combine superconductor in series with CCombine superconductor in series with C• Read-out using phase or amplitude!Read-out using phase or amplitude!

EF

E

QuasiparticlesN ~ P /

Cooper Pairs

R

R

Im

Re

F0

f

S2

1 [d

B]

F [Ghz]

Superconductor

Superconductor

1 2

5

Antenna coupled Antenna coupled KIDKID ¼ ¼ resonator @F resonator @Freadoutreadout

Most sensitive @ endMost sensitive @ end

Printed antenna @ FPrinted antenna @ FRFRF

FFRF RF >> F>> Freadoutreadout

Antenna does not Antenna does not influence resonatorinfluence resonator

Needs lens!Needs lens!

21

CPW Through lineReadout signal ~4 GHz

CPW ¼ Resonator

CouplerLength sets Coupling Q

Antenna

Bare substrate

Central conductor

100 m

L= 5 mm @ 6 GHz

Al ground plane

RF Photons E > 2

Most sensitive area

Readoutcurrent

Pos

ition

Coupler

Antenna

1 2

6

Measured Beam PatternMeasured Beam Pattern

X Y

x

y

- +

+

-

x

y

- +

+

-

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

po

we

r re

spo

nse

[dB

]

angle [degr.]

KID 3 in focus H plane E plane E plane model PILRAP

7

SAFARI KID focal plane conceptSAFARI KID focal plane concept

Si microlens arraySi microlens array2nm roughness2nm roughness

7nm spherical precision 7nm spherical precision

250 nm position accuracy250 nm position accuracy

WithWith markers markers

Antenna coupled KID designAntenna coupled KID designPrinted lithographicallyPrinted lithographically

alignment using backside markersalignment using backside markers

present resonator design fits within F/20present resonator design fits within F/20

Alignment antenna-lenses within 1-2 Alignment antenna-lenses within 1-2 mmIdentical misalignment for all pixels (if any)Identical misalignment for all pixels (if any)

+

Radiation

Monolithic Si lens array Many resonators Many resonance features @ different F

0.48 mmBand 3

No show stoppers expected for F/20 for all SPICA arrays

8

Dark NEPDark NEP

• Lifetime ~ 1 msecLifetime ~ 1 msec• BW = 160 HzBW = 160 Hz

• NEP~6NEP~61010-19-19 W/ W/HzHz• 40 nmAl on Sapphire, sputtered40 nmAl on Sapphire, sputtered• 100 nm Al on SI, evaporated100 nm Al on SI, evaporated

101 102 10310-19

10-18

10-17

NE

P

W/

Hz]

F [Hz]

B12 40 nm Al on Si KID 44 Amp KID 44 Phase

B17 100nm Al on Si BAK KID 43 Amp KID 43 Phase

•Dynamic Range: using Dynamic Range: using θθ<90°<90°•P/NEP ~ 10.000P/NEP ~ 10.000Hz (KID 43) Hz (KID 43)

~ 3000 ~ 3000 Hz (KID 44)Hz (KID 44)

•Only optical coupling as uncertaintyOnly optical coupling as uncertainty•Calculations ~agree with optical NEPCalculations ~agree with optical NEP

• Measurements of noise, responsivity and lifetime => NEPMeasurements of noise, responsivity and lifetime => NEP

R

R

Im

Re

9

IRAM cameraIRAM camera

• Take advantage of work for SPICATake advantage of work for SPICA• Planar antenna experiencePlanar antenna experience• Work on electronicsWork on electronics

• Can support KID optionCan support KID option• Demonstrator 1kpixelDemonstrator 1kpixel• array manufacturerarray manufacturer• advise/collaboration readout, electronicsadvise/collaboration readout, electronics

• Need collaboratorsNeed collaborators• Neél/Rome/CardiffNeél/Rome/Cardiff

10

Advantages KIDsAdvantages KIDs

• Cryogenically simple:Cryogenically simple:• 1 coax, cryogenic amplifier for ~10000pixels1 coax, cryogenic amplifier for ~10000pixels

• Antenna coupling - can have multi band/polarisation or very widebandAntenna coupling - can have multi band/polarisation or very wideband• Have (electrical) NEPs better than requiredHave (electrical) NEPs better than required• Simple manufacture - high yield (typical~95%) Simple manufacture - high yield (typical~95%) • Sensitivity:Sensitivity:

• vibration insensitivevibration insensitive• magnetic field needs to be constant (i.e. SC shield) but doesn't magnetic field needs to be constant (i.e. SC shield) but doesn't

change performancechange performance

11

Sample holder50 mK

DC blocks50 mK

Magnetic shield(bottom part)

NbTi Coax

DC block

LNA

4 K stage

500 mKlink

Stainless Steel

Coax, can use CuNi

from 4K

• Vericold GMBH• Pulse tube 3.5K• Dual stage ADR• Tmin<50 mK

ADR setupADR setup

Also 3K SC shield

12

SAFARI KID ReadoutSAFARI KID Readout

~ ~

10 MHz reference

DAC

DAC

100Msample/sec DAC’s

DAC

~ ~

2GHz 2.05GHz 2.1GHz

20 mK 4K ADC

ADC

ADC

• Satalite: 20 W , 5 kgSatalite: 20 W , 5 kg• Best first order estimate most optimistic design:Best first order estimate most optimistic design:• Power consumption: ~Power consumption: ~300 W300 W using 180 nm ASIC, using 180 nm ASIC, ~80 W~80 W using 90 nm ASIC using 90 nm ASIC

• 6000 pixels in 1 GHz BW => Highly questionable!!!6000 pixels in 1 GHz BW => Highly questionable!!!• 20 x 50 MHz subbands, 6% dead pixels due to confusion20 x 50 MHz subbands, 6% dead pixels due to confusion• DAC: 53 dB SNR, ENOB=8.6DAC: 53 dB SNR, ENOB=8.6• 40 analog mixers: 40 analog mixers: 4-8 kg4-8 kg

On chip analog microwave cirquits + optimised digital design neededOn chip analog microwave cirquits + optimised digital design needed

ASIC design group within SRONASIC design group within SRON

Digital experience from Eureca - XeusDigital experience from Eureca - Xeus• 4-8 GHz BW would be more realistic -> factor 4 in power4-8 GHz BW would be more realistic -> factor 4 in power

13

SAFARI KID cryogenic designSAFARI KID cryogenic design242K – 4K242K – 4K

3 arrays, total 5940 pixels3 arrays, total 5940 pixels

All pixels in 1 pair of cablesAll pixels in 1 pair of cables

SPICA has 11 temperature stagesSPICA has 11 temperature stages

3m from 242K – 4.5K, ~5 dB cable loss 3m from 242K – 4.5K, ~5 dB cable loss

Sub 1.7K CoolerSub 1.7K Cooler

Sorption Cooler + ADR, single shotSorption Cooler + ADR, single shot

LNA’s: HIFI heritageLNA’s: HIFI heritage

100 mK50nW

4.5 K0.3mW0.5m0.9dB

1.7 K1Wtbd0

300 mK0.5Wtbd0

1.6 mm NbTi Coax

LNA12 dB 2 mW

18 K1mW0.5m0.9dB

41 K2mW0.5m0.9dB

60 K3mW0.5m0.9dB

85 K4mW0.5m0.9dB

100 K30mW0.5m0.9dB

242 K

LNA12 dB 2 mW

3.6 mm CuNi Ag cladded coax

2.5 K8Wtbd0

TPloadlengthloss

Sub 1.7 K single shot Cooler

LNA12 dB 2 mW

Warmelectronics

3 arrays in series