Upload
others
View
12
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Kinetic Energy Harvesting
NiPS Summer School 2017
June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy)
Francesco CottoneNiPS lab, Physics Dep., Università di Perugia, Italy
francesco.cottone at unipg.it
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Outline
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
• Motivations of energy harvesting
• Introduction to Kinetic Energy Harvesting
• Theoretical model
• Macro to micro/nano Kinetic Energy Harvesting: scaling problems and examples
• Final considerations
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
Wasted thermal energy
Transmitted EM energySolar
Vibrations
Traffic
Hydro/wind
RF
Biochemical
Thermal energy Radioactivity
What is an energy harvester ?
El. Interface
Energy Storage
Temporary Energy Storage: battery/supercap
EH WSN
Wirelesssensor node
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Power budget
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
Dev
ice
Po
we
rC
on
sum
pti
on
Time
VEH
sP
ow
er
De
nsi
ty
Zero Power ??
100-300W/cm3 ?
10 – 40W
100 mW – 2 W
1 mW – 100 mW
1 – 10 W
< 10W
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Historical human-made energy harvesters
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
Crystal radio - 1906Sailing ship (XVI-XVII century)
Self-charging Seiko wristwatch 1988
First automatic wristwatch, Harwood, c. 1929 (Deutsches Uhrenmuseum, Inv. 47-3543)
First automatic watch. Abraham-Louis Perrelet, Le Locle. 1776
Wind mill (Origin: Persia,3000 years BC)
SELF-powered by Radio Frequencies !!!
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
Energy havesting applications
02/07/2014 - Belo Horizonte (Brazil)(birdge collapse at FIAT factory)
Environmental MonitoringStructural Monitoring
Nanomedicine
Healthcare sensorsEmergency medical responseMonitoring, pacemaker, defibrillators
Military applications
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Vibration sources
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
Chicago North Bridge
http://realvibration.nipslab.org
Car in highway
Walking person
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Vibration sources
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
An average human walking up a mountain expends around 200 Watts of power.
The most amount of power your iPhone accepts when charging is 2.5 Watts.
Source: White Paper - Texas Instruments 2005
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Vibration Energy Harvesting: research
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
Energy Harvesting
Devices
Energy Conversion Techniques
Materials
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
Macro
Magnetic energy harvesters
Piezoelectric
devices
Vibrational Structures with Magnetic Shape
Memory Alloy (NiMnGa)
Micro
Electrostatic Generators
Piezo Micro beams of stripes
ZnO, BaTiO3
Electrets SiO2, Parylene, Teflon
base
Nano
Piezoelectric nanopillars,
nanoribbons etc.
Triboelectric generators
Electrets nano-spheres
Vibration Energy Harvesting: scale
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Vibration energy harvesting
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
Kinetic to electricity conversion techniques
MagnetostrictivePiezoelectric
Electromagnetic
V
Moving magnet
Spring
Coil
(a) (b)
(c)
Electrostatic/Capacitive
Proof mass
Springs
Vb
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Dynamical model of VEH
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
RL
Transducer
k
i
F(t)
zRL d
m
fe
k
i
Transducer
F(t)=mÿ
zd
m
fe
y
At micro/nano scale direct force generators are much more efficient because not limited by the inertial mass!!!
( )
( )
L
L c i L c
dU zmz dz V my
dz
V V z
( )( )
( )
L
L c i L c
dU zmz dz V F t
dz
V V z
Inertial generatorsrequires only onepoint of attachmentto a movingstructure, allowinga greater degree ofminiaturization.
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Dynamical model of VEH
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
RL
Transducer
k
i
F(t)
zRL d
m
fe
k
i
Transducer
F(t)=mÿ
zd
m
fe
y
Inertial generatorsrequires only onepoint of attachmentto a movingstructure, allowinga greater degree ofminiaturization.
Power fluxes
3( )mP t my z l z ( ) ( ) ( )mP t F t z t
2 ( )( )L
dU zmzz dz z V z F t z
dz
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
( )
( )
L
L c i L c
dU zmz dz V my
dz
V V z
, , ,c i Parameters that depends only on the transduction technique!
0
j ty Y e
( )
L
L c i L c
mz dz kz V my
V V z
For LINEAR mechanical oscillators withelastic potential well
2
0c c
Z mYms ds k
Vs s
Z mY
det A(s
c)
mY (sc)
ms3 (mc d)s2 (k
c d
c)s k
c
,
V mY
det A
cs
mY cs
ms3 (mc d )s2 (k
c d
c)s k
c
.
Laplace transform
Dynamical model of VEH
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
22 2
0
2( )
2 ( )( )e
c
L L c c
PV Y m j
R R j m dj k j
( )
L
L c i L c
mz dz kz V my
V V z
For LINEAR mechanical oscillators
By substituting s=j in , we can calculate the electricalpower dissipated across the resistive load
Dynamical model of VEH
In the approximate version, at resonance =n, (William et al.)
3 2 2 4 2
0
2 24( ) 2( )
e n e ne
e m e m
m Y m d YP
d d
Where c, and are included in the
electrical damping factor de
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
Piezoelectric conversion
Unpolarized Crystal
Polarized Crystal
After poling the zirconate-titanate atoms are off center. The molecule becomes elongated and polarized
Pioneering work on the direct piezoelectric effect (stress-charge) in this material was presented by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880
In 1903 Pierre received the Nobel Prize in Physics with his wife, Marie Skłodowska-Curieand and Henri Becquerel, for the research on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel.
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
Piezoelectric conversion
Man-made ceramics• Barium titanate (BaTiO3)—Barium titanate was the first
piezoelectric ceramic discovered.• Lead titanate (PbTiO3)• Lead zirconate titanate (Pb[ZrxTi1−x]O3 0≤x≤1)—more
commonly known as PZT, lead zirconate titanate is the most common piezoelectric ceramic in use today.
• Lithium niobate (LiNbO3)
Naturally-occurring crystals
• Berlinite (AlPO4), a rare phosphate mineral that isstructurally identical to quartz
• Cane sugar• Quartz (SiO2)• Rochelle salt
Polymers• Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF): exhibits piezoelectricity
several times greater than quartz. Unlike ceramics, long-chain molecules attract and repel each other when an electric field is applied.
direct piezoelectric effect
Stress-to-charge conversion
Biological• Bones• DNA !!!
V
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
Piezoelectric conversion
Strain-charge
t
E
T
S s T d E
D d T E
Stress-charge
E t
S
T c S e E
D e S E
• S = strain vector (6x1) in Voigt notation
• T = stress vector (6x1) [N/m2]
• sE = compliance matrix (6x6) [m2/N]
• cE = stifness matrix (6x6) [N/m2]
• d = piezoelectric coupling matrix (3x6) in Strain-Charge
[C/N]
• D = electrical displacement (3x1) [C/m2]
• e = piezoelectric coupling matrix (3x6) in Stress-Charge [C/m2]
• = electric permittivity (3x3) [F/m]
• E = electric field vector (3x1) [N/C] or [V/m]
F33 Mode
V-
+
3
12
31 Mode
FV
+
-
3
1
2
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
Piezoelectric conversionconverse piezoelectric effect
direct piezoelectric effect
Voigt notation is used to represent a symmetric tensor by reducing its order.Due to the symmetry of the stress tensor, strain tensor, and stiffness tensor, only 21 elastic coefficients are independent. S and T appear to have the "vector form" of 6 components. Consequently, s appears to be a 6 by 6 matrix instead of rank-4 tensor.
Depending on the independent variable choice 4 piezoelectric coefficients are defined:
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
22 3131
11 33
.
. E T
El energy dk
Mech energy s
Electromechanical Coupling is an adimensional factor that provides the effectiveness of a piezoelectricmaterial. It is defined as the ratio between the mechanical energy converted and the electric energy input or the electric energy converted per mechanical energy input
Characteristic PZT-5H BaTiO3 PVDF AlN(thin film)
d33 (10-10 C/N) 593 149 -33 5,1
d31 (10-10 C/N) -274 78 23 -3,41
k33 0,75 0,48 0,15 0,3
k31 0,39 0,21 0,12 0,23
𝜀𝑟 3400 1700 12 10,5
Piezoelectric conversion
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Piezoelectric conversion
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
y(t)
z(t)
Mt
RL
i
strain
Lb
VL
Piezoelectric plates
( )
L
L c i L c
mz dz kz V my
V V z
hp
hs
Piezoelectric layer
Subtrate layer
Le
Lm
Ep and Es are the Young’s modulus of piezolayer and steel substrate respectively
31 2/ , ,
1 / , 1 / ,
p L
c L p i i p
kd h k R
R C R C
1 2
1 22
3 3
2
,
3 (2 )2, ,
3(2 )2
2
/, 2 ,
2 12 12
p
b m e
b m eb b m
s p b p s p b s
b p
k k k E
b l l lIk k
b l l ll l l
h h w h E E w hb I w h b
Governing equations
Inertia area moment of the beam
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
Equivalent circuit
i(t)
Ri
Lc
RL
RL
k
i
coil
magnet
ÿ
z
Bz
magnet ( )
L
L c i L c
mz dz kz V my
V V z
/ , ,
/ , / ,
L L
c L c i i c
Bl R Bl R
R L R L
Electromagnetic conversion
Governing equations
V
Moving magnet
Spring
Coil
(a) (b)
(c)
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Electrostatic conversion
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
𝑘𝑠𝑝
𝑘𝑠𝑡
𝑔0
𝑚𝑠
𝑅𝐿
𝑉0
𝑑
2 2
2 2
( ),a i
d x dx dU x d ym c c m
dt dt dx dt
0( ) ,L
dR C V V U
dt
2 2
0 lim
2 2
0 lim
1 1( ) , for
2 2( )
1 1( ) ( ) , for
2 2
sp
sp st
k x C x U x x
U x
k k x C x U x x
Governing equations
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
Y. Lu, F. Cottone, S. Boisseau, F. Marty, D. Galayko, and P. Basset, Applied Physics Letters 2015.
Electrostatic conversion
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Figure of merit
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
Galchev et al. (2011)
Bandwidth figure of merit
Frequency range within which the output power is less than 1 dBbelow its maximum value
Mitcheson, P. D., E. M. Yeatman, et al. (2008).
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Figure of merit
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
Mitcheson, P. D., E. M. Yeatman, et al. (2008).
Bandwidth figure of merit
Frequency range within which the output power is less than 1 dBbelow its maximum value
Galchev et al. (2011)
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Comparison of conversion techniques
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
Technique Advantages Drawbacks
Piezoelectric • high output voltages • well adapted for
miniaturization• high coupling in single crystal• no external voltage source
needed
• expensive• small coupling for
piezoelectric thin films • large load optimal impedance
required (MΩ)• Fatigue effect
Electrostatic • suited for MEMS integration• good output voltage (2-10V)• possiblity of tuning
electromechanical coupling• Long-lasting
• need of external bias voltage• relatively low power density
at small scale
Electromagnetic • good for low frequencies (5-100Hz)
• no external voltage source needed
• suitable to drive low impedances
• inefficient at MEMS scales: low magnetic field, micro-magnets manufacturing issues
• large mass displacement required.
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Microscale energy harvesters
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
MEMS-based drug delivery systems
Bohm S. et al. 2000
Body-powered oximeter
Leonov, V., & Vullers, R. J. (2009).
D. Tran, Stanford Univ. 2007
Heart powered pacemaker
Pacemaker consumption is 40uW.
Beating heart could produce 200uW of power
Micro-robot for remote monitoring
A. Freitas Jr., Nanomedicine, Landes Bioscience, 1999
The input power a 20 mg robotic fly is 10 – 100 uW
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Microscale energy harvesters
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
Chang. MIT 2013
Jeon et al. 2005
D. Briand, EPFL 2010
M. Marzencki 2008 – TIMA Lab (France)
ZnO nanowires Wang, Georgia Tech (2005)
Piezoelectric
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Microscale energy harvesters
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
EM generator, Miao et al. 2006
Cottone F., Basset P. ESIEE Paris 2013
Mitcheson 2005 (UK)Electrostatic generator 20Hz 2.5uW @ 1g
Le and Halvorsen, 2012
Electrostatic and electromagnetic
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Microscale energy harvesters: scaling issues
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
First order power calculus with William and Yates model
h
w
l
• Low efficiency off resonance
• High resonant frequency at miniature scales
• Power A2l4 where A is the acceleration and l the linear dimension
outV2
2n n
E hC
l
3
3
Ewhk
l
Boudary conditions C1
doubly clamped 1,03
cantilever 0,162
Boudaryconditions Uniform load Point load doubly clamped 32 16
cantilever 0,67 0,25
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Microscale energy harvesters: scaling issues
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
First order power calculus with William and Yates model
h
w
l
outV
3
3 2
0
22 2
1 2( )
e
n
e
e m
n n
m Y
P
that is
At resonance, that is =n , the maximum power is given by
3 2 2 4 2
0
2 24( ) 2( )
e n e ne
e m e m
m Y m d YP
d d
for a particular transduction mechanism forced at natural frequency n, the power can be maximized from the equation
The instantaneous dissipated power by electrical damping is given by
2
0
1( ) ( )
2
x
T
dP t F t dx d x
dt
The velocity is obtained by the first derivative of steady state amplitude
2
0
2 2 2,
(1 ) (2( ) )e m
r YX
r r
2
24 ( )
eel
n m e
m AP
Max power when the condition e=m is verified
or with acceleration amplitude A0=n2Y0.
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Microscale energy harvesters: scaling issues
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
First order power calculus with William and Yates model
h
w
l
outV2
2n n
E hC
l
3
3
Ewhk
l
3 322 2
2
2
0.32( / 4) 0.32( / 4)
4 ( ) 816
si mo si moeel
n m e n m
n m
si
lwh l lwh lm AP A A
E hC
l
30.32 0.32( / 4)eff beam tip si sim m m lwh l
At max power condition e=m
By assuming
1
0.01
/ 200
/ 4
m
A g
h l
w l
2 4/ 800 0.32 64
16
200
si moel
n m
si
P A lE
C
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Microscale energy harvesters: scaling issues
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
NEMS-VEHs
MEMS-VEHs
MEMS-VEHs
NEMS-VEHs
1
0.01
/ 200
/ 4
m
A g
h l
w l
By assuming
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Piezoelectric micro-pillars
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
ZnO nanowires forest
ZnO Pillar
Wang 2004X. Wang 2011
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Piezoelectric micro-pillars
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
Hydrotermal synthesisLength: 15 mThickness: 4 – 6 um A. Di Michele, G. Clementi, M. Mattarelli, F. Cottone
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Piezoelectric micro-pillars
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
Length: 17 mThickness: 5umFirst mode: 10.9 Mhz
Stress-strain equations
Strain-charge form
t
E
T
S s T d E
D d T E
A. Di Michele, G. Clementi, M. Mattarelli, F. Cottone
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Piezoelectric micro-pillars, ribbons, nano-wires
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
• Implementation of vertically-aligned ZnO micropillars on IDE and other geometry (e.g. horionzontal)
• Use of the devive as VEH and vibration sensor• Fabrication of same device with BaTiO3 • Use of the piezo pillars as micro electro-mechanical antenna
Microfibre-Nanowire:
Wang(2008)
Yang(2009)
Piezoelectric ribbon: Microantenna
:
Onda EM
V V
NiPS Laboratory – Department of Physics and Geology – University of Perugia
Final considerations
NiPS Summer School 2017 – June 30th - July 3rd - Gubbio (Italy) – F. Cottone
o Kinetic energy harvesting systems are promising technology to enable autonomous low-power wireless devices
o Main transduction techniques are piezoelectric, inductive and electrostatic: large research is beign carried out for both materials and device fabrication
o Theoretical model is complete for linear oscillator based VEH
o Reducing the size to micro and nano is challenging The application decide wether it si convenient reone macro-scale VEH
o Inertial vibration energy harvesters are very limited at small scale P l3
direct force piezoelectric/electrostatic devices are more efficient at nanoscale.
Recent micro/nano structures have improved performance.